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Brain Dynamics by Justo Gonzalo, Vol 1 Brain dynamics by Justo Gonzalo, Vol 1 Edited by Isabel Gonzalo Fonrodona Optics Department. Faculty of Physics. Complutense University of Madrid February 2021 Translated from Spanish by Isabel Gonzalo Fonrodona and Fernando Aymat Olasolo i BRAIN DYNAMICS The brain activity according to the dynamic conditions of nervous excitability by Justo Gonzalo Vol. 1 Edited by Isabel Gonzalo Fonrodona Translated by Isabel Gonzalo Fonrodona and Fernando Aymat Olasolo Madrid, February 2021 Data of the Spanish edition Title: Dinámica Cerebral. La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa. Tomo primero. First published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto S. Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 1945. Included in the facsimile edition in Spanish published by Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain 2010. Open Access in http://hdl.handle.net/10347/4341 This electronic version of the English translation of Vol. 1 of the book Dinámica Cerebral by the autor Justo Gonzalo, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Any other form of reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work, which is not included in the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA-3.0 license, may only be made with the explicit authorization of the copyright holders, except as otherwise provided by law. Special permissions obtained from © Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain 2010. ii Preface This book is the English translation of Vol. 1 of the book written in Spanish by Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal (Barcelona 1910 – Madrid 1986), first published in 1945. At present, there is only the Spanish facsimile edition of 2010, including two supplementsa. The interest of the research described in this book lies in the fact that it is surprisingly of current interest, apart from its undoubted historical interest. Some aspects were ahead of discoveries that were made later. It is remarkable that some of the phenomena exposed are still unknown, or have only been observed in the last decades, and that the functional dynamic unity of the cortex proposed by the author is closely related to the current trends in the study of the brain. Some singular phenomena are described with extreme detail, such as inverted vision, facilitation, influence of stimulus intensity, delocalization of colors, reversal of motion, and orientation disorder, among others. Once the author finished his studies of medicine, he completed his training in neurology at the University of Vienna (1933-34) and in brain pathology at the University of Frankfurt (1934-35). The research described here began in the middle of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) at a brain injury center in Valencia (Spain), and was later continued at the Ramón y Cajal Institute and at the Spanish National Research Council in Madrid. From the study of brain-injured patients with unilateral lesion in an association area in the left parieto-occipital cortex, equidistant from the visual, tactile and auditory primary areas, the author characterized a multisensory, bilateral and symmetrical disorder that he called central syndrome. This is a multisensory (visual, tactile, auditory) alteration with the lesion not involving the specific areas, all functions being affected, from simple excitability to more complex functions, bilaterally and symmetrically, all of which being incompatible with the rigid traditional theory of brain localization. A phenomenon of clear dynamic character, which depends on the intensity of the stimulus, is the separation or disaggregation of a sensory function into partial functions or qualities that are united in normal perception. Different qualities are gradually lost according to their demands of nervous excitability when the intensity of the stimulus decreases, thus revealing the different functions that make up the sensorium, including visual image orientation as an unexpected function. Thus, inverted or tilted vision appears, among other disorders. The first in-depth study of tilted or inverted vision is part of the present research (pages 142- 185). A related dynamic phenomenon is partial disappearance of the disorders by intensification of the stimulus, or by the striking phenomenon of facilitation according to which the perception of a stimulus improves by the presence of another stimulus of the same or of a different sensory modality (cross-modal effect), or by a motor stimulus, a Gonzalo J. “Dinámica Cerebral”, Edición facsímil, Vol. 1 (1945), Vol. 2 (1950) y Suplementos I y II. Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain 2010. Open Access in the official repository of USC: http://hdl.handle.net/10347/4341 iii muscular effort being one of the most efficient and less known means. For example, a strong muscle contraction can improve perception by straightening the image in the disorder of inverted or tilted visual image. This capability is greater the greater the brain excitability deficit. The first detailed study on multisensory and motor facilitation is also part of this research. This study provides novel observations and an interpretation of this effect. It is remarkable that this type of effect is an extremely current research topic, as evidenced by the large number of scientific articles. The observation of all these phenomena required a meticulous and careful examination of the patients, since in addition to the fact that these types of patients are usually unaware of their own anomalies, they unconsciously develop facilitation mechanisms that improve their perception. From the new approach that the author gave to the research, his conception of brain dynamics emerged. To the best of my knowledge, this was the first time that the term brain dynamics, so widely used today, was introduced to describe brain mechanisms in relation to sensory organization. As the author pointed out, this research filled the gap then existing between brain pathology and the physiology of the nervous system since the phenomena described find explanation on a physiological basis governed by the laws of nervous excitability. This provided a dynamic solution to the rigid theory of brain localization, and established a continuous transition between lower and higher sensory functions, both being based on the same physiological laws. Two brain injured patients who differ in the intensity of their disorders are especially studied here. The deep and detailed analysis of these patients allowed the author to get to the root of the issue and to generalize the concept of brain dynamics. In subsequent research, the author found 35 cases that also fit the above-mentioned central syndrome b. A reference case in this research is also the famous Schneider case of Goldstein and Gelb studied in 1918, which deserves publications even at present, and which the author interpreted under the central syndrome. As the author pointed out, the scarcity of cases of central syndrome is not due to their exceptionality, since they would be numerous, but rather to the fact that they remain hidden due to the difficulty in the examination of these types of patients. In this Volume 1, the first part (Part I) deals qualitatively with general aspects of the research (findings, new syndrome, methodology, etc.), and Part II focuses on the quantitative and experimental aspects concerning visual functions. This part covers electrical and light excitability, color vision, visual field, visual forms, delocalization of colors, acuity, motion perception, motion inversion, orientation of the visual image, and finally visual schema, where some remarkable phenomena concerning spatial orientation are described. A striking example is that these patients were able to read a text whether it was in a normal position or upside down without noticing any difference; another example is the disorder in allocentric orientation. In the study of all these topics, a dynamic analysis is performed taking into account facilitations applied among other b Gonzalo J. (1952), Trabajos del Instituto Cajal de Investigaciones Biológicas, Vol. XLIV: 95-157. English translation Open Access in the repository of Complutense University of Madrid: https://eprints.ucm.es/30931/ iv variables, and always establishing a comparison between the two brain injured patients who presented different loss of neural mass in the same area. Volume 2 (1950) deals with tactile functions and extension of concepts. For example, among other noteworthy phenomena, tactile inversion is observed. Inverted perception is thus generalized in the central syndrome to all sensory systems of a spatial nature. This volume is in process of translation into English. It is worth mentioning the rich bibliographic documentation on various currents of thought, clinical data, experiments and precedents of the phenomena observed, which adds interest and amenity to the book. This research received the attention of relevant authors. For example, in a letter to Gonzalo in 1946, W. Köhler (representative of the Gestalt theory) wrotec: “The book contains many observations which are both entirely new and very important. I also believe that at several points your interpretations are more convincing than those of Gelb and Goldstein”.
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