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Bulletin of Tibetology BVLL£T1N OF T1B£TOLO(;V Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok, Sikkim India EDITORIAL BOARD Chief f:ditor : Tashi Tobdcn I.A.S MClnber Shri Bahjagovinda Ghosh. Member Acharya Samtcn Gyalso < Member Dr. Rigzin Ngodup Dokhampa Member Dr Sunam Gyatso Tenzing Vicws expresscd in the Bullctm ofTibetology are those of the contributors and not of the Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology. An article represents the pm/ate indi­ vidual views onhe author Md dges not reflect those' of any offi~c or institution with which the author may be associated. The editors are the publishers of the article (s); copyright of an article belongs to the author, unless otherwise indicated . ..' Bulletin of Tibetology DVLL£T1N OF T1D£TOLOGV ,. Seminar Volume 1995 Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok, Sikkim India Bulletin of Tibetology '/ ... GlJRlJ }>ADlVIASA!VIBHAVt\ Bulletin of Tibetology NATIONAL SEMINAR (29TH, 30TH MARCH 1995) PART I GURU PADMASAMBHAVA'S CONTRIBIJTION TO SIKKIM PART II CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SIKKIM Published SIKKIM RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TIBETOLOGY GANGTOK, SIKKIM 1995 Pdnted at : Cybcr PRINT & Systems, Old Children Park Taxi Stand, Gangtok. Bulletin of Tibetology Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Price per copy Rs. 85.00 Fron-tis-piece Guru Rinpoche Bulletin of Tibetology CONTENTS S. NO. Page I. FOREWORD 2 ReslJme 1. InaugllL11 Address of HF The Governor of Sikkim Shri P Shiv ') .Shankar. Pre~,ident SRIT PART I 4. Guru Padmasambhav<I's cOlllribution to the cSl'lblisilmGlll of Dhanna 15 tradition in Sikkllll Khenpo Deehell DOlJee. Ph D. Principal. SlkkJln fnSIHute of Higher Nyingma StudIes. Gangtok. Guru Padm3sambhava's COlllribution : The GenesIs of Buddhism 19 in Sikkim 13\ Chewang Acharya. Ph.D. Sr. Lecaturer. Sikkilll Institute Qf Higher l\JvlIlgma sl Ildies. Gangtok A Bnef Historlcallntroductioll of the Esoteric Buddhism in 25 Korea. Me San/" K'iun Sun. Lecturer in Jingak (allege. South Korea Ph D. Research Scholnr. uniYersily of Delhi 7 Slgnilicance of the Elght Mal1lfe<;tDtion of Guru Rinpoche. 27 By Prof. G. Gyatso. Department of Buddhist Studies. Delhi University (iUfU Padm8sambhava's contribution 10 Sikklm. 29 By AGilarya Dupgay Lepcha Tlie contribution of Guru Rinpoche to Sikkim, By Slm Pilllso Bhlllla, Director. Agnculture Department. GO\'crIllllclli of Siklmn Gallgtok. 1(1 Guru F?inpochc and Lalll<llSlll in Sikkil1l By Dr Narendra Kumar Dash, Lecturer. Department of Indo-Tibetan Studies. Visva-BharatL Shanliniketan II A Study of Buddhism ill Sikkill1. 43 By Dr. Bimalclidra Kumar. LectureL Departmellt of Jnclo-Tibetan Studies. Visv(i-l3harati University. Shantiniketan. 711215. 12. Guru Rinpoche's l:onlribulion to Sikkim 46 By Shri Ahmad Saeed, New Delhi. 1.1. Padmasilmbhava and Ins work 48 By Dr. Bhakti DE:. Research Associate, The ,t\siatic Socielr Calcutta. 14 The l.Jlliversal Gun" the Lord of Sllkhasan. 54 By Shri Salpurananda Avadhuta (Ashoke Ghose Hoy) 15. Padmas(lJ11bhaV3 and his mission in TIbet 58 Bv Sbri Ajay Kumar Agnm,'al, Ph. D. Rcsearch Scholar. Departmc11l of Buddhist Studies. Delhi University G11m Finpoche and His visit 10 Sikkl!11. By Prof. N. Jmpa. Sr Joseph's College, Darjccling Bulletin of Tibetology PART II Page 17. A FOl;us OIl the Cultural Aspects of Sikkim. 69 By Shri lagatpati SarkaL Research Associate. The Asiatic Society. Culcutta, 18. Cultural Evolution of Sikkim: A Survey. By Dr. Yeshi Choedon, MA, Ph.D" Lecturer. Deptt of Political Science. Sikkim Government College. Gangtok, 19. Cultural Heritage of Sikkim 78 By Smt. Talat Saeed, Urdu Ghar, Rouse Avenue, New Delhi, 20, Cultural Aspects of Sikkim. 80 By Smt. Rachna Ghulati, News Editor. All India Radio, New Delhi. 21. Some Aspects of Bhutia culture in Sikkim. 82 By Dr, Bandana Mukerjee, M,A.. Ph.D. Research Associate. Tibetan Studies. The Asiatic Society. Cuicutta. 22, 1826; The End of an Era in the Social and Political history of Sikkim. 88 By Dr. RK. Sprigg, Ahava, Dr. Grahams Home, Kalimpong. 21. Cultural Identity of Sikkim : A Historical Perspective, 93 By Dr, Kapileshwar Labh, Lecturer. lawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi. 24. Buddhist Educational Concepts with special reference to Sikkimese 95 Monastic Education, By Shrt S, N, Agnihotri. Lecturer. Deptt. of Buddhist Studies, Delhi University. 25. Monastic Dance in Rumtek Monast~ry, too By Allandmayee Ghosh. M,A (in Chincse) Research Associate. Department of Buddhist Studies. Visva-Bharati. Shantiniketan, 26. Folk Songs and Dances of Sikkim. 104 By Shri Kripal Singh, Retd. PGT (History) TNSS School, Gangtok. 27, Dajong ka (The language of Sikkim) 109 By Prof. Sunilt Kumar Pathak. Research Professor. Tibelan Studies. The Asiatic Society. Calcutta, 28, The Sikkimese Bhutia language or Denjong ke. 114 By Prof. S. Norboo. Retd, Asstt. Prof of Tibetan, Darjeeling Government College, Datjeeling, Bulletin of Tibetology FOREWORD A national seminar was organised in the Sikkim Research Institute ofTibetology to discuss the topics, (i) Guru Padmasambhava and Sikkim; and (ii) Cultural Aspects ofSikkim. Oflate a number of people have been expressing their concern over the lack of interest in the religion, culture, language and tradition of the State and it is ill re­ sponse to these anxieties that a seminar was organised with the participation of scholars from within and outside the State This volume produced by the SRIT seeks to record the important deliberations on the seminar. TASH! TOR/HEN l.A.S DIRECTOR, SRIT Bulletin of Tibetology Bulletin of Tibetology Resume The National Semll1ar first of Its kind held at Sikkim Research Institute ofTibctolog). Gangtok on 2'Jth and ::10th MarciL 1995 .::vcr since tht.: inauguration of this august and world famous Institution by Lt. Pandlt lawaharlal Nehru in J95X. In the foregoing vears on several oc.::asion authontles took decision to hold Seminar which could not be materiahLed. But aft.::r the appoll1tment of the prescnt Director. the Executive Board and General councils in its meeting. the President and member accepted and approved the proposal placed by the Direc­ tor for holding a l\ational Seminar as preliminary to another proposal to transft.:r the Institute mto Deemt.:d UnIversity after full deliberation in this respect. The Acadcmic council ofSRIT had chosen [WO followll1g Important themcs to mspire scholars and rcscarchers 111 thiS field of stlilh. 1. Guru Padmasambha\'a's contribution to Sikkim. 2 Cultural Aspects of Sikkim [n pllfsuance of dCClslOn. gcneral Circular were sent to dinerelll UIlIVcrsltH.:S. kained institutions and individuals Thc Scholars quickly responded to tht.: call for National Seminar and learned papers started to pour in. Some scholars even attended the Seminar as Observers Follnwing the inauguration of 'Tsho-Pema' Lotus Lake. which has historical and reli­ gious significance to the Mahaguru Padmasambhava's life by the Presldcnt SRIT ItF The Governor of Sikkim S11ri P ShiV Shankar who III his inaugural address. highlighted on Illul­ tlfaceted aspects of GUIll'S life and esoteric teachings and hiS everlasting contribution to Slkkll11. Mahaguru blessed tillS enchanted land of Sikkim crowned \\itb maJestic Khangchendzonga. The theme selected for the first day Seminar was Guru Padmasambhava's contribu­ tion to Sikkim. The themc is very much relevant in the field of rescarch and assertion of historical and diville personality of GUill The Guru who flourished 111 UddiyanaJlJrgyen Yui. modern Swat valle\. IS still an unexplored arca with no sustained research conducted so far. Scholars hold different \ic\\ 011 the origin of GUill. some asserts the valley of Swat, whereas Olll' ill Onssa and othl;rs in Kanchi in South. Veteran Indian scholar Prof Benoytosh Bhattarcharya. Dr. Lokesh Chandra and Illustrious italIan Tihdologlst Lt. Jcuseppe Tucci hold different VICWS supported tn In­ dian. Tibetan and Chincse sourCeS. This is Irrelevant to highlight provenance of Guru ill thiS conk.\.t Gum's contribution consist of vast geographical area-India. Tibet and Central ASia. In conclUSIOn. we may say Guru has great contributIOn in the areD nf esoteric sYstem III Buddhism This rcqulf(;d sustained research b\ the group of scholars, in historical perspec· tIH'. The first paper read out bv Prof Ahmad Saced of Jamia Milia University. Nc\\ Ddhl Oil Guru Rinpoche's contribution to Sikkim. the learned author e""presscd his vie\" that before the advent of Guru. the lI1dcgcnous pcopk of this land (SikkIm) lived \\lth shackles ofpnnll­ tiw Iifc-st\k and sllperstitlollS belief and practices. After the advent or ('lIllJ 111 Sikkilll. Bulletin of Tibetology Mahayana Buddhism, assimilated with Vajrayana and spn.:ad fllr and \vidlo: of the land and following with the roval patronage during seventeenth century, Nyingma (ancient) order of the Guru Padmasambhava and Kargyudpa sect of oral tradition took firm foundation and edifices of Buddhist monuments, like monasteries, stu pas etc. holding the victorious banner of Buddhism were established. The Guru is said to have concealed several hidden 'Treasures' (gTer) in the form of precocious scripture, many other revealer (gTer-sTon) made an earnest endeavour following the prediction of Guru to trace out the source of these treasures for the benefit of posterity Guru's different manifestations which adore the sacred alters of monasteries in Sikklm arc of great importance in overall aspects of rituals, Lama dances and Thanka paintings. These figures of Guru actually inspired the devout followers to follow the trodden path and reca­ pitulating heroic and courageous deeds of Guru in subdumg the malevolent forces which create obscurities in the path of mystic awakening expounded by Gurus in vast literature The eight different manifestations arc: I. Padmasambhava 5. Loden Chokesh 2 Nima Hoser 6. Padma Gyalpo 3. DorJi Drolo 7. Shakya Senge 4. Senge Dadok 8. Pema Jungne The signifieance of the eight fonns are explained m Guru's Biographies, ntual ad prayer books which are daily recited all over Sikkim by monks and laity. Some lama scholar from different institutions of Sikkim made efforts to explain how this compassionate Guru entrusted the protective divinities of 'Gangchen zodnga' as guard- 13n deity of Dharma and material for the posterity.
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