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How China Started the Second Sino-Japanese War: Why Should Japan Apologize to China?
How China Started the Second Sino-Japanese War: Why Should Japan Apologize to China? By Moteki Hiromichi Society for the Dissemination of Historical Facts © 1 Introduction In the so-called "apology issue," which concerns Japan's conduct in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, there exists two opposing points of view: "I guess the only thing we can do is to keep on apologizing until China tells us, 'The problems between us may not be settled, but for now you have sufficiently apologized.'" -Murakami Haruki1 "A grateful China should also pay respect to Yasukuni Shrine." -Ko Bunyu2 Mr. Murakami's opinion is based on the belief that Japan waged an aggressive war against China, a belief shared by many Japanese even if they don't know the reason why. This belief holds that the Japanese should be completely repentant over that act of aggression for the sake of clearing our own conscience. There are two major problems with this point of view. First of all, it rests on the conventional wisdom that Japan was guilty of aggression towards China. Many people will perhaps respond to that by saying something like, "What are you talking about? The Japanese Army invaded continental China and waged war there. Surely that constitutes a war of aggression." However, let's imagine the following scenario. What if the Japan Self-Defense Forces launched an unprovoked attack on American military units, which are stationed in Japan in accordance with the provisions of the US-Japan Security Treaty, and a war broke out on Japanese territory? Because the fighting would be taking place in Japan, does that mean that, in this scenario, the US Army is undeniably the aggressor? No matter how distasteful a person might find the US military presence to be, under international law, Japan would be deemed the aggressor here. -
Variety Show Gives Future Stars a Chance to Shine
CHINA DAILY | HONG KONG EDITION Wednesday, July 29, 2020 | 17 YOUTH Musician Xiao He (first from left) and friends perform live in the courtyard of Yong Foo Elite club in Shanghai on June 14, led by Zhang Ruishi (third from right), 90, who sings lullabies and children’s rhymes that she learned as a child. PHOTOS BY HE XIAOLU / FOR CHINA DAILY A time of rhyme Folk songs and nursery melodies provide a unique insight into culture and what has gone before, Chen Nan reports. t first utterance, they may not never completed primary school, but he says He, the former lead vocalist of Chi- “It’s a process of looking for a needle seem like cultural treasures. can still recall the folk songs and rhymes nese rock band Glamorous Pharmacy. in a haystack but it’s interesting and Harmless ditties, a part of he listened to and sang as a child. He has also written music for theatrical worthwhile,” he says. “Sometimes the growing up, to be discarded Recently, he was approached by a productions and movies. elderly people are very interested in me quickly.A However, nursery rhymes and group of musicians, who wanted to In 2016, he joined in a music program and they tell me lots of stories, but folk songs play an important but often learn to sing and record those songs. for children with special needs and was sometimes they turn my requests down. overlooked role in children’s develop- They invited Ni to perform in front of an inspired to search for more songs. -
Japanese Aggression in East Asia Introduction the League and Japan
ODUMUNC 2020 Issue Brief League of Nations Japanese Aggression in East Asia Ian Birdwell Graduate Program in International Studies Old Dominion University Introduction complete control. Later the incident would become known as the start of the Second World The League of Nations emerged out of the ashes War, but in 1937 hope remained that the scale of of the Great War, with the hope the new fighting could be restrained.2 collective security organization could keep a peace among its members, and prevent another Japanese aggression in China has three global conflict. This lofty ambition of keeping implications for world peace and the League of the peace framed all League actions. nations: • First, will the international community be able to act forthrightly to block or reverse Japanese efforts to take control of Chinese territory? • Second, can Japan be persuaded that the costs of aggression outweigh any potential gains, sufficiently that it is dissuaded from further attacks elsewhere in East Asia? • And third, will the League itself remain The Army of Japan prepared to attack Chinese guards on a relevant actor in world affairs, an the Marco Polo Bridge, 7 July 19371 organization with a future place in the world order, or will the world drift into The League was responsible for successful renewed war, and the League drift into negotiations to resolve several territorial irrelevance? disputes. There also were notable failures, most spectacularly the Mukden Incident involving Japan in China in 1931 and the Italian invasion The League and Japan of Abyssinia (Ethiopia today) in 1935. There is a tenuous history between the League In 1937, the Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge and Japan in East Asia, which first began in the Incident, a skirmish involving Japanese troops Mukden Incident of 1931. -
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanking
Part 2 - The Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanking The Battle of Shanghai: The true starting point of the war The Marco Polo Bridge Incident is usually considered to be the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. There is no mistake that this incident served to trigger the Sino-Japanese conflict, but the incident itself was only a small skirmish—it cannot be called the start of a full-blown war. Consequently, it would be inaccurate to claim that the fighting at the Marco Polo Bridge "spread" to Shanghai. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese Army sent three divisions from Japan and units of the Kwantung Army to northern China in the hopes of restraining the nonstop ceasefire violations of Chinese soldiers in the area. Japanese forces occupied Tianjin, but they did not advance beyond, or make any attempt to advance beyond, the city of Baoding, just southwest of Beijing. Furthermore, on August 5, the Japanese government made a landmark peace proposal with the Chinese and planned to hold its first meeting with Chinese leaders in September. Therefore, the Chinese Army's attack on Shanghai, carried out on August 13, can hardly be called a natural extension of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Rather, the Chinese attack on Shanghai should be seen as a dramatic new crisis sparked by Chiang Kai-shek's determination to wage full-scale war against Japan. Rather than a clash of local units, an all-out, state-dictated military offensive constitutes “war” under international law. The existence of an official declaration of war is not the defining factor. -
About Desserts
COCKTAIL FASHION PAVLOVA BUTTER BAKING 2014/04 Dippy About Desserts CHECKOF OUT WINNERSYEAR’S THERESTAURANT FULLREADERAWARDS AT THIS LIST DINING 爱见达编著 云南出版集团公司 云南科技出版社 昆明 1 APRIL 2014 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 美食 = Dining : 英文 / 爱见达编著. -- 昆明 : 云南科技出版社, 2014.3 ISBN 978-7-5416-8005-2 Ⅰ. ①美… Ⅱ. ①爱… Ⅲ. ①饮食-文化-北京市- 英文 Ⅳ. ①TS971 中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2014)第047446号 Managing Editor Paul Ryding Editors Cat Nelson, Jessica Rapp, Kipp Whittaker Production Manager Joey Guo Art Director Susu Luo Contributors Shannon Aitken, Jim Boyce, George Ding, Kyle Mullin, EP, Reed Russell, Steven Schwankert, Iain Shaw, Erin Strong, Nancy Tong, Jonathan White Complimentary copy, not for sale. 部分非卖品,仅限赠阅 责任编辑:刘康 胡凤丽 罗璇 责任校对:叶水金 责任印制:翟苑 云南出版集团公司 云南科技出版社出版发行 昆明市环城西路609号云南新闻出版大楼 邮政编码:650034 北京华联印刷有限公司印刷 开本:787mm X 1092mm 1/16 印张:5 字数:30千字 2014年3月第一版 2014年3月第一次印刷 定价:RMB15.00 2 APRIL 2014 06 What’s Happening: The most important dates this month CITY SCENE Stat: The biggest winners at this year’s the Beijinger Reader Restaurant Awards and how they compare to last year Going Underground: Dawayao, Line 14 Scene & Heard: Go on, take a look at yourselves, you beautiful people 12 This month we went delirious over a selection of the city’s most COVER FEATURE delectable desserts. 22 What’s New: Le Grenadier, Guanpin, Glen Kitchen, Pantry’s Best, FOOD & DrinK Palms LA Kitchen and Bar, Moti Mahal, View 3912, Ming Bar, Bubble Bar Alleyway Gourmet: Baochao Noodle House Just Desserts: M’s Truly Grand Dessert Platter, Capital M Iron Bartender: Three city bartenders are challenged to create something -
Second Sino-Japanese War from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Second Sino-Japanese War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945), so Second Sino-Japanese War named due to the First Sino- Part of the Pacific Theater of World War Japanese War of 1894–95, was a II[b] military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1941. China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation until 1941), the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into The bodies of victims massacred in the the greater conflict of World War II Rape of Nanking on the shore of the as a major front of what is broadly Qinhuai River, with a Japanese soldier known as the Pacific War. The standing nearby. Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th Date July 7, 1937 – September 9, century.[10] It also made up more 1945 than 90% of the casualties in the Minor fighting since September Pacific War. (see World War II 18, 1931 casualties) (8 years, 2 months and 2 days) The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist Location Mainland China and Burma policy aimed at expanding its Result influence politically and militarily Chinese victory as part in order to secure access to raw of the Allied victory in material reserves and other the Pacific War economic resources in the area, Surrender of all particularly food and labour, and Japanese forces in engage war with others in the mainland China policy context of aggressive (excluding Manchuria), modernized militarism in the Asia- Formosa, the Spratly Pacific, at the height of Imperial Rule Assistance Association's Islands, the Paracel Hideki Tojo cabinet and with the Islands, and French order from Emperor Shōwa. -
China and German Modernist Literature a Dissertation
REFLECTIONS AND RECIPROCITY: CHINA AND GERMAN MODERNIST LITERATURE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN STUDIES AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chiann Karen Tsui November 2013 © 2013 by Chiann Karen Tsui. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/tc929ch0206 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Russell Berman, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Marton Dornbach I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ban Wang Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost for Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii iv Abstract This dissertation examines the portrayal of China in German modernist literature, as well as the adaptation of said literature in post-Mao China.