Richard Feynman Biografia Pdf
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Can We Rule out the Possibility of the Existence of an Additional Time Axis
Brian D. Koberlein Thomas J. Murray Time 2 ABSTRACT CAN WE RULE OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT THERE IS MORE THAN ONE DIRECTION IN TIME? by Lynn Stephens The literature was examined to see if a proposal for the existence of additional time-like axes could be falsified. Some naïve large-time models are visualized and examined from the standpoint of simplicity and adequacy. Although the conclusion here is that the existence of additional time-like dimensions has not been ruled out, the idea is probably not falsifiable, as was first assumed. The possibility of multiple times has been dropped from active consideration by theorists less because of negative evidence than because it can lead to cumbersome models that introduce causality problems without providing any advantages over other models. Even though modern philosophers have made intriguing suggestions concerning the causality issue, usability and usefulness issues remain. Symmetry considerations from special relativity and from the conservation laws are used to identify restrictions on large-time models. In view of recent experimental findings, further research into Cramer’s transactional model is indicated. This document contains embedded graphic (.png and .jpg) and Apple Quick Time (.mov) files. The CD-ROM contains interactive Pacific Tech Graphing Calculator (.gcf) files. Time 3 NOTE TO THE READER The graphics in the PDF version of this document rely heavily on the use of color and will not print well in black and white. The CD-ROM attachment that comes with the paper version of this document includes: • The full-color PDF with QuickTime animation; • A PDF printable in black and white; • The original interactive Graphing Calculator files. -
Simulating Physics with Computers
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, VoL 21, Nos. 6/7, 1982 Simulating Physics with Computers Richard P. Feynman Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91107 Received May 7, 1981 1. INTRODUCTION On the program it says this is a keynote speech--and I don't know what a keynote speech is. I do not intend in any way to suggest what should be in this meeting as a keynote of the subjects or anything like that. I have my own things to say and to talk about and there's no implication that anybody needs to talk about the same thing or anything like it. So what I want to talk about is what Mike Dertouzos suggested that nobody would talk about. I want to talk about the problem of simulating physics with computers and I mean that in a specific way which I am going to explain. The reason for doing this is something that I learned about from Ed Fredkin, and my entire interest in the subject has been inspired by him. It has to do with learning something about the possibilities of computers, and also something about possibilities in physics. If we suppose that we know all the physical laws perfectly, of course we don't have to pay any attention to computers. It's interesting anyway to entertain oneself with the idea that we've got something to learn about physical laws; and if I take a relaxed view here (after all I'm here and not at home) I'll admit that we don't understand everything. -
Deep Springs Newsletter Fall 2011 Visiting Professors
DEEP SPRINGS NEWSLETTER FALL 2011 VISITING PROFESSORS Sam Laney and dynamics of marine photosynthetic microbes. Dur- Sam Laney DS87 returned to the valley in August ing his intervening time “on shore” he pursues his other to teach both a standard course in Differential Calculus research interests in marine microbial ecology and leads and an advanced course in Multivariable Calculus, having graduate courses in his institution’s joint program with taught computer science and mathematics at Deep Springs MIT. before, in 2007. Sam fits naturally into the Deep Springs project, Sam grew up in a small paper-mill town on the riding on the occasional cattle drive or with students on Kennebec River in central Maine. After high school he weekends. He says that spent two years at Deep Springs (1987-89) before continu- one of the great lessons ing his studies at Cornell University. Sam lived at Telluride he gained from Deep Association’s Cornell Branch, serving twice as house presi- Springs was the ability dent, where he was able to maintain his interest in Nunnian to take two interests— education while completing a joint degree in Engineer- one intellectual, and ing and Biology. He then worked at the Department of one practical—and Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, unite them to build a developing and field-testing technology for monitoring the life and career. “On health of oceanic microorganisms. Later he worked in the the one hand you’re ocean instrumentation industry in both the US and UK, dealing with ecologi- and subsequently went back to graduate school at Oregon cal theory of marine State University, where he earned a Ph.D. -
Biodiversity Education Initiative for Middle School Students Meryl Gray Hunter Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Digital WPI Interactive Qualifying Projects (All Years) Interactive Qualifying Projects December 2004 Biodiversity Education Initiative for Middle School Students Meryl Gray Hunter Worcester Polytechnic Institute Peter J. Vallieres Worcester Polytechnic Institute Vincent Joseph Papia Worcester Polytechnic Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all Repository Citation Gray Hunter, M., Vallieres, P. J., & Papia, V. J. (2004). Biodiversity Education Initiative for Middle School Students. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/3056 This Unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Interactive Qualifying Projects at Digital WPI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Interactive Qualifying Projects (All Years) by an authorized administrator of Digital WPI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuesday December 14, 2004 Mr. Francisco Dallmeier, Director Mr. Alfonso Alonso, Assistant Director Ms. Jennifer Sevin, Education and Training Coordinator Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 Dear Mr. Dallmeier, Mr. Alonso, and Ms. Sevin, Enclosed is our report entitled Biodiversity Education Initiative for Middle School Students. It was written at the Smithsonian Institution, Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity during the period of October 29 through December 14, 2004. Preliminary work was completed in Worcester, Massachusetts, prior to our arrival in Washington, D.C. -
Wiki Template-1Eb7p59
Wikipedia Reader https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora Selected by Julie Madsen - Entry 10 1 Aurora From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar lights or north- ern lights, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.[1] Au- roras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere (ther- mosphere/exosphere), where their energy is lost. The resulting ion- ization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying color and complexity. The form of the aurora, occur- ring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating parti- cles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton Images of auroras from around the world, auroras are usually observed at including those with rarer red and blue lower latitudes.[2] lights Wikipedia Reader 2 May 1 2017 Contents 1 Occurrence of terrestrial auroras 1.1 Images 1.2 Visual forms and colors 1.3 Other auroral radiation 1.4 Aurora noise 2 Causes of auroras 2.1 Auroral particles 2.2 Auroras and the atmosphere 2.3 Auroras and the ionosphere 3 Interaction of the solar wind with Earth 3.1 Magnetosphere 4 Auroral particle acceleration 5 Auroral events of historical significance 6 Historical theories, superstition and mythology 7 Non-terrestrial auroras 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Occurrence of terrestrial auroras Most auroras occur in a band known as the auroral zone,[3] which is typically 3° to 6° wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. -
Dirac Equation - Wikipedia
Dirac equation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_equation Dirac equation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it 1 describes all spin-2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity,[1] and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It was validated by accounting for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way. The equation also implied the existence of a new form of matter, antimatter, previously unsuspected and unobserved and which was experimentally confirmed several years later. It also provided a theoretical justification for the introduction of several component wave functions in Pauli's phenomenological theory of spin; the wave functions in the Dirac theory are vectors of four complex numbers (known as bispinors), two of which resemble the Pauli wavefunction in the non-relativistic limit, in contrast to the Schrödinger equation which described wave functions of only one complex value. Moreover, in the limit of zero mass, the Dirac equation reduces to the Weyl equation. Although Dirac did not at first fully appreciate the importance of his results, the entailed explanation of spin as a consequence of the union of quantum mechanics and relativity—and the eventual discovery of the positron—represents one of the great triumphs of theoretical physics. -
Could Minkowski Have Discovered the Cause of Gravitation Before Einstein?
2 Could Minkowski have discovered the cause of gravitation before Einstein? Vesselin Petkov Abstract There are two reasons for asking such an apparently unanswer- able question. First, Max Born’s recollections of what Minkowski had told him about his research on the physical meaning of the Lorentz transformations and the fact that Minkowski had created the full-blown four-dimensional mathematical formalism of space- time physics before the end of 1907 (which could have been highly improbable if Minkowski had not been developing his own ideas), both indicate that Minkowski might have arrived at the notion of spacetime independently of Poincaré (who saw it as nothing more than a mathematical space) and at a deeper understanding of the basic ideas of special relativity (which Einstein merely postulated) independently of Einstein. So, had he lived longer, Minkowski might have employed successfully his program of regarding four- dimensional physics as spacetime geometry to gravitation as well. Moreover, Hilbert (Minkowski’s closest colleague and friend) had derived the equations of general relativity simultaneously with Ein- stein. Second, even if Einstein had arrived at what is today called Einstein’s general relativity before Minkowski, Minkowski would have certainly reformulated it in terms of his program of geometriz- ing physics and might have represented gravitation fully as the man- ifestation of the non-Euclidean geometry of spacetime (Einstein re- garded the geometrical representation of gravitation as pure math- ematics) exactly like he reformulated Einstein’s special relativity in terms of spacetime. 1 Introduction On January 12, 1909, only several months after his Cologne lecture Space and Time [1], at the age of 44 Hermann Minkowski untimely left this world. -
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
universe Review A Brief History of Gravitational Waves Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota 1, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri 1 and George F. Smoot 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Km 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Ocoyoacac, C.P. 52750 Mexico, Mexico; [email protected] (J.L.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.-U.) 2 Helmut and Ana Pao Sohmen Professor at Large, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China 3 Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire APC-PCCP, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France 4 Department of Physics and LBNL, University of California; MS Bldg 50-5505 LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-510-486-5505 Academic Editors: Lorenzo Iorio and Elias C. Vagenas Received: 21 July 2016; Accepted: 2 September 2016; Published: 13 September 2016 Abstract: This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Keywords: gravitational waves; General Relativity; LIGO; Einstein; strong-field gravity; binary black holes 1. Introduction Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in November 1915, led to the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves that would be so faint and their interaction with matter so weak that Einstein himself wondered if they could ever be discovered. -
Feynman-Richard-P.Pdf
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Richard Phillips Feynman Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 07 June 2021 Version 1.174 Title word cross-reference $14.95 [Oni15]. $15 [Ano54b]. $18.00 [Dys98]. $19.99 [Oni15]. 2 + 1 [Fey81, Fey82c]. $22.00 [Dys98]. $22.95 [Oni15]. $24.95 [Dys11a, RS12]. $26.00 [Bro06, Ryc17, Dys05]. $29.99 [Oni15, Roe12, Dys11a]. $30.00 [Kra08, Lep07, W¨ut07]. $35 [Ano03b]. $50.00 [DeV00, Ano99]. $500 [Ano39]. $55.00 [Noe11]. $80.00hb/$30.00pb [Cao06]. $9.95 [Oni15]. α [GN87, Sla72]. e [BC18]. E = mc2 [KN19]. F (t) · r [BS96]. λ [Fey53c, Fey53a]. SU(3) [Fey65a]. U(6) ⊗ U(6) [FGMZ64]. π [BC18]. r [EFK+62]. -Transition [Fey53a]. 0-19-853948-7 [Tay97]. 0-226-42266-6 [W¨ut07]. 0-226-42267-4 [Kra08]. 0-691-03327-7 [Bro96c]. 0-691-03685-3 [Bro96c]. 1965 [Fey64e]. 1988 [Meh02]. 1 2 2.0 [BCKT09]. 2002 [FRRZ04]. 2007 [JP08]. 2010 [KLR13]. 20th [Anoxx, Bre97, Gin01, Kai02]. 235 [FdHS56]. 3 [Ish19, Ryc17]. 3.0 [Sem09]. 3.2 [Sem16]. 40th [MKR87]. 469pp [Cao06]. 8 [Roe12]. 9 [BFB82]. 978 [Ish19, Roe12, Ryc17]. 978-0-06135-132-7 [Oni15]. 978-0-300-20998-3 [Ryc17]. 978-0-8090-9355-7 [Oni15]. 978-1-58834-352-9 [Oni15]. -
Delta Upsilon Fraternity House Badly Damaged by Fire Courtney, Collyer and Hoyle to Coach Cornell Oarsmen Five More Names Added to Cor- Nell's Honor Roll J
Vol. XXI, No. 18. [PEICE TWELVE CENTS] January 30, 1915 Delta Upsilon Fraternity House Badly Damaged by Fire Courtney, Collyer and Hoyle to Coach Cornell Oarsmen Five More Names Added to Cor- nell's Honor Roll J. H. Letsehe, jr., '20, Receives the Distinguished Service Cross Three Cornellians on Official List of Aces ITHACA, NEW YORK CORNELL ALUMNI NEWS CASCADILLA The Farmers' Loan The Leading Preparatory School for CORNELL and Trust Company Published for the Associate Alumni of On the edge of the University Campus 16, 18, 20, 22 William St., New York Cornell University by the Cornell Alumni Branch 475 Fifth Ave. News Publishing Company, Incorporated. Good living. Athletics. Certificate Privilege. LONDON 16 paU Maαi East S W' α Published weekly during the college year ' 26 Old Broad Street, B.C. & and monthly during the summer forty issues Exceptional for College Entrance Work PARIS 41 Boulevard Haussmu* annually. Issue No. 1 is published the last A. M. Drummond, M.A., Principal Thursday of September. Weekly publication LETTERS OF CREDIT (numbered consecutively) continues through Ithaca, N. Y. Commencement Week. The number of Trustees FOREIGN EXCHANGES monthly issues and of double numbers will Franklin C. Cornell Ernest Blaker CABLE TRANSFERS depend somewhat on the University calendar, which is likely to be irregular for the period Charles -IX Bostwick of the war. Issue No. 40 is published in The Mercersburg Academy August and is followed by an index of the Under same direction entire volume, which will be mailed on re- Prepares for all colleges Cascadilla Tutoring School and universities : Aims quest. -
Arxiv:Hep-Th/9603202V1 29 Mar 1996
SLAC–PUB–7115 March 1996 DISCRETE PHYSICS AND THE DIRAC EQUATION∗ Louis H. Kauffman Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science University of Illinois at Chicago 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago IL 60607-7045 and H. Pierre Noyes Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309 Abstract We rewrite the 1+1 Dirac equation in light cone coordinates in two signif- icant forms, and solve them exactly using the classical calculus of finite differ- ences. The complex form yields “Feynman’s Checkerboard”—a weighted sum arXiv:hep-th/9603202v1 29 Mar 1996 over lattice paths. The rational, real form can also be interpreted in terms of bit-strings. Submitted to Physics Letters A. PACS: 03.65.Pm, 02.70.Bf Key words: discrete physics, choice sequences, Dirac equation, Feynman checker- board, calculus of finite differences, rational vs. complex quantum mechanics ∗Work partially supported by Department of Energy contract DE–AC03–76SF00515 and by the National Science Foundation under NSF Grant Number DMS-9295277. 1 Introduction In this paper we give explicit solutions to the Dirac equation for 1+1 space-time. These solutions are valid for discrete physics [1] using the calculus of finite differences, and they have as limiting values solutions to the Dirac equation using infinitesimal calculus. We find that the discrete solutions can be directly interpreted in terms of sums over lattice paths in discrete space-time. We document the relationship of this lattice-path with the checkerboard model of Richard Feynman [2]. Here we see how his model leads directly to an exact solution to the Dirac equation in discrete physics and thence to an exact continuum solution by taking a limit. -
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
Review A Brief History of Gravitational Waves Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota 1, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri 1 and George F. Smoot 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Km 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Ocoyoacac, Mexico State C.P.52750, Mexico; [email protected] (J.L.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.-U.) 2 Helmut and Ana Pao Sohmen Professor at Large, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. 3 Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire APC-PCCP, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. 4 Department of Physics and LBNL, University of California; MS Bldg 50-5505 LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-510-486-5505 Abstract: This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Keywords: gravitational waves; General Relativity; LIGO; Einstein; strong-field gravity; binary black holes 1. Introduction Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in November 1915, led to the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves that would be so faint and their interaction with matter so weak that Einstein himself wondered if they could ever be discovered. Even if they were detectable, Einstein also wondered if they would ever be useful enough for use in science.