DOCSLIB.ORG

Thailand Section 1: Geographical and Social Background

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thailand Section 1: Geographical and Social Background ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL L1I NJ' J 0 i --~U I - -P~"C-ODI) -- ~-~ -0-I~-n - ~P~l. --~-~-- -Y ~~" CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK - --- ---I- ~ THAILAND SECTION 1: GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND --a~n III --- I -u I -~m~----a-- ~r ~a~u~ I - - - -- IC~L-r -- ---~-s INCL ASS1FIE 0 Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con- tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) J 4N3 1 iy HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 8 MUAY 1944 THAILAN\DU M 368-1 8 May 1944 Section 1: Geographical & Social Background M 368-9 29 May 1944 Section 9: Labor M 368-11&12 5 Aug 1944 Sections 11&12: Transportation Systems and Communications ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M368-1 Civil Affairs I -- ~ ~ '------ ~ -~C~ -~BBP~6~-~ - ---- ~-----~--- - ----~-- -- L CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK THAILAND SECTION 1: GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND Is I I I I-C II IC -=-- -- 19~ -- I I -- -I-C HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 8 MAY 1944 . Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information c'n- tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) UNCLASSIFIED - ii - IJNUMBERING SYSTEM OF ARIY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories: Ml - M99 Basic and Advanced Training M0oo - M199 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre- Induction Training M200 - M299 Personnel and Morale M300 -M3 99 Civil Affairs M4ac00 - M499 Supply and Transportation M500 - M599 Fiscal M600 - M699 -Procurement and Production M700 - M'799 Administration M800 -M899 Miscellaneous M900 - up Equipment, Mviateriel, Housing and Construction HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES Washington, D. C. 8 MAY 1944 Army Service Forces Manual M 368 - 1, Civil Affairs Handbook, Geographical and Social Background in Thailand, has been prepared under the supervision of the Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. LPX 461 (21 Sep 43)7 By command off Lieutenant General SOMMERVELL: W. D. STYER Major General, General Stf Chief of Staff, OFFICIAL J. A. ULIO, Major General, Adjutant General 1I~Cg A~~BFBIB This study on Geographical and Social Background of 'Thailand was prepared for the ~1ILITARY GOVERNIMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST L1ARSHkL GENERL by the FAR EASTER11NIT, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOkESTIC COMMER CE, UNITED STATES DEPARTIENT OF COIVIMERCE OFFICERS USING THIS M~ATERIA.L ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE SUGESTIONS aND CRITICISMS INDICATING TIE REVISIONS OR. ADDITIONS W1,HICH VIOULD LAKE THIS a"AT ERIL LORE USEFUL FOR THEIR PURPOSES., THIEE CRITIC ISMSi SHOULD BE SENT TO TIE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, IVILITA.RY GOVERN- LENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2807 MUNITIONS BUILDING, ?WASHINGTON 25, D. C. INTRODUCTION Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook The basic objectives of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual inform- ation needed for planning and policy making. CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOKS TOPICAL OUTLINE 1. Geographical and Social Background 2. Government and Administration 3. Legal Affairs 4. Government Finance 5. Money and Banking 6. Natural Resources 7. Agriculture 8. Industry and Commerce 9. Labor 10. Public 1Ior1s and Utilities 11. Transportation Systems 12* Communications 13. Public Health and Sanitation 14. Public Safety 15. Education 16. Public Welfare 17. Cultural Institutions This study on Geographical and Social Background of Thailand was prepared for the MILITARY GOVRNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the FAR EASTERN UNIT, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COM ERCE, UNITED STATES DEPARThMEXLT OF COg ERCE. ~ -i -fipa~cs~ O -vASSF- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. THE AND A. Boundaries and Frontier Disputes 1 1. Natural and Arbitrary Boundaries 1 2. Boundary Disputes 2 3. Telephone, Telegraph, Highway, Railway, and Airline Routes across the Frontiers 3 4. Ports of Entry 4 B. Territorial Divisions 5 1. Natural Divisions 5 2. Economic Divisions 13 3. Racial and Religious Divisions 14 4. Political and Administrative Subdivisions 14 II. THE PEOPLE 16 A. Population Statistics 16 1. Census Returns 17 2. Sex and Age Statistics 17 3. Racial Statistics 17 4. Religion 19 5. Occupations 20 B. Immigration and Emigration 21 C. Cultural Characteristics 23 1. Family and Sex 26 2. Church and Religion 27 3. Social Stratification 28 4. Quasi-public and Private Organizations 28 5. General Living Conditions 29 6. Attitude toward the War and toward the United States 33 7. Languages 34 8. Racial Conflicts and Discriminations 35 III. TABLES 1. Population Densities in Selected Asiatic Countries 16 2. Trend in the Population of Thailand 17 3. Population of Each Nationality, by Sex, 1937 19 4. Religions in Thailand, 1937 20 + d maxLl , 'B}f a : 4 . - vii - TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 5. Occupations in Thailand, 1937 6. Declared Professions of Chinese Males Entering Bangkok, 1938-39 7. Daily Wages in Thailand, 1936-37 8. Annual Arrivals of Aliens in Bangkok by Nationality and Sex 9, Passenger Traffic by Sea, Bangkok IV. ;MAPS 1., Relief Yap of Southeast Asia viii 2. iainfall, Density 12 3. Population Density 18 4. Changvats (Provinces) of Thailand following 43 V. APPENDICES 1. Census Returns by Changvats (Provinces) 2. Distribution of Population by Sex and Age Group VI:. BIBLIOGAPHY VI. IBLOGI~PHY43 If ! S lF F ut rk c, r ANOAMAN A~ ~~P~AC~O ANAM~ I. THE LAND A. BOUNDARIES AND FRONTIER DISPUTES The'heart of Thailand consists of the valley of the Menam Chao Phya River and its tributaries. In addition, the country includes the Korat Plateau, which gives it a boundary on the Mekong River for hundreds of miles before that stream reaches Stung Treng, from which point to the sea it flows through Indochinese territory. Finally, Thailand shares the peninsula with Burma for some distance, and then, below the Isthmus of Kra Thai territory, abuts on the Bay of Bengal for about 300 miles. 1. Natural and Arbitrary Boundaries The Thai, Burmese and Indochinese borders join at the extreme north of Thailand, on the Mekong River at about 1000 8' E, 20° 22' N. Since 1941 the Mekong has been the eastern boundary of Thailand to a point near Stung Treng, at about 1050 55' E, 130 28' N, or a total dis- tance of about one thousand miles. Thence the boundary with Indochina as established on 11 March 1941 runs due west to a point a few miles northwest of the famed ruins of Angkor Wat, and then due south to the Grand Lac (some- times, not very accurately, called the Tonle Sap) a short distance from the western end of that important source of Thailand's fish supply. From a point on the southern side of the lake, the boundary continues southwest to the Gulf of Thailand, which forms the boundary for 1200 miles, or to the Malayan border. On 1 August 1943, four Malay states were annexed by Thailand, adding about 170 miles to the Gulf of Thailand coastline. The boundary with Malay is that between Kelantan and Trengganu, which have been annexed by Thai- land, and the Malay states of Pahang and Perak. The pre-1943 boundary be- tween the Thai changvad of Pattani and the Malay state of Perak remains unchanged, but with the annexation of Perlis and Kedah by Thailand the Thai boundary runs southwest to a point near Penang, before it turns northwest, skirting Province Wellesley, to reach the Indian Ocean (or the Bay of Bengal, as it is doubtful as to the precise boundary line between these two bodies of water) a short distance north of Penang. The Thailand of pre-1943 has a frontage of about 300 miles on the western waters, while the addition of Perlis and Kedah increases this by about 25 percent. The boundary turns inland with the Pakchan River, between Victoria Point, Burma, and Ranong, Thailand, and from the head of that river, not many miles northeast the Thai-Burmese border follows roughly the watershed between the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Thailand all the way north, through mountainous and sparsely-populated country, to the starting point on the Mekong, about 1000 miles in all. An exception to the rule that the Thai-Burmese boundary follows the watershed is the central section, starting from a point southwest of Moulmein where it follows the Thaugyin River and the Salween almost to the border of Karenni.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Information Seeking in the Spirit of Learning: a Dataset For
    Information Seeking in the Spirit of Learning: A Dataset for Conversational Curiosity Pedro Rodriguez∗ Paul Crook Computer Science Facebook University of Maryland [email protected] [email protected] Seungwhan Moon Zhiguang Wang Facebook Facebook [email protected] [email protected] Abstract U: <assistant wake-word>, tell me about Tahiti. A: It’s the largest island in French Polynesia, near Open-ended human learning and information- the center of the Pacific seeking are increasingly mediated by digi- U: What is its history with France? tal assistants. However, such systems of- ten ignore the user’s pre-existing knowledge. Assuming a correlation between engagement Figure 1: An example of information-seeking dialog and user responses such as “liking” messages that the Curiosity dataset aims to support. Assistants or asking followup questions, we design a should answer user questions and convey information Wizard-of-Oz dialog task that tests the hypoth- that inspires meaningful followup questions. esis that engagement increases when users are presented with facts related to what they know. Through crowd-sourcing of this experiment, Theories of human learning, such as Vygotsky’s we collect and release 14K dialogs (181K ut- zone of proximal development, propose that learn- terances) where users and assistants converse ing novel information should be rooted in pre- about geographic topics like geopolitical enti- existing knowledge and skills of the learner (Chaik- ties and locations. This dataset is annotated lin, 2003). Considering this, a good policy may with pre-existing user knowledge, message- give general information about Tahiti; a better pol- level dialog acts, grounding to Wikipedia, and user reactions to messages.
    [Show full text]
  • Vers Une Transition Forestière En Thaïlande? Analyse Causale De L’Avancée Des Forêts À Partir Du Cas De Phetchabun
    Université de Montréal Vers une transition forestière en Thaïlande? Analyse causale de l’avancée des forêts à partir du cas de Phetchabun par Jean-Philippe Leblond Département de géographie Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en géographie Mai, 2011 © Jean-Philippe Leblond, 2011 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : Vers une transition forestière en Thaïlande? Analyse causale de l’avancée des forêts à partir du cas de la Thaïlande Présentée par : Jean-Philippe Leblond a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Claude Comtois, président-rapporteur Rodolphe De Koninck, directeur de recherche Steve Déry, membre du jury Guy Trébuil, examinateur externe Luc Brouillet, représentant du doyen de la FES i Résumé Selon des thèses développées au cours des années 1990 et 2000, le développement économique constitue à la fois la source et la solution aux problèmes environnementaux. Au sujet des forêts, les transitions forestières (c’est-à-dire le passage de la déforestation à la reforestation) documentées dans certains pays développés seraient causées par des dynamiques universelles intrinsèques au développement et à la modernisation des sociétés. Nos travaux ont porté sur l’application de cette vision optimiste et controversée à l’évolution des superficies forestières en Thaïlande. S’appuyant sur une recension de la littérature, sur des données secondaires ainsi que nos travaux de terrain dans la région de Phetchabun, la thèse offre les apports suivants. Elle démontre que contrairement à l’idée répandue en Thaïlande, le ralentissement de la déforestation a été suivi par une expansion forestière substantielle entre environ 1995 et 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Yangon University of Economics Master of Development Studies Programme
    YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR AMONG CLMV COUNTRIES (CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, VIETNAM) KHINE MYINTZU TUN EMDevS – 9 (15th Batch) NOVEMBER, 2019 1 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR AMONG CLMV COUNTRIES (CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, VIETNAM) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Development Studies (MDevS) Degree Supervised by: Submitted by: Dr. Khin Thida Nyein Khine Myintzu Tun Professor Roll No.9 Department of Economics EMDevS-15th Batch Yangon University of Economics (2017-2019) NOVEMBER, 2019 i YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Challenges and Opportunities of Tourism Development in Myanmar among CLMV countries” submitted as a partial fulfilment towards the requirements for the degree of Master of Development Studies, has been accepted by the Board of Examiners. BOARD OF EXAMINERS 1. Dr. Tin Win Rector Yangon University of Economics (Chief Examiner) 2. Dr. Nilar Myint Htoo Pro – Rector Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 3. Dr. Kyaw Min Htun Pro – Rector (Retd.) Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 4. Dr. Cho Cho Thein Professor and Head Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 5. Dr. Tha Pye Nyo Professor Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) NOVEMBER, 2019 ii ABSTRACT Being recognized the noticeable change of Globalization, Tourism Development is the fruitful result of business movement from globalization rapidly. Within ASEAN, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV) countries have the most potential in tourism development.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Aim Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Highland Cash Crop Development and Biodiversity Conservation: The Hmong in Northern Thailand by Waranoot Tungittiplakorn B.Sc., Chulalongkorn University, 1988 M..Sc., Asian Institute of Technology, 1991 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Geography We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2012) Linkages Between Poverty and Disaster Risk
    Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk Lao PDR National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2012) Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk National Disaster Management Office Lao PDR Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare 2012 A Disclaimer The document is based on existing reports as well as evidence based historical data collection and analysis using DesInventar database created at the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO), Lao PDR. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in the document. The document remains open for correction and improvement. Key Contributors NDMO Lao PDR Mr. Khamphao Hompanhya ([email protected]) Mr. Vilayphong Sisomvang ([email protected]) Ms. Bouasy Thammasack ([email protected]) ADPC Mr. Thanongdeth Insixiengmay ([email protected]) Mr. Aslam Perwaiz ([email protected]) Ms. Thitiphon Sinsupan ([email protected]) Ms. Somvath Keokhamphoui ([email protected]) Ms. Phitsamai Khammanivong ([email protected]) Ms. Mareike Bentfeld ([email protected]) Photo credits: Cover ADPC Chapter 1 Cover ADPC Chapter 2 Cover ADPC Chapter 3 Cover ADPC Chapter 4 Cover ADPC Chapter 5 Cover Mines Advisory Group1 1 http://www.flickr.com/photos/mag-photos/4777635220/ Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk Acknowledgement Appreciation is expressed to all who supported the development of the Lao PDR National Assessment Report 2012 under the leadership of NDMO, Lao PDR. Sincere thanks goes to the members of the Inter-Ministerial Technical Working Group for their contribution and especially their support in data collection as well as their contribution to the draft versions of the LNAR. Appreciation is also expressed to ADPC for their cooperation with the NDMO as well as their technical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Development Interventions in Tea Sector of Lao PDR FINAL V3
    This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Acronyms and Definitions ........................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction and Purpose of Study .................................................................................................... 5 Context.............................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction to Lao People’s Democratic Republic ......................................................................... 7 History and Structure of the Lao Tea Sector ................................................................................... 7 Literature on the Lao Tea Sector ...................................................................................................... 10 Common Trends and Recommendations in Tea Sector Literature ................................................ 10 Conclusions from Tea Sector Literature ........................................................................................ 13 Case Studies .................................................................................................................................... 14 BoKeo .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Xayabouli
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Laos Country Profile Laos Country Profile
    1 Laos Country Profile Laos Country Profile Page 1 Page 2 Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. Most of the western border of Laos is demarcated by the Mekong River. The eastern border with Vietnam extends for 2,069 kilometres, mostly along the crest of the Annamite Chain, and serves as a physical barrier between Vietnam and states of Laos and Thailand. Laos shares a 535 km southern border with Cambodia. In the north, the country is bounded by a mountainous 505-kilometre border with China and shares the 236-kilometre-long Mekong River border with Myanmar. The topography of Laos is largely mountainous, with the Annamite Range in the northeast and east and the Luang Prabang Range in the northwest, among other ranges typically characterized by steep terrain. Elevations are typically above 500 metres with narrow river valleys and low agricultural potential. This mountainous landscape extends across most of the north of the country, except for the plain of Vientiane and the Plain of Jars in the Xiangkhoang Plateau. The southern "panhandle" of the country contains large level areas in Savannakhet and Champasak provinces that are well suited for extensive paddy rice cultivation and livestock raising. Much of Khammouan Province and the eastern part of all the southern provinces are mountainous. Together, the alluvial plains and terraces of the Mekong and its tributaries cover only about 20% of the land area.
    [Show full text]
  • North, South, and City: Novellas and Stories
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2018 North, South, and City: Novellas and Stories Richard James Hermes University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Hermes, Richard James, "North, South, and City: Novellas and Stories. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5082 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Richard James Hermes entitled "North, South, and City: Novellas and Stories." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. Michael Knight, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Christopher J. Hebert, Alisa M. Schoenbach, Rachelle M. Scott Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) North, South, and City: Novellas and Stories A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Richard James Hermes August 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Richard Hermes All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Characteristics and Affinities in Lao PDR, with a Reference to the Biogeography of the Indochina Peninsula
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Floristic characteristics and affinities in Lao PDR, with a reference to the biogeography of the Indochina peninsula Hua Zhu* Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 The flora of Laos is composed of 5,005 species in 1,373 genera and 188 families of seed a1111111111 plants. Floristic and geographical attributes of the flora were analyzed. Tropical floristic ele- ments at the family and generic levels contributed a majority (62.23% of the families and 82.30% of the genera) of the flora, of which the dominant geographical elements were pan- tropical distribution (42.02% of families) and tropical Asian distribution (30.08% of genera). OPEN ACCESS This revealed that the flora of Lao PDR is tropical in nature and has a conspicuously tropical Citation: Zhu H (2017) Floristic characteristics and Asian affinity. Compared with the neighbouring countries of the Indochina peninsula, the affinities in Lao PDR, with a reference to the flora of Laos has similar floristic composition and geographical elements. The floras of these biogeography of the Indochina peninsula. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179966. https://doi.org/10.1371/ Indochinese countries have similarities of more than 77.84% at the generic level, which journal.pone.0179966 suggests that they compose an affiliated biogeographical region. However, the flora of Editor: Tzen-Yuh Chiang, National Cheng Kung Laos showed the highest similarity to the flora of Vietnam (92.13%), followed by Myanmar University, TAIWAN (86.01%) at the generic level, but has less East Asian and North Temperate elements than Received: November 29, 2016 Vietnam, and less North Temperate elements than Myanmar.
    [Show full text]
  • Anopheles Prachongae, a New Species of the Gigas Complex of Subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand, Contrasted with Known Forms of the Complex
    Zootaxa 4236 (1): 065–081 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3C4D07E9-4E68-4B94-A7C7-EA376D2E7A17 Anopheles prachongae, a new species of the Gigas Complex of subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand, contrasted with known forms of the complex RALPH E. HARBACH1, RAMPA RATTANARITHIKUL2 & BRUCE A. HARRISON3 1Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: [email protected]; 2Museum of World Insects, 72 Nimamhemin 13, Huay-Kaeo Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] 3Affiliate Professor, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC and Visiting Scientist, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC. Postal address: 661 Drumheller Road, Clemmons, North Carolina 27012, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Anopheles (Anopheles) prachongae, a new species of the Gigas Complex from northern Thailand, is described and illus- trated in the adult, pupal and larval stages, and bionomics and chaetotaxy tables are provided for the immature stages. The species is distinguished from Anopheles baileyi, the only other species of the complex known to occur in Thailand, and contrasted with other taxa of the complex that occur in the Oriental Region. Available morphological data indicate that An. gigas sumatrana is unique and is therefore formally afforded species status. The three other Sumatran subspecies may be conspecific. The taxonomic status of the non-Sumatran subspecies, i.e. crockeri (Borneo), formosus (Philippines), re- futans (Sri Lanka) and simlensis (south-central Asia), is questioned but their status is unchanged pending further study.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Climate Resilient Food Systems for Improved Food and Nutrition Security Among the Most Vulnerable Communities in Lao PDR
    Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Framework GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Promoting Climate Resilient Food Systems for Improved Food and Nutrition Security among the Most Vulnerable Communities in Lao PDR Environmental and Social Management Framework 2 March 2018 1 Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Framework GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I CONTENTS Contents ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Overview of the Project ................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Objectives of Project ................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Environmental and Social Risk Assessment ............................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Assumptions Underpinning the Development of the Environmental and Social Management Framework .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Habitats and Flora in Laos PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623025 Forest Habitats and Flora in Laos PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam Conference Paper · January 1999 CITATIONS READS 12 517 1 author: Philip W. Rundel University of California, Los Angeles 283 PUBLICATIONS 8,872 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Philip W. Rundel Retrieved on: 03 October 2016 Rundel 1999 …Forest Habitats and Flora in Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam 1 Conservation Priorities In Indochina - WWF Desk Study FOREST HABITATS AND FLORA IN LAO PDR, CAMBODIA, AND VIETNAM Philip W. Rundel, PhD Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles, California USA 90095 December 1999 Prepared for World Wide Fund for Nature, Indochina Programme Office, Hanoi Rundel 1999 …Forest Habitats and Flora in Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. Geomorphology of Southeast Asia 1.1 Geologic History 1.2 Geomorphic Provinces 1.3 Mekong River System 2. Vegetation Patterns in Southeast Asia 2.1 Regional Forest Formations 2.2 Lowland Forest Habitats 2.3 Montane Forest Habitats 2.4 Freshwater Swamp Forests 2.5 Mangrove Forests Lao People's Democratic Republic 1. Physical Geography 2. Climatic Patterns 3. Vegetation Mapping 4. Forest Habitats 5.1 Lowland Forest habitats 5.2 Montane Forest Habitats 5.3 Subtropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 5.4 Azonal Habitats Cambodia 1. Physical Geography 2. Hydrology 3. Climatic Patterns 4. Flora 5. Vegetation Mapping 6. Forest Habitats 5.1 Lowland Forest habitats 5.2 Montane Forest Habitats 5.3 Azonal Habitats Vietnam 1. Physical Geography 2.
    [Show full text]