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1 Pax Christi International Seeking Peace in Colombia

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1 Pax Christi International Seeking Peace in Colombia PAX CHRISTI INTERNATIONAL SEEKING PEACE IN COLOMBIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 3 Background 3 Itinerary of the Mission 4 Methodology of the Report 4 PART ONE: MIRAR – THE REALITY 6 Chapter Two: Armed Actors in the National Context 6 The Guerrilla Movement: The FARC and the ELN 9 The Paramilitaries: Autodefensas de Colombia (AUC) 10 Colombia’s Armed Forces 12 Chapter Three: Colombia and the International Community 14 Colombia and the United States 16 Colombia and the European Union 17 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration 21 Chapter Four: Regionalisation of the Conflict 24 Border with Ecuador 24 Border with Venezuela 25 Border with Panama 26 Border with Peru 26 Border with Brazil 27 Chapter Five: Human Rights, International Humanitarian Law and the 28 International Criminal Court Human Rights 28 International Humanitarian Law 34 International Criminal Court 40 Gender-Based Violence in the Conflict 40 Drug Trafficking and the Conflict 41 Chapter Six: The Conflict as Experienced in the Regions 44 Cucutá – The Venezuelan Border region 44 Cordoba – Montería 46 Santander – Barrancabermeja – The Petroleum Region 47 Chocó – Quibdó 51 Cauca – Popayán 53 Cauca – Tolima – Antioquia 55 Antioquia - Medellín 57 Caquetá – Florencia 59 1 Chapter Seven: Peace Efforts in Colombia 63 Peace Efforts of the Catholic Church 63 Peace Negotiations and the Catholic Church 67 The Experience of the Peace Communities of Urabá 68 Redepaz and Civil Society 69 UNHCR in Colombia 71 PART TWO: JUZGAR – TO JUDGE 72 Chapter Eight: A Religious and Ethical Reading of the Colombian Conflict 72 Theological Foundations of a Role for the Catholic Church in Colombia 72 Pax Christi’s Tradition 73 PART THREE: ACTUAR – TO ACT 75 Chapter Nine: Reflections, Recommendations and Commitment 77 Reflections 75 Recommendations 77 Commitment of Pax Christi International and its Member Organisations 80 Annex: Members of Delegations 82 2 Pax Christi International Seeking Peace in Colombia1 Chapter One : Introduction Background Seeking to deepen its commitment to peace and human rights in Colombia, Pax Christi International sent five delegations to Colombia between September 2002 and July 2005.2 This report combines the findings of all five visits with extensive research. Pax Christi International does not wish to duplicate other efforts, including those by Pax Christi national sections. Rather, the delegation visits and this subsequent report aim to achieve five objectives: 1. Review key aspects of the present reality in Colombia with emphasis on the continuous conflict and its effects on the victims of the violence and those who work with these victims; 2. Support the efforts of the Catholic Church in Colombia to end the conflict through non-violent means and promote peace and justice. Pax Christi undertakes this effort particularly in partnership with Colombian national and regional offices of Pastoral Social (SNPS)3; 3. Develop contacts with Colombian and international NGOs actively working for peace and justice in Colombia, including CRS Colombia, and explore possibilities for further collaboration with CIDSE, Caritas Internationalis and other; Support peace-building initiatives in Colombia including those of Redepaz4; Coordinate the activities, especially advocacy work, of Pax Christi member organisations with governments and intergovernmental organisations. 4. As a Catholic peace movement Pax Christi International is rooted in the Gospel of Jesus Christ and Catholic social teaching. The visits and this report give special status and emphasis to the perspectives and experiences of those who suffer most as the direct result of a prolonged period of conflict. This report also gives attention, though not exclusively, to the contributions of the Catholic Church and its efforts towards achieving peace. These efforts will be put in the context of Catholic social teaching to highlight the Church’s unique contributions to the peace effort. The report concludes with recommendations for further efforts to promote peace. Invited by the Presidency and the Secretariat of Pastoral Social of the Catholic Church in Colombia and supported by the then President of the Bishops Conference, Cardinal Pedro 1 Working Paper of Pax Christi International on Colombia. Original English. Ref.: AM.02.E.06. 2 Two preliminary visits took place in September 2002 and April 2004. The main fact finding visit was scheduled July 2004. Two follow-up visits by the coordinator of the International Secretariat took place in May and July 2005. 3 SNPS: Secretariado Nacional Pastoral Social (Caritas Colombia). 4 Redepaz is the “National Network of Initiatives for Peace and Against War in Colombia” and is since 1 November 2005 a member organisation with Pax Christi International. 3 Rubiano5, Pax Christi International visited Colombia to express its solidarity with the people of Colombia in their hopes and desires as well as in their suffering caused by extreme violence and poverty. Pax Christi International strongly supports the commitment of the Catholic Church for peace and reconciliation. The main delegation to Colombia consisted of participants from Latin America, Europe and the United States.6 In addition to the delegates, other members and friends of Pax Christi contributed to the research in preparing this report. Itinerary of the Mission In its visits to Colombia, the Pax Christi International delegation worked with Pastoral Social in Bogotá to develop itineraries which facilitated meetings with many groups at various locations, including outside of Bogotá. In 2002, a small delegation made a preparatory visit to Bogotá and to Montería in the Province of Córdoba, to Quibdó in the Province of Chocó, and to Barrancabermeja in the Province of Santander where Pax Christi Germany is active. In April 2004, a second preparatory visit was made to finalize decisions regarding the organisation of the broader international fact-finding delegation planned for July. In July 2004, the entire Pax Christi International delegation again visited Bogotá. Several from the delegation visited Quibdó and Barrancabermeja. Others visited Cucutá in the Province of Norte de Santander, Florencia in the province of Caquetá, Popayán in the Province of Cauca, and Medellín in the Province of Antioquia. The special characteristics of each region are discussed in the appropriate section of the report. In May 2005, a follow-up visit was made to Colombia to attend the National Congress for Peace and Reconciliation of Pastoral Social and to consolidate contacts made on earlier visits as well as to identify Colombian organisations which were interested in forming long-term partnerships with Pax Christi in the work for peace and non-violence. In July 2005, another follow-up visit took place. The coordinator of the International Secretariat participated in the sixth national constituency meeting of Redepaz held in Tarqui in the province of Huila. Additional visits were made to the province of Cauca and to Bogotá to learn more about the ongoing projects of Pax Christi Netherlands. Finally, Pax Christi International expresses its gratitude to Cardinal Rubiano, Monsignor Hector Fabio Henao, and the dedicated women and men of Pastoral Social who generously assisted the delegation at every step of the journey. While we acknowledge that this report would not have been possible without their assistance, Pax Christi International takes full responsibility for the opinions and conclusions expressed in this document. 5 In July 2005 Archbishop Luis Castro of Tunja succeeded Cardinal Rubiano as President of the Colombian Bishops’ Conference. 6 See Annex for the names and affiliations of members of the delegation. 4 Methodology of the Report Three dimensions define the methodology for this report. Its overall organisation uses the format of Mirar-Juzgar-Actuar (See-Judge-Act). Rooted in Catholic tradition, this approach begins with a look at the reality. Thus, the first section of this report examines the situation in Colombia through a critical study of documents prepared by other organisations and complemented by the observations of delegates during the different visits of Pax Christi International. The intent was to update, verify and supplement the information from these resource documents. In the second section, Juzgar, the report analyses the situation in the light of the values of faith as found in scriptures, Catholic tradition and the social teachings of the Catholic Church. Finally, in the third section Actuar, Pax Christi members bring the insights of the first two sections together in recommendations for action. 5 PART ONE: MIRAR - THE REALITY Chapter Two: The Armed Actors in the National Context Pax Christi International views Colombia’s long-lasting internal conflict as one of the most tragic humanitarian crises in the world. Some call it the third worst conflict on the globe at the present time – falling behind the crisis in Sudan and that in Iraq. The conflict has endured for at least forty years with a consequent pattern of endemic violence in society. The murder rate is 77.5 deaths per 100,000. Estimates indicate there are more than 3 million illegal and 1 million legal arms present in the country, with an active illegal arms trade bringing in more weapons every day. 85 percent of all murders are committed with small arms - only 20 percent of these are due to the armed conflict itself. Armed actors include at least 26,000 insurgents from several different guerrilla groups; a slightly smaller number of paramilitaries; and official armed forces numbering approximately 350,000, all of whom are involved in the conflict along with, according to official numbers, 800 US troops (double the number previously allowed by the United States Senate) and 600 civilian contractors (also a 50 percent increase of the previous allotment).7 No armed group has come close to winning the war. Instead, the war has expanded in terms of areas of violence and numbers of victims. The presence of drug trafficking provides a substantial part of the financial base8 for the operations of all illegal armed groups and, as the delegation was told many times, has corrupted relationships within Colombia and between Colombia and other actors.
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