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Zur Wissensgeschichte Und Aktualität Der Gaia-Hypothese Friedrich, Löffler, Schrape, Sprenger Alexander Friedrich, Petra Löffler, Niklas Schrape und Florian Sprenger Ökologien der Erde: Zur Wissensgeschichte und FRIEDRICH Aktualität der Gaia-Hypothese LÖFFLER Ökologien der Erde bestimmen die Gegen- wart. Dabei gewinnt die in den 1970er Jahren von James Lovelock gemeinsam mit Lynn Margulis entwickelte Gaia-Theorie heute neue ÖKOLOGIEN Erklärungskraft. Wenn Gaia bei Bruno Latour sogar zum allgemeinen Modell der Welt- Ökologien der Erde erklärung im 21. Jahrhundert wird, gilt es, nach der Plausibilität zu fragen, die die Rede von Gaia aktuell entwickelt. Die vier Beiträge des ERDE Bandes geben hierauf eine Antwort, indem sie die metaphorologischen und begriffshis- torischen Linien der Gaia-Theorie nachzeichnen und ihren Bezug auf zeitgenössische Computer- simulationen in den Blick nehmen. So wird der GAIA gegenwärtige Ort des Wiederauflebens Gaias deutlich – und damit die Verschränkung von kybernetischen und organizistischen Ökologien SCHRAPE mit der Annahme einer Programmierbarkeit von Umgebungen. SPRENGER ISBN 978-3-95796-120-4 www.meson.press Ökologien der Erde Weitere Titel in dieser Reihe Florian Sprenger Politik der Mikroentscheidungen: Edward Snowden, Netzneutralität und die Architekturen des Internets | The Politics of Micro-Decisions: Edward Snowden, Net Neutrality, and the Architectures of the Internet Irina Kaldrack, Martina Leeker (Hg.) There is no Software, there are just Services Martin Degeling, Julius Othmer, Andreas Weich, Bianca Westermann (Hg.) Profile: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge Howard Caygill, Martina Leeker, Tobias Schulze (Hg.) Interventions in Digital Cultures: Technology, the Political, Methods Andreas Bernard, Martina Leeker and Matthias Koch (Hg.) Non-Knowledge and Digital Cultures Digital Cultures Series Herausgegeben von Andreas Bernard, Armin Beverungen, Irina Kaldrack, Martina Leeker, Sascha Simons und Florian Sprenger Eine Buchserie des Centre for Digital Cultures Ökologien der Erde: Zur Wissensgeschichte und Aktualität der Gaia-Hypothese Alexander Friedrich, Petra Löffler, Niklas Schrape und Florian Sprenger Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Veröffentlichung in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet unter http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Veröffentlicht 2018 von meson press, Lüneburg www.meson.press Designkonzept: Torsten Köchlin, Silke Krieg Umschlaggrafik: © Lily Wittenburg Korrektorat: Sabine Manke Die Printausgabe dieses Buchs wird gedruckt von Lightning Source, Milton Keynes, Vereinigtes Königreich. ISBN (Print): 978-3-95796-120-4 ISBN (PDF): 978-3-95796-121-1 ISBN (EPUB): 978-3-95796-122-8 DOI: 10.14619/1204 Die digitale Ausgabe dieses Buchs kann unter www.meson.press kostenlos heruntergeladen werden. Diese Publikation erscheint unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz "CC-BY-SA 4.0". Nähere Informationen zu dieser Lizenz finden sich unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. Inhalt Einleitung 9 [ 1 ] Gaias Netze: Zur Metaphorologie der planetarischen Selbstregulation des Lebens 21 Alexander Friedrich [ 2 ] Das Außen des Innen: Latours Gaia 63 Florian Sprenger [ 3 ] Gaias Fortune: Kosmopolitik und Ökologie der Praktiken bei Latour und Stengers 95 Petra Löffler [ 4 ] Spiel mit Gaia 123 Niklas Schrape AutorInnen 153 Einleitung Alexander Friedrich, Petra Löffler, Niklas Schrape und Florian Sprenger Seit den 1970er Jahren gibt Gaia, die altgriechische Personifi- zierung der Erde und Mutter der ersten Götter, dem von James Lovelock und Lynn Margulis entwickelten Konzept einer planetarischen Entität aller Lebensprozesse ihren Namen. Als globaler homöostatischer Regelkreislauf, als aktives und adap- tives Kontrollsystem, wie es der für die Mars-Mission der NASA arbeitende Biochemiker und Ingenieur Lovelock ausdrückt, verkörpert Gaia die kybernetisch verschränkte Gesamtheit aller Lebensvorgänge auf der Erde.1 Das Konzept dient seitdem dazu, das Wissen der akademischen Ökologie in den Rahmen einer zugleich naturwissenschaftlich fundierten wie metaphysisch aufgeladenen Welterklärung zu fassen und zugleich mit der Dringlichkeit einer bevorstehenden Katastrophe aufzuladen. In dieser Hinsicht hat die lange Zeit aufgrund ihrer mystischen Anleihen wissenschaftlich abgewertete Hypothese angesichts des jüngsten Aufschwungs ökologischer Fragestellungen auch außer- halb der Fachdisziplin der Ökologie erneut Interesse auf sich gezogen. Diese diskursive Konstellation, in der ökologisches und systemtheoretisches Wissen, die lebensweltliche Virulenz des Klimawandels, die Metaphysik einer emergenten planetarischen Einheit, das Nachleben holistischer Denkfiguren und eine spezi- fische Medien- bzw. Computertechnik zusammenkommen, lässt es sinnvoll erscheinen, die Geschichte der Gaia-Theorie aus medien- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Sicht in den Blick zu nehmen. 1 Vgl. James E. Lovelock und Lynn Margulis, „Atmospheric Homeostasis by and for the Biosphere: The Gaia Hypothesis,“ Tellus: Series A 26, Nr. 1–2 (1974) sowie James E. Lovelock und Lynn Margulis, „Biological Modulation of the Earth’s Atmosphere,“ Icarus 21 (1974). 10 1972 erstmals formuliert, beschreibt die Gaia-Hypothese den belebten Bereich der Erde (biosphere) als ein biologisches Kon- trollsystem (biological cybernetic system), das in der Lage ist, die physikalischen und chemischen Lebensbedingungen der Erde so zu regulieren, dass die Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre des Planeten für alle Lebewesen stets optimal gehalten wird.2 Ausgehend von der Frage, wieso die Atmosphäre der Erde in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung weitestgehend stabil ist, ent- wickelt Lovelock, mit Bezug auf biochemische, astronomische und meteorologische Befunde sowie vom kybernetischen Vorgehen des Ökologen George Evelyn Hutchinson beeinflusst, die These, dass der Lebensraum der Atmosphäre wenige hundert Meter um den Planeten ein Produkt der Lebensprozesse auf der Erde sei. Das Lebendige schafft sich demnach seine eigenen Bedingungen. Als lebendiger Planet hat die Erde keine Biosphäre, sondern sie ist die Biosphäre. Diese viel diskutierte Verlebendigung des Planeten ist im Ent- stehungskontext dieser Theorie eine durchaus konsequente Fortentwicklung der Idee des Ökosystems. Das Umgebende und das Umgebene sind demnach ineinander verschränkt und bilden darin gemeinsam das Leben. Ihr Verhältnis, das seit der 2 James E. Lovelock, „Gaia as Seen through the Atmosphere: Letter to the Editors,“ Atmospheric Environment 6, Nr. 8 (1972): 579. Eine Vielzahl an Arbeiten thematisiert die Bedeutung dieses Konzepts für das Selbstver- ständnis der Gegenwart: Ellen Cronan Rose, „The Good Mother: From Gaia to Gilead,“ Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 12, Nr. 1 (1991); Laurence Levine, „GAIA: Goddess and Idea,“ Biosystems 31, Nr. 2–3 (1993); Crispin Tickell, „Gaia: Goddess or Thermostat,“ Biosystems 31,Nr. 2–3 (1993); J. Donald Hughes und Richard Frank, „GAIA: Environmental Problems in Chthonic Perspective,“ Environmental Review 6, Nr. 2 (1982) (Special Issue: Papers from the First International Conference on Environmental History, Autumn 1982); Anne Primavesi, Gaia’s Gift (London/New York: Routledge, 2003); Rosemary Rad- ford Ruether, Gaia & Gott (Luzern: Edition Exodus, 1994); Clare Palmer, „A Bibliographical Essay On Environmental Ethics,” Studies in Christian Ethics 7, Nr. 1 (1994); Paul W. DeVore, „Cultural Paradigms and Technological Literacy,“ Bulletin of Science Technology Society 7, Nr. 3–4 (1987); Damiano Bondi, „Gaia and the Anthropocene; or, The Return of Teleology,“ Telos 172, Nr. 3 (2015). Jahrhundertwende die Dyade von environment und organism 11 in der entstehenden Wissenschaft der Ökologie organisiert, wird von Lovelock und Margulis konsequent neu bestimmt: Das environment ist demnach nicht etwas Totes, das Lebendiges umgibt, sondern deren Verschränkung ist das Leben. Lovelock schlägt vor, das System aus environment und Organismen selbst als eine lebendige Entität zu betrachten, die kraft emergenter Eigenschaften das Leben in einem Gleichgewicht mit seinen Lebensbedingungen hält. Das kontinuierliche negative Feedback zwischen Organismen und ihren environments stabilisiert die Lufttemperatur, den CO2-Gehalt, den Salzanteil im Meer und die Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre, womit die Bedingungen gesichert werden, unter denen sich Leben erhalten und neues Leben entstehen kann. Die regulative Funktion der Beziehung der Totalität aller Organismen und ihrer gemeinsamen Umwelt hält die Biosphäre im Gleichgewicht. Organische und anorganische Prozesse führen im Verbund zu einem komplexen System der Selbstregulation, das die Lebensbedingungen auf der Erde in einen metastabilen Zustand bringt.3 Der lebensfreundliche, lebendige Status des Planeten ist demnach Ergebnis der bioche- mischen Vorgänge auf der Erdoberfläche. Die Gaia-Theorie ist dabei gleichermaßen Produkt ihrer Zeit wie ein Ausblick auf eine kommende Zukunft: Im Kontext der aufstrebenden Umweltbewegungen, der Hippie-Kultur, die sich freudestrahlend als Teil Gaias begreifen, aber auch der NASA- Missionen und der Entwicklung neuer Computertechnologien zur Simulation biochemischer Prozesse, wird Lovelocks Ansatz als Artikulation zentraler Spannungen und Herausforderungen 3 Peter Ward hat in The Medea Hypothesis von der Harmonie der Selbst- organisation Abstand genommen und Lovelocks Priorisierung des negativen Feedbacks kritisiert. Für Ward sind Ökosysteme nicht homöostatisch, sondern neigen zu chaotischen und katastrophalen Ausbrüchen durch positives,
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