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The Rise and Fall of “False Positive” Killings in Colombia

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The Rise and Fall of “False Positive” Killings in Colombia The Rise and Fall of “False Positive” Killings in Colombia: The Role of U.S. Military Assistance, 2000‐2010 A Report by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and Colombia‐Europe‐U.S. Human Rights Observatory May 2014 The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) seeks to replace violence, war, racism and economic injustice with nonviolence, peace and justice. We are an interfaith organization committed to active nonviolence as a transforming way of life and as a means of radical change. We educate, train, build coalitions, and engage in nonviolent and compassionate actions locally, nationally, and globally. P.O. Box 271, Nyack, NY 10960 Phone (United States): (1) 845‐358‐4601 www.forusa.org The Coordinación Colombia‐Europa‐Estados Unidos (CCEEU) is a coalition of 210 Colombian organizations that work for the defense and promotion of human rights. It is an autonomous and broad platform for networking and shared work of non‐governmental and social organizations in different regions of Colombia. The Human Rights Observatory of CCEEU coordinates a Working Group on Extrajudicial Executions composed of 20 organizations that document cases of extrajudicial executions. Phone (Colombia): (57) 1‐288 3875 http://www.ddhhcolombia.org.co E‐mail: [email protected] 2 THE ROLE OF U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Background ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 The Findings ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Timeline of important events in the U.S.‐Colombian Military Relationship ......................................................................... 12 Mission Definition, Political Support, Doctrine ............................................................................................................................... 13 Intelligence and Special Operations Support ................................................................................................................................... 13 False Positive Killings: Understanding Inter‐related Causes ..................................................................................................... 14 Unit Responsibility................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 U.S. Investment in Individual Military Officers ............................................................................................................................... 21 Duration of Impacts of Training .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Record of Colombians Receiving Extensive U.S. Training ............................................................................................................ 23 Beyond a Sub‐national Analysis: Disproportionate Aid to a Problematic Army ................................................................. 25 Why did reported extrajudicial executions decline after 2007? .............................................................................................. 26 1) Civil Society Pressure, Media, and the False Positives Scandal ............................................................................................. 27 2) Cracks in the Armor: The Colombian Government’s Response to Executions .................................................................. 28 3) The Role of the United States: Mixed Results............................................................................................................................... 31 Reducing Impunity to Reinforce Human Rights Changes ............................................................................................................ 32 Regional Case Studies .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Huila Department ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Arauca Department .................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Meta/Guaviare ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Conclusions and Recommendations to U.S. Policymakers .......................................................................................................... 41 Appendix 1: Methodological Notes and Sources ............................................................................................................................ 44 Appendix 2: Statistical Analysis of U.S. Aid and Executions Attributed to Brigades .......................................................... 47 Appendix 4: Judicial advancements in charts ................................................................................................................................. 51 Appendix 5: Simple Index of U.S. Aid to Colombian Army Brigades, 2000‐2010 ................................................................. 54 Appendix 6: Glossary of Military Terms and Hierarchy .............................................................................................................. 55 Figures Map: Extrajudicial executions per 100,000 inhabitants in Colombia, 2000‐2010 ........................................................... 16 Table 1: Commanders of Territorial Brigades with Largest Number of Executions by Soldiers under their Command, 2000‐2010 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Table 2: Commanders of Battalions and Mobile Brigades with Largest Number of Executions by Soldiers under their Command, 2000‐2010 ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Chart: Command responsibility and crimes of Colombian WHINSEC graduates vs. random Colombian officers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Chat: Reported Executions by Colombian Armed Forces by Month 2000‐2010 .............................................................. 26 Table 3: National Newspapers Coverage of Extrajudicial Executions 2003–2010 .......................................................... 28 Chart Government Decisions related to Extrajudicial Executions 2003– 2010 ........................................................................ 30 Map: Extrajudicial executions by municipality in Huila, 2000‐2010 ..................................................................................... 34 Map: Extrajudicial executions by municipality in Arauca, 2000‐2010 ................................................................................. 38 Map: Extrajudicial executions by municipality in Meta & Guaviare, 2000‐2010 ............................................................. 41 Table 4: U.S. Military Aid and Extrajudicial Executions (OLS estimates) ............... ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Charts: Judicial Progress, Attorney General Human Rights Unit, 2009 and 2013 ............................................................ 51 Charts: Judicial progress under Law 600 and Law 906, 2013 .................................................................................................. 52 Charts: Judicial progress in National Human Rights Unit vs. State offices, 2013……………………………………..…….53 Cover photo by Colombian Army: Colombian soldiers train for operational planning, 2005. 3 THE RISE AND FALL OF “FALSE POSITIVE” KILLINGS IN COLOMBIA The Rise and Fall of “False Positive” Killings in Colombia: The Role of U.S. Military Assistance, 2000‐2010 Fellowship of Reconciliation and Colombia‐Europe‐U.S. Human Rights Observatory Executive Summary This study advances a methodology for assessing the human rights impact of U.S. military assistance, by looking in depth at a discrete set of human rights violations carried out by the Colombian armed forces. It seeks to understand what role, if any, U.S. security assistance from 2000 to
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