Browse LNG Precinct ©WOODSIDE Browse Liquefied Natural Gas Precinct Strategic Assessment Report (Draft for Public Review) December 2010
Appendix D-1 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1: Scope and Profile Government of Western Australia Department of State Development
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume I: Scope and Profile
August 2009 (updated December 2009) VOLUME 1 Contents
Lists of Tables, Figures and Acronyms ...... 5 List of Figures ...... 5 List of Tables ...... 6 List of Acronyms ...... 8 Executive Summary ...... 9 The Social Impact Assessment Overview ...... 9 Volume I: Social Impact Scoping and Profiling Report ...... 9 Broome and the Kimberley: Population Now...... 10 Broome and the Kimberley: Population Projections ...... 10 The Population Characteristics ...... 10 Broome and the Kimberley: Employment Now ...... 11 Anticipated BLNG Employment ...... 11 Potential Community Impacts ...... 11 Volume II: BLNG Assessment of Impacts and Specialist Studies ...... 11 Volume III: BLNG Social Impact Assessment Management Plan ...... 12 1. Introduction ...... 12 2. Social Impact Assessment ...... 13 2.1. Methodology ...... 13 2.2. Impact Areas ...... 13 2.2.1. Primary Impact Area ...... 13 2.2.2. Secondary Impact Area ...... 14 2.3. BLNG Impact Assessment Variables...... 14 2.3.1. Population Impacts ...... 14 2.3.2. Community Impacts ...... 14 2.4. SIA Process ...... 15 2.4.1. Scope of the Social Impact Assessment ...... 15 2.4.2. Assessment of Impacts ...... 15 2.4.3. Specialist Studies ...... 15 2.5. SIA Coordination and Management ...... 16 2.5.1. The Regional Impact Group ...... 16 2.5.2. Planning Context ...... 16 2.5.3. Community Consultation ...... 16 3. LNG Precinct for Browse Basin Gas ...... 17 3.1. The Browse Basin ...... 17 3.1.1. Current Browse Basin Gas Projects ...... 17 3.2. The Browse LNG Precinct Site Selection Process ...... 18 3.2.1. The Precinct Site ...... 19 4. The Project Description ...... 19 4.1. Precinct Development Scenarios ...... 19 4.2. The LNG Precinct ...... 20 4.2.1. LNG Precinct Construction ...... 21 4.3. Supply Base ...... 22
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
1 4.3.1. Browse Basin Exploration Activity ...... 22 4.3.2. Production Supply Base ...... 23 4.4. Workforce ...... 23 4.4.1. Construction Workforce ...... 23 4.4.2. Permanent Workforce ...... 25 4.4.3. Construction and Operations Skills ...... 26 4.4.4. Local Employment ...... 26 5. Baseline Profile – Geography, History and Economics ...... 27 5.1. Geographical Location ...... 27 5.1.1. Kimberley Region ...... 27 5.1.2. Broome and the Dampier Peninsula ...... 28 5.2. Historical Context ...... 28 5.2.1. Kimberley Region ...... 28 5.2.2. Broome and the Dampier Peninsula ...... 28 5.3. Baseline Economic Profile ...... 30 5.3.1. Contribution to the State Economy ...... 30 5.3.2. Retaining Economic Benefits for the Kimberley ...... 30 5.3.3. Major Industries ...... 30 5.3.4. Cost of Living ...... 32 5.4. Industry Development ...... 32 6. Population and Workforce ...... 33 6.1. Population Measurement Concepts and Relevance for the SIA ...... 33 6.1.1. Types of Population Data Used in the SIA ...... 33 6.1.2. Population Undercount and Implications for the Baseline Profile ...... 34 6.2. Resident Population Numbers and Historical Trends ...... 35 6.2.1. Kimberley Region ...... 35 6.2.2. Settlement Pattern ...... 39 6.3. Population Mobility ...... 39 6.3.1. Understanding ‘Usual Residence’ in the Kimberley ...... 39 6.3.2. Visitors and the Service Population ...... 40 6.3.3. Internal Migration ...... 43 6.4. Population Projections ...... 45 6.4.1. Scenario 1: WA Tomorrow ...... 45 6.4.2. Scenario 2: Adjust WA Tomorrow 2005 Using the Pre-Census 2006 Base ERP .. 46 6.4.3. Scenario 3: Adjust WA Tomorrow 2005 Using Post-Census 2006 Base ERP ... 47 6.4.4. Initial Baseline Projections ...... 47 6.5. Workforce ...... 49 6.5.1. The Working Population Profile ...... 49 6.5.2. Local Jobs by Industrial Sector ...... 49 6.5.3. Local Jobs and Long Distance Commuting ...... 51
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
2 7. Characteristics of Impact Area Communities ...... 53 7.1. Impact Area Communities ...... 53 7.1.1. Location ...... 53 7.1.2. Population Size ...... 54 7.1.3. Approach to SIA Demographics ...... 54 7.2. Community Characteristics - Statistical Summary ...... 55 7.3. Indigenous Residents and Sex Ratios ...... 58 7.3.1. Indigenous Status ...... 58 7.3.2. Sex Ratios ...... 58 7.4. Age Structure ...... 60 7.5. Family Composition ...... 62 7.6. Housing ...... 63 7.6.1. Housing Types ...... 63 7.6.2. Occupancy Rates ...... 66 7.6.3. Housing Tenure ...... 66 7.6.4. Homelessness ...... 68 7.6.5. Housing Affordability ...... 68 7.7. Education and Language ...... 70 7.8. Incomes ...... 70 7.8.1. Individual and Household Incomes ...... 70 7.9. Employed Residents and Unemployment ...... 72 7.9.1. Labour Force Characteristics ...... 72 7.9.2. Skills and Training Issues in the Kimberley region ...... 74 8. Services Review ...... 76 8.1. Housing/Accommodation ...... 76 8.2. Education ...... 81 8.2.1. Primary Schools ...... 81 8.2.2. Secondary Schools ...... 83 8.2.3. Post-secondary Education ...... 84 8.2.4. Childcare ...... 85 8.2.5. Other Educational Services ...... 86 8.2.6. Education Issues ...... 86 8.3. Health ...... 86 8.3.1. Indigenous Health ...... 89 8.3.2. Kimberley Health-Related Issues ...... 90 8.3.3. Issues and Capacity of Individual Health Services and Organisations ...... 92 8.4. Crime and Justice ...... 95 8.5. Community and Individual Wellbeing ...... 96 8.5.1 Human and Community Services ...... 97 8.6. Essential Services ...... 99 8.6.1. Utilities ...... 99 8.6.2. Emergency Services ...... 100 8.6.3. Transport ...... 101 8.6.4. Telecommunications ...... 101
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
3 8.6.5. Australian Quarantine Services ...... 102 8.6.6. Petrol/Fuel Stations ...... 102 8.6.7. Port Authority ...... 102 8.7. Sport and Recreation ...... 102 8.7.1. Recreational Fishing ...... 103 9. BLNG Social Impact Factors ...... 103 9.1. Social Impact Factors ...... 103 9.2. Baseline Social Studies and Investigations Program ...... 106 9.2.1. Population ...... 106 9.2.2. Employment ...... 106 9.2.3. Housing/Cost of Living ...... 106 9.2.4. Industry ...... 106 9.2.5. Community Infrastructure and Services ...... 107 9.2.6. Land Tenure ...... 107 9.2.7. Cultural Heritage ...... 107 9.2.8. Environmental and European Heritage ...... 107 9.2.9. Visual Amenity ...... 108 9.2.10. Leisure ...... 108 10. Resource Industry Social Impacts - Discussion ...... 108 10.1. Resource ‘Boom Towns’ ...... 108 10.2. Resource Development Cycles ...... 108 10.3. Fly-In/Fly-Out and Long Distance Commuting ...... 109 10.3.1. Issues Pertaining to Fly-in/Fly-out Work Arrangements ...... 109 10.3.2. Previous FIFO in Broome – Case Study ...... 110 10.4. How can Potential Impacts be Avoided, Mitigated and Managed? ...... 110 11. Browse Basin Gas Development Impacts ...... 111 11.1. Existing Impacts from the Browse Exploration Phase ...... 111 Annexure A: Social Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 112 A.1. Methodology ...... 112 A.2. SIA Process ...... 114 A.2.1. Project Planning ...... 114 A.2.2. Impact Analysis ...... 114 A.2.3. Project Implementation ...... 114 Annexure B: Population for Local Government Areas in the Kimberley Region ...... 115 Tables 152 Annexure C: Demographic Characteristics of Communities ...... 121 Tables 158 References ...... 131
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
4 Lists of Tables, Figures and Acronyms List of Figures Figure 1.1. Social Impact Assessment Process ...... 13 Figure 3.1. The Browse Basin ...... 17 Figure 3.2. The Final Four Sites in the Site Evaluation Process ...... 18 Figure 4.1. The Darwin LNG Plant with a 1.3 km Jetty ...... 20 Figure 4.2. A Darwin LNG Storage Tank with 188,000m³ Capacity ...... 20 Figure 4.3. An LNG Plant ...... 21 Figure 4.4. The Construction Workforce of Norway’s Snøhvit LNG Project ...... 24 Figure 4.5. Darwin LNG Showing the Originally Planned 2 Train Development...... 25 Figure 5.1. Kimberley Local Government Areas ...... 27 Figure 5.2. Major Minerals of the Kimberley by Value, 2007/08 ...... 30 Figure 5.3. Value of Minerals and Petroleum by Local Government Area 2007/08 ...... 30 Figure 6.1. Alternative Census Population Counts, Kimberley Region 2006 ...... 34 Figure 6.2. Estimated Resident Population of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 - 2006 ...... 36 Figure 6.3. Annual ERP Reported for Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region 1996 - 2008 ...... 38 Figure 6.4. Visitors and Residents in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 41 Figure 6.5. Indigenous Status of Visitors in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 43 Figure 6.6. Place of Residence One Year Ago and Five Years Ago - Usual Residents of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 45 Figure 6.7. Population Projections for the Kimberley Region and Component Government Areas - Initial Baseline Scenarios ...... 49 Figure 6.8. Jobs by Industrial Sector in Local Government areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 51 Figure 7.1. Population of Impact Area Communities in Size Order in 2006 ...... 54 Figure 7.2. West Kimberley Region – Australian Bureau of Statistics Indigenous Locations, 2006 ...... 55 Figure 7.3. Indigenous Status of Usual Residents, 2006 ...... 58 Figure 7.4. Sex Ratio of Usual Residents by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 59 Figure 7.5. Age Structure by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 60 Figure 7.6. Family Composition by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 62 Figure 7.7. Structure of Occupied Private Dwellings by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 ...... 64 Figure 7.8. Persons per Occupied Private Dwelling, 2006 ...... 66 Figure 7.9. Housing Tenure by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 67 Figure 7.10. Housing Loan Repayments and Rent by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 69 Figure 7.11. Personal and Household Incomes by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 71 Figure 7.12. Labour Force Participation and Unemployment by Indigenous Status, 2006 .73 Figure 8.1. Broome: Identified Project Areas ...... 78 Figure 8.2. Broome: Local Planning Scheme ...... 79 Figure 8.3 Kimberley Dwelling Approvals 2003 - 2009 ...... 80 Figure 8.4. Broome Land Sales 2000-2008 ...... 80 Figure A.1: The Social Impact Assessment Process ...... 112
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
5 List of Tables Table 4.1. Summary of Phases of LNG Plant Construction ...... 21 Table 4.2. Exploration Support Services and Infrastructure ...... 22 Table 4.3. Production Support Activities ...... 23 Table 4.4. New LNG Projects ...... 24 Table 4.5. LNG Expansion Projects ...... 24 Table 4.6. LNG Permanent Workforce ...... 25 Table 4.7. Expected Skills Required for Precinct Construction and Operations ...... 26 Table 6.1. Estimated Resident Population of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 – 2006 ...... 36 Table 6.2. Visitors and Residents in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 41 Table 6.3. Indigenous Status of Visitors in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 42 Table 6.4. Place of Residence One Year Ago and Five Years Ago - Usual Residents of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 44 Table 6.5. Population Projections for the Kimberley Region and Component Local Government Areas - Initial Baseline Scenarios ...... 48 Table 6.6. Jobs by Industrial Sector in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 50 Table 6.7. Places of Residence of Workers in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 52 Table 7.1. Demographic Summary of the Primary Impact Area ...... 56 Table 7.2. Current Skill Shortages in the Kimberley ...... 75 Table 8.1. Comparative Housing Price Growth Rate Over Time...... 76 Table 8.2. Land Availability in Broome as of November 2008 ...... 77 Table 8.3. Residential Lots in Broome (2009) ...... 77 Table 8.4. Maximum Classroom Capacity (Department of Education and Training, WA) ...81 Table 8.5. Number of Students in Pre-Compulsory Years ...... 82 Table 8.6. Number of Students Enrolled in Primary Education ...... 82 Table 8.7. Maximum Classroom Capacity (Department of Education and Training, WA) ...83 Table 8.8. Number of Students Enrolled in Secondary Education ...... 85 Table 8.9. Staff, Teacher and Student Numbers...... 84 Table 8.10. Childcare Facilities ...... 85 Table 8.11. Health Related Services and Facilities in the Kimberley ...... 88 Table 8.12. Indigenous Standardised Mortality Rates for Selected Health Conditions in the Broome and Derby-West Kimberley Shires, 1994 – 2003 ...... 90 Table 9.1. Social Impact Factors ...... 104 Table A.1. Social Impact Assessment Variables ...... 113 Table B.1. Estimated Resident Population, Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 - 2006 ...... 116 Table B.2. Residents and Visitors by Indigenous Status,Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 ...... 117 Table B.3. WA Tomorrow Population Projections by Age for Local government Areas in the Kimberley Region, 2006 to 2021 ...... 118
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
6 Table C.1. Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Resident Population by Sex, 2006 ...... 122 Table C.2. Age and Stage in the Life Course - Usual Residents by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 123 Table C.3. Household and Family Composition by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 ...... 124 Table C.4. Structure of Occupied Private Dwellings and Persons per Dwelling, 2006 ...... 125 Table C.5. Housing Tenure and Costs by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 ...... 126 Table C.6. Highest Year of School Completed by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 127 Table C.7. Individual and Household Income by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 ..128 Table C.8. Labour Force by Indigenous Status, 2006 ...... 129
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
7 List of Acronyms ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ASIA Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment
AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Services
BLNG Browse Liquefied Natural Gas
DEC Department of Environment and Conservation
DHW Department of Housing and Works (from January 2009, the Department of Housing)
DLGRD Department of Local Government and Regional Development
DMP Department of Mines and Petroleum
DoF Department of Fisheries
DOIR Department of Industry and Resources (from 1 January 2009, the Departments of State Development; Mines and Petroleum; and Commerce)
DoP Department of Planning
DPI Department for Planning and Infrastructure (from 1 July 2009, the Departments of Planning; Transport; and Regional Development and Lands on 1 July 2009)
DPLUP Dampier Peninsula Land Use Plan
DSD Department of State Development
EP Act Environmental Protection Act 1986 (Western Australia)
EPBC Act Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth)
ERP Estimated Resident Population
FESA Fire and Emergency Services Authority
FIFO Fly in/Fly Out
GRP Gross Regional Product
KDC Kimberley Development Commission
KLC Kimberley Land Council
LGA Local Government Area
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LPS Local Planning Scheme
MOF Materials Off-take Facility
Mtpa Million tonnes per annum
NDT Northern Development Taskforce
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SLA Statistical Local Area
Tcf Trillion cubic feet
WA Western Australia
WACHS WA Country Health Service
WAPC Western Australian Planning Commission
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
8 Executive Summary o Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment o Tourism Impact Assessment This Browse LNG precinct Social Impact Assessment o Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Impact has been driven by the proposal to establish an on-shore Assessment Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) processing precinct in the vicinity of James Price Point on the Dampier Peninsula, o Infrastructure Assessment approximately 60km north of Broome. KdajbZ>>>/7AC<HdX^Va>beVXi6hhZhhbZci The final site was chosen following a long process of Management Plan technical, environmental, heritage and social evaluation As the scale of the precinct has not yet been defined, along the Kimberley coastline. One critical factor in the the assessment will rely on four potential precinct selection was that there is no permanent population development scenarios over time: no development, within 10km of the site. low development, medium development or high development. The precinct and port is likely to be constructed as a staged development expanding from an initial 8 to 15 million The first volume (Volume I: BLNG Social Impact tonnes per annum of LNG production up to a possible 50 Assessment Scope and Profile), provides information million tonnes. The port will enable independent shipping on the region and the proposed development, including operations by the gas processors, but allow the sharing baseline data on existing economic and industrial profiles, of other facilities. plus demographics and social stresses in Broome (e.g. health and housing costs). It establishes the baseline The LNG precinct will be established following against which potential impacts from the BLNG precinct identification of a foundation proponent. The scale, timing can be assessed, mitigated and managed. and staging of the development will be determined by market conditions, project approvals, outcomes of field The second stage of the assessment (Volume II: exploration and the development of new processing Assessment of Impacts and Specialist Studies) will technology. assess the potential social impacts identified in Volume I. These potential impacts to be assessed include The development of an LNG industry provides significant the temporary or permanent increase in population scope to increase the region’s contribution to the State’s and the associated increased need for services and economy and provide employment opportunities. infrastructure and potential changes to Broome’s sense of place or unique character. Volume II will also include the specialist studies of potential impacts on Aboriginal The Social Impact people, tourism and infrastructure, as well as fishing, Assessment Overview pearling and aquaculture. ‘Social Impact Assessment’ is an internationally accepted The third stage of the assessment (Volume III: BLNG process of research, planning and management to Social Impact Assessment Management Plan) will anticipate and manage change. The completed Social provide a plan to manage the identified impacts. Impact Assessment (SIA) of the Browse LNG (BLNG) As social impact assessment is a staged process, precinct will assess the positive and negative social Volumes II and III will be released at later dates. impacts of the precinct over the anticipated lifespan of the Browse Basin gas fields and develop mitigation, management, monitoring and evaluation plans to Volume I: Social Impact Scoping and manage the impacts identified. Profiling Report The SIA of the KBLNG precinct is being conducted under The profiling and scoping report provides a baseline the Terms of Reference of the Commonwealth/State against which to measure any impacts caused by the Strategic Assessment Agreement (June 2008) and will precinct. It is a vital component in the assessment and be integrated into the final strategic assessment report decision-making process to: to be considered for approval under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act ^c[dgbVcYZc\V\Zl^i]i]dhZl]dl^aaWZV[[ZXiZY 1999 and the Western Australian Environmental Protection by the proposal Act 1986. ZcVWaZi]ZhjWhZfjZciVhhZhhbZcid[i]Z^beVXih
Due to the scope of the assessment, it can be separated YZkZadebVcV\ZbZcihigViZ\^ZhVcYeaVch# into three reporting stages: The assessment will not only incorporate the impacts KdajbZ>/7AC<HdX^Va>beVXi6hhZhhbZciHXdeZ associated with the initial project, but will address and Profile (This Report) estimated impacts from any additional LNG processing KdajbZ>>/7AC<6hhZhhbZcid[>beVXihVcY projects. Social impacts specific to future LNG processing Specialist Studies: projects will need further assessment by the proponents as part of project approvals processes.
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
9 The SIA is focused on a primary and secondary impact Broome and the Kimberley: area. The primary area comprises the area within a 10km Population Projections radius of James Price Point and the town of Broome. Even without the LNG development, trends indicate The primary impact area will experience the majority of continued growth in population in Broome well above the social and economic impacts, including the effects the State average – from 14,706 in 2006 (pre-census) on population, construction and operational workforce to 22,100 in 2021 to 26,800 in 2031. This is the ‘middle’ accommodation, service areas for supporting industries, range projection scenario from three considered in this infrastructure, employment and recreation – plus cultural study as shown in the graph below. and heritage impacts. The Population Characteristics The secondary impact area surrounds the primary impact The Kimberley region has a particularly large proportion area and includes the communities on the Dampier of indigenous people with 42.1 per cent compared Peninsula and those of Derby and Bidyadanga. to other regions and Western Australia as a whole (3.0 per cent). There is also a higher proportion of males This social impact assessment includes both the primary to females (in the region and in Broome), which may and secondary impact area but the review of the existing reflect the employment structure. services focuses on the primary impact area. Other notable demographic features are: Broome and the Kimberley: Population Now I]ZgZ\^dc]VhVndjc\edejaVi^dc The Kimberley region’s population has been growing (median 30 years compared to 36 years for WA). faster than the State and regional population increases. From 1998 to 2008, the Shire of Broome (the largest I]ZbZY^VcV\Zd[^cY^\ZcdjheZdeaZ^ci]ZgZ\^dc centre, with 15,386 people and comprising 45 per cent of is 22 and the non-indigenous population is older the region’s population) accounted for 73 per cent of the (median age 35). region’s population growth. >ci]Zidlcd[7gddbZi]ZgZVgZgZaVi^kZan[Zl The Kimberley also has a highly mobile population (e.g. family households (69 per cent) compared to the fly-in/fly-out workers; retirees who travel; tourists). State as a whole. The 2006 ABS Census reflects this mobility. Less than >cL6!hZeVgViZ]djhZhVXXdjci[dg-&eZgXZci 30 per cent of the Broome Urban Area’s residents had of occupied private dwellings. For the Shire and lived at the same address five years previously. Tourism Urban Broome the figures are 67 per cent and WA also estimates there are 2.8 million visitor nights to 66 per cent respectively. the region per year (2005–07 figures). On Census night (August 2006) 37 per cent of people counted were visitors >cJgWVc7gddbZ!&(eZgXZcid[gZh^YZci to the region (WA average 7 per cent); and, in the Shire of households live in ‘other’ dwellings. This high Broome, of 19,783 people counted, 8030 (or 40.6 per cent) figure reflects the town’s recent housing shortage. were visitors. Rental dwellings account for 50 per cent of the housing market, reflecting the high mobility of the workforce, high housing costs and the youthfulness of the population.
Population Projections for the Kimberley Region and Component Government Areas - Initial Baseline Scenarios
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
10 Broome and the Kimberley: Employment Now As well as a predicted permanent increase in population, In 2006, 42 per cent (5563) of the Kimberley region’s jobs the project’s permanent workforce will be highly trained were in the Shire of Broome, mainly in the services sector professionals, some of whom will have families and (public administration and safety, education and training may choose to live in Broome, while the construction and health care and social assistance). workforce will be mainly single fly-in/fly-out workers. One social aspect of this population increase is how these The percentage of workers who live and work in the same new workers will compare to the existing population in local government area or region is the highest in Broome age, sex, ethnicity and family structure. (89.8 per cent; nearly 5000 workers). The proportions are lower for the Pilbara region (71.4 per cent; 16,832 In addition to the impacts caused by an increase in workers) and the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley population, other impacts that could occur if unmanaged (74.6 per cent; 2621 workers). include: Anticipated BLNG Employment X]Vc\Zhidi]ZhZchZd[eaVXZ·i]ZYZÃc^c\ character or ‘essence’ of an area, including its The initial construction phase of the LNG precinct could heritage (which is being captured in a separate take four to six years and employ around 2500 to 3500 study); construction workers. It is expected that most of these temporary employees will operate on a fly-in/fly-out edaVg^hZYXdbbjc^inVii^ijYZhidlVgYhi]Zegd_ZXi0 basis and be accommodated in construction camps near to the precinct. ^cXgZVhZYadXVaZbeadnbZci!^cXajY^c\bViX]^c\ skills to jobs and education and training strategies Production could start about 12 months before the for indigenous job creation; and completion of the last of the three initial trains. The precinct is expected to have a permanent operational Y^hgjei^dchXVjhZYWni]Zegd_ZXi Z#\#gdVY workforce starting at about 240 to 300 workers, plus closures). about 160 onshore and offshore contractors during operations. This permanent workforce is likely to be Volume II: BLNG Assessment of specialised and consist of both a residential and a fly-in/ fly-out workforce. Impacts and Specialist Each additional gas train will add approximately 20 Studies operational workers with a second operator adding a The second phase of the assessment (Volume II) will further 200 workers. At full capacity, the LNG precinct include a risk-based assessment of the social impacts operational workforce should not exceed 550 direct identified in the first phase of the project and will employees and 250 contractors. consolidate the information from the specialist studies of As LNG workforces tend to be highly skilled, local impacts on Aboriginal people, tourism, fishing, pearling employment opportunities can vary. The LNG development and aquaculture and on infrastructure. will seek to encourage local employment in construction The specialist studies that form part of the SIA are: and operational phases, particularly the employment of Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment will identify Potential Community Impacts social impacts on the Aboriginal community to maximise positive impacts and minimise any A significant potential impact on Broome is the negative impacts from the development. The increase in temporary and permanent population. consultation model will involve both Traditional This population increase results from the direct Owners and the broader Aboriginal community. employment of construction and operational staff, plus contactors, and from the flow on (or indirect) increased A Tourism Impact Assessment is being undertaken employment in government and other human services, for the Western Australian Tourism Commission. such as education, child care and health, services to the It will identify potential impacts as well as indigenous communities, emergency services, police and benefits to the tourism and hospitality workforce, justice, quarantine services, as well as leisure, sport and accommodation, tourism-related retail, tourism recreation, tourism and retail services. services including flights, tours and experiences (including impacts to the ‘sense of place’ in A rise in population will increase demand for new or Broome and the Kimberley). A specific focus will improved infrastructure and infrastructure services such be on the potential impacts on the emerging as housing/accommodation, Broome port, roads, waste indigenous tourism industry. services, electricity, water, gas, telecommunications and transport including air services. The report identifies current difficulties with attracting and retaining local employees, particularly in lower-paid occupations. Any increase in population, if not well- planned and managed, could add to these difficulties.
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
11 A Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Impact Study is being undertaken for the Department of Fisheries. 1. Introduction It will identify impacts on the commercial fisheries, The Browse Liquefied Natural Gas (BLNG) precinct Social pearling industry and aquatic eco-tourism Impact Assessment (SIA) identifies the anticipated social activities, the recreational fishing sector and impacts on Broome and the surrounding region of the customary fishing sector. The study will identify West Kimberley which could result from the proposed ways to minimise or mitigate any negative impacts Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) processing precinct in the and ways to maximise opportunities. vicinity of James Price Point on the Dampier Peninsula, An Infrastructure Impact Assessment is being 60km north of Broome. The SIA assesses the positive and undertaken by the Department of Planning to negative impacts and develops mitigation, management, identify infrastructure requirements over the monitoring and evaluation plans to manage the identified operational life of the LNG precinct (including impacts. port and ancillary infrastructure) and additional The Social Impact Assessment reports will be developed infrastructure required to integrate future in the following three phases: development of the Browse Basin gas field with the precinct. KdajbZ>/7AC<HdX^Va>beVXi6hhZhhbZciHXdeZ and Profile (This Report)
Volume III: BLNG Social Impact KdajbZ>>/7AC<6hhZhhbZcid[>beVXihVcY Assessment Specialist Studies: Management Plan o Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment The risk-based assessment conducted in the second o Tourism Impact Assessment assessment stage and captured in Volume II will guide the development of the mitigation, management monitoring o Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Impact and evaluation plan which will be developed in the third Assessment stage and reported on in Volume III. o Infrastructure Impact Assessment
KdajbZ>>>/7AC<HdX^Va>beVXi6hhZhhbZci Management Plan
This report, the BLNG Social Impact Assessment Scope and Profile (SIA Scope and Profile) provides ‘pre-change’ baseline data and information on the region and the proposed development. It is intended to provide information to be used during the engagement with stakeholders, the subsequent assessment of impacts and the development of management strategies and plans.
The social impact assessment of the proposed BLNG precinct is a component of the overall Strategic Assessment of the proposal, which is being conducted under the Terms of Reference of the Commonwealth/ State Strategic Assessment Agreement (June 2008).
The BLNG precinct Social Impact Assessment, including the specialist studies assessment processes and management plan, will be integrated into the final Strategic Assessment report to be considered for approval under the Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Western Australian Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
12 2. Social Impact Assessment 2.2. Impact Areas The SIA will focus on a primary and a secondary impact 2.1. Methodology area. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a process of research, 2.2.1. Primary Impact Area planning and management to anticipate and manage The Primary Impact Area consists of the spatial area change. The process is based on a comprehensive most physically impacted upon by the project, a 10km understanding of the project and the key social issues radius from James Price Point where the precinct will associated with the project’s development. Where feasible, be located, and the Urban Area of Broome. The Primary different project development scenarios are investigated Impact Area will experience most of the social and and, once the project impacts are understood, these socio economic impacts. These include the population are projected into the future. Community consultation impacts that are likely to be experienced in Broome underpins the assessment of social impacts. The SIA and surrounding areas and any impact on the existing culminates in the development of a plan to mitigate, cultural, heritage and recreational significance of the manage and monitor the social impacts identified during precinct site. the SIA process. The Primary Impact Area includes the area for the The BLNG precinct SIA follows an internationally accepted construction and operational workforce accommodation process that can be conceptualised as the iterative as well as service areas for supporting industries. stages outlined in brief in Figure 1.1 and expanded upon in Annexure A.
Figure 1.1. Social Impact Assessment Process
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
13 2.2.2. Secondary Impact Area An increase in demand for infrastructure services would The Secondary Impact Area surrounds the Primary result from the increased population in the impact areas. Impact Area and contains the areas that will be impacted These services may include land, housing, roads, waste either directly or indirectly by the project to a lesser services, electricity, water, gas, telecommunications and extent. The zone includes the communities on the other services. Dampier Peninsula, as well as the communities of Derby A project-led increase in the permanent population in the and Bidyadanga. impact area would affect the transport sector, including air transport, bus, taxi and transport-related aspects 2.3. BLNG Impact Assessment such as car parking. Variables A permanent population increase would also have The social impact variables listed in this section relate an impact on businesses in the impact area. These to the key social issues potentially arising from the business areas include the tourism industry (including development of the BLNG precinct. accommodation, tour operators and other tourism- related activities), fishing, pearling and aquaculture, as Rabel Burdge, a key author in the field of SIA, has well as wholesale and general retail. developed a list of 28 social impact variables that occur repeatedly in industrial projects and the full list of these An unmanaged increase in population may add to variables can be found in Annexure A (Burdge 2004). The the current difficulties associated with attracting and following social impact variables considered relevant to retaining local employees, particularly those in lower- the BLNG precinct are interrelated and will be assessed paid occupations. holistically. Temporary Workers (mainly Fly-In Fly-Out) 2.3.1. Population Impacts The definition of the temporary workers variable is the presence of project-related temporary movement of The most important potential social impact in the people into or out of Broome (primary area) and the West development of the Browse LNG precinct is that of Kimberley area (secondary area). population increase, particularly in Broome. The town is already experiencing the pressures of an increasing Construction of LNG projects at the precinct would lead population resulting from natural growth and the growth to a significant increase in the number of temporary of the tourism industry. workers in the impact area. It is anticipated that the majority of the construction workers would operate on The construction and operation of LNG processing projects a fly-in/fly-out (FIFO) basis and would be accommodated at the precinct may result in temporary and permanent in construction camp/s located outside Broome. Due population increases within the impact areas. to the nature of the LNG industry, it is also likely that a Permanent Population Change number of permanent workers will also choose a FIFO The permanent population change social impact variable arrangement. is defined as the project-related permanent movement Depending on the project arrangements and services of people into or out of Broome (Primary Impact Area) offered at the precinct, the temporary workforce could and the communities on the Dampier Peninsula, Derby have an impact on the local services particularly transport and Bidyadanga area (secondary impact area) over time. (air travel, bus from airport, taxis), retail, tourism and These additional permanent residents could result hospitality. Initially, there may also be a small impact on from direct precinct employees during construction and accommodation during the pioneer stage of the project as operation as well as indirect employees of contractors some workers may need to be accommodated in Broome and other support services, including commercial and while camp accommodation is being constructed. government services required to support the increased Dissimilarity to Local Population population. The dissimilarity to local population variable is defined as An increase in the permanent population in the impact the introduction of a significant group of people into the areas will impact on human services including education project area that is different to the resident population in (pre-school, primary school, high school, tertiary age, sex, ethnicity and family structure. The permanent education and training), child care (occasional childcare, workforce is likely to be highly trained and professional long-day child care, holiday care) health (hospital, and less likely to cause community concern than the clinics, doctors, specialists, nurses, dentists, and allied construction workforce which would be predominantly health services), emergency services, police and justice individual FIFO workers. services, public transport, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS), recreational services (including recreational fishing), social welfare and others.
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
14 2.3.2. Community Impacts Social impacts that are deemed to be specific or unique to Sense of Place yet unknown future LNG processing projects will require further assessment as part of project approvals processes The sense of place social impact variable is defined as a and the precinct SIA mitigation and management plans change to the defining character or ‘essence’ of a location. will be amended as required. This character usually results from the interaction of a number of aspects including location, climate, lifestyle, 2.4.2. Assessment of Impacts heritage and atmosphere. This variable includes potential The second phase of the SIA involves the assessment impacts to the area’s heritage, which are being captured of the likely social impacts of the BLNG precinct as in a separate heritage study. identified in phase one. Community Attitudes towards the Project The assessment of impacts will be undertaken in This variable is defined as the range of community conjunction with the completion of the precinct Master attitudes toward the project. It provides information on Plan and the identification of a foundation proponent. the community attitudes that may prevail during the The foundation proponent will provide the quantitative planning, construction and operational phases of the and qualitative data required to assess the impacts of the project. It is also influenced by the activity of formal and initial construction of the precinct and the first operating informal voluntary groups which have an interest in the project. The SIA will model cumulative impacts where project. Interest groups play an important role in defining additional LNG projects or precinct expansion will add community responses to the project. incrementally to social impact factors. Local Employment Impacts 2.4.3. Specialist Studies This impact variable is defined as the impacts of the Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment project on local employment and includes the degree An Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment (ASIA) to be to which skills required in the project match those of facilitated by the Kimberley Land Council (KLC) will the unemployed in the project area and the potential identify social impacts on the Aboriginal community with competition the project generates for local skills. The a view to maximising the positive impacts the project may match between required skills and those in the local have and the resulting Aboriginal benefits commitments, area is particularly important for indigenous job creation while minimising any negative impacts from the precinct and will require specific education, training and work- development. The ASIA will focus on assessing and readiness strategies. managing impacts on the lives of local Aboriginal people, Disruption in Daily Living and Movement Patterns their values and culture. The KLC’s ASIA consultation This variable is defined as changes to daily living and model will involve both Traditional Owners and the broader work activities brought about by the project. These Aboriginal community. The work to be undertaken in 2009 impacts include changes to traffic, alterations to the will focus on the Dampier Peninsula, Derby and Broome visual environment, polluted waters, temporary closures, and the impact assessments will be incorporated within noise and odours. the final Strategic Assessment report. Tourism Impact Assessment 2.4. SIA Process A Tourism Impact Assessment is being undertaken by Kadar Pearson and Partners, an external consultant 2.4.1. Scope of the Social Impact Assessment for the Western Australian Tourism Commission. It will The initial phase of the BLNG precinct SIA will involve identify the potential impacts and benefits of the precinct developing a ‘before change’, or baseline, profile of the development and associated activity to the tourism primary and secondary impact areas and identifying the industry in Broome and the West Kimberley region. The social impact factors specific to the development of the study will identify potential impacts and benefits to the LNG precinct that are likely to affect the region. tourism and hospitality workforce, accommodation, tourism-related retail, tourism products including flights, The BLNG precinct SIA will include an assessment of tours and experiences, as well as the potential effects the cumulative social impacts of the construction and on the sense of place in Broome and the Kimberley. A operation of the precinct over the anticipated lifespan specific focus of the study will be on the potential positive of the Browse Basin gas fields. As the SIA is being and negative impacts on the emerging indigenous undertaken before any definitive details of the likely scale tourism industry. of the precinct are known, the assessment will rely on potential high, medium and low development scenarios and on data from other similar LNG projects.
It is recognised that the SIA being undertaken will be strategic, incorporating the impacts associated with the foundation proponent project and the estimated impacts that may arise from the development of additional LNG processing projects during the lifetime of the precinct.
Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009
15 Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Impact Study HZgk^XZh/hX]ddah!]dhe^iVah!Xa^c^Xh!eda^XZ A Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Impact Study is stations, child-care centres. being undertaken by Big Island Research Pty Ltd, an 8dbbjc^in[VX^a^i^Zh/gZXgZVi^dcVa[VX^a^i^Zh! external consultant for the Department of Fisheries. libraries, community halls. It will identify potential impacts of the proposed construction and ongoing operation of the proposed LNG IgVchedgi/edgih!gdVYVcYV^gedgihVcYcZl processing precinct and related activities in the vicinity infrastructure requirements. of James Price Point. The study focus will include the commercial fisheries, pearling industry and aquatic HiViZ Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 16 3. LNG Precinct for 3.1.1. Current Browse Basin Gas Projects Woodside Energy Limited’s Browse Basin LNG joint Browse Basin Gas venture is concentrated on the development of the Torosa, Brecknock and Calliance offshore gas-condensate fields. The joint venture involves Woodside as the operator 3.1. The Browse Basin with BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron and Shell as partners The140,000 km2 Browse Basin is located in the Timor Sea (Woodside 2007a). As at February 2009, the three north of Broome, Western Australia. It is divided into the fields were estimated to contain 14Tcf of dry gas and Caswell, Barcoo, Scott and Seringapatam sub-basins. 370 million barrels of condensate (Woodside 2009). The The area contains about 15% of Australia’s known gas Browse Basin Joint Venture proposes developing these reserves. Although the gas reserves were discovered fields through the onshore processing of gas to produce in 1971, their distance offshore (almost 300 kilometres), LNG at either the BLNG precinct or at the North West the depth at which the deposits are found (300 to Shelf processing infrastructure on the Burrup Peninsula. 500 metres below the surface) and the increasing price of Woodside Browse Joint Venture plans to make a decision oil and gas has only recently made the reserves become on the Kimberley option by early of 20010and a financial economically viable to exploit (DMP 2009). investment decision whether to proceed with the development by late 2010, with construction scheduled The Browse Basin is one of Australia’s most hydrocarbon- from 2011 to 2016/17 (pers. comm., Woodside 02/2009). rich offshore basins and is under-explored and considered a frontier area for exploration. The known Inpex Browse Joint Venture’s Ichthys gas and condensate gas reserves for the Basin are estimated at 34 Trillion field has a current estimated recoverable resource of cubic feet (Tcf) of gas and in excess of some 600 million approximately 9.5Tcf of gas and 312 million barrels of barrels of condensate (Department of State Development condensate. Inpex has announced plans for processing 20091). Areas for exploration are released annually by gas from its Ichthys gas field to pipe it (sub-sea) to the Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Darwin. The BLNG precinct could accommodate the Tourism, with the most recent identifying 29 exploration Ichthys development should Darwin prove technically permits in force in the Browse Basin locality (RET 2008). unviable, or it could support the later development phase of the Ichthys field by providing additional processing capacity. Source: Department of State Development Figure 3.1. The Browse Basin 1 Available at http://www.dsd.wa.gov.au/6614.aspx Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 17 Shell is considering off-shore floating processing of gas 3.2. The Browse LNG Precinct from the Prelude field. Floating LNG processing is a new Site Selection Process technology and production is likely to be limited to 3.5Mtpa The site selection process was initiated by the Western (DSD 2009a). Future Browse Basin gas processors could Australian Government in June 2007 through the include Conoco Phillips and Murphy Oil which are active establishment of the Northern Development Taskforce along with other joint venture partners in the Browse (NDT). exploration program. The Northern Development Taskforce (NDT) undertook The Browse Basin is highly prospective and the Gaffney an assessment of 43 potential LNG precinct locations Cline and Associates Browse Basin Gas Development in the Kimberley region. Following extensive public and Options Study estimated that, based on discovered and government consultation with all affected stakeholders estimated undiscovered gas, the Browse Basin could the NDT released its Interim Report on 4 July 2008. This support production of up to 35Mtpa to 50Mtpa of LNG. report identified eleven for further evaluation of technical, It is further estimated that the life of the LNG precinct environmental and heritage issues (NDT 2008). could be between 40 and 99 years depending on the scale and timeframe for development of known and yet to be The 11 potential sites were subjected to detailed discovered gas fields (NDT 2008). environmental and technical review2 which culminated in a site selection workshop with stakeholders and a process The Woodside-led Browse Basin Joint Venture is the to reduce the number of potential sites. These extensive first proponent to consider locating in the precinct and evaluations and stakeholder workshops culminated has the technical capacity and scale of project to be the in the NDT releasing its Site Evaluation Report on foundation proponent responsible for the establishment 15 October 2008, which identified four (4) potential sites of primary infrastructure and the first LNG processing for an LNG precinct in the Kimberley: gas trains. ?VbZhEg^XZEd^ci adXViZYdci]Z Dampier Peninsula) Cdgi]=ZVY adXViZYdci]Z9Vbe^ZgEZc^chjaV 6c_dEZc^chjaV h^ijViZY^ci]Z[Vgcdgi]d[ Western Australia). Source: Department of State Development Figure 3.2. The Final Four Sites in the Site Evaluation Process 2 Available at: http://www.dsd.wa.gov.au/6614.aspx#6718 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 18 3.2.1. The Precinct Site 4.1. Precinct Development Scenarios The detailed site selection process described above This social impact assessment is based on the following resulted in the selection of an area of land centred on scenarios that reflect available information. James Price Point, about 60km north of Broome. This site represents a technically feasible site which offers the Scenario (1) No Development (0-20 years) potential to limit any impact on the social and natural In this scenario the LNG precinct is approved for environment. The area is ex-pastoral farming land and development but either fails to attract a foundation is classified as unallocated Crown Land with a Native proponent due to alternative processing options being Title claim over it by joint claimants Jabirr Jabirr and chosen or the foundation proponent does not commit to a Goolarabooloo. There are no people living permanently final investment decision or significantly delays the decision within a 10km radius of the proposed precinct. to progress with the development of their gas field. There are registered Aboriginal heritage sites in the In this scenario the State will reserve the LNG precinct vicinity of James Price Point (Walmadan) including burial land area for future LNG processing and not progress any and mythological sites. Planning of the precinct includes related infrastructure development such as road access. consultation with Traditional Owners to minimise impacts on culturally significant areas and heritage sites. Scenario (2) Low Case The environmental impacts of development at the site The low case scenario has the LNG precinct being are being evaluated. Whales, dugongs and billfish are established by a single foundation proponent which present along the coastal area from Coulomb Point to constructs up to three gas trains with a capacity between Willie Creek and the terrestrial areas support a range 8 -15Mtpa of LNG. The low scenario allows for the staged of flora and fauna and some areas have high landscape addition of one or more trains to a total of 15Mtpa over a value. 15 year period to 2030. Scenario (3) Medium Case Pearling leases in the vicinity of the site are also considered to be of high value producing some of the The medium case scenario 3(A) has the LNG precinct industry’s highest quality pearls. being established by a single foundation proponent which initially constructs two or three trains with a total James Price Point is a popular recreation and camping capacity of between 8-15Mtpa and builds additional trains area for the local community. over a 15 year time period to 2030, for a total capacity of 25Mtpa. These additional trains are likely to service the foundation proponent gas as well as gas processed for 4. The Project Description other gas owners under third party access provisions or third party owned but integrated gas trains. The Browse LNG Project consists of the onshore processing of gas from the Browse Basin at the LNG Scenario 3(B) allows for the foundation proponent to precinct and related onshore activities. build two or more trains up to a total capacity of 15Mtpa over the 10 year period to 2025 and for a second smaller The government policy to develop an LNG processing proponent to develop two or three trains to a total precinct is a strategic response to prevent the ad hoc capacity of 10Mtpa over the period to 2040. This scenario industrialisation of the Kimberley. allows for the Browse exploration program to prove up The precinct will provide for a minimum of two gas a third significant gas field in addition to the Ichthys and processing operators co-located in the precinct but the Browse Basin joint venture fields justifying the costs accessing common-user service corridors, lay-down associated with a standalone onshore processing option. areas and ancillary service areas. The precinct and port will be constructed as a staged development expanding Scenario (4) High Case from an initial one operator 1-3 train project, to two or Scenario 4 allows for the foundation proponent to three operators and up to 14 trains. The port will enable construct two or three trains with a total capacity of independent shipping operations by the gas processors between 8-15Mtpa and builds additional trains over a but allow the sharing of shipping channels, breakwaters 15 year period to 2030 to a total capacity of 25Mtpa. In and materials off take (MOF) facilities. addition, a second or even third gas processing operator establishes within the precinct, each with one or more The LNG precinct will be established subsequent to the gas trains delivering a total combined capacity of identification of a foundation proponent or proponents. between 10-25Mtpa. It is assumed that given the capital The scale, timing and staging of the development of cost of building stand-alone processing plants and off- the precinct will be determined by market conditions, shore to onshore pipelines that an independent operator project approvals, outcomes of field exploration and the would need to process a minimum of 5-8Mtpa to justify development of new processing technology. establishing co-located infrastructure in the BLNG precinct. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 19 4.2. The LNG Precinct After processing, the LNG is pumped to storage tanks (Figure 4.2 illustrates an example of the Darwin LNG The BLNG precinct is being developed for the eventual storage tank) and it is envisaged that, at capacity, the processing of up to 50 million tonnes of LNG per annum precinct could contain up to eight LNG storage tanks capacity (Mtpa) and is expected to have a lifespan of at with a capacity of about 200,000m³.. The LNG is then least 40 years. pumped from the storage tank to the LNG tanker through cryogenic pipelines. In addition to the LNG storage tanks, Figure 4.1 provides a photographic example of an LNG the precinct could also contain up to four condensate plant in Australia, in this case the Darwin LNG plant. tanks of around 120,000m³, and up to four LPG storage Preliminary planning and layouts of the precinct are tanks around 60,000m³ each (DSD 2009b). based on a notional concept of two major LNG operators, The precinct will include a port area consisting of jetties each processing up to 25Mtpa. The total fenced area to and berths for LNG, LPG and condensate tankers and a be occupied by the precinct will be around 2000-2500 materials off-take facility (MOF) for the landing of heavy hectares of land and approximately 1000 hectares of sea equipment and supplies, as well as providing berths for will be required for port facilities. It is anticipated that tug boat operations (Figure 4.3). each operator would occupy 500 hectares including key infrastructure separation buffers. Precinct land area will Ancillary land areas required by the precinct include an also include infrastructure corridors, laydown areas and area for third party contractors and land for a construction possible heritage protection land areas totalling 500- camp and worker accommodation. 1500 hectares. Each LNG plant will generate its own energy (approximately Browse Basin natural gas is to be piped from the gas field 60MW/tonne LNG capacity) and the precinct will have through an undersea pipeline to onshore liquefaction a range of support facilities including a water supply plants. The onshore plant/s will consist of gas processing system, waste water treatment facility, roads, offices, ‘trains’ which produce LNG, condensate (light oil) and warehouses, laboratories and a construction camp. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (propane and butane) products. The process cools the gas to around -160oC which liquefies the gas and reduces its volume by around 600 times. Source: Neves, Scheiner & Sores 2008 Figure 4.1. The Darwin LNG Plant with a 1.3 km Jetty Source: Neves, Scheiner and Soares 2008 Figure 4.2. A Darwin LNG Storage Tank with 188,000m³ Capacity Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 20 4.2.1. LNG Precinct Construction The construction of an LNG plant has many interdependent phases and construction is usually undertaken by sub-contractors. The construction of the BLNG plants is expected to take about four to six years. The construction of a typical LNG plant involves a number of interrelated phases which are shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1. Summary of Phases of LNG Plant Construction Site preparation VXXZhhgdVYh XdchigjXi^dcXVbeVcYiZbedgVgn[VX^a^i^Zh XaZVg^c\!aZkZaa^c\VcYZmXVkVi^dc ZaZXig^X^in VcYgZaViZY[jZahidgV\Z lViZg VcYgZaViZYlViZgigZVibZciVcYhidgV\Z XdcXgZiZWViX]^c\eaVcih hZiia^c\VcYhaVWXdchigjXi^dc XdchigjXi^dcYdX` Secondary plant \Vh"ijgW^cZZaZXig^X^in\ZcZgVidg facilities lVgZ]djhZhVcYaVWdgVidgn VYb^c^higVi^dcWj^aY^c\ eZgbVcZci]djh^c\ hiV[[VbZc^i^Zh hZlZgV\ZVcYlVhiZigZVibZci[VX^a^i^Zh Processing modules [ZZY\VhgZXZ^k^c\VgZV!a^fj^YhZeVgVi^dc!\VhbZiZg^c\VcYegZhhjgZgZYjXi^dc construction and hV[ZinhnhiZbhVcY\gdjcYÄVgZh assembly VX^Y\VhgZbdkVa \VhYZ]nYgVi^dcVcYXVgWdcVYhdgei^dcjc^ih gZ[g^\ZgVi^dcVcYa^fjZ[VXi^dcbVX]^cZgn AC Source: Neves, Scheiner and Soares 2008 Source: Image courtesy of Woodside Figure 4.3. An LNG Plant Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 21 4.3. Supply Base Estimates vary between 100-300 people being directly employed in the oil and gas supply base industry in Shore-based supply facilities are required to service Broome, including Broome Port, Toll Mermaid Marine the exploration and production phases of an oil and Logistics Broome, local trucking companies, product gas field. These include marine support facilities and suppliers, helicopter companies and associated services offshore helicopter support infrastructure providing for (pers.comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/02009 & Broome Port emergency landing and re-fueling depots. Authority 11/08/2009). These staffing levels are expected to be sufficient to meet all projected off-shore exploration The LNG precinct will include a materials off-take facility needs (pers. comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). (MOF) which will have some limited capacity to support offshore operations. A dedicated supply base to support In February 2009, Broome provided the exploration the offshore operations associated with the LNG precinct support services to support four rigs. Each of these rigs will need to be established at an alternative location or has approximately 100 staff working 12-hour shifts with locations. around 50 people working at any one time. These workers operate on a FIFO basis with alternating crews resting. In 4.3.1. Browse Basin Exploration Activity addition, each rig is supported by three workboats per Broome has been supporting Browse Basin gas rig with 20 to 25 people per workboat. The total number exploration since the 1960s and has slowly built up its of people required to support the exploration activities exploration services capacity and standards to meet of one rig is in the vicinity of 275 people (pers. comm., the demands of explorers. Broome provided services to Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). In April 2009, Broome was support the Woodside Burmah Oil supply base during receiving eight to ten supply vessels per week and was the 1980s (Broome Port Authority 2009). At this time, capable of servicing four of these vessels simultaneously Broome has one supply base operator (Toll Mermaid) (Broome Port Authority 2009). that supports the activities of the following six major oil and gas exploration companies: Inpex, Woodside, Santos, Table 4.2 outlines the exploration support services and BHP Billiton, Murphy Oil and Conoco-Phillips (pers. infrastructure that are provided by a supply services comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). centre during the exploration stage of operations. Source: Briefing Paper – Supporting Browse Basin (Broome Port Authority 2009) Table 4.2. Exploration Support Services and Infrastructure Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 22 4.3.2. Production Supply Base 4.4. Workforce It is understood that Woodside Browse and Shell will 4.4.1. Construction Workforce seek to establish their production supply base in Broome due to existing infrastructure and the potential capacity The construction of the LNG precinct could take four to expand the Broome port and adjacent industrial to six years depending on the scale of the foundation estate. The Ichthys joint venture is considering sites in project and complexity of the construction of the port Darwin, Broome and near Derby to establish its supply and processing infrastructure. The construction phase operations. is characterised by the employment of a relatively large number of people over an extended period of time. The scope of the supply base increases considerably, Woodside Browse, as the likely foundation proponent, is from that required for exploration, to support production estimating a five to six year construction period for the activities. Around 10-30 hectares of land is needed per three initial gas trains. Production could start about 12 operator in production and an additional workforce of months before the completion of the last of the three around 400 people will be needed once the Browse Basin initial trains. oil and gas field goes into production. This additional workforce will be generated by the 10 to 15 new sub- As the planning for the BLNG precinct is still in its contracting companies that will supply off-shore services formative stages, it is instructive to examine the through the supply base operations. These additional construction workforces of other international projects. companies will provide services that are not found in The projects in the following table have been divided into Broome, such as suppliers of Class G cement which new developments (Table 4.4) and additions to existing is only available at Darwin, Dampier and Adelaide, as projects (Table 4.5). well as logging, slinging and the supply of oil and gas exploration-related hardware. These new industries will require access to light or heavy industrial land (pers. comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). Worley Parsons Services has completed a desk top study, commissioned by the Department of State Development, of potential sites for Browse Basin production supply base infrastructure. Production support activities are summarised in Table 4.3 below. Source: Briefing Paper – Supporting Browse Basin (Broome Port Authority 2009) Table 4.3. Production Support Activities Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 23 Table 4.4. New LNG Projects Table 4.5. LNG Expansion Projects LNG Plant Processing Peak LNG Plant Processing Peak Time Time Name Size (Mtpa) workforce Name Size (Mtpa) workforce Actual Atlantic LNG Additional Not 3500 (Trinidad 5.2 available Snøhvit 4.1 2002 – 2007 1800 and Tobago) (Norway) (4.5 years) actual NW Shelf Additional 38-months 1800 – 2000 (Burrup) 4.1 Completed Darwin LNG 3.5 3 years 1200 2004 (Wickham (2003-6) Point) actual Source: Neves, Scheiner & Soares 2008; Hatch 2003 Estimated The workforce requirements during construction typically Woodside 4.3 2007 – 2010 3000 follow a bell-shaped curve as illustrated in Figures 4.1 and Pluto 4.2. Woodside is anticipating a construction workforce of around 2500 to 3500 people depending on final design Wickham 3.5 3 years 1600 and engineering solutions, degree of common-user Point Darwin infrastructure and the phasing of the construction of an (est) 8-15Mtpa processing plant. Angola 5.2 2007 – 2010 4000 – 8000 Figure 4.4. illustrates the monthly estimated number and Tangguh Not Not 5800 skill of the construction workers at the Snøhvit LNG plant LNG available available at Melkøya in Norway to construct a 4.1 Mtpa processing plant. The workforce profile is useful as it highlights the Source: Neves, Scheiner & Soares 2008; URS Australia 2002; AECOM relative proportion of low to high-skill jobs (Neves, Scheiner 2005; Tangguh LNG 2005 & Soares 2008). Figure 4.5. illustrates the construction workforce over time for the first (blue) and second (cream) trains of the Darwin LNG project (URS 2002) Figure 4.4. The Construction Workforce of Norway’s Snøhvit LNG Project Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 24 Source: URS Australia 2002 Figure 4.5. Darwin LNG Showing the Originally Planned 2 Train Development. 4.4.2. Permanent Workforce Table 4.6. LNG Permanent Workforce The precinct is expected to have a permanent operational workforce starting at about 240 to 300 workers. In addition, LNG Plant Processing Operational Further it is estimated the precinct would require about 160 Name Size (Mtpa) Workforce details onshore and offshore contractors during operations. Each Woodside 4.3 300 Incl. 70-80 additional gas train will add approximately 20 operational Pluto Admin and workers, with a second operator adding a further 200 Maint. and workers. At full capacity, the LNG precinct operational 10 offshore workforce should not exceed 550 direct employees and 250 contractors. Table 4.6 below provides permanent Snøhvit 4.1 180 workforce figures for a range of LNG projects. (Norway) actual Darwin LNG 3.5 120 (Wickham Point) actual Tangguh 450 LNG (Papua New Guinea) Atlantic LNG 3 (Train 1) 120 (Trinidad and Tobago) Atlantic LNG 14.8 (Trains 600 (Trinidad 1-4) and Tobago) Angola (est) 5.2 300 - 500 Sources: Neves, Scheiner & Soares 2008; URS Australia 2002; AECOM 2005; Tangguh LNG 2005; Atlantic LNG 2006; Woodside 2007b. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 25 4.4.3. Construction and Operations Skills Table 4.7 provides examples of the likely skills required during the construction and operational stages of the LNG precinct. Table 4.7. Expected Skills Required for Precinct Construction and Operations Skills Area Examples of employees Trades Labourers, steel fixers, electricians, carpenters, welders Professional Services Accountants, human resource officers, public relations advisers, engineers, safety advisers, maintenance technicians, geologists Site Preparation Operators, labourers, concrete finishers, carpenters, electricians Civil Work Operators, labourers, steel fixers, carpenters, electricians LNG/Condensate Tanks Operators, labourers, concrete finishers, steel fixers, carpenters, electricians, welders, pipe fitters, boilermakers, support trades Jetty Operators, labourers, concrete finishers, steel fixers, carpenters, electricians, welders, pipe fitters, boilermakers, support trades Mechanical Skills Mechanical fitters, welders, riggers, pipe fitters, boilermakers, support trades Electrical and Instrumental Skills Electricians, installation technicians, installation pipe fitters, support trades Insulation and Painting Welders, riggers, pipe fitters, boilermakers, mechanical fitters, support trades Camp Construction Operators, labourers, steel fixers, carpenters, electricians, support trades Supply Base Operators, labourers, steel fixers, carpenters, electricians, support trades Catering and Facilities Chefs/cooks, kitchen hands, room cleaners, gardeners, security staff Management During the operations phase in particular, the following The supply base during the operational phase is likely workers are likely to be required: to require administration workers including managers, business support officers and administrative assistants, EgdXZhhdeZgVidgh services contracts for maintenance, landscaping, :aZXig^XVaiZX]c^X^Vch transport and machinery, as well as operations workers including warehouse and logistics coordinators. >chigjbZciiZX]c^X^Vch 4.4.4. Local Employment BZX]Vc^XVaiZX]c^X^Vch As LNG workforces tend to be highly skilled, local employment opportunities can vary. Notably, the Darwin :c\^cZZgh ZaZXig^XVa!X]Zb^XVa!Xdcigda!gdiVi^c\ equipment, project) LNG project intended to source 25 per cent of its employment locally (Neves, Scheiner & Soares 2008). >IheZX^Va^hih The Browse LNG precinct will seek to encourage local =GheZX^Va^hih employment in the construction and operational phases, particularly the employment of Aboriginal people. 8dgedgViZV[[V^ghheZX^Va^hih It is recognised that the foundation proponent will :ck^gdcbZciVahX^Zci^hih seek to engage a highly experienced workforce for the commissioning of the early LNG trains and that this AVWdgVidgniZX]c^X^Vch workforce is likely to be predominately sourced from outside of the Kimberley. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 26 The geology of the Kimberley is derived from ancient 5. Baseline Profile – Proterozoic times, more than 1800 million years ago, Geography, History and also features dune systems and sandstones of more recent times. The region’s diverse geography includes and Economics extensive desert areas in central and eastern parts, large river systems with deep gorges and waterfalls, isolated This section places the BLNG precinct within its regional rainforest pockets in the central north and west, as well context and addresses the areas most affected by as open plains, river valleys and cave systems (Doohan the proposed development, Broome and the Dampier 2008; KDC 2009). Peninsula. It provides a profile of the area surrounding the BLNG precinct prior to its development, outlining The Kimberley coast is also diverse, ranging from wide geographical, historical and economic characteristics. sandy beaches to mudflats, tidal creeks and coastal cliffs. The marine environment is influenced by a warm, south- equatorial current that flows from the east through the 5.1. Geographical Location Asian and northern Australian region. The coastal areas can experience strong tides and summer river discharges, 5.1.1. Kimberley Region which dramatically influence the coastal environment. The Kimberley region of Western Australia is located in The area also has offshore and near-shore reef systems the far north of the State and is bordered by the Pilbara and fertile mangrove fringes. Much of the coast remains region to the south, the Northern Territory to the east, the uninhabited, which presents issues relating to wilderness Timor Sea to the north and the Indian Ocean to the west. attraction, management and national security. It covers an expanse of 424,517 square kilometres which makes up approximately one-sixth of Western Australia The Kimberley region has a tropical monsoon climate (KDC 2009). As can be seen in Figure 5.1, the region with distinct wet and dry seasons separated by short is divided into four local government shires, Broome, transitional periods. The ‘tropical summer’, or wet Derby-West Kimberley, Halls Creek and Wyndham-East season from November to April, delivers 90 per cent of the Kimberley. The area is also served by the Kimberley region’s rainfall, while the dry season from May to October Development Commission (KDC), a statutory body is characterised by sunny days and cooler nights. responsible for facilitating development in the area. Source: KDC 2009 Figure 5.1. Kimberley Local Government Areas Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 27 Weather conditions during the wet season can be extreme The indigenous pastoral industry is significant, with with the area prone to tropical cyclones and severe 30 per cent of all stations controlled by indigenous tropical storms, associated with destructive winds and people. Crop production also contributes to the area’s heavy rainfall. agriculture and is dominated by the region’s largest irrigated agricultural project, the Ord River Irrigation The region’s seasonal variability is reflected in its lifestyle Area, near Kununurra (DLGRD & KDC 2006). and economic activities, with a number of industries waning during the tropical summer due to decreased Mining activity has a long history in the region since the comfort levels and reduced flexibility in transport and discovery of gold near Halls Creek in 1885. The Kimberley activities (KDC 2009). contains the largest range of mineral commodities of any region in Western Australia (Ruddock & Hassan 2004). 5.1.2. Broome and the Dampier Peninsula Although the region’s early mining history was dominated The town of Broome is located 2200km from Perth and by gold, the deposits proved to be relatively small and the covers an area of 56,000 square kilometres, including region has had relatively minor gold production. Mineral Broome, Cable Beach, Minyirr, Djugan and Bilingurr production in the Kimberley is dominated by diamonds within the town site. Outer localities, outside the town site, from deposits at Argyle and Ellendale. Diamonds were include Lombadina, Djarindjin, Beagle Bay, Ardyaloon, discovered in the Ellendale area in 1976 and diamond Bidyadanga, Cape Leveque, Coconut Well, 12 Mile, production commenced in May 2002 (Hassan 2004). The Morrell Park and Skuthorpe (Shire of Broome 2009). Argyle AK1 mine was commissioned in December 1985 and is the world’s largest diamond mine. The Shire of Broome does not currently service the 86 indigenous communities in the Shire of Broome. This is High-grade iron ore has been mined from the Cockatoo likely to change as the provision of services is normalised and Koolan Islands in Yampi Sound since 1951. Small and will put servicing pressure on Broome. quantities of copper, tungsten, tin and gold have also been produced (Hassan 2004). The Dampier Peninsula is located north of the Broome urban centre, surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the In the 1960s, large resources of bauxite were found at west and north, and King Sound to the east. The area Mitchell Plateau, but these have not been developed. (excluding the islands) takes in about 1015km of coastline Following exploration in the 1970s and 1980s, major and 989,000 hectares of land. zinc-lead production commenced from the Lennard The climate of Broome and the Dampier Peninsula is Shelf Project in 1987. This project, near Fitzroy Crossing, typified by the Kimberley’s marked seasonal variation was the largest producer of zinc and lead in the State and in rainfall and temperature. The mean annual rainfall in the sixth largest zinc-lead mining complex in the world the Dampier Peninsula is 764 millimetres, with most of (Hassan 2004). However, these operations were put under the rain falling between December and March. A large care and maintenance in 2003 pending an improvement proportion of the wet season’s rainfall is lost through in the commodity market. The mine was restarted in evaporation, and rainfall only exceeds evapotranspiration 2007, however closed again in August 2008 due to global in January and February. The Dampier Peninsula economic factors. Iron ore production on Cockatoo Island experiences its hottest temperatures between November recommenced in late 2000 (Ruddock & Hassan 2004), and April with minimum temperatures falling below 20°C and the iron ore mine at Koolan Island was re-opened in only in July and August (DPI 2008). 2007 (Department of Industry and Resources 2007). Similarly, Broome experiences its dry season from The region’s mineral production was also boosted in May to October with low humidity, fine weather and 2004/05 by the commencement of the Sally Malay (now maximum temperatures of about 30°C. The dry season Panoramic Resources) nickel project, 120km north of is traditionally the most popular time for tourists to visit. Halls Creek (KDC 2009). The pearling industry is both historically and currently 5.2. Historical Context significant in the Kimberley, with Broome established as a pearling port in the late 1880s. The pearling industry 5.2.1. Kimberley Region has been attributed with attracting a diverse range of The Kimberley region was first inhabited about 40,000 cultures to Broome and remains an important industry years ago. The first documented European to explore and tourist attraction. the overland area was Alexander Forrest in 1879 and the region was identified and named in 1880. The towns of 5.2.2. Broome and the Dampier Peninsula Broome and Derby were proclaimed in 1883. Before the advent of the pearling and pastoral industries and establishment of missions on the Peninsula, small In the late 19th century, European settlement expanded groups of between 20 and 30 Aboriginal people lived at as the search for good pasture land resulted in cattle traditional locations scattered mainly along the coast being driven across Australia from the eastern states. (DPI 2008). For the past century, the majority of Kimberley land has been used for pastoral activities and about 50 per cent of the region is held under pastoral lease for grazing stock (KDC 2009; kimberley-australia.com 2006). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 28 In 1908, population estimates made by Aboriginal Inspector Pastoral stations were established in the area in the late Isdell and police patrols indicate that there were between 1800s. By 1908, five pastoral stations were operating 300 and 400 Aboriginal people living on the Peninsula and along the coast between Broome and Cygnet Bay. 80 to 90 people on Sunday Island. The establishment of However, by about 1930, most of the pastoral land had missions at Lombadina, Beagle Bay and Sunday Island in become mission grants or reserve land for the use and the late 19th century continued to expand the population benefit of Aborigines (DPI 2008). around these locations (DPI 2008). World War I and II significantly impacted Broome’s The Dampier Peninsula has a long history of Aboriginal development and its pearling industry. The European settlement and a relatively recent one of European market for mother of pearl collapsed during World War exploration and occupation. Archaeological records I and it was widely expected that the industry would be indicate that Aboriginal people have probably lived unable to recover. In addition, when the war ended in in the general area for up to 30,000 years and on the 1918, many of the town’s affluent and socially prominent Peninsula for at least 2000 years. Early European families chose not to return. Severe cyclones in 1908, 1910 explorers observed Aboriginal family groups camped on and 1912 further hampered Broome’s redevelopment. the Peninsula from the mid-1600s and noted their semi- However, Broome was slowly rebuilt and by the 1920s, nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle, use of marine the pearling industry was again successful with prices resources and construction of wells to access fresh reaching record highs (DPI 2008). water. Archaeological and anthropological surveys have World War II resulted in the almost immediate ceasing confirmed traditional use of the area (DPI 2008). of all pearling activity as a part of the war effort and By the late 1870s and in the early 1880s, there was a Japanese residents being interned in camps. Broome northward migration of pearlers from Cossack (Pilbara) was significantly damaged by air raids during the war and to Beagle Bay. Until this time, the extent of contact essentially had to be completely rebuilt by residents who between Aboriginal people living on the Peninsula and returned after the war. Broome was again slowly rebuilt Europeans had been limited and intermittent (DPI 2008). and its pearling industry evolved with the new market of cultured pearls. Lord Alistair McAlpine is also credited The founding of Broome was particularly influenced with leading a concentrated effort to restore many of the by the Kimberley’s pearling industry. In the late 1870s, older buildings in the town and provide a suitable plan for Cossack, which is about 700 kilometres from what is Broome’s future (DPI 2008). now Broome, was the largest base for the operations of the region’s growing pearling industry. In 1879, The missions on the Dampier Peninsula maintained a Charles Harper suggested to the Legislative Council that strong presence at Beagle Bay and Lombadina until the Roebuck Bay be established as a port with facilities for 1970s. Thereafter, there was a gradual return of land to the pearling industry. In 1883, John Forrest selected a the communities (DPI 2008). town on Roebuck Bay and later that year, the town-site In the 1980s, there was determination by some families of Broome was proclaimed and named after the colony’s to live on traditional lands and many outstations were Governor, Frederick N. Broome (DPI 2008). established (DPI 2008). The sale of Broome’s first town lots occurred in 1886 Current population estimates for the Dampier Peninsula and the town was gazetted as a port three years later. range from 1100 to 1600 predominantly Aboriginal people. Between 1889 and 1891, the price of mother of pearl The population remains concentrated in the northern shell increased significantly. By 1898, Broome was the part of the Peninsula close to the four main communities principal cargo port for north Western Australia (DPI of Ardyaloon (One Arm Point), Djarindjin, Lombadina and 2008). Beagle Bay (DPI 2008). The advent of the pearling industry on the Peninsula The number of people living in or close to these (from the late 1870s) led to the establishment of work communities is thought to be between 650 and 950. An and trade relationships between Aboriginal people and additional 450 to 650 people are estimated to live at, or the pearling masters and a drift away from traditional are associated with, outstations on the Peninsula. These homelands (DPI 2008). populations are fairly stable, but are affected by seasons and events (DPI 2008). At about the same time missions were established on the Peninsula at Disaster Bay, Beagle Bay, Lombadina, Sunday During the homelands movement in the 1980s a number of Island and Cygnet Bay. In addition to their religious and social families returned to their traditional lands to re-establish activities, the missions were involved in market gardening their cultural connections, because of a preference to and pastoral activities. The Aboriginal Act 1905 initiated live outside the main communities, or to establish small the removal of Aboriginal children from their families for tourism related businesses. At the peak of the homelands placement to missions on the Peninsula (DPI 2008). period, up to 90 small family communities or outstations were established. However, the number of permanently occupied outstations is thought to have declined in recent years as a result of changes to State and Federal funding arrangements that have impacted on the provision of services to small communities (DPI 2008). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 29 5.3. Baseline Economic Profile In 2007/08, diamonds were the region’s main mining commodity, as illustrated in Figure 5.2 below, accounting 5.3.1. Contribution to the State Economy for around 40 per cent of the value of mineral production. Although the Kimberley region has experienced favourable The region produced 11 per cent of the world’s diamond growth conditions since 2000, particularly in relation to production in 2007, although the diamonds produced are mining and tourism activities, the region’s contribution mainly of industrial grade. Diamonds are produced at to the State’s Gross State Product (GSP) is small. The Argyle and Ellendale mine sites. Other activities include development of an LNG industry in the region does iron ore production at Cockatoo Island (24 per cent of the provide significant scope for the region to considerably region’s mineral production), as well as nickel /cobalt increase its contribution to the State’s economy and to (18 per cent) and base metal ores (i.e. copper, lead, zinc, increase employment opportunities in the Kimberley. silver and gold). The Kimberley region is (directly and indirectly) responsible for: VWdji&#*'eZgXZcid[i]ZHiViZ¼hgVl VWdji'eZgXZcid[i]ZHiViZ¼hZbeadnbZci^c 2005/06 (figures for 2006/07 not available) VWdji&#+eZgXZcid[i]ZHiViZ¼hZmedgi^cXdbZ^c 2006/07. For comparative indicative purposes, the Pilbara Region (directly and indirectly) accounted for 20–25 per cent of the Source: Western Australian Minerals and Petroleum Statistics Digest State’s GSP in 2006/07, 7–9 per cent of its employment in 2007/08, p.47 (DoIR 2008) 2005/06, as well as about 45 per cent of the State’s export income in 2006/07. Figure 5.2. Major Minerals of the Kimberley by Value, 2007/08 5.3.2. Retaining Economic Benefits for the Kimberley While existing petroleum production is negligible and In 2006/07, in current prices terms the Gross Regional continues to fall, the Canning Basin remains a highly Product (GRP) for the Kimberley was estimated at prospective area for onshore exploration activity. Similarly $1.7 billion (DLGRD 2009). A simple summation (and offshore there has been significant exploration activity modelling) conducted by the Department of State associated with the Browse Basin gas fields by Shell, Development of the known base data for the region yields Inpex and Woodside, among others. As a result of these a gross value of production of around $2.6 billion for developments it is expected that petroleum production 2006/07, meaning only 60 per cent of the income benefits activity and gas production activity will increase derived from production are retained in the region3 (i.e. substantially in this region in the next few decades. GRP/gross value of production). This outcome, in part, is Mining activity is spread across the three regions other the result of FIFO arrangements operating in the region’s than Broome, as shown in Figure 5.3. Derby-West mining industry, and may be relevant for the performance Kimberley, at $684 million in 2007/08, dominates the of the region if large scale FIFO arrangements apply to the region while Wyndham-East Kimberley accounts for region’s future LNG industry. The fact that the Kimberley $511 million and Halls Creek almost $343 million. also does not have a well established manufacturing base also means that the material input needs of a number of the industries operating in the Kimberley are sourced from outside the region. 5.3.3. Major Industries The Kimberley economy is dominated by the mineral and petroleum industries. Other significant industries are retail trade, tourism, construction and agriculture. Mining/Petroleum Mining is the largest industry in the Kimberley, by value of production, at around $1.5 billion in 2007/08. This represents a 50 per cent increase from 2006/07 levels, which is attributable to the expansion of iron ore and Source: Western Australian Minerals and Petroleum Statistics Digest nickel production. 2007/08, p.47 (DoIR 2008) Figure 5.3. Value of Minerals and Petroleum by Local 3 Derived from base data supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to the Department of Local Government and Regional Development (2007). Government Area 2007/08 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 30 Building and Construction Agriculture in the Kimberley is largely dominated by The building and construction industry has grown sharply horticulture and the pastoral industry (KDC 2008). in recent years due to population growth and industrial Horticulture is dominated by the irrigation of 14,000 development and continues to be a significant contributor hectares supplied by Lake Argyle on the Ord River near to the Kimberley economy. The total approvals value in Kununurra. Plans are underway to develop agriculture 2003/04, which includes residential and non-residential under Ord Stage II, increasing the size of the irrigation construction, was $97 million, with this rising to area from 14,000 to 22,000 hectares. Therefore, the Ord II $238 million in 2006/07 (or about 2 per cent of the State project alone, which is one of most significant projects in total). However, the 2007/08 outcome shows a drop Western Australia, ensures that the agriculture industry in the value of total building approvals to $192 million is about to experience significant growth in the Kimberley. (Kimberley Development Commission 2008). Notably, this will add to the infrastructure pressures in the region. In addition, there is a small horticultural This industry will be critical to providing, wherever industry operating near Broome and Derby, producing possible, the servicing requirements for the construction goods such as mangoes, melons, bananas and pasture of the social infrastructure required within the region as seeds (DLGRD & KDC 2006). a result of the flow-on from these developments. The LNG infrastructure construction is specialised and the On the Dampier Peninsula there are small horticultural construction workforce will be predominantly drawn from and agroforestry businesses. In close proximity to Beagle the pool of workers engaged in current LNG construction Bay is a small orchard and vegetable garden, which has worldwide. now become part of a TAFE training program (DPI 2008). In addition, plantations of Indian sandalwood, teak, Indian As a guide, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) rosewood and African mahogany have been proposed in, 2006 Census data indicate that the established and around the Beagle Bay reserve. As yet, none of these construction sector in the Kimberley employs around plantations has progressed beyond the trial stage (DPI 7 per cent of the workforce, or around 875 workers 2008). In the same area, a crop of the bush plum (also (ABS 2007a). It is anticipated the total construction of an called Gubinge (Bardi) and Kabinyn (Nyul Nyul)) is in the 8-15Mtpa greenfields LNG development would require a developmental stage and a cooperative of seven landholders construction workforce of around 2500 to 3500 people. has been established to try and develop this industry Tourism further. The plums are sold as a health food supplement to the North American market. Recently, the Department Averaged across 2005, 2006 and 2007, Tourism WA of Agriculture estimated that 100 tonnes of fruit could be estimates there were about 346,500 visitors to the picked from existing native trees on the Peninsula if the region who stayed overnight, with the average length of right measures were put in place (DPI 2008). stay being 8.1 nights, i.e. 2.8 million visitor nights to the region per year (Tourism WA 2008). Those visitors had In addition to the horticulture trade, the pastoral industry a total spend averaging $260 million per annum over is a long established industry in the Kimberley region. In these three years. For comparison purposes, visitors 2004/05 the Department of Agriculture estimated there who stayed overnight in the region averaged 300,400 per were 100 pastoral stations (DLGRD & KDC 2006). year for the period 2002, 2003 and 2004, with the average length of stay being 9.0 nights. The James Price Point coastal area has indigenous food products that are harvested for use by local indigenous Direct flights from Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and people. The main species targeted for “bush tucker” Darwin have made the region a more accessible and commercial sales is the Gubinge or bush plum. A number attractive option for travellers. While the global economic of families from the Traditional Owner claimant group in downturn is expected to have some effects, the level of the James Price Point area participate in commercial activity has remained relatively buoyant to date. harvesting as part of the Kullari Australia Co-operative. There are approximately 30 Aboriginal tourism Depending on location, bush plum flowers at the end of the businesses operating in Broome or on the Dampier dry season (September–November) and fruits from the Peninsula including tours, accommodation and arts and middle of the wet season (January–June) to the early part crafts enterprises. of the dry season. It is harvested from coastal woodlands The Kimberley Tourism industry is subject to a specialist and vine thickets by members of Kullari Australia. The impact assessment which will provide the current harvest stretches along a 350km coastal band starting at baseline data for the sector. One Arm Point in the North to Bidyadanga in the south (Kullari 2009). Agriculture Agriculture covers about half of the Kimberley’s land mass. Total agricultural production is roughly split between cropping and livestock. The value of agriculture to the economy has experienced dramatic fluctuations, rising from $71.6 million in 1994/1995 to $126.8 million in 2000, and falling again to $95.9 million in 2003-2004 (DLGRD & KDC 2006). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 31 Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture Retail Trade The commercial fishing industry in the Kimberley is Retail activity is an important indicator of the region’s diverse, and includes significant catches of wild stocks economic and social development. This activity is (KDC 2008). The primary focus is on finfish, particularly concentrated in the five regional centres of Broome, emperors, snappers and cods (DLGRD & KDC 2006), and Derby, Halls Creek, Kununurra and Wyndham and grew prawns (Department of Fisheries 2008). In the 2004/2005 strongly over the years from 1995/96 ($175 million) to season, catches of finfish and prawns contributed 2006/07 ($371 million). This industry will likely continue 98 per cent of the economic value of the Kimberley fishing to grow in parallel with resident population growth and industry. Across the board it was estimated that there with the continued growth in tourism. was a catch of 2426 tonnes with a value of $13.5 million (DLGRD & KDC 2006). 5.3.4. Cost of Living The cost of living is an issue in the primary and secondary The Kimberley has a number of limited-entry trawl impact areas. According to the KDC (2009), prices for fisheries for prawns. Across the Kimberley the prawn goods bought in the Kimberley in 2007 were on average fisheries tend to be dominated by banana, tiger and 16.9 per cent more expensive than in Perth and the endeavour prawns. In the Broome region, the focus is indicative cost of living was highest in Kununurra followed on western king and coral prawns (DLGRD & KDC 2006). by Broome, then Derby. Other significant fish species include Spanish mackerel, barramundi, threadfin salmon and shark (DLGRD & KDC 2006), and mud crabs. 5.4. Industry Development A number of Western Australian State managed and While the future development of a LNG industry in the Commonwealth managed fisheries operate in the coastal Kimberley will significantly shape the structure of the inshore waters of the Kimberley (Department of Fisheries region’s industry sector, the data indicate that some 2008). Commonwealth fisheries are those within the reshaping of the economy has already taken place over 200 nautical mile Australian Fishing Zone managed by the last ten years. Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) and Iron ore production value has grown from $10 million are, on the high seas, and, in some cases, by agreement in 1998/99 to $367 million in 2007/08, representing an with the States and Territory, to the low water mark. average annual rate of growth of 49 per cent per annum State fisheries are managed by the Western Australian (Department of Industry and Resources 1999; 2008). Since Department of Fisheries under specific management 1998/99, the region has also expanded mining activities plans, management through regulations or a variety into other areas, as demonstrated by the development of of subsidiary legislation under the Fish Resources the Sally Malay (now Panoramic Resources) nickel mine. Management Act 1994. In 2007/08, this mine produced $281 million worth of Aquaculture is emerging as an increasingly important nickel and cobalt (DoIR 1999; 2008). industry for the Kimberley. Cultured pearling is the The Kimberley’s traditional diamond industry has most predominant and well established section of this declined since 1998/99. Rio Tinto’s postponement of its industry. Since the 1880s, the pearling industry has played plans to move to underground mining at its Argyle mine a significant role in the economy of the Kimberley and site provides increasing uncertainty as to when this the Shire of Broome (DLGRD & KDC 2006). In 2006/2007 industry will rebound. While the value of the region’s pearling was valued at $92.5 million (KDC 2008). With diamond mining was around $610 million for both Broome originally established as a pearling port (Broome 1998/99 and 2007/08, a key concern is that the region’s Visitors Centre 2008), it continues to be inextricably linked diamond production has been falling. In 1998/99 the with the pearling industry. Today, pearling is not only a region produced 51 million carats, whereas in 2007/08 significant contributor to the economy but the history of only 28 million carats were produced, a reduction of pearling, pearls and the pearling farms serve as a major 45 per cent (DoIR; 2008). tourist attraction (Broome Advertiser 2006). In the immediate to short term, it is notable that the Pearling has been carried out on the coast of the slowing global economy experienced since late 2008, Dampier Peninsula since the industry’s establishment has significantly affected the State’s mining industry and remains a significant sector today (DPI 2008). There with some workers being made redundant in early 2009, are major operations at Cygnet Bay, Beagle Bay and including in the Kimberley region. Deepwater Point. Some aspects of the pearling industry have also been The Department of Fisheries has identified significant affected. In early 2009 the industry was faced with a slump potential for diversifying aquaculture on the Dampier in global demand as a result of the global financial crisis Peninsula. Although there are various limitations, such as that emerged in late 2008. In early 2009, it was reported infrastructure availability and access to sites during the that Broome producers have millions of dollars worth of wet season (Department of Fisheries, cited in DPI 2008), pearls in stock (Spencer 2009). there are a number of trials underway, including a trochus hatchery and research facility at Ardyaloon (DPI 2008). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 32 In terms of non-resource related industries growth, the Place of enumeration data can be useful to identify the evidence suggests that, in particular, the Kimberley’s transient population and measure attributes such as the tourism industry has recorded solid growth since 2001/02 number of dwellings and related characteristics such as (Tourism Western Australia 2008). The importance of housing tenure. However, the measurement of household the region’s agricultural industries, which in 2004/05 and family composition and personal characteristics, produced around $110 million worth of product, is such as age and income, suffer if significant numbers of expected to also grow significantly once the Ord Stage 2 individuals are not counted at home on census night and/ project is completed (DLGRD 2009). or there is a high visitor population - as is the case in the Kimberley - whose characteristics differ from those of In the short to long-term the Kimberley’s growth the usual residents. opportunities will continue to be underpinned by its resource and tourism sectors. The emergence of LNG EaVXZd[jhjVagZh^YZcXZ operations offers the region significant economic and population growth potential, along with increased The resident population of a place is most useful as the employment opportunities within that region. basis for facilities planning, particularly if numbers of visitors are high and they have different demographic characteristics compared to residents, as is the case in 6. Population and Workforce the Kimberley. Counts at the place of usual residence are based on census questions about where each person usually lives. To create this series the ABS reallocates 6.1. Population Measurement people who were away from home on census night back Concepts and Relevance to their place of usual residence. ‘Usual residence’ is defined as a person’s place of residence for six months for the SIA (or more) of the year and, as noted in Section 6.3, is 6.1.1. Types of Population Data Used in the SIA difficult to apply in the Kimberley. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) five-yearly The usual residence series includes people who were Australian Census of Population and Housing is the main away from home on census night (including Australian source of population data used in the baseline profile, the residents who were temporarily overseas) and excludes most recent census having been taken in August 2006. temporary visitors. The usual residence count, at the national level, is lower than the place of enumeration count Establishing the baseline population for the SIA is because overseas visitors in Australia are removed. influenced by the unusual demographic characteristics of the Kimberley region including: :hi^bViZYGZh^YZciEdejaVi^dc V]^\]^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dcl]^X]lVhjcYZg" The Estimated Resident Population (ERP) is Australia’s counted at the last census resulting in official official population measure. It represents the population estimates of the resident population that are likely that resides in a locality for most of the time, that is, for to be low. six months or more of the year. VaVg\ZigVch^ZciedejaVi^dcVg^h^c\[gdbi]Z The ERP is based on the census which is adjusted for popularity of the region, particularly Broome, for undercount and Australian usual residents who were tourism and related seasonal migration as well as overseas for less that 12 months and overseas visitors FIFO and short-stay workers employed in mining who are in Australia for more than 12 months. The and exploration activities. undercount is estimated from the ABS Post Enumeration Survey, a national sample survey taken shortly after Given these characteristics, it is important to understand census night. In the Kimberley the 2006 Census suffered the basis of the different types of census-based counts a large undercount of indigenous people and as discussed and estimates that are used to establish the baseline below, some uncertainty surrounds the use of ERP data. population for the SIA. The census results measure the population of communities in different ways4: AdXVi^dcdcXZchjhc^\]i Counts at the place of enumeration include everyone present in Australia referenced to the place where they were on census night which may or may not be their place of usual residence. In some places, such as Broome, these counts include substantial numbers of visitors, such as tourists, who usually live elsewhere in Australia. Visitors from overseas are included but usual residents who are overseas on census night are not included. 4 A full discussion of these population concepts can be found in Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008d. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 33 To illustrate the relevance of these conceptual differences to the baseline population measurements, Figure 6.1 identifies the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the Kimberley region measured using these various definitions. Figure 6.1. Alternative Census Population Counts, Kimberley Region 2006 Sources: Place of enumeration: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Basic Community Profile Table P07 with overseas visitors in Table P03 added to ‘not stated’ in Table P07. Place of usual residence: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Indigenous Profile Table I05. Estimated Resident Population: Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3218.0. 19 August 2008 and 23 April 2009. Figure 6.1 shows that: Annual ERP for the years following 2006 will be revised annually and finalised after the 2011 Census. Review of i]ZZhi^bViZYgZh^YZciedejaVi^dcZmXZZYhi]Z population numbers and projections for the Kimberley usual residence population by approximately and the site impact area should be undertaken regularly 2600 people as part of the management plan to be established as part i]ZcjbWZgXdjciZYdcXZchjhc^\]iZmXZZYhi]Z of the SIA. number of usual residents by approximately The attributes, geographical basis and timing of these 30 per cent (12,600) three data series varies: bdhik^h^idghlZgZcdc"^cY^\ZcdjheZdeaZ# Census counts at the place of enumeration and ERP for statistical local areas (SLAs)5 is updated annually. place of usual residence provide numbers as well Each five years they are benchmarked against the census as detailed person and household characteristics and the annual ERP figures estimated since the previous for small areas. The geographical basis of the census are revised and eventually finalised. The final counts allows information for small areas such ERPs for the Kimberley region and the shires within it as the site impact area, to be compiled as well as for 2002-2006 were released in August 2008, following providing detailed data for large areas such as the the 2006 Census which showed significant differences four local government areas in the region. between the pre-census ERP and the final, post-census figures for the Kimberley region. Some uncertainty in the use of the data arises from this, as discussed in sections 6.2 and 6.36. 5 Statistical Local Areas. Equivalent in many cases to Local Government Areas. 6 A more recent ABS update (Cat. No. 3218.0) on 23 April 2009 has revised ERP for the shires, but uncertainty in the use of the data remains. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 34 The baseline profile uses the most recently 6.2. Resident Population Numbers available counts from the 2006 Census of Population and Housing. The usual residence data and Historical Trends 7 from the Indigenous Profile is mostly used due to 6.2.1. Kimberley Region the high resident indigenous population and the high visitor count in the place of enumeration data. Current Population and Recent Trends Place of enumeration data are used to identify the The Estimated Resident Population (ERP) of the size of the visitor population, but otherwise are Kimberley region in 2008 was 34,185 (ABS, 2009)8. This not used. figure equates to 1.6 per cent of the State’s population and six per cent of the population in regional9 Western Estimated Resident Population (ERP) is used for Australia. total population and annual post-2006 updates and as the basis for the population projections. The population is estimated to have grown from 28,023 Age and sex are the only characteristics available persons in 1998, an increase of 6162 persons. From 1998 on an ERP basis, and the smallest area for which to 2008, the Kimberley’s average annual growth rate was data are available are the four Shires within the 2.0 per cent compared to 1.5 per cent in regional Western Kimberley region. Australia and 1.8 per cent in the State. Population growth in the Kimberley region accounted for 7.6 per cent of growth 6.1.2. Population Undercount and Implications in regional Western Australia in the 10 years between 1998 for the Baseline Profile and 2008 (calculated from ABS 2008b, ABS 2009). The 2006 Census undercount in the indigenous population Of the Kimberley’s local government authorities, the of Western Australia was initially reported as 24.1 per Shire of Broome (15,386 persons) has the largest share cent (ABS 2007d) and was later revised downwards to with 45 per cent of the region’s population in 2008, 16.6 per cent (ABS 2008e). However, the Department of followed by the Shire of Derby-West Kimberley (7799 or Planning, in its role as the State demographer, is of the 23 per cent) and the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley view that the new method used by the ABS to compute (7662 or 22 per cent) while the Shire of Halls Creek (3338 ERP (ABS 2008e) did not adequately address the census or 10 per cent) is significantly less populated (calculated undercount in regions with high indigenous populations, from ABS 2009). such as remote Western Australia and the Northern Territory. This has two main implications for the SIA: It is notable that past population increases in the Kimberley have not been experienced uniformly across GZedgiZY:GE^hbdhia^`Zanadl^ci]Z@^bWZgaZn# the region. In the 10 year period from 1998 to 2008, This affects the interpretation of recent population the Shire of Broome accommodated 73 per cent of the trends and population projections as discussed in region’s population growth. Derby-West Kimberley and sections 6.2 and 6.4. Wyndham-East Kimberley accommodated 10 per cent 9Zbd\gVe]^XVcYZbeadnbZciX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh and 17 per cent respectively, while Halls Creek had a from the census count profiles are not adjusted minor decline (calculated from ABS 2008b, 2009). for under-enumeration. Because the Kimberley Long Term Trend population has a high indigenous component which was undercounted, profiles based on the Long term trends have been used in the baseline total population will tend to under-represent population projections (see section 6.4). Table 6.1 the indigenous community. Therefore the ABS and Figure 6.2 show the historical population of local Indigenous Profile of usual residence counts government areas in the Kimberley region for each is used where possible to identify similarities census 1976 – 2006. Annexure B Table B.1 presents the and differences between the two groups. The details of population shares, and intercensal changes indigenous profile, however, remains subject to and growth rates. some uncertainty. 7 The Indigenous Profile is census output that gives selected characteristics for the indigenous, non-indigenous and total population usually resident in an area. 8 Post census estimate. Estimates for 2008 are based on revised final ERP for 2006 released on 23 April 2009 (ABS 2009). The previous ABS final ERP (the 19 August 2008 release) has been questioned by State demographers Australia-wide, including the Western Australian State demographer and the update does not change the Kimberley region. The official 2008 estimate may be conservative. 9 Western Australia excluding the Perth Metropolitan Region (Perth Statistical Division). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 35 Table 6.1. Estimated Resident Population of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 – 2006 Local Government Estimated Resident Population at 30 June – Area 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Broome 3,590 4,280 5,923 7,887 9,766 13,196 14,175 Derby-West Kimberley 5,090 6,330 6,501 7,019 6,512 8,467 7,355 Halls Creek 1,940 2,540 2,748 2,679 2,910 3,751 3,239 Wyndham-East 3,810 4,790 5,952 5,790 6,484 7,211 7,159 Kimberley Kimberley Region 14,430 17,940 21,124 23,375 25,672 32,625 31,928 Regional WA 345,580 378,020 408,899 447,305 470,164 508,157 540,633 Western Australia 1,178,340 1,300,060 1,459,019 1,636,067 1,765,256 1,901,159 2,059,381 Sources: 1976 Estimated Resident Population in Local Government Areas, Western Australia - 1976, 1981 and 1982. Australian Bureau of Statistics Western Australian Office. Cat No. 3203.5. 7 September 1983. 1981 Estimated Resident Population in Local Government Areas, Western Australia 30 June 1981 to 1985. Australian Bureau of Statistics Perth. Cat No. 3203.5. 12 November 1986. 1986 Estimated Resident Population by Age and Sex in Statistical Local Areas 30 June 1992. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3203.5. 26 September 1994. 1991 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 25 July 2002. 1996 – 2000 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 19 August 2008. 2001 – 2008 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 23 April 2009. Figure 6.2. Estimated Resident Population of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 - 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 36 Over the thirty year period between 1976 and 2006, the 7gddbZ^hi]ZdcanA<6l]ZgZi]ZedejaVi^dc]Vh Kimberley region’s population more than doubled from increased consistently throughout the period, its 14,430 in 1976 to 31,928 in 2006 and its share of the share of the Kimberley region having increased State’s non-metropolitan population increased from from 25 per cent in 1976 to 40 per cent in 2001 and 4.2 per cent to 5.9 per cent. The West Kimberley (Broome nearly 44 per cent in 2006. Growth was particularly and Derby-West Kimberley) accommodated approximately strong in 1996 to 2001 when a 35 per cent 60 per cent of population in 1976 rising to 67 per cent increase (3430 persons) occurred over the in 2006. five year period, possibly associated with the Trends in population growth and decline can often be attraction of workforce to service a peak in tourist interpreted in terms of the economic history of a region. visitor numbers (DLGRD & KDC 2006) as well In Broome, there is a reasonably clear relationship due as continued prosperity in the aquaculture and to the importance of labour-intensive tourism related pastoral industries. Mining activity is limited, employment, but in other shires where the mining but Broome is (or has been) a place of residence industry is important, the relationship between population for mining workers with jobs in other shires, change and economic activity is more difficult to identify including the Argyle Diamond Mine (Taylor 2003), because: Sally Malay (now Panoramic Resources) nickel mine and the Cadjebut lead-zinc mine. This I]Z;>;Dldg`[dgXZhd[b^c^c\ZciZgeg^hZhVgZ long distance commuting pattern is reflected in visitors and are not included in the estimated population growth and is most likely an outcome of resident population, therefore, changes in mining the lifestyle offered by the town of Broome. More activity are not necessarily reflected in population recently, oil and gas exploration - especially in the numbers. Browse Basin - has supported the expansion of the HdbZb^cZhjhZVYg^kZ"^c$Yg^kZ"djildg`[dgXZ oil and gas exploration supply base at Broome port whereby Kimberley region residents commute on a and has diversified the economy. beginning/end of roster basis between a mine and homes in a different local government area in the 9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZnVcYLncY]Vb:Vhi" Kimberley – for example the Cadjebut workforce Kimberley are about the same size and the commuted between the mine in the Shire of population of each has fluctuated somewhat Derby-West Kimberley and homes in Broome, during the 25 year period. Wyndham-East Derby and Kununurra, with 70 per cent residing in Kimberley has a strong tourist industry focused Broome (see section 9.3.2). In this case, changes on Kununurra and Lake Argyle, and its population in job numbers at the mine would precipitate in growth has tended to be sustained over the changes in population in a local government area period (though slower than Broome). Derby-West (LGA) different from the mine’s location. Kimberley and Halls Creek are less diversified, relying more heavily on mining which is less B^c^c\VXi^k^i^ZhbVnZbeadneZdeaZVagZVYn labour intensive than tourism and more subject to resident in the region – for example, by training fluctuations in world demand for mineral products. local residents (e.g. Argyle Diamond Mine). This achieves community benefits by reducing 9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZn]VYi]Z]^\]ZgedejaVi^dc unemployment rather than contributing directly to until 1996, supported by the pastoral industry; population growth. It may also operate to prevent iron ore mining on Yampi Sound (since 1951) and population decline by retaining people who might silver-lead-zinc mining of the Lennard Shelf (near otherwise move in search of employment. Fitzroy Crossing), including the Cadjebut mine The likely underestimation of 2006 ERP adds an extra that commenced in 1987. However, much of the layer of difficulty, so the discussion below is divided into workforce lived in Broome so the contribution to two periods: Derby-West Kimberley population growth would be small. A small fall in population numbers (A) 1976 to 2001 occurred between 1991 and 1996, but whether it Points to note are: is associated with the cessation of iron ore mining at Cockatoo Island in 1987 and at Koolan Island I]Z@^bWZgaZngZ\^dc\gZlkZgngVe^Yan[gdb&..+ 1993 (Hassan, 2004) is difficult to say, because to 2001 with an average annual growth rate of they were mainly FIFO jobs. Between 1996 and 4.9 per cent. The region accommodated 18 per 2001 there was a substantial population increase cent of the State’s non-metropolitan growth during of 1955 (30 per cent) which is difficult to explain. that time. Mining activity, focused on lead-zinc mining, and >c&.,+9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZnlVhi]Zbdhi construction of the Ellendale diamond mine, which populous LGA with 35 per cent of the Kimberley opened in 2002, may be captured in the 2001 population, a situation that continued for nearly Census data. 15 years. However, its growth rate stalled after 1981 and by 1991 it held only 30 per cent of the region’s population. Its premier position was taken by the Shire of Broome which experienced strong growth from 1981 to 1991. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 37 LncY]Vb":Vhi@^bWZgaZn^hhjeedgiZYWn (B) Population Undercount and Change Since 2001 horticulture at the Ord River as well as pastoral The annual ERP data for the Kimberley region in Figure and mining activities. Growth to 1986 is associated 6.3 are the final official estimates of the ABS. According with the development of the Argyle Diamond Mine to the current data (ABS 2009), the Kimberley region’s which commenced production in 1985 (Ruddock population decreased by 697 people (0.4 per cent per and Hassan, 2004). However, population remained annum) between 2001 and 2006. Over the five year period relatively stable to 1991, as the workforce was Broome increased by 979 (1.4% per annum) and all other predominantly a non-indigenous FIFO workforce local government areas apparently decreased: Derby- (Taylor, 2003). In the 10 years from 1991 to 2001 West Kimberley by 1112 (-2.8 per cent per annum), Halls population grew as tourism associated with Creek by 512 (-2.9 per cent per annum) and Wyndham- Kununurra and Lake Argyle became an important East Kimberley by 52 (-0.1 per cent per annum). contributor to growth and employment of local residents at the diamond mine slowly increased (Taylor, 2003). The history of population change in the Kimberley indicates that population growth tends to be associated with diversified and labour intensive economies. Mining activity has tended not to produce a readily identifiable population response, partly due to the use of a non- resident FIFO workforce. The relatively small workforce resident in the Kimberley is often dispersed over a number of shires and the direct effects of changes in mining activity are masked in the shire-based analysis10. Figure 6.3. Annual ERP Reported for Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region 1996 - 2008 Note: p Preliminary Sources: 1996 – 2000 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 19 August 2008. 2001 – 2008 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 23 April 2009. 10 Estimated Resident Population is not available for areas smaller than the local government areas of the Kimberley. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 38 However, the reported decreases after 2001 may be 6.3. Population Mobility artefacts of the data rather than real losses of population. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the official final 6.3.1. Understanding ‘Usual Residence’ ERP data released after the 2006 Census. Department of in the Kimberley Planning (DoP) analysis indicates that the ABS estimates Typical of major tourist and workforce destinations, the of the indigenous population are low and are reflected in Kimberley region has a highly mobile population. The the final official ERP for the Kimberley and some other census records unusually large differences between the regions in Australia with high indigenous populations11. population present on census night and the number of DoP is of the view that the indigenous population in usual residents (see Figure 6.1). Visitors who stay less the Kimberley is more likely to be undercounted by the than six months (such as tourists and seasonal workers) initial 24 per cent (reported in ABS 2007d) rather than are included in the place of enumeration count, but the revised 17 per cent (ABS 2008e) now estimated by the temporary residents who stay for six months or more ABS (see section 6.1.2) and included in the 2006 ERP12. are identified as recent immigrants in usual residence counts. The pre-census estimate for the Kimberley region (ABS 2007b) was 35,865 persons in 2006 which is an increase Identifying these two groups of people and their impact of 3240 (10 per cent) from the (then reported) 2001 figure on a place is not as straight forward as it might seem. The of 32,625. All local government areas were thought to concept of ‘usual residence’ (defined as a person’s place have increased. of residence for six months or more) can be difficult to apply where a person has more than one usual residence DoP’s view is supported by Figure 6.3 which indicates an or does not have a usual residence (such as nomadic or unexplained change in the trend after 2001. It indicates homeless people)15. The ABS (2008d: 6) lists a number that the Kimberley region apparently decreased in of situations where a person could have more than one population between 2002 and 2006, contrary to strong place of residence: growth both before (1996-2002) and after (2006-2008) the period in question. Broome’s growth is shown as Workers relatively low in 2001-2006 compared to 1996-2001, ;>;D gdiVi^dcVa ldg`Zghl]dgZh^YZ[dgVÃmZY Derby-West Kimberley and Hall’s Creek apparently lost period, typically 2-3 weeks at a time, at a mining or population between 2001 and 2007 and Wyndham-East construction camp or an oil or gas rig. Kimberley stayed much the same. Ldg`Zghl^i]adc\iZgb_dWhdjih^YZYV^an These outcomes are intuitively inconsistent with the commuting distance who have not changed their indigenous population profile of the component shires, usual residence due (for example) to family ties or mining activity indicating greater workforce participation a desire not to disrupt their children’s education. by Kimberley residents13 and, in the case of Broome, Weekend, beginning/end of roster, contract and with evidence of land shortages and strong demand for holiday commuting may occur. additional housing (WAPC 2008). BZbWZghd[i]ZVgbZY[dgXZha^k^c\ViVb^a^iVgn 6.2.2. Settlement Pattern installation who maintain private homes With a 2006 population of 11,584 the town of Broome is elsewhere. about the same size as Karratha and Port Hedland in the Pilbara region. The Kimberley’s other main centres and Children their 2006 population are Kununurra (3747), Derby (3092), 8]^aYgZcl]dhZeVgZciha^kZ^chZeVgViZYlZaa^c\h and Halls Creek (1208) each being a local government and the children spend part of their time at each administration centre. Smaller centres include Fitzroy dwelling. Crossing (924), Wyndham (670), Bidyadanga (430), Kalumburu (416) and Looma (395)14. There are also HijYZcihl]dWdVgYVihX]ddaVcYgZijgcidi]Z approximately 100 Aboriginal communities of various family home for the holidays. population sizes scattered throughout the region and about 100 properties servicing the pastoral industry. (DLGRD & KDC 2006). 11 This observation is based on a comprehensive analysis at the smallest possible geographic level (mostly Census Collection district level). 12 DoP has raised its concerns with the ABS about the inadequacy of the sub-state ERP estimates. 13 In the period to 2006 new mining activities included the opening of the Sally Malay nickel mine in 2004/05, commencement of diamond mining at Ellendale in 2002, increases in the workforce at Argyle and drilling at Koolan Island prior to recommencement of mining in 2007 (Hassen, 2004; Taylor, 2003). Most use a fly-in/fly-out workforce with limited population impacts; however, Argyle Diamond Mine increased their employment of local indigenous workers resident in Wyndham-East Kimberley and Halls Creek and the nickel mine has fly-in/fly-our workers resident in Broome. 14 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Urban Centres and Bounded Localities. Place of Usual Residence Profile. 15 The census is a self-reported survey. The ABS (2008d) notes that some confusion arises when people have more than one residence, and some people probably misallocate themselves between the usual residents and visitor groups. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 39 Retirees When the scale of temporary movement is large, such as GZi^gZYeZdeaZl]dheZcYadc\eZg^dYhVlVn[gdb the tourist season in the Kimberley, it places pressure home, typically when it is winter at home. on local services in small towns and can temporarily disadvantage existing residents. Planning in advance for Many of these reasons apply particularly to the Kimberley new services is essential to maintain the quality of life of region: mining and gas exploration utilises FIFO and drive- residents and will be an important outcome of the SIA. in/drive-out workers undertaking regular beginning/end However, once the new services are available the level of of roster, contract, or weekend commuting; retirees service to usual residents is enhanced because the larger (‘grey nomads’) and seasonal workers are attracted from service population enables a greater number and range southern Australia due to the warm, dry winter; and of facilities, including specialised goods and services, to (as in much of regional Australia) permanent residents be provided. sometimes prefer their children to attend metropolitan educational institutions. The service population includes the usual residents of a place, plus non-resident visitors who demand and/or use 6.3.2. Visitors and the Service Population goods and services at that place for a specified time, such as the tourist season or during a short-term employment A feature of the Kimberley population is the extremely contract. The size of the service population16 depends on high number of visitors present on census night. Only the types of goods and services being considered and is 63 per cent of the population present was counted at very difficult to measure (ABS 2008d). home compared to 93 per cent for Western Australia; and 37 per cent were visitors compared to the Western Different types of services have different service Australian average of 7 per cent. In the Kimberley region populations. Some services are required by everyone, there are three main types of visitors: such as water supply, but others are not. For example, seasonal tourists will not usually require primary health Idjg^hihVcYhZVhdcValdg`Zgh!ZheZX^Vaan care as this is usually obtained in their place of origin, during the warm, dry winter months of July, however, they may require treatment for an accident or August and September. The census is taken in an infectious disease. People eat out more often than August so visitors recorded in the census place when at home so more cafes and restaurants will be of enumeration data may indicate a reasonable required at a tourist destination than would normally maximum number of visitors. be supported by the resident population. Similarly, FIFO workers or short-term contractors require some local ;>;DVcYYg^kZ"^c$Yg^kZ"djildg`ZghVgZd[iZc community services in addition to those supplied locally employed by large resource exploration and by employers and those accessed at their home location, extraction industries including the Argyle Diamond however, expenditure on local goods and services tends Mine, Cockatoo and Koolan Island iron ore to be more limited than that of tourists, and there is little mines, the Cadjebut lead-zinc mine, Panoramic contribution to the local economy. Resources (previously Sally Malay) nickel mine and the gas exploration supply base at Broome. Unlike Therefore, the SIA will account for usual residents plus tourists, these visitors tend to be present year- some portion of the visitor population in assessing needs round, on a rotational basis. for services. EZdeaZk^h^i^c\di]ZgeaVXZh[dghdX^VaVcY Numbers of Visitors and Residents cultural reasons. In the Kimberley region 41,778 people were present on census night of whom 26,364 (63 per cent) were counted at home and 15,414 (37 per cent) were visitors17. There were 2934 people who usually reside in the Kimberley who were visiting elsewhere on census night and with the 26,364 counted at home gives a usual residence population of 29,297. Table 6.2 and Figure 6.4 show the visitor and resident populations for local government areas in the region: 16 There are no official estimates of the service population. 17 There were 14,275 who usually live elsewhere in Australia (including dwellings in the same SLA (statistical local area) and 1139 overseas visitors. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing Tables I05 and P01. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 40 Table 6.2. Visitors and Residents in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Count at place of enumeration Estimated Local Government Area Count at place of 8 August 2006 - resident usual residence Counted at population Visitors Total 8 Aug 2006 home 30 June 2006 Broome 11,753 8030 19,783 13,059 14,175 59.4% 40.6% 100% Derby-West Kimberley 5858 2487 8345 6504 7355 70.2% 29.8% 100.0% Halls Creek 2,759 898 3657 3135 3239 75.4% 24.6% 100% Wyndham-East Kimberley 5992 3996 9988 6597 7159 60.0% 40.0% 100.0% Kimberley Region 26,364 15,414 41,778 29,396 31,928 63.1% 36.9% 100% Western Australia 1,850,635 135,612 1,986,247 1,959,086 2,059,381 93.2% 6.8% 100% Sources: Place of enumeration: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Indigenous Profile Table I05 with overseas visitors added from Place of Enumeration Profile Table P01. Place of usual residence: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Basic Community Profile Table B01. Estimated Resident Population: Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3218.0. 19 August 2008 and 23 April 2009. Sources: See Table 6.2 Figure 6.4. Visitors and Residents in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 41 Similarities and differences between local government Visitor Characteristics areas include: Visitor characteristics obtained on census night are only a snapshot for one particular day of the year. They ;dgineZgXZcid[i]ZidiVaedejaVi^dcegZhZci^ci]Z probably indicate the peak visitor population, including Shires of Broome and Wyndham-East Kimberley tourists and those visiting for work related reasons, both were visitors. This is partly explained by the seasonal tourism workers and FIFO year-round rotational towns of Broome and Kununurra being the focus workers. Other seasonal movements, including those of of tourism in the Kimberley and the presence the indigenous population are not revealed by the data. of some FIFO and drive-in/drive out workforce engaged in oil and gas exploration (Broome) and Visitors are predominantly non-indigenous people – diamond mining in Wyndham-East Kimberley. 74 per cent in the region overall. Only 8 per cent overall are indigenous people and 18 per cent of visitors did not BdgZi]Vc]Va[i]Z&*!)&)k^h^idghidi]Z@^bWZgaZn state their indigenous status (Table 6.3 and Figure 6.5). on census night were in Broome (8030 people – 52 per cent) and another quarter stayed in >c7gddbZ!9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZnVcYLncY]Vb" Wyndham-East Kimberley (3996 people – East Kimberley the proportion of non-indigenous 26 per cent). visitors is over 70 per cent with a maximum of 77 per cent in the Shire of Broome. >c=Vaah8gZZ`VcY9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZni]Z presence of visitors in the community is lower at =Vaah8gZZ`VcY9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZn]VkZ 30 per cent and 25 per cent respectively. Tourism the highest representation of indigenous people is less important (especially in Halls Creek) and among their visitors, with 23 per cent and the mining industry workforce is probably a more 17 per cent respectively. important contributor to visitor numbers. K^h^idgcjbWZghVgZgZaVi^kZanadl^c9ZgWn"LZhi Kimberley (2487 people – 16 per cent of visitors) and Halls Creek (898 people – 6 per cent). Table 6.3.Indigenous Status of Visitors in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Local Government Indigenous Non Indigenous Total Area Indigenous Status Not Stated Broome 322 4.0% 6170 76.8% 1538 19.2% 8030 100% Derby-West Kimberley 425 17.1% 1779 71.5% 283 11.4% 2487 100% Halls Creek 208 23.2% 520 57.9% 170 18.9% 898 100% Wyndham-East Kimberley 269 6.7% 2965 74.2% 762 19.1% 3996 100% Kimberley Region 1221 7.9% 11,436 74.2% 2757 17.9% 15,414 100% Sources: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Indigenous Profile Table I05 with overseas visitors added from Place of Enumeration Profile Table P01. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 42 Sources: See Table 6.3 Figure 6.5. Indigenous Status of Visitors in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 The places of origin of visitors are given in Annexure 6.3.3. Internal Migration B Table B.2 and indicate that indigenous visitors tend The 2006 Census identifies 65 per cent of usual residents to come from within the Kimberley and elsewhere in as having lived at their present address one year ago Western Australia. The data also suggest that non- (Table 6.4 and Figure 6.6) compared to 75 per cent in indigenous visitors emphasise long distance travel: Western Australia as a whole. However, a relatively large proportion of people in the Kimberley region did not Bdhid[i]Z&''&^cY^\ZcdjheZdeaZXdbZ[gdb state whether they had moved – 14 per cent compared to elsewhere in Western Australia. Of these 574 7 per cent in Western Australia. Five years before, (47 per cent) came from homes elsewhere in 42 per cent were at the same address compared to the same shire and 526 (43 per cent) were from 48 per cent in the State, with the ‘not stated’ category elsewhere in Western Australia. The remaining being 15 per cent and 8 per cent respectively. The large 121 (10 per cent) came from elsewhere in proportion who did not give their migration status makes Australia, including 79 (6 per cent) from the it difficult to draw conclusions, but it appears that turnover Northern Territory. in the Kimberley population occurs at about the same rate as in the State generally. However, an important D[i]Z&&!)(+cdc^cY^\Zcdjhk^h^idghdcan(&* (3 per cent) were visiting from homes in the same effect of the high level of uncertainty in the Kimberley shire. The vast majority came from elsewhere in migration data mean that population projections are Western Australia (5494 people – 48 per cent) or subject to greater uncertainty than elsewhere in the the other states and territories of Australia ( State (see section 6.4.1). 5627 people – 49 per cent). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 43 Table 6.4. Place of Residence One Year Ago and Five Years Ago - Usual Residents of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Table 6.4. Place of Residence One Year Ago and Five Years Ago - Usual Residents of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Local Government Same Same Different SLA in Not Total Area Address SLAa statedc WA NT Else Over- Not Total or where seas Statedb QLD in Aust Address one year ago Broome 7884 1173 1030 250 289 108 40 2890 2062 12,836 Derby-West Kimberley 4599 542 462 89 75 35 33 1236 517 6352 Halls Creek 2170 237 162 71 52 12 4 538 358 3066 Wyndham-E Kimberley 4061 613 435 178 135 62 22 1445 986 6492 Kimberley Region 18,720 2564 2091 582 555 214 104 6110 3918 28,748 Broome 61.4% 9.1% 8.0% 1.9% 2.3% 0.8% 0.3% 22.5% 16.1% 100% Derby-West Kimberley 72.4% 8.5% 7.3% 1.4% 1.2% 0.6% 0.5% 19.5% 8.1% 100% Halls Creek 70.8% 7.7% 5.3% 2.3% 1.7% 0.4% 0.1% 17.5% 11.7% 100% Wyndham-E Kimberley 62.6% 9.4% 6.7% 2.7% 2.1% 1.0% 0.3% 22.3% 15.2% 100% Kimberley Region 65.1% 8.9% 7.3% 2.0% 1.9% 0.7% 0.4% 21.3% 13.6% 100% Address five years ago Broome 4036 1869 2441 404 685 263 112 5774 2129 11,939 Derby-West Kimberley 3120 843 856 164 158 111 60 2192 537 5849 Halls Creek 1621 289 306 92 85 32 18 822 362 2805 Wyndham-E Kimberley 2297 876 949 364 364 135 43 2731 991 6019 Kimberley Region 11,076 3870 4558 1024 1292 542 234 11,520 4018 26,614 Broome 33.8% 15.7% 20.4% 3.4% 5.7% 2.2% 0.9% 48.4% 17.8% 100% Derby-West Kimberley 53.3% 14.4% 14.6% 2.8% 2.7% 1.9% 1.0% 37.5% 9.2% 100% Halls Creek 57.8% 10.3% 10.9% 3.3% 3.0% 1.1% 0.6% 29.3% 12.9% 100% Wyndham-E Kimberley 38.2% 14.6% 15.8% 6.0% 6.0% 2.2% 0.7% 45.4% 16.5% 100% Kimberley Region 41.6% 14.5% 17.1% 3.8% 4.9% 2.0% 0.9% 43.3% 15.1% 100% Note: a Statistical Local Area. In the Kimberley Region SLAs are equivalent to Local Government Areas. b Includes persons who stated that they were usually resident at a different address one year ago/five years ago but did not state that address. c Includes persons who did not state whether they were usually resident at a different address one year ago/five years ago. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Basic Community Profile Tables B37 and B38. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 44 Figure 6.6. Place of Residence One Year Ago and Five Years Ago - Usual Residents of Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Note: SLA Statistical Local Area. In the Kimberley Region SLAs are equivalent to Local Government Areas Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Basic Community Profile Tables B37 and B38. Derby-West Kimberley and Halls Creek seem to have 6.4. Population Projections somewhat more residentially stable populations than the other two shires. Five years before, in 2001, about 6.4.1. Scenario 1: WA Tomorrow 70 per cent of people lived at the same address or at The Department of Planning, in its role as the State’s another location in the same shire, whereas in Broome demographer, prepares projections of the Estimated and Wyndham-East Kimberley only about half had lived Resident Population (ERP) of regions and local locally for the previous five years. government areas throughout Western Australia. The current projections in WA Tomorrow (Western Australian In the Shire of Broome in-migration exceeds out- Planning Commission 2005) followed the 2001 Census migration overall. In-migration is highest in the and use 2003 as the base year. New projections based on 20-34 age groups, probably indicative of movement to the the 2006 Census are being prepared in 2009. shire for employment reasons. Out-migration is highest among 25-39 year olds with a smaller peak at age 10-14 The projections use a cohort component model in which years. This perhaps indicates a pattern of movement of the population for the following year is projected by younger singles and couples to the shire for employment ‘ageing’ the base population by one year, including the or lifestyle reasons followed by out-migration associated number of babies born (estimated using an age and with the secondary education needs of children. sex-specific fertility rate), adding net migration and subtracting deaths (estimated using an age-specific mortality rate) from each single-year age-sex cohort18. In regions with high indigenous populations (including the Kimberley) population projections are often subject to greater uncertainty than elsewhere. It is noted (WAPC 2005, pp. 104-5) that it is particularly difficult to model the indigenous population in regions with remote communities because births are not well recorded and a better understanding of internal migration is needed. 18 Fertility and mortality were weighted according to the ratio of indigenous to non-indigenous people as counted in the ABS 2001 Census of Population and Housing (WAPC 2005: 104-5). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 45 The projections do not explicitly model economic activity; 6.4.2. Scenario 2: Adjust WA Tomorrow 2005 however, trends in employment growth associated Using the Pre-Census 2006 Base ERP with economic activity are implied in the migration assumptions. These are developed from past trends, and Scenario 2 assumes that the official ABS ERP estimates knowledge of committed new projects. Major possible for 2006 made before the 2006 Census (ABS 2007b) for new economic activity representing a departure from past the Kimberley region (35,865 persons) are correct. The trends, such as the Browse LNG project, are not factored shire populations are assumed to maintain their pre- into the WA Tomorrow 2005 (WAPC 2005) migration census share of the region’s population. These shares assumptions19. The projections indicate the most likely are the same as those identified in the WA Tomorrow 2005 scenario assuming that past trends and current new projections. commitments continue. As such, the projections provide a suitable conceptual basis for the baseline projections 7VX`\gdjcY needed to assess the impact of the BLNG precinct. A key issue with the official ABS ERP series (ABS 2008c, Based on the (then) preliminary 2003 ERP of 34,369 ABS 2009) is the new method used by the ABS to revise (ABS 2004), the WA Tomorrow 2005 expectation is that the ERP series for 2002-2006 (see section 6.1.2). In the Kimberley’s ERP will grow from a projected 38,600 section 6.2.1 it was shown that the trend in the 2002-2006 persons in 2006 to 51,400 in 2016 (2.9 per cent per annum) official data is difficult to credit. and 70,400 people by 2031 (2.1 per cent per annum 2016 Discussion with DoP indicates that the indigenous 20 to 2031) (Table 6.5). undercount is not fully represented in the post-2006 ERP Growth in the Kimberley is projected to be high in (ABS 2009). The post-2006 ERP needs to be readjusted the context of the State. It arises from high fertility upwards although it remains unclear as to what extent. assumptions (relative to the rest of Western Australia) This scenario rejects the post-census revisions of 2002- due to the importance of indigenous people - who have 2006 ERP and bases Scenario 2 on pre-census ERP (ABS relatively high fertility rates - in the region’s population. 2007b). Regions with a significant proportion of indigenous BZi]dY people are the only regions in Western Australia where the number of births is projected to be greater than the A simple two-stage ratio method is used to adjust WA number of deaths in 2031 (WAPC 2005). Tomorrow 2005 projections to the ABS estimates for 2006 that were made before the census results were available The WA Tomorrow projections are presented in summary (ABS 2007b): in Table 6.5 and Annexure B Table B.3 contains details by five-year age groups for each year, 2006-2021. First, it is assumed that the Kimberley region population will be 93 per cent of that projected by WA Tomorrow The performance of the WA Tomorrow 2005 projections 2005. This is based on the actual (pre-census) ERP for is difficult to evaluate at present. The final official ABS 2006 (35,865) being 93 per cent of the WA Tomorrow 2005 ERP for the Kimberley in 2006 is 31,928 (ABS 2008b; projection for 2006 (38,600). ABS 2009) which is 6672 (17 per cent) short of the WA Tomorrow 2005 projection for 2006. However, as noted Second, the revised Kimberley region projection is in section 6.2.1, the official 2002-2008 ERP figures are allocated to local government areas assuming that each considered to be low and work is in progress at DoP will maintain a share of the regional population reported to review them as the basis for the next series of WA in the (pre-census) ERP for 2006 (ABS 2007b). Tomorrow projections. The WAPC’s official projections for local government areas, and aggregates such as state No major resource projects such as the BLNG precinct development regions, are expected to be available in are included in this “business as usual” approach. mid to late 2010. Updated population projections will be The Scenario 2 baseline projections (Table 6.5) for the included in the management plan to be developed from Kimberley region shows ERP rising from 35,865 persons the SIA. In the interim, two alternative baseline scenarios, in 2006 to 46,260 in 2016 (2.58 per cent per annum) and prepared by adjusting the WA Tomorrow 2005 projections, 65,400 people by 2031 (2.1 per cent per annum 2016 to are presented below. 2031). 19 Committed projects identified in the WAPC’s 2004 Country Land Development Program are included. The only regions where future major mining ventures have been factored into the projections are the Shires of Ravensthorpe and East Pilbara (WAPC 2005: 104). 20 Note that these growth rates are calculated from the output projections. Growth rate assumptions are NOT made in a cohort component projection. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 46 6.4.3. Scenario 3: Adjust WA Tomorrow 2005 Second, the revised Kimberley region projection is Using Post-Census 2006 Base ERP allocated to local government areas assuming that each will maintain its 2008 share of the regional population. Scenario 3 assumes that the current official ABS ERP estimates for 2006 made after the 2006 census (ABS No major resource projects, such as the Browse LNG 2009) for the Kimberley region (31,328 persons) are precinct, are included in this “business as usual” correct and that the shire populations will maintain their approach. 2008 share of the region’s population. The Scenario 3 baseline projections (Table 6.5) for the 7VX`\gdjcY Kimberley region shows ERP rising from 31,928 persons in 2006 to 42,500 in 2016 (2.9 per cent per annum) and The ABS has not adjusted its Kimberley region ERP 58,200 people by 2031 (2.1 per cent per annum 2016 to estimates for 2002-2006 in its second post-2006 Census 2031). release (ABS 2009). Minor adjustments to the populations of component local government areas have, however, 6.4.4. Initial Baseline Projections been made implying confidence in its ERP estimation methodology. Table 6.5 and Figure 6.7 present a summary of WA Tomorrow 2005 and the alternative adjustments made for BZi]dY the SIA using different base data for 2006. A simple two-stage ratio method is used to adjust the WA Tomorrow 2005 projections to the current ABS estimates for 2006 (ABS 2009): First, it is assumed that the Kimberley region population will be 83 per cent of that projected by WA Tomorrow 2005. This is based on the actual (post-census) ERP for 2006 (31,328) being 83 per cent of the WA Tomorrow 2005 projection for 2006 (38,600). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 47 Table 6.5. Population Projections for the Kimberley Region and Component Local Government Areas - Initial Baseline Scenarios LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION AT 30 JUNE - Baseline Scenario 1: WA Tomorrow 2005a 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 projected Broome 15,600 18,000 20,700 23,800 26,800 29,800 Derby-West Kimberley 9700 11,700 13,700 15,100 16,700 17,900 Halls Creek 4700 5400 6200 7200 8000 8900 Wyndham-East Kimberley 8600 9800 10,800 11,800 12,900 13,800 Kimberley Region 38,600 44,900 51,400 57,900 64,300 70,400 Baseline Scenario 2: WA Tomorrow with pre-census 2006 base Kimberley Region = 93 percent of WA Tomorrow 2005, and shires have the same share of the region as in the pre- census 2006 ERPb Assumed 2006 pre 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 share censusb Broome 41% 14,706 17,100 19,600 22,100 24,500 26,800 Derby-West Kimberley 25% 8,800 10,400 11,900 13,500 14,900 16,300 Halls Creek 12% 4587 5000 5700 6500 7200 7800 Wyndham-East Kimberley 22% 7,772 9,200 10,500 11,800 13,100 14,400 Kimberley Region 100% 35,865 41,700 47,800 53,800 59,800 65,400 Baseline Scenario 3: WA Tomorrow with post-census 2006 base Kimberley Region = 83 percent of WA Tomorrow 2005, and the shires have the same share of the region as in the post-census 2006 ERPc Assumed 2006 post 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 share censusc Broome 45% 14,175 16,700 19,100 21,600 23,900 26,200 Derby-West Kimberley 23% 7355 8500 9800 11,000 12,200 13,400 Halls Creek 10% 3239 3700 4300 4800 5300 5800 Wyndham-East Kimberley 22% 7159 8200 9400 10,500 11,700 12,800 Kimberley Region 100% 31,928 37,100 42,500 47,900 53,200 58,200 Notes: a Current official State Government population projections following the 2001 Census. WAPC (2005) Population projections for planning regions 2004 to 2031 and local government areas 2004 to 2021. Population Report No. 6. Prepared by the then Department for Planning and Infrastructure for the Western Australian Planning Commission, Perth, November. b ABS estimate of 2006 ERP – the last in the post 2001 census series made before the 2006 Census results were used to finalise ERP Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0. 27 February 2007. c The most recent ABS estimate of 2006 ERP made using the 2006 Census results. Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Cat No. 3218.0 23 April 2009. Shire totals may not add to the Kimberley Region totals due to rounding. Projections for Local Government Areas beyond 2021 are indicative only. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 48 Figure 6.7. Population Projections for the Kimberley Region and Component Government Areas - Initial Baseline Scenarios Ranges in the projected population increases between 6.5. Workforce 2006 and 2031 are: 6.5.1. The Working Population Profile Shire of Broome 12,000 to 14,200 In this section, the ABS Working Population Profile is used Shire of Derby-West Kimberley 6000 to 8200 to identify jobs located in the four shires of the Kimberley region. The data are based on a person’s place of work, Kimberley Region 26,400 to 31,800 and includes both people who are usual residents of the area and those who have travelled from other places. These projections indicate that the anticipated population growth will present significant economic development 6.5.2. Local Jobs by Industrial Sector challenges to the region. In 2006 the number of jobs at workplaces in the Kimberley region was 13,321 of which 5563 (42 per cent) were in the Shire of Broome. Approximately one quarter of jobs is in each of Derby-West Kimberley and Wyndham-East Kimberley while Halls Creek has only 8 per cent of jobs (Table 6.6 and Figure 6.8). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 49 Table 6.6. Jobs by Industrial Sector in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Industrial Sector Broome Derby-West Halls Creek Wyndham- Kimberley Kimberley East Region Kimberley Agriculture forestry and fishing 200 168 61 278 701 Mining 7 318 73 638 1041 Manufacturing 203 55 39 153 446 Construction and utilities a 494 193 33 215 935 Retail trade 641 166 46 314 1165 Accommodation and food services 721 97 28 238 1085 Transport and wholesale trade b 437 103 17 233 790 Business and administrative services c 667 152 29 274 1114 Public administration and safety 561 677 259 354 1851 Education and training 508 250 105 247 1110 Health care and social assistance 662 660 296 280 1900 Arts, recreation and other services d 315 216 51 239 826 Inadequately described/not stated 147 109 31 73 357 Total 5563 3164 1068 3536 13,321 41.8% 23.8% 8.0% 26.5% 100.0% Agriculture forestry and fishing 3.6% 5.3% 5.7% 7.9% 5.3% Mining 0.1% 10.1% 6.8% 18.0% 7.8% Manufacturing 3.6% 1.7% 3.7% 4.3% 3.3% Construction and utilities a 8.9% 6.1% 3.1% 6.1% 7.0% Retail trade 11.5% 5.2% 4.3% 8.9% 8.7% Accommodation and food services 13.0% 3.1% 2.6% 6.7% 8.1% Transport and wholesale trade b 7.9% 3.3% 1.6% 6.6% 5.9% Business and administrative services c 12.0% 4.8% 2.7% 7.7% 8.4% Public administration and safety 10.1% 21.4% 24.3% 10.0% 13.9% Education and training 9.1% 7.9% 9.8% 7.0% 8.3% Health care and social assistance 11.9% 20.9% 27.7% 7.9% 14.3% Arts, recreation and other servicesd 5.7% 6.8% 4.8% 6.8% 6.2% Inadequately described/Not stated 2.6% 3.4% 2.9% 2.1% 2.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Notes: a. Construction plus electricity, gas, water and waste services. b. Transport, postal and warehousing plus wholesale trade. c. Information media and telecommunications, financial and insurance services, rental hiring and real estate services, professional scientific and technical services plus administrative and support services. d. Arts and recreation services plus other services. e. Industry of employment is coded to the 2006 Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) edition. This has replaced the 1993 ANZSIC edition. f Includes employed persons aged 15 years and over counted at the place of work. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Working Population Profile Table W12 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 50 Figure 6.8. Jobs by Industrial Sector in Local Government areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 The main features of the workforce profile are: I]ZbVcj[VXijg^c\hZXidg^hgZaVi^kZanjc^bedgiVci at 3 per cent in the Kimberley compared to 10 per Bdhi_dWh^ci]Z@^bWZgaZngZ\^dcVgZ^ci]Z cent in the State. However, the construction and services sector, with 36 per cent in public transport sectors, which support the mining and administration and safety, education and training tourist industries, together account for 17 per cent and health care and social assistance which is of jobs in the Kimberley which is similar to 18 per higher than in Western Australia as a whole with cent in Western Australia. 25 per cent. Derby-West Kimberley and Halls Although ABS census data provide an indication of where Creek have notably high numbers in these sectors people work, the data suffer from the undercount noted – 50 per cent and 60 per cent respectively, whereas in section 6.1.2. The labour force series utilised by the Broome is high, but is closer to the WA level with Commonwealth’s Department of Education, Employment 31 per cent. and Workplace Relations indicates that the labour force 7VhZ^cYjhig^Zh!^cXajY^c\b^c^c\!VcYV\g^XjaijgZ was 16,743 persons for September quarter 2006, which 21 and fishing, although less labour intensive, are the is 3422 higher (26 per cent) than the census figure . key drivers of economic and employment growth According to these data, the labour force in the Kimberley in the region (see Section 5.3). Thirteen percent region consisted of around 18,000 people in March 2008 of jobs are in these sectors in the Kimberley (DLGRD 2008a). compared to 7 per cent in Western Australia. The development of the LNG precinct about 60km from Broome is unique in the region, with very few jobs Broome would diversify the local economy and further in mining. strengthen Broome’s regional predominance in relation to workforce and population. Idjg^hb^hVahdh^\c^ÃXVci^ci]ZgZ\^dcVcY^i supports a large proportion of jobs in retail trade, 6.5.3. Local Jobs and Long Distance Commuting and accommodation food services - 17 per cent The mining industry in remote Western Australia relies in the Kimberley which is the same as Western heavily on FIFO workers who reside mainly in Perth. Australia as a whole. One quarter of jobs in Detailed data on FIFO into the Kimberley are not available, Broome are in these sectors reflecting the strong but the scale of long distance commuting is indicated local tourist industry. by the fact that in 2008, there were around 2000 flights departing from Perth for regional areas alone each month (Chamber of Minerals and Energy 2008), with around 70 per cent of these flying directly to oil, gas and 21 This parallels the suspected Census undercount discussed in section 6.1.2. mining centres. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 51 Further indications of the importance of FIFO to mining Overall, 84 per cent of jobs located in the Kimberley region activity in the Kimberley can be obtained from the 2006 were held by people who usually live in the region. This Census Working Population Profile. The matrix in Table is notably higher than the Pilbara region where the level 6.7 shows the place of residence of the workforce working of self containment is only 71 per cent. Over one quarter in the local government areas of the Kimberley region at (6749 people - 29 per cent) of the workforce travels long the 2006 Census. The Pilbara region, which has a high distances to jobs in the Pilbara – evidence of the large proportion of jobs in the mining sector, is included for FIFO mining workforce that lives mainly in metropolitan comparison. Perth (18 per cent) and other places in regional Western Australia (6 per cent) including a small number who travel from Broome and elsewhere in the Kimberley region. Table 6.7. Places of Residence of Workers in Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 PLACE OF WORK PLACE OF RESIDENCE Broome Derby-West Halls Creek Wyndham- Kimberley Pilbara Kimberley East Region Region Kimberley Broome 4995 88 29 22 5134 39 Derby-West Kimberley 10 2476 10 12 2508 12 Halls Creek 3 20 838 27 888 – Wyndham-East Kimberley 5 9 26 2621 2,661 4 Kimberley Region 5013 2593 903 2682 11,191 55 Pilbara Region 3 – 3 17 16,832 Metro Perth 183 185 38 357 763 4350 Other WA 107 19 130 349 1383 Northern Territory 16 13 50 80 159 28 Queensland 41 124 9 69 243 228 Other States & Territories 117 120 22 107 366 495 Off-Shore Areas & Migratory 19 3 – – 22 34 No Usual Address 72 36 16 87 211 176 Total 5565 3184 1057 3515 13,321 23,581 Broome 89.8% 2.8% 2.7% 0.6% 38.5% 0.2% Derby-West Kimberley 0.2% 77.8% 0.9% 0.3% 18.8% 0.1% Halls Creek (S) 0.1% 0.6% 79.3% 0.8% 6.7% 0.0% Wyndham-East Kimberley 0.1% 0.3% 2.5% 74.6% 20.0% 0.0% Kimberley Region 90.1% 81.4% 85.4% 76.3% 84.0% 0.2% Pilbara Region 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 71.4% Metro Perth 3.3% 5.8% 3.6% 10.2% 5.7% 18.4% Other WA 1.7% 3.4% 1.8% 3.7% 2.6% 5.9% Northern Territory 0.3% 0.4% 4.7% 2.3% 1.2% 0.1% Queensland 0.7% 3.9% 0.9% 2.0% 1.8% 1.0% Other States & Territories 2.1% 3.8% 2.1% 3.0% 2.7% 2.1% Off-Shore Areas & Migratory 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% No Usual Address 1.3% 1.1% 1.5% 2.5% 1.6% 0.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Note: a. Includes persons aged 15 years and over. b. Excludes overseas visitors. Live and work in the same Local Government Area or region. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Cross-tabulation of Place of Work by Place of Usual Residence Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 52 Within the Kimberley region the Shire of Broome has the smallest proportion of jobs in the mining sector and, at 7. Characteristics of Impact 90 per cent, has the highest level of self-containment. Area Communities Nevertheless, Broome has a relatively large workforce and actual numbers of long distance commuters in Broome are comparable or higher than numbers in other 7.1. Impact Area Communities Shires of the Kimberley. Further, the largest movement of workers within the Kimberley region is between Broome 7.1.1. Location and Derby-West Kimberley. Though relatively small (88 In comparison to some of the other sites short-listed workers) this supports anecdotal evidence that Broome as a potential site for the proposed LNG precinct, the is favoured as a place of residence for lifestyle reasons. James Price Point site has limited direct social impact as there is no permanent population within 10km. The only Lower levels of workforce self-containment are community within the primary impact area is the urban associated with FIFO workers employed in large centre of Broome, some 60km from the site. resource extraction activities and related manufacturing, construction, transport and professional, scientific and Settlement in the secondary impact area is influenced technical services: by rugged terrain or semi-arid environments and accessibility by road is limited. In the Shire of Broome, I]Z6g\naZ9^VbdcYB^cZ^hVbV_dgZbeadnZg a number of indigenous communities are located near of FIFO workers and the Shire of Wyndham-East the coast, the largest of which are Bidyadanga, Ardyaloon Kimberley has a workforce self-containment rate (One Arm Point), Djarindjin/Lombadina and Beagle Bay23. of only 75 per cent which is comparable with the Settlement in the surrounding region – the balance of the Pilbara. Travelling long distances, mainly from Shire of Broome – is dispersed, consisting of indigenous Perth and regional Western Australia, is 25 per outstations and homelands communities, pastoral cent (14 per cent). Very few workers travel from industry homesteads and commercial accommodation elsewhere in the Kimberley (61 workers - 2 per such as tourist facilities. Each of the larger communities cent) but relatively large numbers come from the provides services for the very small communities in Northern Territory and Queensland (149 workers - surrounding districts (Environmental Health Needs 22 4 per cent) . Coordinating Committee (EHNCC) 2004, p80). 9ZgWn"LZhi@^bWZgaZnVcY=Vaah8gZZ`]VkZ Communities in the secondary impact area are not similar levels of self-containment – 78 per cent places where new incoming workforce and population and 79 per cent respectively – which are related arising from the development of the LNG precinct will to the FIFO workers working at the development reside, and consequential needs for new infrastructure of new iron ore mines at Cockatoo and Koolan in these places will be minimal. Rather, they are places Islands, the Ellendale diamond mine and from which existing residents may come to work at the Panoramic Resources (previously Sally Malay) site, as long distance, drive-in/drive-out commuters who nickel mine. The Cadjebut lead-zinc mine was not are accommodated in Broome or the site when rostered operating at the time of the census, but workforce for work. self-containment would normally be about the same in Derby-West Kimberley, as most of these In the Shire of Derby-West Kimberley, Derby, including the workers resided in Broome. indigenous community of Mowanjum, is also within long distance commuting range24. Other small communities >c7gddbZ!i]Z\VhZmeadgVi^dchjeeanWVhZ in the Shire tend to be concentrated in the Fitzroy Valley employs FIFO workers. The seasonal workforce and along the Gibb River Road. Some communities associated with the tourist industry also attracts are theoretically within commuting distance of the site short term workers who normally live elsewhere. (e.g. Looma) but the distance to Broome and poor road Unless there is a shift in company and government policy, conditions combined, make accessibility difficult, and FIFO is likely to remain a significant source of employment they are not, therefore, within the project’s secondary in the region as the oil and gas (including LNG) sectors impact area. expand. Experience in the Pilbara shows that the use of FIFO workers reduces the net economic and employment impact on the local economy when compared to the use of a localised workforce. Further issues relating to FIFO workforce arrangements are discussed in Section 9.3. 22 Note that the number of jobs at Argyle Diamond Mine appears to have decreased since 2003 when 164 jobs of a total of 584 (28 per cent) were held by local residents (Taylor, 2003). This approximates the self containment rate reported in the 2006 Census, although the number of jobs in higher. 23 Identified as Indigenous Locations in the 2006 Census. 24 Tjarramba near the Broome-Derby Road is within commuting distance and is identified by the ABS as the Pandanus Park Indigenous Locality; however, the population was too small in 2006 to allow publication of any data. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 53 7.1.2. Population Size The population size of impact area communities in 2006 reported as Census counts of usual residents25 is shown in Figure 7.1. As noted in Section 6, the 2006 Census significantly undercounted the indigenous population, and most of the small communities are actually larger than indicated by the ABS. In the 2004 Environmental Health Needs Survey (EHNS) (EHNCC 2004) community representatives estimated the number of usual residents to be 50 per cent larger or even double the size recorded in the census26. The 2004 EHNS survey data are not directly comparable, particularly for the larger indigenous communities where numbers may be over-estimated due to the difficulty of estimating large populations (EHNCC 2004, p30). The true size of these communities lies somewhere between the census and the health survey figures. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing Tables I01 and I05 Figure 7.1. Population of Impact Area Communities in Size Order in 2006 The town of Broome, with 11,545 residents dominates 7.1.3. Approach to SIA Demographics the impact area, having 88 per cent of the Shire’s usual Communities in the Shire of Broome – particularly resident population. It is nearly four times the size those on the Dampier Peninsula – are the focus of the of Derby, which, with the indigenous community of SIA. Derby-Mowanjum is functionally linked to service Mowanjum, comprises the Derby urban centre. provision by the Shire of Derby-West Kimberley and other Derby-based agencies, so they are not included in the Bidyadanga is the largest of the indigenous communities demographic analysis of this scoping document. with a 2006 population of 426. The communities on the Dampier Peninsula (Ardyaloon, Beagle Bay and Djarindjin/ The ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing is Lombadina) are about half this size, with populations in the main data source available to identify community the range 199 – 263. At least 45 smaller settlements exist characteristics. Within the Shire of Broome, the town of in the surrounding Broome pastoral area (EHNCC 2004) Broome and the indigenous communities of Bidyadanga, which had an ABS reported population of 409 in 2006. Ardyaloon (One Arm Point), Djarindjin/Lombadina and Beagle Bay are identified as Indigenous Locations in Broome, Derby and the pastoral area were the only places the 2006 Census, and data that identifies the indigenous that recorded significant numbers of visitors, a reflection and non-indigenous components of usual residents of tourist destinations in these places. are available in the ABS Indigenous Profile. Indigenous census data are reported for the surrounding dispersed 25 See definitions in section 6.1.1. Census counts of persons based on place of usual residence are lower than the estimated resident population data reported for the Shire of Brome and the settlement in the pastoral region in one very large Kimberley Region in Section 6. However, detailed characteristics and the populations of small Indigenous Location that covers the whole of the Shire, places are only available as census counts and it is necessary to use this different data series to identify community characteristics. excluding Broome and the aforementioned indigenous 26 Bidyadanga had 850 residents in 2004 which is nearly double the ABS 2006 figure of 426. communities (see Figure 7.2). Ardyaloon had 400 residents (double the 211 reported in the Census) and Beagle Bay had 300 residents (50 per cent more than the 199 reported by the Census). In the Broome pastoral areas, the 2004 population of indigenous communities was 886 yet the 2006 Census recorded a total population of only 409 including indigenous and non-indigenous places. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 54 Note: Fitzroy River (ILOC 2601307) extends into Halls Creek LGA Figure 7.2. West Kimberley Region – Australian Bureau of Statistics Indigenous Locations, 2006 Unfortunately, detailed demographic profiles developed The analysis of community indigenous status by sex in from census data for the small communities tend to be Section 7.3 divides the population into only two categories unreliable: (males and females) but the non-indigenous numbers are small. Most of the other relevant demographic I]Z^ghbVaah^oZgZhjaih^cZmigZbZanhbVaa characteristics have more finely categorised data and numbers when population and households in numbers become very small and less reliable. Large the community are divided into small categories, numbers are statistically more reliable so the approach such as age groups or family types, and are adopted is to aggregate the small communities into one further separated into their indigenous and spatial category to increase the reliability of conclusions non-indigenous components. To protect the to be drawn from the data. The town of Broome and the confidentiality of personal details reported in the combined small communities cover the whole of the census, the ABS randomly adjusts the numbers Shire of Broome. in small data cells, such that the true value is not necessarily reported (ABS, 2006 p200). An analysis supporting an understanding of the relative needs 7.2. Community Characteristics - of different communities relies on the comparison Statistical Summary of the number of people or households with a particular characteristic in different communities. A summary of the key demographics of the town of If all the communities are small, and all the Broome, the Primary Impact Area, is provided in Table 7.1. data cells have been randomly adjusted, such Annexure C contains detailed data for the indigenous and comparisons are invalid and will lead to erroneous non-indigenous population, including the characteristics conclusions. of the small communities and the Kimberley region. Percentages for Western Australia are included for >ci]Z@^bWZgaZngZ\^dci]ZhbVaacjbWZgh comparison. problem is exacerbated by the census undercount (see section 6.1.2) which affects different age-sex groups to different degrees; for example young adult males have the highest level of non-response and the largest undercount (see ABS, 2007c). Under-representation of this leads to bias in the community profiles developed from the reported data, especially where numbers are small and the undercount is large. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 55 Table 7.1. Demographic Summary of the Primary Impact Area Broome Urban Broome Shire Western Characteristic Centre (LGA) Australia Population Characteristics Resident Population 11,547 13,058 1,959,087 Number of Occupied Private Dwellings 5721 6571 757,989 Number of Households (excludes “visitors only” and 3468 3835 703,168 non-classifiable households) Sex ratio (males: females) 107: 100 107: 100 99: 100 Percentage indigenous population 20.2% (2,337) 27.2% (3,557) 3.0% Median Age (years) 32 32 36 Median age of indigenous population (years) 24 22 21 Median age of non-indigenous population (years) 34 34 36 Speaks only English 78.5% (9,060) 79.4% (10,368) 81.8% Percentage separated or divorced (aged 15 years and 12.5% (1,108) 11.9%( 1,176) 11.6% over) Percentage one-parent families 15.8% (385) 17.2% (474) 14.8% (includes one-person families with no dependent children or students) Age Groups 0-4 years Pre school 8.1% (940) 8.6% (1,118) 6.4% 5-12 years Primary school 12.4% (1,436) 13.0% (1,697) 14.4% 13-17 years High school 5.6% (652) 6.1% (794) 6.5% 18-24 years Youth 9.6% (1,111) 9.8% (1,286) 10.7% 25-44 years Providers 36.5% (4,214) 35.7% (4,666) 33.5% 45-54 years Middle Age 15% (1,732) 9.8% (1,880) 13.3% 55-64 years Pre-retirement 8.2% (945) 7.9% (1,027) 7.6% 65-74 years Active retired 3.2% (368) 2.9% (412) 3.3% 75+ Elderly 1.3% (149) 1.4% (178) 1.5% Home Ownership Percentage (of occupied private dwellings) fully owned 29.0% (1,661) 30.4% (1,997) 31.4% Percentage mortgaged 17.1% (976) 15.0% (988) 37.6% Percentage rental housing 35.1% (2,009) 52.5% (2,321) 27.2% Change of Address Percentage same address 1 year ago 58.9% (6,679) 61.4% (7,883) 74.7% Percentage same address 5 years ago 29.4% (3114) 33.8% (4036) 47.7% Household Median housing loan repayment ($/monthly) 1733 1733 1213 Median weekly rent ($/weekly) 163 143 170 Median individual income ($/weekly) 628 568 500 Median weekly household income ($/weekly) 1184 1129 1066 Percentage of family households (of total occupied 68.7% (2,379) 69.5% (2,664) 71.7% private dwellings) Percentage of lone person households 24.2% (839) 23.9% (918) 24.7% Percentage of group households 7.1% (246) 6.6% (252) 3.6% Percentage of households with Internet connection 59.3%(2056) 55.7%(2136) 63.2% Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 56 Broome Urban Broome Shire Western Characteristic Centre (LGA) Australia Motor Vehicle Ownership Percentage household with one motor vehicle 34.3% (1189) 36.2% (1,388) 34.1% Percentage households with two or more motor 51.6% (1788) 48.0% (1842) 55.6% vehicles Education Percentage completed Year 12 (aged 15 years and over) 35.7% (3,172) 34.6% (3,427) 41.4% Percentage attending pre-schools or primary school 8.7% (1,008) 9.4% (1,223) 8.7% Percentage attending secondary schools 3.6% (412) 3.7% (485) 5.9% Percentage attending a tertiary institution 4.5% (514) 4.1% (538) 5.8% Unemployment a Unemployment rate 4.0% (227) 3.9% (244) 3.8% Unemployment rate (15 to 24 years) 8.7% (78) 8.3% (85) 7.07% Industry of Employment Manufacturing 4.0% (214) 3.7% (221) 9.4% Construction 9.7% (525) 9.09% (542) 9.09% Retail trade 11.7% (630) 10.7% (640) 11.1% Health care and social assistance 10.6% (574) 11.4% (679) 10.2% Professional, scientific & technical services 2.9% (158) 2.8% (168) 6.3% Accommodation and food services 11.2% (604) 10.5% (629) 5.8% Public administration and safety 8.3% (448) 9.8% (585) 6.4% Note: a. Community Development Employment Program (CDEP) participants (Indigenous) in both Broome and surrounding communities are counted as ‘employed’. Since the 2006 Census, CDEP has been abolished in Broome (and Derby) and this may alter the above-quoted employment statistics. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 57 7.3. Indigenous Residents Of the local government areas in the Kimberley region, the Shire of Broome, with 27 per cent has the lowest and Sex Ratios proportion of indigenous people and is more similar 7.3.1. Indigenous Status to Wyndham-East Kimberley (34 per cent) than it is to Derby West-Kimberley (62 per cent) or Halls Creek (79 The Kimberley region has a particularly large proportion per cent). of indigenous people compared to other regions and Western Australia as a whole. The 2006 Census recorded Figure 7.3 shows the indigenous and non-indigenous 42.1 per cent of the Kimberley usual resident population proportions of the populations of the small communities (12,322 persons) being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait in the impact area and Annexure C Table C.1 presents the Islander descent, while for Western Australia, the detailed data. proportion of indigenous people was 3.0 per cent. In fact, around one-fifth of the State’s indigenous population resides in the Kimberley27. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing See Annexure C Table C.1 Figure 7.3. Indigenous Status of Usual Residents, 2006 Urban Broome is noticeably different to other centres in Although indigenous people constitute only 20.2% of the the Kimberley, with its indigenous population comprising population in Urban Broome, two thirds of the Shire’s only 20.2 per cent of the total. Derby, with an indigenous indigenous population lives there (2337 persons – proportion of 40 per cent, is the only other place where 65.7 per cent). non-indigenous people have a higher representation in the community. However, 15.7 per cent of people in 7.3.2. Sex Ratios Urban Broome and 11.9 per cent in Derby did not state The sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) their indigenous status, which creates some difficulty in describes the balance between males and females in interpreting many of the characteristics discussed in the the population. In the State as a whole the sex ratio is following sections. balanced with 99 males per 100 females. In the Kimberley region the sex ratio is somewhat high at 106 overall, and The small centres are indigenous communities where is high for the non-indigenous population at 116. The the proportion of indigenous residents is generally over higher number of males to females perhaps reflects the 85 per cent, with Bidyadanga, Beagle Bay and Mowanjum employment structure of the region (see section 6.5). having 90 per cent or more. The surrounding Broome pastoral area has a lower proportion of indigenous people Residents of Urban Broome (and the Shire) had a sex ratio (55.4 per cent). Numbers which did not state their status of 107 males per 100 females, indicating a somewhat are extremely low in these places. greater proportion of males to females compared to Western Australia. However, the indigenous population of the town is relatively well balanced at 102. Again, the relatively high rate (108) for the non-indigenous population is likely to be related to job opportunities and a tendency for in-migrants to be single males. 27 It should be noted that the 2006 Census also recorded a significant proportion of people in the Kimberley region, 11.9 per cent, who did not state their indigenous status. In comparison, 6.5 per cent of Western Australians did not state their indigenous status in the census. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 58 Figure 7.4. Sex Ratio of Usual Residents by Indigenous Status, 2006 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing See Annexure C Table C.1 In contrast, Derby, with a sex ratio of 101, has a balanced Within the impact area, Broome’s pastoral areas exhibited population overall, but there is a marked difference the highest sex ratio of 147 males per 100 females. It is between the indigenous population’s sex ratio of 85, also notable that this area also had the highest number where females predominate, and the non-indigenous of men who did not state their indigenous status - 250 population in which the number of males is relatively males per 100 females. This was proportionately higher high (115). than the next highest sex ratio at Djarindjin/Lombadina where there were 133 males per 100 females that did In the small indigenous communities, the number of non- not identify their indigenous status. Throughout Western indigenous people is small and the very high or very low Australia as a whole, 118 males per 100 females did not sex ratios indicated in Figure 7.4 are unlikely to be reliable identify their indigenous status. due to the random adjustment of small numbers by the ABS. Sex ratios in the predominant indigenous population 7.4. Age Structure tend to be low with relatively more females than males in the community, particularly at Ardyaloon where the sex The Kimberley region has a young population relative to ratio is 82. An exception is Beagle Bay where there were Western Australia. In 2006 the median age was 30 years 117 indigenous males per 100 indigenous females. compared to 36 years for the State. Urban Broome (and the Shire) with a median age of 32 years is also relatively youthful (Table C.2 in Annexure C). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 59 Figure 7.5 illustrates the age distribution of indigenous and non-indigenous residents. Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C.2 Figure 7.5. Age Structure by Indigenous Status, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 60 The median age of indigenous people in the Kimberley 8]^aYgZc^ci]ZegZ"hX]ddaVcYeg^bVgnhX]dda is 22 years which is similar to the Western Australian ages are somewhat under-represented in Urban median of 21 years. The non-indigenous population is Broome (17.6 per cent), the Shire (17.4 per cent) older, with median ages of 35 in the Kimberley and 36 in and the Kimberley (16.4 per cent) compared to the State. the State (19 per cent). This is surprising because communities with a high representation of 25-44 Figure 7.5 illustrates a marked difference between year olds usually have high proportions of children, the age profiles of indigenous and non-indigenous with the two cohorts together forming young residents. At the State level the indigenous population family households. Table C.3 shows that couples has high proportions of children aged 12 years and under with children are under-represented in Broome (32 per cent) compared to the non-indigenous population and the Kimberley (see section 7.4) suggesting (19 per cent); older people aged 55 years and over that employment conditions and family oriented comprise only 10 per cent of the State’s indigenous facilities may not be attractive to the workforce in population compared to 24 per cent of the non-indigenous the family ages which have children. population. These differences reflect the relatively high fertility rates of indigenous women (WAPC 2005) and the =^\]hX]dda"V\ZYX]^aYgZcVgZjcYZg"gZegZhZciZY lower life expectancy of indigenous people (EHNCC 2004, in the Kimberley (4 per cent) and Urban Broome p.21). (4 per cent) compared to the State (7 per cent). Again, this cohort ought to be higher given the high For indigenous residents, the age structure of the representation of the parent age groups. Anecdotal Kimberley region is very similar to that of the State. evidence suggests that, as is often the case in Urban Broome and the Shire exhibit a similar profile, regional Western Australia, parents are choosing though there are somewhat more middle aged and older to send their children to metropolitan schools for people and somewhat fewer children. However, the their secondary school education. small communities have the reverse situation – relatively more pre-school children and fewer aged 45 years and The total population of Broome and the Shire reflects over. These differences, however, are small and the age the characteristics of the non-indigenous population due structure of indigenous residents of Broome is generally to the relatively low proportion of indigenous people (in typical of that of the Kimberley region and the State as a the context of the Kimberley) who live there. The primary whole. workforce ages (25-44 years) are well represented, and there are relatively few elderly people; however, the In contrast, Figure 7.5 shows that the age structure of the proportions of children and teenagers are higher because non-indigenous Kimberley population is different to the the indigenous population is well represented in these State and that these differences tend to be accentuated age groups. in Urban Broome and the Shire where the median age is lower and the following key differences are seen: Figure 7.5 also shows that the non-indigenous population of the small communities is markedly different from I]Zbdhihig^`^c\Y^[[ZgZcXZ^hi]ZdkZg" both the indigenous population of these places and from representation of 25 to 44 year olds in Urban the non-indigenous populations elsewhere. However, Broome (39 per cent) and the Kimberley the number of non-indigenous residents in the small (39 per cent) compared to the State (29 per cent). communities is small and no reliance can be placed on these data. I]ZgZVgZhdbZl]Vi[ZlZgV\ZY**VcYdkZg! especially in the retirement ages -15 per cent in Urban Broome and the Shire and 15 per cent in the region compared to 23 per cent in the State. This is seemingly at odds with the popularity of Broome as a destination for ‘grey nomads’, however these short-term visitors from the south are not enumerated in the resident population and it seems likely that elderly people choose to live permanently in the southern urban centres of Australia, close to family and specialist medical facilities. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 61 7.5. Family Composition The 2006 Census indicates that the Kimberley region has the smallest proportion of married persons of any region in Western Australia, including Perth. This observation can largely be attributed to a large number of people who have never married, itself partly an artefact of the region’s relatively young age structure. Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C.3. Figure 7.6. Family Composition by Indigenous Status, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 62 In Table C.3 in Annexure C, the occupants of occupied couples and families with babies and young children private dwellings are divided into family households may encourage these families to live more permanently (people who are related) and non-family households in Broome. Elderly singles and couples appear to make (lone person and group households). Family households similar moves. are further categorised into those with children and those without. The indigenous population of Urban Broome has a much higher proportion of families (82 per cent) and Families live in 70 per cent of occupied private dwellings lone person households (15 per cent) but relatively few in the Kimberley region, which is a little lower than group households. Couples with children (32 per cent) the State figure of 72 per cent (Table C.3 in Annexure and one parent families (28 per cent) are noticeably C). The Shire of Broome is the same as the Kimberley high compared to the non-indigenous population. These at 70 per cent and Urban Broome is similar with rates are consistent with Western Australia’s indigenous 69 per cent. However, the small communities with population as a whole, though one parent indigenous 77 per cent, have a relatively high proportion of families, families are relatively numerous in the context of the reflecting a significant difference between the indigenous indigenous population of the Kimberley region. and non-indigenous populations (see Figure 7.6). The small communities are characterised by: Of occupied dwellings with at least one indigenous person, all of the communities under consideration are 6cZbe]Vh^hdc[Vb^an]djhZ]daYh ,,eZgXZci similar with 82-83 per cent occupied by families, except which is particularly high among the indigenous for the small communities where families account for population (90 per cent) where most are families 90 per cent. Among Western Australian non-indigenous with children – 41 per cent as couples with (‘Other’) households 71 per cent are families, but in the children and 21 per cent as one parent families. Kimberley they are under-represented at 63 per cent, Bjai^eaZ[Vb^an]djhZ]daYhVgZbjX]bdgZ with 66 per cent in Urban Broome and 65 per cent in the prevalent at 7.8 per cent, nearly double the shire. Kimberley rate (4.6 per cent), and extremely high in Figure 7.6 shows that there are significant differences the context of the State (1 per cent). between Urban Broome and the small communities GZaVi^kZan[Zl\gdjeVcYadcZeZghdc]djhZ]daYh! which largely reflect the differences between indigenous which is particularly the case among indigenous and non-indigenous households. residents. However, the non-indigenous In Urban Broome: population, which is mainly located in the pastoral region, has an exceptionally high proportion of I]ZgZVgZgZaVi^kZan[Zl[Vb^an]djhZ]daYh +. lone person households (45 per cent) and very few per cent) compared to the State as a whole. Lone families (49 per cent) (see Figure 7.3). person households (24 per cent) are comparable with the State, but households of unrelated adults (group households) are relatively high 7.6. Housing (7.1 per cent) being double the State average of 7.6.1. Housing Types 3.6 per cent. The housing composition of the Kimberley region, the ;Vb^an]djhZ]daYheaVXZaZhhZbe]Vh^hdcXdjeaZh Shire of Broome, and its constituent parts are not typical with children (29 per cent) than is usual in Western of Western Australia. In the State, separate houses Australia (32 per cent) but one parent families account for 81 per cent of occupied private dwellings, (10 per cent) equal the State representation. whereas the Kimberley has only 70 per cent with the Shire (67 per cent) and Urban Broome (66 per cent) being Non-indigenous households in Urban Broome generally even lower. Multiple dwellings are about the same in reflect the total community, but with more emphasis on the Kimberley (17 per cent) as in the State (18 per cent). childless couples, group and lone person households However, in Urban Broome 22 per cent of dwellings are and fewer one parent families. Given the age structure, multiple units (see Figure 7.7 and Table C.4 in Annexure these households are likely to be younger adults rather C). This is related to the high mobility of the population than the over 55s. Urban Broome is residentially very and its demand for rental accommodation as well as mobile with only 29 per cent of residents having lived at the tendency for the workforce to comprise childless the same address for the previous five years or longer, singles and couples. It may also be an outcome of land compared to 48 per cent among Western Australians shortages in recent years having encouraged higher generally (Table 7.1). The youthful population and the density development. family structure indicate that high mobility is associated with a semi-transient, mainly non-indigenous resident workforce that tends to live in Broome in the childless or very young family stages of the life course, but moves back to metropolitan centres to be close to their extended family and medical and education facilities. If this is the case, attention to facilities and services for pre-natal Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 63 Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C.4 Figure 7.7. Structure of Occupied Private Dwellings by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 The noticeable feature of the Kimberley’s dwelling stock is In Urban Broome, 13 per cent of resident households lived that ‘other’ dwellings, which include caravans, cabins and in ‘other’ dwellings. This is particularly high for a town of houseboats; improvised homes and tents; and ‘sleepers Broome’s size and is symptomatic of the town’s recent out’, at 13 per cent is exceptionally high compared to 1 housing shortage where anecdotal evidence indicates per cent in the State as a whole. These dwelling types that many residents were accommodated in caravans due are not occupied by visitors, including tourists, who are to the shortage of permanent housing. Broome’s source excluded from the census’ usual residence count. and composition of housing type is complex. Recently, Landcorp categorised these as follows: Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 64 HOUSING TYPE DEFINITION Social housing is rental housing that is owned or managed by the Department of Social Housing housing and let to eligible persons. Accommodation is generally means or asset tested to ensure properties are given to those who genuinely need them. Housing that is owned by community or not for profit groups and is let out to eligible Community Housing persons. For example, Foundation Housing. Short term furnished accommodation intended for the use of those that are experiencing homelessness or other related issues. The accommodation allows people to reside in a secure place until adequate work and permanent accommodations can be found. Transitional Housing is considered to work on two Transitional Housing levels: I]ViVeZghdcbVnbdkZ[gdbV]dhiZaidVh]VgZY]djhZidVÄViVcYi]ZcV[gZZ standing housing as their personal circumstances change. I]ViVeZghdcbnbV`Zi]ZigVch^i^dc[gdbgZciVaVXXdbbdYVi^dcid]dbZ ownership Affordable quality housing intended to accommodate people employed in small Service Worker businesses, specifically those who provide essential services in the community in Accommodation sectors such as retail, tourism and health care. Affordable quality accommodation intended to house members of the public sector Key Worker that provide essential services, such as police officer, teachers, fire fighters, prison Accommodation guards etc. Accommodation to cater for short to medium term occupation. Will consist of work Temporary Workers camps on large serviced lots. Designed as an affordable accommodation option for Accommodation those requiring short term lodgement i.e., construction, mine workers. Property buyers who are in the process of purchasing or building their first home. First Homebuyers Generally younger buyers with limited financial capacity. Subsidised housing (Social Housing) to ensure that affordable and secure Department of Housing accommodation is provided to all members of the general public. Land is owned by a government agency and let on a means and asset tested basis to those in need. Government Regional Officers Housing - Houses provided for Government officers GROH within regional Townsites, with the exception of the Main Roads Department and Country Health. Source: Landcorp 2009 The market presence of community housing in Broome is In the small communities, ‘other’ housing may be low, at 1.5%, compared to public (social) housing, which associated with a semi-permanent population, being has a significant share of the Broome housing market especially high in the small communities where 20% (Department of Housing and Works 2005). A recent 22 per cent of households, overall, lived in ‘other’ Discussion Paper on housing affordability in Broome dwellings. At 45 per cent, this type of accommodation is described a 5 year waiting period for public housing as especially high for non-indigenous households (probably at February 2007 (Anthony 2007). The Discussion Paper lone persons) who are mostly located in the pastoral identifies the demand as emanating from Indigenous areas rather than among the indigenous population unemployment, the substantially lower income earned where the rate is lower, at 11 per cent. by Broome’s indigenous residents, a high proportion of Broome wage earners employed in the comparatively low wage retail sector (the single biggest employer in the Shire of Broome), the comparatively high median house prices and the lack of affordable housing alternatives. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 65 7.6.2. Occupancy Rates The relatively high occupancy rate (Figure 7.8 and Table C.4 in Annexure C) in the Kimberley (3.2 persons per private dwelling) compared to the State (2.8) can mainly be attributed to the larger size of indigenous households, which emphasise families with children. The effect of household type on the dwelling occupancy rate can be seen in the predominantly indigenous small communities, where there are 3.8 persons per occupied private dwelling. Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C.4 Figure 7.8. Persons per Occupied Private Dwelling, 2006 Urban Broome, rather than the small communities, will 7.6.3. Housing Tenure experience demand for housing arising from the project. The housing statistics reported in the 2006 Census show In 2006 there were 3.2 persons per occupied private house that the housing situation in the Kimberley is noticeably and 2.3 persons per occupied private unit - rates which different to the general situation in Western Australia. are higher than the State because the younger population Rental properties dominate the Kimberley housing market emphasises the working age groups - some with children with 59 per cent of occupied private dwellings being and some living in households of unrelated adults - rather rented, compared to 27 per cent for Western Australia than elderly singles and couples. For separate households as a whole. Conversely, the percentage of dwellings that 28 and multiple units combined, the occupancy rate is 2.9 . are fully owned in the Kimberley (15 per cent) is less This is a more reliable figure for planning future housing than half the proportion in Western Australia as a whole requirements than the overall rate of 2.8 which includes (31 per cent). Similarly, the percentage of dwellings being the non-permanent ‘other’ dwellings. However, if the purchased in the Kimberley is 19 per cent, compared representation of households with children increases to 38 per cent in Western Australia (Figure 7.9 and in Broome due to improved services for young families Table C.5). and/or by increased indigenous workforce-associated migration to the town, a reasonable household size for indicative planning purposes is 3.0 persons. 28 Based on 3036 permanent dwellings (2279 separate houses and 757 multiple units) occupied by 8925 people (7,168 people in houses and 1757 in units). See Table C.4. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 66 Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C.5 Figure 7.9. Housing Tenure by Indigenous Status, 2006 In Urban Broome: I]ZaZkZad[]dbZdlcZgh]^e^hhdbZl]Vi]^\]Zg >cY^\Zcdjh]djhZ]daYh]VkZVgZaVi^kZan]^\]aZkZa than in the Kimberley generally, but is still of home ownership – 11 per cent fully own their significantly lower than in the State as a whole. home which is more than double the rate in the Rental dwellings account for 50 per cent the Kimberley generally (5 per cent) and more than housing market. Only 18 per cent were fully owned the 8 per cent found among Western Australian and 27 per cent were being purchased. The high indigenous households generally. In the context proportion of rented dwellings reflects the high of the Kimberley, an above average proportion mobility of the workforce, high housing costs and of indigenous households are purchasing their the youthfulness of the population. homes (14 per cent). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 67 D[^cY^\Zcdjh]djhZ]daYh!++eZgXZciVgZgZci^c\ The Survey further reports that extreme overcrowding is – 43 per cent as tenants of a State housing occurring in some sections of the community. Indigenous authority (presumably mainly from Homeswest) Kimberley participants who are not from Broome are whereas only 10 per cent of non-indigenous experiencing an average of 5.8 people per bedroom, households are in this situation. Private rentals while non-Indigenous Australian participants reported from real estate agents are relatively low among less than one person per bedroom on average. indigenous households, at 10 per cent, compared to 17 per cent for non-indigenous households. Broome’s very high rental cost and median house prices presented in a recent Shelter WA Discussion Paper In the small communities, rental housing dominates. (Anthony 2007) is indicative of a housing system unable to Overall, 73 per cent of households are rented, this figure respond to demand. As Broome has a large portion of its reaching 84 per cent among indigenous households workforce employed in the lower wage services sector, where most housing (80 per cent) is rented from a housing house price growth is fast outstripping wage growth, this co-operative or a community or church group. This is effect combined with the limitations on land availability, possibly a reflection of different ideas concerning the will continue to exclude many Broome households from design and function of their built environments which are the opportunity of owner occupation. influenced by cultural expectations and the uniqueness of the Kimberley environment and lifestyle. It is also suggested that overcrowding is a result of a lack of secure accommodation in Broome. Preferred short 7.6.4. Homelessness term housing by participants in the above-mentioned A 2006 Report by the Australian Institute of Health and Survey found that the family hostel was the most popular Welfare records the Kimberley as having the highest rate choice, followed by camping grounds, mixed hostels, of homelessness in the nation and Broome has more women’s hostels, youth hostels and men’s hostels. A homeless people than any other town in the region (AIHW proportion of homelessness would be sourced from 2006). those who are escaping family violence. The only refuge in the Broome area, Marnja Jarndu is discussed at 8.4. The 2006 Census results show the population of Broome to be 11,546 (ABS 2007). According to a survey conducted In the Survey, 97% of participants thought Broome by the Broome Community Information Resource Centre needs an information, advocacy and support service for and Learning Exchange (Strain 2008), 23% of Broome homeless people and 95% thought tenants at risk would participants were homeless or insecurely housed, benefit from a similar service. therefore it is estimated that over 2,500 people may The report concluded urgent action was required to currently be homeless or insecurely housed in Broome. create more supported accommodation options for The percentage of Indigenous participants staying with homeless people in Broome and a local information and friends or being insecurely housed was higher than non- advocacy service for homeless people and vulnerable Indigenous Australian participants. tenants. Housing price trends are also providing some clear indications that a new approach to housing policy The report defined the category of “homeless or insecurely is required. housed” to include all people staying: The Broome Drop-In Centre presently provides support to l^i]ZmiZcYZY[Vb^andg[g^ZcYh0 Broome’s homeless youth, in addition to a wide range of youth services including counselling, health information, ^c]diZah!bdiZahdgWVX`eVX`Zgh0 education and training workshops and other youth activities. ^chjeedgiZYVXXdbbdYVi^dc!hjX]VhgZ[j\Zdg sober up centres; 7.6.5. Housing Affordability ^cXVgVkVch!bdW^aZ]dbZhdgXVbeZgkVch0dg 7.6.5.1. Private Home Purchasing Housing in Broome is considerably more expensive than XVbe^c\gdj\]# in Perth and Western Australia as a whole. The median Out of this group, 53% reported staying with friends price of houses sold in the Broome Urban area in the 12 and relatives, which is an estimated 1,250 people. It is months to 30 September 2008 was $665,000, compared interesting to note that no one interviewed for the survey to $435,000 in the Perth metropolitan area and $355,000 was staying in limited supported accommodation in in regional Western Australia (REIWA 2009a). Similarly, Broome. The report advises this could be due to the lack the median price of units sold in Broome is approximately of supported accommodation in Broome or the nature of $100,000 more than in Perth, which had a median price the services they provide. of $352,000 in the 12 months to 30 September 2008. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 68 These high house and unit prices are reflected in the recent years, demand pressures arising from the limited median monthly housing loan repayments reported by the availability of vacant land due to protracted native title 2006 Census. The median payment was $1733 per month negotiations also increased prices. These negotiations in Urban Broome (and the Shire) compared to $1517 in have recently reached a settlement that provides for future the Kimberley region and $1213 in Western Australia. residential and industrial land releases and includes The high house prices in Broome partly reflects the high the opportunity for native title holders to become land cost of servicing land and high construction costs arising developers in Broome. from the costs of transporting building materials. In Figure 7.10. Housing Loan Repayments and Rent by Indigenous Status, 2006 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure C Table C5 7.6.5.2 Private Rental Accommodation A significant proportion of private rental accommodation in Broome is consumed by GROH rentals (see definition It has been noted that the influx of seasonal employees in Table 7.1). GROH pays for 3 bedroom/1 bathroom and already competes with ‘other sections of the community 4 bedroom/2 bathroom accommodation for many State seeking access to housing, contributing to the higher rental Public Service staff (regardless of family) size at up to demand and pushing up rental costs’ (Anthony 2007). This 75% subsidy. This depletes the availability of private has been cited as a pivotal cause in sustaining high family rental accommodation on the market and to some median rents in Broome. In December 2005, Broome’s extent, protects private rental prices from dropping due median private rental price was 40% greater than that of to the natural competition that a private-individual based Perth. Anthony (for Shelter WA) notes that: market would create. In general Broome’s median rents have remained high … 7.6.5.3. Caravan Park Residents fluctuating between a high of $365 in December 2001 to a low of $320 in December 2005. The fact that they have A recent survey conducted in Broome revealed that a high remained high during the off peak period (between April proportion of non-Indigenous people unable to afford and October) suggest that the Broome housing system has housing in Broome, reside in the town’s caravan parks. The tight vacancy rates. This has the potential to put low income same survey indicated that, due to a number of reasons households up against higher income groups in competition (including the closure of several parks and increases in for scarce private rental. This could lead to growth in such the cost of ‘powered sites’), such accommodation was households experiencing housing stress and growth in the becoming unaffordable (Strain 2007). homeless population. (Anthony 2007: 10). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 69 7.7. Education and Language Attendance rates of indigenous students at the Kimberley TAFE is another key issue, with indigenous students The percentage of non-indigenous Kimberley residents often not attending classes for various reasons including (aged 15 years and older) who have completed Year 12 participation in cultural events. The Kimberley College of (46 per cent) is on par with Western Australia as a whole TAFE uses short courses to engage indigenous students (46 per cent) (Table C.6 in Annexure C). A considerably and encourage them to move into longer training smaller proportion of indigenous Kimberley residents programs. However, students often require intensive (15 per cent) have attained this level of education support and ongoing literacy and numeracy assistance. which is similar to the level in the State as a whole As noted the region has demonstrated some progress in (16 per cent). However, this figure does represent an relation to more indigenous students completing Years increase since the 2001 census, which indicated only 11 and 12, which could subsequently result in their 12.4 per cent of indigenous residents (aged 15 years and increased engagement with the vocational education and older) had completed Year 12. training sector (State Training Board 2009). The education divide between indigenous and non- In the 2006 ABS Census, English was stated as the only indigenous residents is similarly reflected in the Shire of language spoken at home by 71.0 per cent of usual Broome. Although about 36 per cent of residents in Urban residents in the Kimberley region, slightly less than Broome have completed Year 12, the rate in the indigenous the proportion State-wide (78.5 per cent). The most population was 21 per cent compared to 47 per cent of non- common languages other than English spoken at home indigenous Broome residents. Documented and anecdotal were Kriol (4.2 per cent), Walmajarr (1.7 per cent), evidence suggests that for most Aboriginal students in Kukatja (1.4 per cent), Jaru (1.1 per cent) and Miriwoong the region, the year level of schooling attained does not (0.7 per cent). Approximately 5 per cent of Kimberley reflect educational achievements commensurate with the indigenous residents reported that although they can standard of equivalent year levels elsewhere in the State speak an Australian indigenous language, they speak (for example see Taylor 2004). The academic performance English “not well or not at all” (ABS 2007a). of indigenous students in the primary impact area region is 40% less than their non-indigenous counterparts. In the English is the only language spoken at home by about primary impact area, 49% of indigenous students were 80 per cent of residents in the Broome Shire, and this is rated by their teachers as of low academic performance, as roughly the same as the State average (ABS 2007a). compared to 19% of non-indigenous students (Zubrick et al 2006). Although, indigenous residents in Urban Broome and 7.8. Incomes the small communities are better educated than indigenous people elsewhere in the Kimberley, their academic 7.8.1. Individual and Household Incomes performance is significantly lower than that of indigenous In the Kimberley region, the median weekly individual young people in WA generally (Zubrick et al 2006). income in 2006 was $456 which is about 90 per cent of According to the 2006 Census, there were 412 residents that of the Western Australian population as a whole of Urban Broome attending secondary school yet there ($500). A significant difference exists between indigenous were 652 aged between 13 and 17 years. These data and non-indigenous incomes: that of indigenous people are not strictly comparable, but it does indicate that ($224) is only 30 per cent of that of non-indigenous people only about 63 per cent of high school-aged teenagers of the Kimberley ($725). This disparity is pronounced attend high school. One in four indigenous students because indigenous incomes are relatively low compared who commence Year 8 remains through to year 12 in to indigenous incomes in the State ($254) and non- the region, as compared to three in four non-indigenous indigenous incomes are relatively high compared to students. the non-indigenous population in the whole of Western Australia ($507 per week) (see Figure 7.11 and Table C.7 In 2006, the State Training Board undertook a major in Annexure C). review of training issues in the Kimberley. Low literacy skills in the region, reflected in the low demand for higher level qualifications at the Kimberley College of TAFE, are a particular challenge. However, demand is increasing in the areas of childcare, as well as business skills for the aquaculture industry (State Training Board 2009). Further information about skills and training issues in the Kimberley is included in Section 7.9.2 Skills and Training Issues in the Kimberley Region and Section 8.2.3 Post-secondary Education. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 70 Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. See Annexure X Table x Figure 7.11. Personal and Household Incomes by Indigenous Status, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 71 In Urban Broome the median individual income, overall 7.9. Employed Residents and was $628 per week which is more than one third higher than in the Kimberley region as a whole. However, the Unemployment difference between indigenous and non-indigenous 7.9.1. Labour Force Characteristics incomes is reduced. Indigenous incomes are about The overall labour force characteristics of Urban 50 per cent of non-indigenous incomes. Indigenous Broome indicate that it was similar in most respects incomes ($325) are substantially higher than the to the situation in Western Australia as a whole in 2006 Kimberley indigenous population as a whole, and non- (Figure 7.12 and Table C.8 in Annexure C). The Kimberley indigenous incomes ($696) are relatively low. Relatively region and the small communities of the impact area are low non-indigenous incomes are explained by the under- different to varying degrees: representation of mining industry workers resident in Broome compared to other places in the Kimberley and I]ZaVWdjg[dgXZeVgi^X^eVi^dcgViZ29 in 2006 in the the over-representation of tourist-related employment Kimberley region was the same as that of Western in accommodation and food services, and retailing (see Australia (62 per cent). Urban Broome (and the Table 6.6). Relatively high indigenous incomes are difficult Shire) have about the same rate (63 per cent) to explain because indigenous unemployment in Urban but the small communities are somewhat low Broome is high, but it could be because most jobs are in at 58 per cent. These figures include indigenous better paid in conventional employment situations rather participants of the Community Development than in the Community Development and Employment Employment Program (CDEP), which has now Program (see section 7.8). been abolished in all townships considered to have other labour force opportunities (including Broome Median household incomes are also illustrated in Figure and Derby). 7.11. Compared to individual incomes, the differences between indigenous and non-indigenous household I]ZjcZbeadnbZcigViZlVh(#-eZgXZci^c incomes are not as accentuated. In the Kimberley region, Western Australia and the Kimberley region the median household income of indigenous people was and 3.9 per cent in the Shire of Broome. Urban $660 per week which is just over half (54 per cent) that of Broome was somewhat high at 4.1 per cent but, non-indigenous households ($1223). at 2.2 per cent, the rate is extremely low in the small communities. These figures have also been In Urban Broome, the median weekly household affected by the abolition of the CDEP in Broome. income, overall, was $1184 which is a little higher than the Kimberley median of $1052 the median indigenous Employment in the private sector is relatively low in household income was $839 which is higher than the the Kimberley (76 per cent) compared to Western Kimberley indigenous median of $660 and 67 per cent Australia (84 per cent) but in Urban Broome (82 of the non-indigenous median of $1258. Nevertheless, per cent) it is closer to the norm. In the small the indigenous community remains disadvantaged when communities, only 68 per cent of the resident disposable income is considered: labour force is employed in the private sector. >cY^\Zcdjh]djhZ]daYhXdch^hi!dcVkZgV\Z!d[ 4.1 persons, being considerably larger than non- indigenous households with 2.3 persons. Relatively low household income, on average, must support more dependents than non-indigenous incomes. BZY^VcgZci[dg6Wdg^\^cVa]djhZ]daYhlVh+%eZg week, being just under half (48 per cent) the $124 paid by non-indigenous households. Mortgage payments were $1153 for indigenous households and $1517 for non-indigenous households. Housing costs tend to be generally commensurate with income. However, the lower actual dollar amount left after housing costs are paid still leaves a lower amount to spend on other necessities for the relatively large number of people in the household. 29 The labour force refers to those persons aged 15 years and older who are either employed or actively seeking work. A person not actively seeking work is not considered to be in the labour force. The labour force participation rate is the number of persons in the labour force expressed as a percentage of persons aged 15 years and older. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 72 Note: Small indigenous settlements and pastoral areas are included in Small Communities. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Figure 7.12. Labour Force Participation and Unemployment by Indigenous Status, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 73 The statistics in this section should be reviewed in the Among the non-indigenous people, labour force context of the abolition of the Community Development participation is 80 per cent in the Kimberley region and and Employment Program (CDEP) as participants are 78 per cent in both Urban Broome and the Shire. This is very counted as employed persons. In 2006, in Western high compared to 62 per cent in the general labour force Australia, only 0.3 per cent of the labour force were of the State and 64 per cent for the State’s non-indigenous CDEP participants compared to 17.2 per cent in the labour force. Conversely, the unemployment rate is very Kimberley region. This is associated with the high low – 2.2 per cent in the Kimberley region and the Shire of proportion of indigenous people in the Kimberley labour Broome, and 2.3 per cent in Urban Broome. In the small force represented by the above statistics. Since the communities, no non-indigenous people are unemployed. abolition of CDEP in Broome (and Derby and Kununurra) These labour force characteristics indicate that: there will be some reduction in Indigenous labour force numbers as represented above for both Urban Broome >ci^bZhd[]^\]ZbeadnbZci!i]Zcdc"^cY^\Zcdjh and the Kimberley generally. In the small communities, labour market in Broome is very tight. As noted 67.9 per cent are CDEP participants, and overall, in the in Section 5 the LNG project will need to compete Shire of Broome the rate is 6.7 per cent. with other projects in the Kimberley for labour. Further, these overall statistics disguise some important 7VhZYdci]Z^gV\ZhigjXijgZVcY[Vb^anineZ! differences between the indigenous and the non- which emphasises childless singles and couples indigenous labour force. in the prime workforce ages, and their lack of ties through home ownership, the type of non- For the indigenous labour force, the general comparisons indigenous labour force found in Urban Broome apply, caveated by what are now higher Indigenous is highly mobile, and might readily be attracted to unemployment figures as a result of the abolition of other projects. However, Broome should remain CDEP in Kimberley townships since 2006: attractive to the established labour force, and should also be a desirable destination for the new, AVWdjg[dgXZeVgi^X^eVi^dc^cLZhiZgc6jhigVa^V^h predominantly male, gas industry workforce due to relatively low at 49 per cent compared to the rate of its lifestyle attractions. 62 per cent in the general population. The Kimberley region is a little higher at 52 per cent as are the 6c^bedgiVciViigVXi^dcd[7gddbZ^hi]Vii]ZgZ small communities with 53 per cent. Urban Broome are job opportunities available for the partners experiences the State average of 49 per cent. of gas workers in established industrial sectors that traditionally employ women. These sectors >cY^\ZcdjhjcZbeadnbZci^ci]ZHiViZ^h include the large tourist-associated retail, and extremely high, at 14.3 per cent compared to accommodation and food services sectors. From 3.8 per cent in the general population. However, this perspective, the continued growth of tourism the rate in the Kimberley region (7.2 per cent) in Broome could be an important element in is low for indigenous people and in the small attracting gas workers to Broome to live rather than communities is extremely low at 3.4 per cent. In operate as FIFO employees. Other job opportunities contrast, the rate in Urban Broome (14.7 per cent) for women in the business and administration, is extremely high, matching the Western Australia education and health care sectors that service the rate for indigenous unemployment. broader community of a relatively large regional town would also expand consequentially, if a larger I]ZcjbWZgd[89:EeVgi^X^eVcih^hgZaVi^kZan]^\] in the indigenous communities of the Kimberley than normal proportion of the resource industry region. If CDEP participants are counted as workforce is resident in Broome. unemployed, the indigenous unemployment 7.9.2. Skills and Training Issues in the rate would be 63.5 per cent in the Kimberley Kimberley region region, 19.8 per cent in Urban Broome and 85.6 per cent in the small communities. There is Each year the State Training Board produces the State clearly a large potential labour pool of under- Training Profile, which provides information on vocational employed and unemployed indigenous people education and training (VET) in Western Australia for the who, if appropriately trained, may provide a major following three years, including priorities and directions source of labour for supporting the BLNG precinct for publicly funded VET based on Western Australia’s development. industry and regional needs. The State Training Profile 2009-2011 (State Training Board 2009) provides a current overview of VET in the Kimberley. The following information was derived from this profile. It is noted in the State Training Profile 2009- 2011 that the regional information was compiled prior to the global economic downturn. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 74 Expansions in resource projects including the Argyle An increasing focus on marine tourism in the region Diamond Mine, the Koolan Island Iron Ore Mine and will require ongoing training for deckhands, coxswains, the West Kimberley Power Project have contributed to marine engine drivers and the operation of vessels over 35 population growth in the region. Subsequently, there was metres. The proposed expansion of the Broome Port will high demand for infrastructure and community services require additional training for road transport operators, skills in 2008. The future expansion of Ord River and stevedores, port control officers and marine pilots. the pastoral industry is expected to increase demand for horticulturalists, agriculturalists and practical Between 2003 and 2007, the biggest growth areas in mechanical skills in the region. The June 2008 Western the region were Adult Literacy/English as a Second Australian Review into Industry Training for Aboriginal Language, Horticulture, Health and Hospitality. The Pastoralists recommended increasing the delivery of biggest declines were in Accounting and Other Business governance and business skills and an investigation Services, Building and Construction, Forestry, Farming into the possible establishment of an Agricultural High and Landcare, and Computing. School, among other recommendations. Current key skill shortages in the Kimberley region are outlined in Table 7.2, below. Table 7.2. Current Skill Shortages in the Kimberley Occupations Other Occupational and Skill Shortages (specifically focused on Indigenous Community Development) Motor Mechanics Automotive (specific occupations not identified) Panel Beater (Small numbers) Vehicle Painter (Small numbers) Metal Fabricators (Boilermakers) Metals (specific occupations not identified) Metal Machinists Plumbers Electricians Electrical Engineering Associates Electronic Engineering Associates Carpenters and Joiners Building and Construction (specific occupations not identified) Bricklayers Chefs Plant and machinery operators Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Mechanics Aged care workers Aged care workers Child care workers Child care workers Pastoral workers (especially beef Pastoral workers (especially beef cattle) Community/business governance and management for pastoral businesses cattle) Horticulture, conservation and land management Aquaculture Teachers assistants Environmental health workers Security operators Visual arts administration Accommodation services Tour guides, cultural tourism operators Food and beverage Hospitality management Maritime operations Source: State Training Profile 2009-2011, p.226 (State Training Board 2009) Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 75 In 2006, the State Training Board undertook a review of the training issues in the Kimberley. Issues raised 8. Services Review included: The SIA reviews the existing services in the primary 9^[ÃXjai^Zh^cViigVXi^c\hj^iVWaZhiV[[YjZid and secondary impact areas that are affected by an competition from the mining sector and a lack of increase in population. The methodology used to collect affordable accommodation information included gathering data from the service providers through telephone and face to face interviews, H]dgiV\Zd[hj^iVWaZhijYZcih!adla^iZgVXngViZh meetings and email. Questions and discussion were targeted around the nature of the services provided, 9^[ÃXjai^ZhVXXZhh^c\hj^iVWaZVXXdbbdYVi^dc[dg environmental factors that affected the ability to provide staff in remote communities these services effectively, and the implications these and AdlViiZcYVcXZgViZheVgi^XjaVganVbdc\ other issues might impose on the capacity to do so. indigenous students. 8.1. Housing/Accommodation The Kimberley TAFE often uses short courses to engage indigenous students and encourage them to move into The following information relates to long-term housing longer training programs. and accommodation issues within Broome. The short- term accommodation is covered in detail in the Tourism Further information regarding the education and training Impact Assessment. offered in the Kimberley region is provided in Section 8.2. Education. Broome has experienced population growth significantly higher than that of the State as a whole for a number of years. This is attributed to the rapid growth of the tourism industry, growth of government services and increased interest from mining, oil and gas companies. In addition, the town has experienced a higher than average population growth rate. House prices in Broome still remain above the median house price in Perth and are expected to remain at these levels for the medium term. Table 8.1 shows the housing price growth over time. Table 8.1. Comparative Housing Price Growth Rate Over Time Housing Price Growth Rates 1 year: 2007/08 5 years: 2003-2008 10 years: 1998-2008 Broome 12.6% 19.8% 15.9% Broome Urban Area -2.9% 16.5% 14.0% Regional WA -1.4% 17.6% 12.2% The State Government has negotiated an in-principle The majority of residential lots created since 2002 are agreement to settle native title and heritage issues over in Sunset Park Estate, Roebuck Estate, Januburu Six Broome. It is anticipated that a final agreement will be Seasons and Old Broome Estate. Residential lots in achieved in early 2010. This agreement should assist in the Januburu Six Seasons Estate have been released meeting the demand for residential land in the medium in stages, which commenced in 2005. Other areas of to long-term. undeveloped residential zoned land are located in Roebuck Estate, Djugun and Sunset Park, Cable Beach. These As of November 2008, more than 400 hectares of land was sites are being developed incrementally. Land zoned for zoned for development in Broome. This land includes the development in Broome includes sites containing uses airport and turf club, as well as residential development. such as the airport and racecourse (WAPC 2008). Table A number of local planning scheme amendments have 8.2 shows the availability of land in Broome in late 2008. been initiated to rezone additional areas to residential or It should be noted that despite the availability of these development zones. Additional areas for long-term urban lots, land affordability is a constraining factor for many development have also been identified in the Broome community members. Planning Steering Committee report and through the native title negotiations. A number of these sites will require issues to be resolved before development can proceed (WAPC 2008). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 76 ble 8.2. Land Availability in Broome as of Broome North is a new development that will provide land, November 2008 housing, business opportunities and community facilities for the future expansion of Broome in the medium to Zone Developed Undeveloped long term. The project area is located about 4km from (ha) (ha) the town centre, north of Gubinge Road and bordered by Broome Road to the east and Lullfitz Drive to the west. Residential R5 0.3 0 The land area is approximately 694ha and is expected to yield several thousand housing lots as well as capacity Residential R10 38.2 0 for schools, retail and tourism areas and the expansion Residential R10/20 140.5 0 of the Blue Haze Industrial area (LandCorp 2009). Residential R12.5 58.5 11.6 During the first half of 2009, Broome experienced a downturn in construction with many investors putting off Residential R15 29.5 3.5 projects because of the economic climate. As a result, Residential R20 19.2 3.7 there are many tradespeople within Broome with the capacity to undertake more work (pers. comm., Housing Residential R25 1.1 0 Industry Association 2009). During the boom years in Broome, tradespeople were being sourced from the Residential R30 3.0 0 eastern states in an attempt to meet demand. It took 40 Residential R40 7.2 0.6 weeks on average to construct a house in 2007-08. In comparison, due to reduced demand, in early 2009 it was Residential R50 6.2 0 estimated that the construction of a house took around 16 weeks (pers. comm., HIA 2009). Table 8.3 provides Development 247.9 163.5 a summary of recent and forthcoming residential lot Total 551.6 182.9 creation activity in Broome. Source: WAPC 2008 Beyond the site already identified for residential development, land supply options in the Broome town precinct are limited because of floodplain constraints and the location of the airport. Release of additional land in the general industry area, close to the new airport site on Broome Road, will follow the resolution of native title. There is strong demand for industrial land with few lots available (WAPC 2008). Table 8.3. Residential Lots in Broome (2009) Lots created1 (2002- Lots created1 (2007- Lots created1 (2008- Lots with current 03 to 2006-07) 08) 09) conditional approval2 Residential 802 147 98 270 Industrial 17 12 0 2 Source: Western Australian Planning Commission internal databases (2009) 1 Number of residential lots (final approvals) 2 These are approvals for which construction or servicing has not yet commenced, or is currently under way. Calculated as at 30 September 2009. Source: pers.comm., Department of Planning 2/10/2009 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 77 Figure 8.1 provides an overview of the identified project areas in Broome as indicated in the Broome Regional Hotspots Land Supply Update (WAPC 2008). Figure 8.2 indicates the project with zoning associated with local planning schemes (WAPC 2008). 0 • ? ------.. --...... ------~- ·---- ·- ~· ·+-- ------·-- ·-------·---·-· ·~-·- ---·-- -·- ·__--- .__ --·--·-- -·- + s·-=-- o--==----... __ --______,...... ::.':':'--- - o--1•=-=------· --". ·--· ·~·---~-. ---·--- ._ ...... -.... --·------... ~------···------·__ ... _ .--·------·-- -..,._ ... _., __ ------·------·---·--·--·- Source: WAPC 2008 Figure 8.1. Broome: Identified Project Areas Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 •78 ·------·· --.. --~ -• =: ----... - -• ---::- - ·-• ::-_..=--... ---- • cc:u• Source: WAPC 2008 Figure 8.2. Broome: Local Planning Scheme Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 •79 Figures 8.3 and 8.4 provide an overview over time of the dwelling approvals in the Kimberley and land sales. Source: ABS as provided by pers.comm., Housing Industry Association 2009 Figure 8.3 Kimberley Dwelling Approvals 2003 - 2009 Source: Landgate as provided by pers.comm., Housing Industry Association 2009 Figure 8.4. Broome Land Sales 2000-2008 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 80 8.2. Education Where there is an increase in student numbers and the schools have sufficient land, the Department of Education Schools in the Kimberley are operated by government and and Training can provide demountable classrooms on non-government authorities. Government schools in the school property to meet demand. In situations where Kimberley are serviced by the Kimberley District Education growth in student numbers is beyond that which can be Office. The non-government schools in the region are accommodated at current school sites, the Department Catholic schools serviced by the Catholic Education of Education and Training will approach the local shire to Office of Western Australia. The Perth Department of secure tenure for land suitable for the construction of a Education maintains a database on the capacity of both new school (pers. comm., DET 2009). government and non-government schools in Broome and the Kimberley. The information for this section was Statistics from the 2006 ABS Census suggest that the provided by the Department of Education and sourced proportion of Broome residents of high school-age is from this database (pers. comm., DET 2009). comparatively smaller than the proportion of younger children (0-9 years) and young adults (20-29 years). The Department of Education and Training (DET) is responsible for planning the expansion of government The Kimberley Development Commission notes that schools and the development of new schools. The many students from the Kimberley elect to complete information in this section was obtained mainly from the their study in Perth, or other regional centres, and are DET databases, supplemented by telephone interviews assisted by the Student Assisted Travel Scheme operated with schools and others involved in the education sector by the State Government (KDC 2009). in Broome. 8.2.1. Primary Schools Generally, the Department of Education and Training uses There are eight schools within the Shire of Broome that the increase in housing to estimate the increased capacity offer education for kindergarten and primary school aged required in local schools. Schools are managed according children. Table 8.4 shows the Department of Education and to a three-year plan that receives input from strategic Training’s guidelines for maximum classroom capacity. projects. Increases in demand are usually met through Table 8.5 lists the institutions offering pre-compulsory expansion of existing schools (pers. comm., DET 2009). education, as well as their enrolments. Table 8.6 provides this information for primary schools. According to the Broome Regional Office of the Department of Education and Training, Broome’s primary schools are operating at capacity and there will be a longer-term need for additional schools. Table 8.4. Maximum Classroom Capacity (Department of Education and Training, WA) CLASSROOM CAPICITY CLASS NUMBERS Kindergarten 20 Pre-primary 25 Years 1 - 3 24 Years 4 - 7 32 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 81 Table 8.5. Number of Students in Pre-Compulsory Years SCHOOL NAME Kindergarten Pre- Total Pre- Primary Compulsory Broome Primary School (Sem 1, 2009) 51 41 92 Cable Beach Primary School (Sem 1, 2009) 68 40 108 Djarindjin Lombadina Catholic School (Sem 1, 2008) 11 8 19 La Grange Remote Community School (Sem 1, 2009) 15 18 33 One Arm Point Remote Community School (Sem 1, 2009) 8715 Roebuck Primary School (Sem 1, 2009) 54 76 130 Sacred Heart School (Sem 1, 2008) 13 19 32 St Mary’s College (Sem 1, 2009) 45 48 93 Table 8.6. Number of Students Enrolled in Primary Education SCHOOL NAME Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total Primary Broome Primary School 44 57 44 47 46 31 26 295 (Sem 1, 2009) Cable Beach Primary School 45 62 37 56 51 48 28 327 (Sem 1, 2009) Djarindjin Lombadina Catholic School 101576117763 (Sem 1, 2008) La Grange Remote Community 17 20 19 22 13 15 10 116 School (Sem 1, 2009) One Arm Point Remote Community 10 9 10 5 15 8 9 66 School (Sem 1, 2009) Roebuck Primary School 55 73 69 59 62 54 21 393 (Sem 1, 2009) Sacred Heart School (Sem 1, 2008) 148812781269 St Mary’s College (Sem 1, 2008) 52 43 53 38 56 31 44 317 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 82 8.2.2. Secondary Schools The Shire of Broome has one public secondary school, three Catholic secondary schools and two remote community schools. Table 8.7 indicates the Western Australian Department of Education and Training’s maximum classroom capacity for secondary schools. Table 8.8 shows the number of students enrolled in each secondary school per grade. Table 8.9 provides an overview of staff, teachers and students at each school. Table 8.7. Maximum Classroom Capacity (Department of Education and Training, WA) CLASSROOM CAPACITY CLASS NUMBERS Years 8 - 10 32 Years 11 & 12 25 Table 8.8. Number of Students Enrolled in Secondary Education Enrolled Students Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Total Per Grade (Secondary) Broome Senior High School (Sem 1, 2009) 126 122 127 109 43 527 Djarindjin Lombadina Catholic School 8780023 (Sem 1, 2008) La Grange Remote Community School 11812106 47 (Sem 1, 2009) One Arm Point Remote Community School 6656124 (Sem 1, 2009) Sacred Heart School (Sem 1, 2008) 4670017 St Mary’s College (Sem 1, 2008) 54 43 39 31 19 186 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 83 Table 8.9. Staff, Teacher and Student Numbers SCHOOL NAME Type of School No. Staff FTE Staff No. Total Teachers Students Sacred Heart School Kindergarten to year 10 21 n/a 9 118 (Sem 1 2008) St Mary’s College Kindergarten to year 12 Approx 80 n/a Approx 50 596 (Sem 1 2009) Broome Primary School Primary School 54 43.1 24 387 (Sem 1 2009) Cable Beach Primary School Primary School 55 47.8 28 435 (Sem 1, 2009) Roebuck Primary School Primary School 48 40.2 28 523 (Sem 1, 2009) Broome Senior High School Secondary School 82 76.2 41 468 (Sem 2 2008) Djarindjin/Lombadina Years 1 -10 n/a 17 n/a 105 Catholic School (Sem 1, 2008) La Grange Remote Years 1 -12 32 29.1 15 196 Community School (Sem 1, 2009) One Arm Point Remote Years 1 -12 23 16.9 9 83 Community School (Sem 1, 2009) 8.2.3. Post-secondary Education Horticulture; Aquaculture; Transport and Distribution; The Kimberley College of TAFE provides post-secondary Retail; Construction and Automotive courses. educational facilities in the Kimberley, and is located in In the first half of 2009, there were 588 students enrolled Broome, Derby, Fitzroy Crossing, Halls Creek, Kununurra at the Broome TAFE campus with the majority enrolled and Wyndham. In addition, the University of Notre Dame on a part-time basis. The campus employs 58 people in has a campus located in Broome (KDC 2009). 44 full-time equivalent positions including 33 full-time Vocational Training equivalent teaching positions filled by 46 teachers. Kimberley TAFE offers a range of training opportunities and In 2007, funding was approved for a Mobile Indigenous particularly encourages 15 -24 year olds to participate in Trades Training Unit to help indigenous people in the Vocational Education and Training (VET). Over 50 per cent Kimberley learn pre-apprenticeship skills in mining, of students who enrol at Kimberley TAFE are Aboriginal. building and construction trades, as well as job-readiness, However, the distribution of Aboriginal enrolments literacy, numeracy, health and safety skills. Operational varies from campus to campus, with Aboriginal people details for the unit are being finalised and it is planned to constituting close to 90 per cent of enrolments at Halls be based in Halls Creek (State Training Board 2009). Creek and more than 50 per cent at Derby, Wyndham and Kununurra. The more multicultural town of Broome has Broome-based Djaringo Training Pty Ltd provides slightly lower Aboriginal enrolments. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal training across the region in support of entry level training in automotive, mining, The Kimberley TAFE campus in Broome has been business, construction, environmental health and expanded to support the region’s increasing need for tourism. Broome-based Goolarri Media provides certified training in traditional trades, tourism, hospitality and training in media related skills. In addition to these locally the creative and cultural industries (State Training Board based service providers, there are also other government 2009). and privately funded training entities delivering training in the region. Courses are offered in the following areas: Carpentry; General Education; Education; Business; Music; Tourism; Arts; Information Technology; Business and Management; Hospitality; Conservation and Land Management; Community Services; Workplace skills; Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 84 Universities In early 2009, the Broome campus had 35 academic and The University of Notre Dame in Broome provides a core administrative staff in 30 full-time equivalent positions curriculum within the context of the Catholic faith and and around 140 students enrolled in the equivalent of 68 values. Courses include: full-time student positions. The campus has the capacity to increase its student numbers to about 200-250 full- 8Zgi^ÃXViZ>>>^cIZVX]Zgh6hh^hiVcXZ ^cY^\Zcdjh time student positions. 8Zgi^ÃXViZ>>^c=ZVai]HjeedgiHZgk^XZh Courses offered at the Broome campus include degree courses in Nursing, Education and Bachelor of Arts 8Zgi^ÃXViZ>>>^c=ZVai]HjeedgiHZgk^XZh (Aboriginal Studies), as well as Post-Graduate, Diploma KZi8Zgi^ÃXViZ>>>^cIZVX]Zg6hh^hiVcXZ and Certificate courses in Aboriginal studies. The (indigenous) campus is a Registered Training Organisation and offers Vocational and Educational Training courses that provide 9^eadbVd[Cjgh^c\ students with pathways into higher education degree courses. IZgi^Vgn:cVWa^c\Egd\gVb 8.2.4. Childcare 8Zgi^ÃXViZVcY9^eadbV^c6Wdg^\^cVaHijY^Zh There are seven childcare facilities in the Shire of 7VX]Zadgd[6gih BV_dg^c6Wdg^\^cVaHijY^Zh Broome and only two of these offer out-of-school care. Childcare facilities and details are listed in Table 8.10. 7VX]Zadgd[:YjXVi^dc @^cYZg\VgiZcidNZVg, Initial consultation with childcare providers indicates that the majority of childcare facilities are not at capacity 7VX]Zadgd[Cjgh^c\ and could cater for some increase in demand. Although 7VX]Zadgd[:YjXVi^dc 8dckZgh^dc there are currently sufficient childcare places in Broome, information from the Shire of Broome officers indicates BVhiZgd[IZVX]^c\@^cYZg\VgiZcidNZVg, (Conversion) Table 8.10. Childcare Facilities Child Care Facility Licensed Present Staff Capacity Number of Children Broome Out of School Child Care Activities (BOSCCA) 45 45 12 Broome Daycare Early Learning Centre 52 40/45 12 Jaly Gurr Guwan 53 53 18 Kidz Biz 87 60 20 Little Pearlers Child Care 77 43 11 Mulberry Tree/Chu Chuus Early Education Centre 55 52 12 St Mary’s After School Care 37 15 3 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 85 8.2.5. Other Educational Services Idjg^hb Throughout the Kimberley there are also 13 remote Kimberley TAFE provides nature based and Aboriginal community schools, the Kimberley Camp School and the tourism training and works closely with local hospitality Kimberley School of the Air. and tourism industries to provide a suite of programs to 8.2.6. Education Issues support their requirements. Aboriginal Education 6\g^XjaijgZ In 2006, the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health There are 22 courses available in agriculture, aquaculture Survey demonstrated that for the Primary Impact Area’s and conservation related occupations. Kimberley TAFE indigenous students, the three main indicators of poor has been working with local Aboriginal groups to provide academic performance were: school attendance, the traineeships in Agrifoods (horticulture, aquaculture, land student’s primary carer’s level of education and the management and pastoral disciplines). The College is student’s risk of clinically significant emotional or also recruiting a lecturer to service future horticulture behavioural difficulties. and land management training needs in Kununurra that The same Survey revealed that 59% of indigenous are expected to increase as the Ord Stage 2 development students in the primary impact area were recorded as progresses. having poor school attendance compared to 19 % of the EVhidgVa primary impact area’s non-indigenous students (Zubrick et al 2006). The College provides pastoral employment based training and over the last two years has developed a Key issues impacting education for Aboriginal students close relationship with the Indigenous Land Corporation in the Kimberley at the primary level, were found to be at Roebuck Station and the Home Valley Station. experiences of trauma (and availability of assistance to recover from those experiences) and quality of parenting The College continues to offer Aboriginal engagement and family functioning (Zubrick et al 2006); programs such as the Metals Intervention Program (MIP) to support students aged between 18 and 24 who At the secondary level, educational impacts include: have been disengaged from training and wish to seek ^ciZg\ZcZgVi^dcVaa^iZgVXnaZkZah·bVcn6Wdg^\^cVa employment in the resources sector. students are those that speak English as a Second Language and often school is the only time that 8.3. Health these students will hear Australian Standard English Health services are delivered by a range of integrated facilities located across the region. The Kimberley has a^b^iZYVhe^gVi^dchgZaVi^c\idi]ZejgedhZd[ six hospitals ranging from the Broome Hospital (which is schooling in the Aboriginal community and how the referral hospital and the Regional Resource Centre this impacts on attendance rates. for the region), to Integrated District Health Services at Derby and Kununurra Hospitals. There are rural School attendance is an issue among indigenous students hospitals at Halls Creek, Wyndham and Fitzroy Crossing and the Department of Education and Training has (WACHS 2008). These hospitals are complemented by provided a significant amount of funding in the Kimberley community clinics in remote localities. The region has to improve attendance rates which have improved in access to a range of specialist services, including aged recent years. For example, Broome Senior High School care facilities, rehabilitation and mental health services provides a range of programs to attract Aboriginal and renal dialysis facilities (KDC 2009). students to attend. In addition, there is strong support from leaders in the indigenous community for improved The WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley school retention rates (pers.comm,. Broome Regional provides a range of acute, primary, community and Education Office 2009). population based services. Community Health is managed through the Kimberley Population Health Unit. In response to Aboriginal training needs, the Kimberley Aged care services are managed through Kimberley Aged College of TAFE places particular emphasis on training and Community Services (WACHS 2008). for retail services, hospitality and tourism, offering 29 courses to support skill development in these areas. The Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing maintains an office in Broome and the Western Australian GZiV^aIgVYZh Department of Health has administrative offices in Derby Many Aboriginal communities have engaged in retail and Broome. A significant upgrade to the Broome Hospital trading by opening local art galleries to sell their products was completed in 2008 and includes the establishment of to tourists or via the web. Key examples include the doctors’ consultancy areas, X-ray and pathology rooms Mowanjum, Warmun and Yiyilli communities. and allied health areas. The planned new emergency department has not yet been constructed. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 86 The Kimberley Royal Flying Doctor Service base at Derby Broome has a satellite dialysis facility, managed by the conducts routine clinical and medical consultations in Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council that remote communities and pastoral properties. It also enables up to 40 patients per week to receive treatment. provides a 24-hour emergency aero-medical service Mental health services and drug and alcohol services across the region (WACHS 2008). are provided by the Kimberley Mental Health and Drug Service and the Kimberley Community Drug Service In 2008, the region had 6 day beds and 36 overnight Team (WACHS 2008). beds at the Broome Regional Resource Centre and 142 in-patient beds distributed throughout the hospitals in There are three small health clinics on the Dampier the region. The number of public hospital beds in the Peninsula at Beagle Bay, Lombadina (also provides Kimberley as at December 2007 was 135, accounting for services to Djarindjin) and Ardyaloon. The Clinic at Beagle about 4.1 beds per 1000 people. During this time, the Bay is provided by Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services maximum number of licensed private hospitals beds Council (KAMSC), who also provide a further clinic in the was 10 (DLGRD 2008). The Broome Health Service was Secondary Impact Area, at Bidyadanga. Both clinics are contacted regarding bed numbers and it provided the staffed by a doctor and a number of Aboriginal Health following figures as at September 2009. Broome Hospital Workers. Currently the clinics are also involved in health had 45 overnight beds and 6 same-day beds. There were promotional activities conduct by KAMSC for the relevant 39 overnight beds in Derby, 12 in Fitzroy Crossing, 8 in communities. Halls Creek, 32 in Kununurra and 4 in Wyndham. Table 8.11 lists the Kimberley’s health related services and facilities. Changes in the health care sector are being driven by factors such as workforce shortages, quality and safety of service provision, clinical and financial sustainability, community demands for access and international trends towards greater specialisation. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 87 Table 8.11. Health Related Services and Facilities in the Kimberley Hospital Services in the Kimberley Broome Hospital Derby Hospital Fitzroy Crossing Hospital Halls Creek Hospital Kununurra Hospital Wyndham Hospital General Practice in Broome Broome Medical Centre Broome Doctors’ Practice Kimberley Headspace (auspiced by KAMSC, specifically for 12-25 year olds) Aged Care Services in the Kimberley Kimberley Aged and Community Services (KACS) Bran Nue Day (Broome) Numbula Nunga Nursing Home Community and Public Health Services in the Kimberley Broome Community Health Service Derby Community Health Service Fitzroy Crossing Community Health Halls Creek Community Health Service Kimberley Population Health Unit Kimberley Remote Area Health - East Kimberley Remote Area Health - West Kununurra Community Health Service Wyndham Community Health Service Mental Health Services in the Kimberley Kimberley Mental Health and Drug Service Kimberley Headspace (mental health and social service support for 12-25 year olds) Private Psychologists operating from the Kimberley Division of General Practice 14 bed residential Mental Health Unit (formerly Acute Psychiatric Unit) Disability Services &/or Support Organisations in the Kimberley Bran Nue Dae Centre Broome Aged & Disabled Services Inc Kimberley Personnel Inc Kimberley Individual and Family Support Association Pilbara Kimberley Care Life Without Barriers (East Kimberley) Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 88 Other Health Services in the Kimberley Bidyadanga Child Health Centre Broome Child Health Centre Broome Dental Clinic Broome Regional Medical Service (also a provider of GP services) Derby Aboriginal Health Service Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Service Council Ord Valley Aboriginal Health Service - Kununurra Kimberley Aged and Community Services (KACS) Kimberley Population Health Unit Next Step Kimberley Community Drug Service Team One Arm Point Child Health Centre PathWest Broome Laboratory Red Cross Blood Donor Centre, Broome Kutjunka health Clinic (KAMSC) – operates for the Balgo community. Yura Yungi Aboriginal Health Service – Halls Creek 8.3.1. Indigenous Health Injury inflicted by another person was the leading cause Given the relatively large proportion of indigenous of hospitalizations for injury and poisoning in Aboriginal residents in the Kimberley, indigenous health is a people in the Kimberley at more than 25 times the significant issue for the region. Many indigenous Western Australian rate (WACHS 2008). communities in the Kimberley have limited access to adequate health services due to their remote location. Studies show that 14% of indigenous 4-17 year olds Indigenous people in the West Kimberley have a relatively living in the Broome region are at high risk of mental poor health status and associated high morbidity and health problems. One of the most significant causes of mortality rates. risk of mental health problems in the West Kimberley is the number of life stress events experienced by a young The most significant health issues affecting indigenous person. One in five children living in the Broome region people living in the Kimberley and most particularly are living in families with poor parenting, which renders the West Kimberley are mental illness, cardiovascular the young person four times more likely to be at high risk diseases, metabolic diseases including diabetes, renal of mental problems (Zubrick et al 2005). failure, Infectious diseases including Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), poor nutrition, premature and low birth- Taylor (2008) has identified chronic diseases including weight deliveries, recurring infections and injury (Zubrick cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic pulmonary et al 2004 and Atkinson et all 1999). Amongst young and diabetes as the dominant causes of morbidity and indigenous people, ear health is a chronic problem which mortality rates for indigenous Australians in the West has cascading impacts upon education and a number of Kimberley. His investigations identified diabetes and other factors (Zubrick et al 2004, 2005 & 2006). related renal diseases as having the largest difference in mortality and morbidity rates between non-indigenous The Kimberley has some of the highest reported and indigenous people in the West Kimberley. incidences of STIs in Australia, with particularly high numbers of Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Syphilis. There These investigations are supported by WACHS concerns has also been some evidence to suggest that sexually regarding the renal health of Aboriginal people in transmitted infections are much more prevalent in Western Australia. Although Aboriginal people constitute indigenous youth compared to non-indigenous youth only 2.7% of the state’s population, they represent 22.2% in the Kimberley (WACHS 2008). A key cause of STI of all patients receiving dialysis therapy and over a third transmission in the region is sexual violence (discussed of these patients are from the Kimberley (WACHS 2008). elsewhere in this document). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 89 Indigenous life expectancy is approximately 20 years less than other Western Australians. The best available estimates from the ABS for Western Australians indicate indigenous life expectancy at birth to be 58.5 years for males and 67.2 years for females (ABS 2007a). These compare with estimates of 79.1 years for all males in Western Australia and 83.8 years for all females. Table 8.12. Indigenous Standardised Mortality Rates for Selected Health Conditions in the Broome and Derby-West Kimberley Shires, 1994 – 2003 Causes of Death Broome Derby-West Kimberley Number ASR30 Number ASR Circulatory Disease 49 321.2 116 568.4 Respiratory Disease 13 63.1 31 136.5 Diabetes and Renal 12 73.6 30 148.6 Injury and Poisoning 32 87.3 65 160.6 Source: Taylor 2008 In Western Australia as a whole, the highest rates of i]ZhVaZd[VaaiV`ZVlVnWZZg^c^cY^k^YjVa\aVhh indigenous deaths are related to cancer, diseases of containers of more than 400mL is prohibited; the circulatory system, respiratory diseases, endocrine except where the sale is to a liquor merchant or disorders, injury and poisoning (Taylor 2008). The with written permission of the Director of Liquor mortality rates, standardised to account for different Licensing (Department of Racing, Gaming and age structures, for some of these health conditions in Liquor 2009). Broome and Derby-West Kimberley Shires are provided in Table 8.12. The restrictions reflect efforts to reduce the social problems associated with chronic alcohol abuse in the 8.3.2. Kimberley Health-Related Issues region, including foetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related Mental health remains one of the most pressing health suicides and abandoned children (The West Australian issues within the Kimberley. For Aboriginal people living 2009; Gibson 2009). in the region this is more severe again; approximately The Kimberley has high rates in a number of indicators one in six Aboriginal young people in the Broome region of community dysfunction, including among Western are at high risk of mental illness (Zubrick et al 2005). Australia’s highest rates of family violence, the highest The present lack of resources to meet mental health number of reported sexual assaults (2001), extremely need in the Kimberley has been a matter of continued high suicide rates, prompting the Hope Inquiry, and media attention. Peak bodies have argued the region has among the highest number of child abuse and neglect less than half the required mental health professionals cases in Western Australia. needed to support the community (ABC News 2007). The rates of family violence in the Kimberley are among Key health-related social issues in the Kimberley also the highest in the State. A 2003 study revealed that 49% include the region’s large and fluctuating number of of non-Aboriginal people in the Kimberley had witnessed tourists, alcohol issues and the crime rates. family violence, while 65% of the region’s Aboriginal The large number of tourists (estimated at 350,000 population had witnessed family violence (Ralph et people) visiting the Kimberley each year impacts on all al 2003). While only 366 persons were processed for facets of the region’s infrastructure, including health domestic violence-related offences in Broome over the services (WACHS 2008). 2008-09 year, as stated above, this represents only a small proportion of domestic violence incidents (where In the interest of public health, the Kimberley region has victims often opt not to proceed with criminal charges or some of the toughest restrictions in Australia relating to even sometimes restraining orders). Family violence is the purchasing of full-strength takeaway alcohol. From frequently under-reported and therefore police statistics 30 March 2009, the following restrictions applied to liquor are not representative of its true prevalence. Access licenses located in areas of Western Australia north of Economics predicts that between one in four and one in 20° south (including the regional centres of Broome and five people are affected by family violence (using survey Kununurra): processes of the general population). i]ZhVaZd[iV`ZVlVna^fjdg l^i]VcVaXd]daXdciZci of more than 6%) in individual containers of more than one litre is prohibited 30 The Age Standardised Ratio (ASR) is standardised with 2001 Australian population and expressed per 100,000 persons. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 90 The WA Country Health Service (WACHS) completed egdbdi^c\VXjaijgVaanhjeedgi^kZVcYZc\V\^c\ a Kimberley Clinical Services Plan in 2008 following a work environment for all employees review of health services provided in the region. This plan identified the key themes relating to health services in the hZkZgZ]djh^c\h]dgiV\Z^cVaaVgZVhd[i]Z Kimberley, issues and challenges with service delivery Kimberley and workforce limitations. These are summarised i]ZjhZd[i]ZegdXZYjgVa9^hig^XiBZY^XVaD[ÃXZg below. model of care in a medical environment where Kimberley sites, including the regional resource centre, generalist procedural general practitioners are integrated district health services, small hospitals and increasingly rare and highly sought after (WACHS program areas of mental health, population health and 2008). aged care, were consulted over a period of approximately Service delivery issues in the Kimberley include: four months in 2007 for the Kimberley Clinical Services Plan. This consultation raised the following themes L68=H@^bWZgaZn^hegZYdb^cVcianVc6Wdg^\^cVa relating to health services in the region: health service provider and all service strategies aim to align with this intent i]Z^beVXid[^hdaVi^dcVcYVXXZhhid]ZVai]XVgZ particularly in very remote areas, specifically in bVcV\ZbZcid[VÄjXijVi^c\(*%!%%%idjg^hi relation to emergency response and obstetric care population on a base population of 33,500 people i]Z@^bWZgaZnVhVeg^bVg^an^cY^\Zcdjh]ZVai] Veegdm^bViZandcZi]^gYd[i]ZedejaVi^dc &&!%%% care provider with specific focus on chronic people) that require health care, live across 220 disease management, child and maternal health, plus communities in the 0.5 million km squared mental health and drug and alcohol issues area i]Z^beVXid[hdX^VaYZiZgb^cVcihd[]ZVai]dc `Zn^hhjZh[dg]ZVai]hZgk^XZYZa^kZgnkVgnVXgdhh indigenous communities and opportunities to primary and community health and acute health coordinate agency responses to these areas services i]ZXVeVX^ind[i]ZgZ\^dcidgZhedcYidV[gV\^aZ ]ZVai]hZgk^XZgZ[dgb^hgZfj^gZYidYZa^kZghV[Z! workforce environment and the need for increased sustainable health services to the communities use of an indigenous workforce within the WACHS Kimberley region (WACHS 2008). i]Z^cÄjZcXZd[Vc^cXgZVh^c\hZVhdcVaedejaVi^dc The Kimberley Primary Health Care Sustainability Study from tourism and the emerging resource 2008-2030, prepared for the Kimberley Division of General endeavours on service provision and enabling Practice, highlights that the general shortage of general factors such as accommodation and cost of living practitioners in Australia is acute in the Kimberley and likely to get worse without significant change. Challenges i]ZcZZYVcYX]VaaZc\Zd[eVgicZgh]^ehl^i]di]Zg relating to the region’s remote location, availability of health providers in order to increase capacity to housing and infrastructure continue to increase difficulties deliver services. in attracting and retaining staff. The study also highlights (WACHS 2008) that private practice can no longer be relied on to provide the basis of primary care in the Kimberley, due to the The ability to ensure a skilled and adequately staffed challenges associated with operating sustainable and workforce to support remote locations and small successful private practices (Price & Considine 2008). hospitals in the Kimberley is limited by: It is suggested that the growing population in the Kimberley V\ZYldg`[dgXZ^chbVaah^iZh is expected to roughly double by 2030 and will require at least 90 additional general practitioners in the region by hbVaaldg`[dgXZXViX]bZcihl]ZgZZhhZci^Va this time. Potential strategies to address the health care services are located requirements of the region include addressing housing and infrastructure needs, specifically targeting the needs XdbeZi^i^dcl^i]b^c^c\VcYdi]Zg^cYjhign of local government areas including, but not limited developments for staff and accommodation to, Broome and increasing cooperative arrangements ZmigZbZan]^\]hiV[[ijgcdkZg between service providers (Price & Considine 2008). ^cVW^a^inidgZXgj^iV[jaaXdbeaZbZcid[hiV[[^cid established positions, leading to service delivery issues and workload increases for existing staff Y^[ÃXjain^cegdk^Y^c\hiV[[VXXZhhiddeedgijc^i^Zh! such as professional development, training and mentoring, due to limited availability and lack of relief staff Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 91 8.3.3. Issues and Capacity of Individual Health While the architectural plans include temporary housing Services and Organisations for family of patients brought to the facility, it is likely that the unit may bring more than the estimated number Every effort has been made to provide a comprehensive of patient family and supports to Broome. It is also review of all health services and organisations within possible that certain families may not wish to reside at Broome and the West Kimberley region. Accordingly, the the accommodation provided at the facility. This may following individuals and organisations have provided have some implications for housing and homelessness information for this social services review: in Broome (albeit small). 6jhigVa^VcGZY8gdhh7addYHZgk^XZ Australian Red Cross Blood Service 7gddbZ9ZciVa8a^c^X The Australian Red Cross Blood Service has been operating in Broome since early 2009 and provides 7gddbZ=dhe^iVa services to the Kimberley. Its services include a breakfast 7gddbZBZY^XVa8a^c^X club, a community indigenous scheme, coordination of activities with certain government agencies, but excludes 7gddbZ9dXidghEgVXi^XZ blood donation, which occurs at the Broome Hospital. At May 2009, the service employed five people. The Broome 7gddbZGZ\^dcVa6Wdg^\^cVaBZY^XVaHZgk^XZh service employs five people and staffing is adequate, with the service having an ability to manage an increase in 8]^aY=ZVai]8a^c^X demand. There is the possibility of the service expanding 8GH6jhigVa^V to Kununurra in the future. 9^hVW^a^inHZgk^XZh8dbb^hh^dc Beagle Bay Health Service The Beagle Bay clinic is auspiced by Kimberley Aboriginal @^bWZgaZn6Wdg^\^cVaBZY^XVaHZgk^XZh8djcX^a Medical Services Council. It is staffed by two Senior @^bWZgaZn8dbbjc^in9gj\HZgk^XZIZVb Aboriginal Health Workers, a Nurse, a full-time Clinic Manager, a junior Aboriginal Health Worker, a full-time @^bWZgaZn9^k^h^dcd[ Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 92 Broome Hospital The Kimberley Satellite Dialysis Centre (KSDC), managed The Broome Hospital caters for medical, surgical, by BRAMS, is the only renal clinic for the region. The paediatric and maternity care and has a busy emergency KSDC cares for 42 indigenous haemodialysis clients service. It caters mainly for Broome and the surrounding and provides respite care for Kimberley Home Dialysis community. Broome Hospital has a total of 32 beds (6 day clients in order to avoid the need to remove them from and 36 overnight). There are approximately 250 deliveries the community to Perth for dialysing. per year in Broome and regular general surgical and The KSDC presently operates at maximum capacity gynaecology theatre lists. (having done so since 2004) and when forced to turn Broome Hospital employs 173 full-time equivalent people away, the indigenous clients are dislocated from employees. As part of a $42 million redevelopment, the family support by being forced to travel to Perth for Broome Hospital is now a state-of-the-art facility. A dialysing. This presents a significant disincentive for nine-room specialist centre is complete, along with the these clients to obtain dialysis at all. first of two operating theatres, an 11-bed ward extension Child Health Clinic and a mortuary. Staff members have moved into the new services building, which replaces rooms dating back to The Child Health Clinic caters for children 0-5 years old 1946. and sometimes does home appointments. The clinic services BRAMS once a week, holds a parent group Broome Medical Clinic at Circle House once a week during school terms and The Broome Medical Clinic offers all general practitioner organises parent nights at the Broome Hospital once per services and employs between 3.5 and 5 FTE doctors, school term. It also services Bidyadanga and the Dampier depending on the season. Employing the fifth doctor, as Peninsula communities. The clinic employs three people a locum, for the significant increase in demand during on a part-time basis. Appointments run for 45 minutes the tourist season has proved challenging. The costs and the service is open from 8:30am–4:00pm Monday associated with hiring a locum doctor during the tourist to Friday. In 2009, the clinic indicated that it is under season tend to be roughly the same as the increased resourced but could cope with an increase in demand for revenue received during this season. Ongoing issues for its services by working longer hours. the clinic include the high cost of living in Broome and CRS Australia the clinic being much more expensive than running a similar practice in Perth. CRS Australia is part of the Commonwealth Department of Human Services and provides vocational rehabilitation Broome Doctors Practice and assessment services to people with a disability, injury The Broome Doctors Practice offers all general of health condition. This work includes assisting people practitioner services, a skin cancer clinic, medical with injuries and disabilities to source work and providing assessments for companies and hospital pathology. The assistance to people on worker’s compensation. The practice employs two full-time doctors, three receptionists organisation also conducts some labour market research. (approximately 2.5 FTE) and two practice nurses (both CRS Australia employs one part-time physiotherapist part-time). It services approximately 100 patients per and one full-time psychiatrist at its Broome office. It has day and is operating at full capacity. Expansion plans are no existing issues and has the capacity to serve more being undertaken to increase capacity. clients. It is the only service provider of its type in Broome. If demand requires, CRS Australia can outsource clients Broome Regional Aboriginal Medical Service (BRAMS) or fly-in additional staff, however this rarely occurs. BRAMS is an Aboriginal community owned and controlled Disability Services Commission health care service providing holistic, culturally appropriate curative service as well as integrated The Disability Services Commission is involved in preventative programs. BRAMS does not provide advancing opportunities, community participation and services for accidents or general health. It is funded by quality of life for people with disabilities. It provides the Commonwealth Government to provide Aboriginal a range of direct services and support to people with medical services, but also treats non-Aboriginal people. disabilities, their families and carers. It also funds some The service employs 32-33 staff consisting of two to three non-government agencies to provide services to these permanent doctors with supporting administrative health people. The commission also has the following frontier workers. It services approximately 100-120 patients per services that operate a number of services across the day and has significant existing capacity constraints. It Kimberley: is already at full capacity and has had to close its books A^[ZL^i]dji7Vgg^Zgh"egdk^YZhVXXdbbdYVi^dc for almost a year. The closure of a similar medical clinic support in Warmun (East Kimberley) (Dakas Street Medical Centre) in Broome in July 2008, as it was no longer financially viable, resulted in an increase EZgi]GZ\^dcVa=dbZ8VgZ"deZgViZh^c7gddbZ in demand for BRAMS’s services. E^aWVgV@^bWZgaZn8VgZ @^bWZgaZn6\ZYVcY8dbbjc^inHZgk^XZh# Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 93 The commission has four offices across the Kimberley; Kimberley Community Drug Service Team in Broome, Derby, Fitzroy Crossing and Kununurra. The The Kimberley Community Drug Service Team offers commission employs five people across the Kimberley. services for mental health, acute psychiatric problems It has approximately 200 registered clients across the and drug and alcohol issues and has approximately Kimberley and although it has no existing issues, it is 20-25 clients a day, including home visits and visits operating at full capacity. to remote communities. The team employs three Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council permanent psychiatrists, one trainee psychiatrist and (KAMSC) six administration staff. Although the team does not turn away clients, if there was a significant increase in KAMSC is a health resource body for a group of demand for its services it would likely face significant independent Aboriginal community controlled health capacity issues. services comprising of representatives of member Aboriginal community controlled health services, health Kimberley Division of General Practice Ltd service communities and health committees from across The Kimberley Division of General Practice (KDGP) is a the Kimberley (WACHS 2008). In addition to supporting five not-for-profit membership based company that provides of its member Aboriginal Community Controlled Health leadership, policy and program support in primary Services (ACCHS) across the Kimberley, KAMSC provides care and health service improvement for people in direct clinical service delivery in the communities of the Kimberley. KDGP works as a support mechanism Beagle Bay, Balgo and Bidyadanga. Further, it auspices and communication medium for medical and health Kimberley Headspace which provides mental health staff working in state hospitals, population health and support and promotion, in addition to GP services to 12- community health centres; Aboriginal Community 25 year old indigenous and non-indigenous people in Controlled Health Services; and private practices. In Broome. 2009, the company employed 25 staff members working throughout the Kimberley region. Eighty percent of Some of the support that KAMSC provides to member employees are part of the company’s clinical workforce, ACCHS employed to provide direct services in allied health and ]ZVai]egdbdi^dch mental health. A small corporate and program team are also employed. hdX^VaVcYZbdi^dcValZaaWZ^c\egdbdi^dcVa programs to the communities from which ACCHS KDGP is governed by a Board consisting of six General and other clinics operate (specifically in the area Practitioners, a non-medical clinician and a community of suicide, self-esteem, family violence and child director, and there are approximately 100 active members abuse), through its Regional Centre for Social and in the community. Strategic priorities for KDGP include Emotional Wellbeing; workforce support, information management/information technology, its members, advocacy, health promotion, VeVgicZgh]^el^i]i]ZJc^kZgh^ind[LZhiZgc governance, allied health and mental health. Australia to build the capacity (and encourage) KDGP is funded primarily by the Australian Government medical staff to work in the region; Department of Health and Ageing, as well as smaller VXXdjci^c\!VYb^c^higVi^dcVcY]jbVcgZhdjgXZ projects being funded by a range of other entities. Existing management support challenges for the company include consolidating the company as a medium-sized entity and continuing its eda^Xnhjeedgi growth in service delivery. gZegZhZciVi^dcVcYVYkdXVXnViVgZ\^dcVa!hiViZ The company does not have excess capacity. However, and national level if it is awarded with more contracts, an increased workforce can result in a critical mass of workforce to ejWa^X]ZVai]egd\gVbYZkZadebZciVcY allow flexibility and increased capacity. The success of coordination this result would be a product of sufficient planning. XZcigVa^hZYejgX]Vh^c\d[e]VgbVXZji^XVah! Kimberley Headspace medical and other supplies Kimberley Headspace is designed to provide mental health, social and youth service support to Broome’s VgZ\^hiZgZYigV^c^c\dg\Vc^hVi^dc[dg6Wdg^\^cVa 12-25 year old population. Its scope of services includes health worker training the provision of GPs, youth mental health workers and a health and wellbeing clinic (sexual health). XdbejiZghnhiZbhhjeedgiVcY^c[dgbVi^dc technology. Kimberley Headspace engages in a wide range of mental The council employs approximately 50 staff in Broome. health promotions and youth engagement activities. Access to remote locations is an issue for the KAMSC, Kimberley Headspace is currently funded for continued especially during the wet season. A further issues is that for the next three years only. Although the service is KAMSC’s service delivery is compromised by land tenure auspiced by KAMSC, its charter is to deliver services to conflicts with its neighbouring health service, BRAMS. both the indigenous and non-indigenous young people of Broome. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 94 Milliya Rumurra Alcohol and WACHS Kimberley also includes Derby Hospital, Fitzroy Drug Rehabilitation Centre Crossing Hospital, Halls Creek Hospital, Kununurra The Milliya Rumurra Alcohol and Drug Rehabilitation Hospital and Wyndham Hospital. However, these are Centre provides a residential facility, a day program beyond the scope of this social services review, which for non-residential clients, one-on-one programs for focuses on Broome and the West Kimberley region. relapse, harm minimisation, parenting services, a sober-up shelter five nights a week, and has an outreach 8.4. Crime and Justice program. The centre is operating at full capacity. Australia, with one in 18 Kimberley residents assaulted, St John Ambulance one in 71 sexually assaulted and one in 28 burgled St John Ambulance provides all emergency road (Knowles 2009). transport for the Kimberley region (WACHS 2008). St For the 2008/09 financial year, the Kimberley’s reported John Ambulance also provides general ambulance offences against the person constituted approximately services and employs two full-time paramedics and has one fifth of such offences for all of regional Western approximately 30 volunteers. There are three ambulances Australia. By comparison to the central metropolitan and it has approximately 2400 call outs a year. The region of Perth, which possesses a greater population service could manage a small increase in demand for than for the Kimberley, the Kimberley’s statistics (2,393) their services (maybe 5 per cent). Delays associated constituted approximately two thirds of the figure of such with accessing regional locations are an issue with this offences for the metropolitan region (WA Police 2009). service. It is rarely able to provide a second crew for call outs due to its reliance on volunteers. Some volunteers, Highest featuring offences in the Kimberley for 2008/09 particularly those with full-time work, find it hard to are: commit to shifts. V\\gVkViZYhZmjVaVhhVjai (&, !Xdchi^iji^c\ Tartal Kura Maya – Bidyadanga Health Clinic approximately one quarter of such offences for The Tartal Kura Maya – Bidyadanga Health Clinic offers regional WA and almost double that of the Perth primary health services and an on-call service. It employs metropolitan region; one doctor, five nurses, three Aboriginal health workers, one driver and one receptionist. It services approximately V\\gVkViZYVhhVjai ,'% !Xdchi^iji^c\ 50-100 patients a week (there are 850 patients in the approximately one quarter of such offences for entire community). The clinic experiences a high turn regional WA and approximately equivalent to that over of staff and retaining nurses is an issue. In the past, of the Perth metropolitan region; it has managed to cope with more patients. When capacity cdc"V\\gVkViZYVhhVjai .&. !Xdchi^iji^c\ is reached, priority setting occurs to evaluate the extent approximately one sixth of such offences for of the emergency and the care required for patients. The regional WA and two thirds of of the same offence clinic is auspiced by KAMSC. type for the Perth metropolitan region; and WA Cancer Support Group i]Z[iVcYegdeZginYVbV\Z &!()&VcY&!''' The WA Cancer Support Group offers support to cancer respectively). These offences feature highly in patients, providing referrals to other services and provides relation to the Kimberley District’s own crime some financial services to pay for utilities for patients. statistics but are not proportionately high in The group employs one person in Broome on a part-time relation to those of regional WA, or by comparison basis of three days per week and can have 20-30 active to the Perth metropolitan area. clients at any one time. The group is operating at capacity and an increase in patients would impinge on its current The above statistics were sourced from 2008/09 WA activities. Vehicle access is also an issue as this support Police reporting. It is important to note that categories of group operates on a shared vehicle use system. If the offence such as ‘intimate partner violence’ or domestic service provider had its own vehicle, it would improve its violence’ are not separately categorized but fall within the functioning. broader ambit of ‘offences against the person’, described in the first three bullet points above. WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley Crime statistics are restricted by those offences reported WACHS Kimberley includes: to or by police. They do not include charges for which convictions are not secured. It is important to recognise @^bWZgaZn6\ZYVcY8dbbjc^inHZgk^XZh that rates of offence against the person may in fact be @^bWZgaZnBZciVa=ZVai]VcY9gj\HZgk^XZ0 higher, in light of the plethora of reasons for which people do not disclose or report these incidents (for example @^bWZgaZnEdejaVi^dc=ZVai]Jc^i domestic violence assaults and sexual assaults). 7gddbZ=dhe^iVa GZ\^dcVaBZY^XVaVcYGZ\^dcVaCjgh^c\# Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 95 At this point there is some difficulty distilling publicly Prison implications for population available reported crime statistics for the Kimberley, The new prison to be built in Derby is designed as a secure, to capture the primary and secondary impact areas modern complex housing up to 150 inmates. Construction exclusively. The NT intervention currently operating is due to be finalised in 2011, with operations to commence in Kimberley indigenous communities may affect the in 2012. The Department of Corrective Services has stated statistics reported above, as may the quantum of policing that the facility will aim to meet ‘the social and cultural in some of the remote areas. needs of Aboriginal offenders and their families’ and that Police a further aim will be to ‘employ Aboriginal people in 50% of staff positions’. The Department of Corrective Services In early 2009, there were 44 staff members working for states that the project ‘is being developed in partnership the Broome sub-district, made up of 40 police and four with the community to ensure local people provide input administrative staff. Police services are provided 24- that will be instrumental in advising on work, training and hours a day and staff work in shifts. There are usually educational programs geared at improving Aboriginal six police officers on duty, two vans patrolling and two wellness, teaching life skills and reducing the high rate officers in the office. of repeat offenders’ (Department of Corrective Services The Kimberley Regional Police Office is also located 2009). The State has committed to building approximately in Broome in the newly constructed regional police 70 new houses in Derby for staff to live in. complex. There are three civilian administrative staff It is likely however that the building of such a prison will and 20 police staff to serve the region. These positions also attract family and friends of inmates to both Broome include detectives, intelligence officers, prosecutors, a and Derby. The quantum of population influx as a result training officer, alcohol and drug officers and forensics of this is not yet well understood. The Department of staff. Corrective Services has conducted a social impact The main issues that require police services in Broome assessment in relation to the prison and determined are anti-social behaviour, domestic violence and property that the influx of population to the region would not be offences. These issues are mainly associated with significantly greater than existing movement. juvenile offenders, poor socio-economic circumstances and alcohol and drug abuse (pers. comm., Broome Police 8.5. Community and Individual 2009). Wellbeing In addition, it is likely that policing for the Precinct will Family violence be unable to be policed from Broome and will require its own staffing. The Kimberley possesses amongst the highest rates of family violence in the State. A 2003 study revealed that Presently a policing hub operates from the Northern 49% of non-Aboriginal people in the Kimberley had Peninsular, at the community of Lombadina. This is a witnessed family violence, while 65% of the region’s 2-person police post that was built in 2007 and operates Aboriginal population had witnessed family violence as a accommodating Child Protection and Department (Ralph et al 2003). of Justice staff. It also services the communities of Djarindjin, One Arm Point (Ardyaloon) and Beagle Bay. Presently there is only one refuge (Marnja Jarndu) and one counseling service (Kinway) to respond to family Justice administration violence in the region. Both are of very limited resource The Broome Prison has some capacity constraints and capacity and are required to provide outreach to remote the West Kimberley regional prison is being constructed communities in addition to servicing the Broome region. 6km from Derby. The Shire of Broome has about 25 per In the secondary impact area, in particular Derby, family cent of the Kimberley District’s police staff, however, it violence rates are also excessive, but again, there is one accounts for 40 per cent of the demand for police services refuge and very few therapeutic intervention services (pers. comm., Broome police 2009). available. Within the town of Broome, the legal fraternity consists Sexual Assualt of one magistrate, three independent (private) lawyers, It is difficult to properly quantify the magnitude of sexual a legal aid department and an Aboriginal legal service. assault in the region, as it is one of the most under- In addition, the Broome courthouse employs seven full- reported offences and also commonly occurs in a family time equivalent staff. context. Amongst the national population, sexual violence affects approximately one in six females (Women’s Safety Survey 1996) and one in ten men. Aboriginal women are estimated to be at far higher risk of sexual assault than non-Aboriginal women, with an estimated 88% of Aboriginal women under-reporting their experience of sexual violence (Gordon Report 2002). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 96 Anecdotal, media and academic reports have also raised A range of liquor bans were introduced to the Broome the incidence of situations where men in the Broome region by the West Australian Government in early 2009, area are procuring sexual favours from young Aboriginal however rates of alcohol abuse remain high. In addition, girls and boys in exchange for items such as cigarettes, a range of bans have been introduced to communities alcohol and taxi fares (see O’Brien 2008). surrounding Broome which has seen a rise in the itinerant population seeking to access alcohol from the Child Abuse and Neglect town centre. The Kullari Patrol operates from Broome to Proportionate to its population, rates of reported contact intervene and diffuse potentially violent situations arising with the child protection system in the West Kimberley from public intoxication. are very high. For example the West Kimberley’s number of open contacts within the child protection system over In August 2008, the Derby and Broome Indigenous the 2008-2009 financial year were amongst the highest in Coordination Centres reported that petrol sniffing ‘was the State, despite lower population levels comparative to not a problem’ in the West Kimberley, adding that alcohol other regions. (see comparative statistics in Appendix 7, and marijuana appeared to be the substances of choice Department of Child Protection 2008/2009). Despite the (Broome and Derby ICC 2008). high rates recorded, it is anticipated that rates are most 8.5.1 Human and Community Services likely even higher in light of under-reporting (WA Police 2009) Various groups and organisations provide a range of community services to residents in Broome and the The high rates of child sexual abuse in the Kimberley Dampier Peninsula. The following examples provide prompted Operation Pacer as part of the Indigenous some indication of the range of services provided: Safety Taskforce, under which numerous charges have already been laid. In the first 9 months of 2009, child 8.5.1.1. Government Service Providers abuse reports escalated by 118% in the Kimberley Region The Department of Child Protection provides officers (WA Police 2009). in both Broome and Derby to assess and respond to Anecdotal and media reports suggest that the Department concerns about a child’s wellbeing and allegations of child of Child Protection’s offices in the region are already abuse and neglect. The Department also undertakes a working beyond their capacity. regulatory role in relation to the protection of children, under the Children and Community Services Act 2004. Suicide The Kimberley region possesses the highest suicide rate Presently in Brome there is one hostel for children in the country. A recent survey revealed that of Aboriginal removed from care, however this frequently operates young people, 22% had suicidal thoughts in the prior 12 beyond capacity. This has prompted calls for a second months and of those, 22% had attempted to take their hostel to be built in the region, which the Department own life (Zubrick et al 2006). The excessively high rate has supported in concept. of suicide in the Kimberley prompted the Hope Inquiry, The Department of Child Protection is the only Government released in February 2008; an investigation by State Social Service Provider in the region. Coroner Alistair Hope into 22 deaths in the region. During the course of the inquiry, another 11 deaths occurred in 8.5.1.2 Non-Government Service Providers the region. Burdekin - Youth In Action Inc In 2003, 28% of Aboriginal people in the Kimberley surveyed Burdekin - Youth In Action Inc is a youth service aimed had lost a family member to suicide (Ralph et al 2003). It at improving the level of engagement of homeless young has been argued that rates are in fact higher, and that people, or those at risk of homelessness, in family, work, self-harming behaviours and suicide in the Kimberley are education, training and the community. The service also still largely under-reported (Westerman 2003). recognises that young people are faced with a range of Substance Misuse issues including: In a recent survey in the Broome region, 42% of Aboriginal Ynh[jcXi^dcVa]dbZZck^gdcbZci young people were found to use alcohol, tobacco and marijuana and 22% of those surveyed stated they drunk jcZbeadnbZci to excess in the prior 12 months, compared to 12% for VWjhZd[VaXd]daVcYdi]ZgYgj\h the rest of WA (Zubrick et al 2006). Y^hZc\V\ZbZci[gdbi]ZZYjXVi^dchnhiZb In relation to the Kimberley generally, per capita alcohol consumption has been the highest of any region in the iZZcV\ZegZ\cVcXn State. In 1999 it was approximately twice the level of the State average consumption. In the same period, the [Vb^anVcYYdbZhi^Xk^daZcXZ region had the highest rates of hospitalisation, resulting from alcohol-related conditions and alcohol-related lZa[VgZYZeZcYZcXZ# death rates were 167 per cent higher in the Kimberley These issues can be interrelated and exacerbated by region than the remainder of the State (Department of homelessness and other housing challenges facing Liquor Licensing 1999). young people. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 97 Burdekin – Youth In Action Inc focuses on early The Homeless Action Group is run through open meetings intervention strategies for young people aged between with an extensive email distribution list, so that anyone 12 and 25 years. Services provided include informal interested is able to attend and/or receive email updates. counselling, practical support, advocacy and a referral In November 2009, there were more than 70 recipients on service. Young people are also provided with opportunities the distribution list including State and Commonwealth for personal development, learning and peer support Government agencies, the Shire of Broome, community networks. The youth service employs two full-time youth and indigenous organisations, such as the Kullari Patrol, workers, a part-time family support worker, a part-time Men’s Outreach Service and Burdekin Youth in Action, administrative assistant and a full-time coordinator. and community members. The supply and cost of housing in Broome are ongoing Kinway Counselling Service / Anglicare challenges facing the service due to the difficulties The Kinway Counselling Service runs the Kimberley associated with finding young people suitable Family Relationship Centre as well as providing sexual accommodation. The shortage of temporary or crisis assault counselling, family relationship counselling, accommodation for young people is of particular concern domestic violence support, standby suicide response and to Burdekin – Youth in Action Inc and has been raised a Derby victim response service. The service employs 11 as an issue by other community service providers. The staff member and has approximately 50-60 new clients cost of housing also impacts on the service’s ability to each month, with each client having six sessions. An attract and retain skilled staff. The youth service has been existing problem is the ongoing challenge of attracting short-staffed for the last 12 months due to difficulties and retaining staff and the high cost of living in the related to attracting suitably qualified staff, and it has Kimberley. Funding is also an issue as the budget is effectively been operating beyond capacity. Demand for measured against the same standards as other locations services is high and the service is concerned that the in Western Australia and the high cost of living and the future expansion of Broome could have cost and demand uniqueness of the Kimberley location are not taken into pressures for housing. account. The service could provide for more clients at HYPE its Kimberley Family Relationship Centre, but its other services are generally at capacity. The Helping Young People Engage (HYPE) project was developed to target perceived antisocial and offending Kullari Patrol behaviours in areas were young people were gathering. The Kullari Patrol provides a patrol service to pick up Auspiced by the Shire of Broome 10-15 youth workers intoxicated people off the street and transport them patrol areas where youth ‘congregate’ in the town to to a safe place, such as their home, a relative’s home, address issues relating to young people and public the sobering up centre or women’s refuge. The service spaces employs five full-time staff members and seven casual Homelessness Action Group staff members, who work on a rotating seven-day roster to operate the patrol. The patrol is on duty from about The Homeless Action Group is an informal group 11.30am until midnight and requires six workers to be consisting of community groups, government agencies on duty. and indigenous representatives who aim to make a positive difference to housing issues in Broome. The Funding issues have been an ongoing challenge for group grew out of a Residents Action Group that was Kullari Patrol and its services, including hours of duty, formed in early 2007 in response to the housing crisis in are limited by the funding received. The patrol relies on Broome and aimed to: State Government grants to operate. In 2009, there was gZhZVgX]VcYgV^hZVlVgZcZhhd[]djh^c\^hhjZh an increase in intoxicated people needing to be picked up by the service. The patrol is operating at full capacity hZZ`hdaji^dchidi]Z]djh^c\h]dgiV\Z and a further increase in demand for its services would ]Zae]dbZaZhheZdeaZÃcYVXXdbbdYVi^dc require a corresponding increase in funding. hjeedgiiZcVcihid`ZZei]Z^g]djh^c\# The Homeless Action Group has received State funding from the Department of Housing and the Department of Child Protection and Commonwealth funding through the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. Key housing projects facilitated by the group include the 2007 Broome Residents Homelessness and Overcrowding Survey, the 2008 Broome Social Housing Framework, outreach events funded by the Department of Housing and LandCorp, and the establishment of a Homeless Assertive Outreach Service in Broome. In late 2009 the Homeless Action Group was involved in planning a social housing forum to be held in the first half of 2010. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 98 Marnja Jarndu Women’s Refuge 8.6. Essential Services The Marnja Jarndu Women’s Refuge provides temporary 8.6.1. Utilities accommodation for women (and their children) experiencing domestic violence in Broome and the nearby Gas communities. Support, information and referral are There is no reticulated gas in Broome. Bottled gas is provided to women experiencing domestic violence and available and sourced by some residents in the region. there is a focus on intervention, prevention and education. Services provided include a mobile outreach service for Water Bidyadanga and Dampier Peninsula communities. The Broome’s water supply is obtained from bores screened refuge in Broome operates 24 hours a day, seven days a in the unconfined Broome Sandstone aquifer north week. There are 20 beds at the refuge including at least east of the town. In 2009, the bore field consisted of 18 two beds for single women and five beds for women with bores producing approximately 20ML per day in total. children. The service employs 10 full-time employees, one The aquifer provides a large resource of high quality part-time employee and two casual workers. All workers water. With proper management it is expected that it will are directly involved in providing services. Demand for support Broome’s continued strong population growth. the refuge service can be difficult to predict and there The aquifer is recharged directly from rainfall, which are times when there are not enough beds for women makes it vulnerable to contamination from inappropriate seeking refuge. An increase in demand would require the land uses (Water Resources Commission 2001). service to expand. At July 2009, the Water Corporation employed 26 staff The Marnja Jarndu’s Women’s Refuge noted that housing in Broome and 25 staff in Kununurra. An upgrade of affordability is a significant existing issue in Broome, the bore field was recently completed and the three which can increase the demand for its services. A related additional bores provide an extra 6ML per day in total challenge is the lack of housing available for boys over 12 production. Preparatory work on the next stage of source years old from homes with domestic violence. Boys over augmentation has begun, and it is predicted (using the 12 years old cannot be taken in by the women’s refuge land release and the Department of Planning figures for and there is often no other temporary accommodation growth increases) that these works will give the town for them to stay. This situation has been associated with adequate projected capacity, under current conditions, longer term social impacts for these children. until around 2017 to 2020. Additional plans have been completed for the ultimate project capacity of the Men’s Outreach Service town and its supply requirements (pers. comm., Water The Men’s Outreach Service provides counselling and Corporation 2009). Planning is underway to increase other support services to homeless and disadvantaged water storage capacity in Broome via new tanks around men, as well as re-entry service to ex-prisoners across the town. New tanks will likely be required at Blackman the Kimberley region. The service has been active since and Buckley Streets to cope with increased demand in 2000, and is involved closely with government service these areas (Water Corporation 2009). providers in the community services sector including the Department of Justice, Department of Corrective Services, On the Dampier Peninsula, water is sourced from the Community Justice Service and Kimberley Mental Health. Broome aquifer. Bores are installed and fitted with small The service also works with non-government service treatment systems by contracted parties to support the providers including, but not limited to, Milliya Rumurra remote communities. Alcohol and Drug Rehabilitation Centre, Kullarri Patrol, Waste Water Burdekin Youth Service and Marnja Jarndu Women’s Refuge. The service employs one part-time and seven full- The existing wastewater treatment plant in Broome is at time employees. With the exception of one administrative capacity with an average inflow of 3.5ML per day. As a position, all staff members provide direct services. There result, the Water Corporation is currently constructing are also 10 volunteers on the service’s management a new wastewater treatment plant, and associated committee and some of these volunteers also take on infrastructure, north of Broome on Crab Creek Road. other roles. This new wastewater treatment plant is planned to be operational in late 2010 and there will be progressive The cost of housing in Broome is an issue for the Men’s staged upgrades to meet the town’s needs until 2050. Outreach Service, particularly in relation to attracting The Minister for Water approved construction of the new skilled workers from outside the region. Funding Broome North Wastewater Treatment plant to start in constraints have also been experienced. For example, August 2009. The Water Corporation aims to have the a drop-in service that had been provided for homeless new plant commissioned by November 2010 providing men became no longer viable in the last 12 months an extra 3.5ML a day to service approximately another due to a lack of regular committed funding. The Men’s 15,000 people up until 2020. Planning has allowed for a Outreach Service relies mainly on Commonwealth and staged increase in capacity at the new site as the town State Government funding to deliver specific services. continues to grow in the future (pers. comm., Water More funding would be required to meet any increase in Corporation 2009). demand for its services. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 99 Electricity The existing waste management facility has a limited Electricity in Broome is provided by Horizon Power. There lifespan and the number of years that it will continue was an investment of about $180 million in capital works operating is being determined. Preliminary consideration (2006) and associated costs and there will be more than of future options for waste management including the $400 million in power purchases during the next 20 possibility of the new waste management site has begun years. The recently commissioned new power stations (Infrastructure Workshop 2009). replaced existing diesel-fired power stations that were There is no centralised or shared waste collection or up to 30 years old and, in most circumstances, did not management on the Dampier Peninsula. Instead, each meet legislated noise emission standards (Horizon main community and many outstations have their own Power 2006). refuse disposal facility (DPI 2008). The new 76 MW Broome Power station became 8.6.2. Emergency Services operational at the beginning of 2008. Power supply to remote areas in the Kimberley is provided by the State Fire and Emergency Services Authority (FESA) of Government Aboriginal Community Remote Area Power Western Australia Supply program, which provides rebates for renewable The Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western power systems in off-grid areas (KDC 2008). Australia (FESA) Kimberley, is the Hazard Management Authority that coordinates the response to a wide range On the Dampier Peninsula, Horizon Power recently of emergencies including fire, cyclones, storms, floods, established 50kW diesel power stations at Ardyaloon, road crashes, hazardous material spills, earthquakes Beagle Bay and Lombadina/Djarindjin (DPI 2008). These and tsunami, as well as undertaking search and rescue power stations are modular in nature and have the operations on land and water. Local Government capability to allow for expansion by adding additional Authorities also have a role in regard to bush fires modules where required (DPI 2008). Individual outstations outside the gazetted town areas, as does the Department tend to have individual power generators, but can also of Environment and Conservation in national parks and apply to Horizon Power to be integrated into the grid reserves. serviced by these stations (DPI 2008). The following information was obtained through personal The power stations, to be built, owned and operated by communication with FESA operations in the Kimberley in Australian company Energy Developments Limited, are March 2009. aimed at improving the quality and reliability of power supplies in Broome, Derby, Halls Creek, Fitzroy Crossing In the Kimberley, there are six main towns with 17 and Camballin-Looma and improving the amenity of volunteer units that are FESA’s responsibility with these five towns (Horizon Power 2006). approximately 650 volunteers. These figures do not include St John Ambulance or the Red Cross. The Services in the Indigenous Communities volunteer units include: The Remote Area Essential Services Program has been operating throughout Western Australia since 1986. The kdajciZZgÃgZVcYgZhXjZhZgk^XZh Department of Housing delivers this program which kdajciZZgbVg^cZgZhXjZhZgk^XZh provides power, water and sewage repairs to over 90 Aboriginal communities across the State. A maintenance Wjh]ÃgZWg^\VYZh and capital works service is also provided to these communities. Furthermore, an emergency service is HiViZ:bZg\ZcXnHZgk^XZkdajciZZgh[dghZVgX]VcY provided to approximately 180 or so smaller communities rescue (DHW 2008). kdajciZZgZbZg\ZcXnhZgk^XZhjc^ihi]VijcYZgiV`Z Maintenance visits to these communities occur every 6-8 a combination of the previous functions in the weeks and an emergency call out service for breakdowns smaller centres of Fitzroy Crossing, Halls Creek in these communities is also provided. The Department and Wyndham. also delivers a housing construction program and a further program to refurbish existing housing (DHW A high turnover of volunteers is apparent in both the 2008). Pilbara and Kimberley regions. This observation is influenced by the regions’: Waste Management igVch^idgn$ÄdVi^c\ldg`[dgXZ The Shire of Broome manages a waste management facility, located 9km from Broome on the Broome hbVaacjbWZgd[gZi^gZYeZdeaZ Highway. Through contracted service providers, the Shire provides weekly household refuse collection services and ]^\]eZgXZciV\Zd[XdjeaZhl]ZgZWdi]eVgicZgh also provides a comprehensive recycling service. work \dkZgcbZcildg`ZghbV`^c\jeVWdji+%eZgXZci of volunteers and generally rotating on a one to two year basis in the North-West Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 100 adc\ldg`^c\]djghVcY;>;Dldg`VggVc\ZbZcih Since 2007, issues relating to driver recruitment and in the mining industry resulting in workers being retention have been experienced by some taxi service too fatigued or unavailable to volunteer. providers (pers. comm., Pearl Town Taxis 2009; pers. comm., DPI 2009). All companies indicated that had they Within the Kimberley region, FESA has offices in Broome been able to recruit and maintain drivers they would be and Kununurra. Management staff consists of one able to meet existing demand. regional director, one support officer and six managers, who oversee and manage the emergency response If the long-term expectation of international flights volunteer groups and coordinate the implementation of into Broome eventuates then the work load will rise the emergency management arrangements across the considerably. Increased activity in the oil and gas industry Kimberley. around Broome is also expected to bring an increase in FIFO workers. There are no FESA career fire-fighters north of Geraldton, therefore, Broome does not have any stations manned 8.6.4. Telecommunications by career staff. The Broome Bushfire Brigade has two Telecommunications within the Kimberley region include water tankers. Broome volunteers get approximately television, telephone, radio and internet facilities, but 500 calls a year for a variety of emergency incidents. the scattered nature of the small towns of the Kimberley FESA volunteers are mobilised to emergency incidents makes communication infrastructure a major challenge through the centralised ‘000’ call system, which are then (DLGRD & KDC 2006). redirected to the volunteer services via pager or SMS. FESA consider there to be an adequate number of The urban centres have access to various television and volunteers in Broome to deal with town base emergencies, radio stations, ABC and SBS national television, WIN and but the bush-fire response crews are under-resourced GWN commercial television, ABC Regional Radio, ABC for their broader role across the Shire of Broome. Joint Radio National, commercial WAFM and North West Radio. ventures with industry could assist in this regard. Notably, In addition, GTV 35, a community TV station, is in operation volunteers are only permitted to use sealed roads and in Broome (DLGRD & KDC 2006). There are community not off-road routes. Therefore volunteers will not go on radio stations, such as Goolarri radio and Imparja, which the unsealed portion of the Broome-Cape Leveque Road are available in some remote communities. or the Gibb River Road. The Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Cyclone emergency welfare centres are highly limited Scheme (BRACS), introduced in 1987, provides for the in capacity and are provided for the townsite only. The re-transmission of television or radio services, including centres are unable to accommodate all people from local indigenous content throughout many indigenous Biyadanga and communities on the Dampier Peninsula. communities (DLGRD & KDC 2006). Similarly, the centres would be unable to accommodate the potential construction workforce located at the gas Major towns and several mining operations have access precinct at James Price Point (pers. comm., FESA 2009). to digital mobile phone services. In remote communities there is a growing Community Phones Program which 8.6.3. Transport allows for incoming calls. Outgoing calls can be made by Bus Service using a Country Calling Card (DLGRD & KDC 2006). Town Bus Service provides the regular passenger The Higher Bandwidth Incentive Scheme allows people transport service in the town of Broome. It is run by a to access broadband technology in regional and remote private company and is not subsidised by the government. areas at a comparable cost to metropolitan areas The service is primarily targeted to visitors to Broome and a growing number of communities have access to rather than the local population, however, the service is Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). The ISDN also used by local residents. The service is provided on an network enables local call access to the Internet (DLGRD hourly basis in a circular one way route, which includes & KDC 2006). hotels, beaches and places of interest (pers. comm., DPI 2009). Telstra is the primary provider of public pay-phone services throughout the Kimberley. In addition, private The bus service is primarily provided during the day, pay-phones are also supplied and operated by shop running seven days a week. During special events, owners, caravan parks, mining companies, hotels and services may continue into the evening. The service similar private or government enterprises. There are 230 carries close to 400,000 passengers per year and there Telstra provided pay-phones throughout the Kimberley is limited capacity to expand the fleet (pers. comm., DPI region. Within Broome there are 18 public pay-phones 2009). in street locations and 17 at private sites, including Taxi Services shopping centres and caravan parks, among others. The town of Broome has four taxi companies, Broome Taxis, Pearl Town Taxis, Roebuck Taxis and Chinatown Taxis. There are 23 full time conventional taxis, one multi-purpose taxi (effective 1 February 2009) and two peak period (weekend) taxis (pers. comm., DPI 2009). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 101 Telstra has reported declining usage of pay-phones e]nh^XVa^c[gVhigjXijgZ^cXajY^c\gdVYh!l]Vg[! in Broome. As a result, Telstra may consider power lines, fuel and water pipes and other decommissioning some public pay-phones in 2009. tangible structures Across the Kimberley, it is estimated that there are 15 public pay-phones located in remote communities that ZaZXigdc^X^c[gVhigjXijgZ^cXajY^c\YViV!^ciZgcZi! appear to be abandoned by the occupants. Potentially communications and navigational aids these could be removed, however, this would occur only XdaaVWdgVi^kZVcYeZghdccZa^c[gVhigjXijgZ after confirmation that the sites have been permanently including the community, human networks, vacated (pers. comm., Telstra 2009). adjoining regions, business groups and The decline in pay-phone use is primarily attributed to interactions between people, objects and places. the significant uptake of mobile phones. Pay-phone call The Broome Port Authority raises about 59 per cent of usage across Broome has declined by up to 15 per cent its revenue from the offshore oil and gas exploration annually. Costs to service and maintain payphones affect industry. The oil and gas exploration sector is therefore the viability of each site. This decline in payphone usage in an important revenue source for the port authority (pers. the Kimberley is similar to other mature markets globally. comm., Broome Port Authority 2009). However, Telstra is required, under the Universal Service Obligation, to continue to maintain a certain proportion of Wharf usage (berth utilisation) has an upper limit of about public pay-phones (pers. comm., Telstra 2009). 70 per cent (at 40 per cent in 2009) because of the time it takes for ships to berth and depart. Berth utilisation 8.6.5. Australian Quarantine Services greater than 70 per cent generally results in vessel The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) waiting periods. The Broome Port Authority would view in the Kimberley has two sections: an increase in berth utilisation as desirable as this would maximise the potential of the existing infrastructure and HZVedgiVcY>bedgi8aZVg^c\Egd\gVb result in increased revenue without requiring significant Cdgi]Zgc6jhigVa^VcFjVgVci^cZHZgk^XZ C6FH # capital expenditure (pers. comm., Broome Port Authority 2009). AQIS deals with any vehicle/vessel/aeroplane from an international destination. Broome has three full-time Approximately 50 hectares of port land, including present operational staff. NAQS has four people employed out of leases, are currently dedicated towards port operations Broome. Determining if additional staff would be needed and another 46 hectares of industrial land is potentially to manage the growth of oil and gas in the Kimberley available outside but adjacent to the port boundaries. would be completed following a risk-based approach. The Broome Port Authority has undertaken preliminary Staff can be flown in from Perth when needed (pers. studies to construct a second heavy lift wharf to allow comm., AQIS 2009). for port expansion and the servicing of Browse Basin To a large extent, staff requirements are determined production operations. by the number of shipping movements. For greenfields projects with no existing infrastructure, and operators 8.7. Sport and Recreation who are not quality assured, the demand on AQIS staff is higher. The Kimberley supports many sport and recreational activities. These sport and recreational activities often Currently 12 ships a month are dealt with by AQIS. At this reflect the unique environment, remoteness, wilderness, stage only private executive flights from international culture and lifestyle of the region. destinations and interstate flights need to be processed by AQIS. However, if the long-term expectation of The Shire of Broome’s Community Services Directorate international flights into Broome eventuates then the supports sport and recreation organisations by providing work load will rise considerably. If airport activity were services in various areas including: to rise significantly AQIS would establish a service at the XajW$VhhdX^Vi^dcbVcV\ZbZci^c[dgbVi^dcVcY airport with casual local staff. advice 8.6.6. Petrol/Fuel Stations egd[Zhh^dcVaYZkZadebZcideedgijc^i^Zh[dg The town of Broome has six petrol stations. committee members and club personnel 8.6.7. Port Authority ^c[dgbVi^dcVWdjiVkV^aVWaZ\gVci[jcY^c\ The Broome Port Authority has 27 permanent staff processes and assistance with the reviewing of (administration, operations, and managers) and 47 casual applications staff. In the last 12-18 months they have employed 13 new hjeedgi[dgi]ZZm^hiZcXZVcYhjhiV^cVW^a^ind[ staff and lost four (pers. comm., Broome Port Authority different types of sports and recreational activities. 2009). The Broome Port Authority’s infrastructure includes: Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 102 The development of Broome’s sport and recreational Due to the high tidal range, much of the recreational facilities has occurred to assist the needs and interests of angling activity is boat based, with shore fishing limited to the community. Based on community demand, sport and periods of flood tides and high water. Shore based fisher recreational organisations are encouraged to approach activity may be concentrated around mangrove areas and the Shire to discuss applications for new facilities and/or creeks for species such as mud crabs and barramundi. improvements to existing facilities (Shire of Broome 2006). The total catch of all species taken by recreational Broome Recreation and Aquatic Centre is owned and fishers in the region is about 300 tonnes per year. Key operated by the Shire of Broome. It is located mid-way species caught include: trevally, spanish mackerel, blue- between Cable Beach and the town centre and is the lined emperor, tuskfish, threadfin salmon, mangrove town’s central hub of sports facilities. It offers a 25m jack, barramundi and mud crabs. (Department of State public swimming pool, tennis courts, basket ball courts Development 2009b). and several multi-purpose rooms from which physical activity classes, such as yoga, can be run. The centre is not air-conditioned. Expansion of BRAC’s sporting field 9. BLNG Social capacity was underway in late 2009, with two additional fields being added, one with night lighting for evening Impact Factors sports events. Anecdotally, evidence suggests swimming pool users 9.1. Social Impact Factors would like to see the development of a 50m pool in Broome. Among Broome residents is a large number Table 9.1 identifies the potential social impacts as a of competitive swimmers and the town takes its young result of precinct construction and operation. These competitive swimming club very seriously. It is seen as an impacts will be assessed in Volume II of the SIA and the impediment that the pool is only 25m when competitions final volume in the SIA will develop strategies to mitigate, elsewhere in the State take place in a 50m pool. manage and monitor the impacts. Surf Lifesaving in Broome is extremely well supported. The Broome Surf Lifesaving Club has been formally recognised as attracting some of the highest participation of any Surf Lifesaving Club in Western Australia. Lifeguards paid by the Shire of Broome operate from Monday to Saturday on Cable Beach, however, on Sundays Broome Surf Lifesaving Club provides beach patrols from 8.30am until 5.00pm. Land on the Dampier Peninsula is used informally for camping, recreation and day trips. The Peninsula is also networked with a number of four wheel drive access tracks. The James Price Point coastal area has been used as a recreational area for camping and fishing by the local population. 8.7.1. Recreational Fishing In Western Australia recreational fishing is managed within four broad biological regions – the West Coast, Gascoyne, South Coast and Pilbara/Kimberley. Each region has particular fishing rules to suit the regional ecology, mix of species and fishing demands. The Pilbara/ Kimberley region of Western Australia runs from the Ashburton River, south of Onslow to the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory (all land and water north of 21º 46’ south latitude and east of 114º 50’ east longitude). Total recreational fishing activity in the Pilbara and Kimberley is estimated at 70,000 anglers and one million fishing days a year. Recreational fishing continues to experience significant growth and is concentrated around key population centres (like Broome and Derby), with a peak in activity during the winter months (dry season) when the local population increases by considerable numbers of tourists that travel to or through those areas. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 103 Table 9.1. Social Impact Factors Social Factor Aspect with Risk Impact Summary/Rationale potential to cause Rating impact Increase in General Population High The precinct is likely to result in an increase in the general Permanent population of the region (due to people being attracted by Population significant direct and indirect opportunities associated with the developments) and lead to increased demand for goods and services in the region. Indigenous High The construction and operation of LNG projects within Population the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct may result in an increase in the indigenous population of the region (due to people being attracted by significant direct and indirect opportunities associated with the developments) and lead to increased demand for goods and services in the region. Local Employment High The construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to result in increased competition for labour in the region and lead to wage increases in order for other industries to compete for labour. Indigenous High The construction and operation of LNG projects within Employment the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to result in increased competition for labour in the region and lead to wage increases in order for other industries to compete for labour. Cost of Living High Due to an increase in population associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct, and the demand from the projects themselves, upward pressure may be exerted on the regional cost of living, due to competing demand for supply constrained goods and services. Housing Prices High Due to an increase in population associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct, should directly and indirectly employed workers choose to reside in Broome, there will be upward pressure exerted on housing prices. Social Infrastructure High An increase in the demand for infrastructure and services will result from the increased population in the impact areas. These services include land, housing, roads, waste services, electricity and water. Transport Medium Due to an increase in population associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct and the demand from the projects themselves, upward pressure may be exerted on the transport sector, including air transport, boating, bus, taxi and transport-related aspects, such as car parking and fuelling. Regional Prices High Due to an increase in population associated with the Index construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct, and the demand from the projects themselves, upward pressure may be exerted on the regional prices index due to competing demand for supply constrained goods and services. Recreation Medium An increase in the permanent population will result in increased pressure on existing recreational facilities. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 104 Social Factor Aspect with Risk Impact Summary/Rationale potential to cause Rating impact Increase in Transport High The temporary or FIFO workforce would have a significant Temporary/FIFO effect on the transport sector particularly air transport, but Population including other local forms of transport such as taxis. Accommodation Medium An unmanaged increase in the temporary or FIFO workforce could impact on short stay accommodation availability. This could impact on the tourism and hospitality industry. Business Low An increase in the temporary and FIFO workforce could have an impact on the local retail and hospitality sectors. Use of Education High The construction and operation of LNG projects within Infrastructure the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to result in and Services increased use of education and training services and place pressure on education infrastructure in the region. Health High The construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to result in increased use of health services and place increased pressure on health infrastructure in the region. Power High Additional use of infrastructure and services associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is quite likely to increase demand for power and put additional pressure on power supply and infrastructure in the region. Telecommunications High Additional use of infrastructure and services associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to increase demand for telecommunications services and put additional pressure on associated infrastructure in the region. Waste Additional use of infrastructure and services associated with the construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to increase demand for waste services and put additional pressure on associated infrastructure in the region. Existing Displacement Medium Establishment of an LNG precinct and associated Industries infrastructure and contractor businesses could displace existing enterprises in the pearling, fishing and tourism industries. Indigenous Proximity High Establishment of an LNG precinct and associated Communities infrastructure could impact on indigenous communities within the primary impact area due to the proximity of the plant or LNG workforce. Difference to Social Cohesion High Changes to the social mix in Broome or on the Dampier Local Population Peninsula could result from the oil and gas workforce. Sense of Place Sense of Place High Unmanaged development of the precinct and the supply base could cause a change to the defining character or essence of Broome and the West Kimberley. Security Asset Protection High The construction and operation of LNG projects within the Kimberley Browse LNG precinct is likely to result in increased security risks for the region. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 105 Social Factor Aspect with Risk Impact Summary/Rationale potential to cause Rating impact Community Project Acceptance Medium Community attitudes (for or against) towards the project Attitudes influence the degree of community support within the area the development occurs. Local Employment High The projects at, or associated with, the precinct Employment development could provide additional employment opportunities to the Kimberley community particularly Aboriginal people. Local Traffic Management Low The projects at the precinct could impact on the daily Disruptions routine of local people. If unmanaged, the most likely local impacts are anticipated to arise from the movement of project-related traffic on local roads. 9.2. Baseline Social Studies 9.2.2. Employment and Investigations Program The SIA Scope and Profile reviews employment in the Kimberley, Shire of Broome and Broome itself based The BLNG Precinct - Scope of the Strategic Assessment on existing information. It does not include the required (DSD 2009b) identifies the following baseline social workforce analysis covered in the Strategic Assessment studies relevant to the social impact of the LNG precinct. Scope, which includes assessing local skills, the project The social impact assessment is a component of the worker requirements (skilled and unskilled), training strategic assessment and the SIA scope and profile needs, recruitment, and management. An analysis of provides baseline information for the majority of the workforce skills and requirements relevant to the LNG following studies. Heritage impact assessments will be precinct will be undertaken in conjunction with the undertaken independent of the SIA process. identification of a foundation proponent. 9.2.1. Population 9.2.3. Housing/Cost of Living The objective of the Strategic Assessment baseline studies As is reviewed in the SIA Scope and Profile, housing and for population is to provide an overview of indigenous accommodation facilities in the Kimberley in general, and non-indigenous demographics, population trends and Broome in particular, are experiencing increasing and health status, to provide understanding of social pressure. The SIA meets the objective of the housing baseline conditions. An overview of socio-cultural social factor by undertaking an analysis of the current profile is required to inform the strategic assessment, housing situation (temporary and permanent) and the to understand the existing socio-economic setting of the annual fluctuations. The population projections section area within and surrounding the LNG precinct. of the SIA will project, based on a range of assumptions, the housing requirements during the lifetime of the LNG The SIA Scope and Profile has included a detailed precinct. demographic review of the region. The review has relied on an interrogation of ABS statistics and, due to 9.2.4. Industry the recognised indigenous undercount, would benefit The SIA includes two specialist industry impact studies from augmentation from the Aboriginal Social Impact – the Fisheries, Pearling and Aquaculture and Tourism Assessment (ASIA). In addition, it is recommended that Impact Assessments. This largely meets the BLNG the project proponent review the health outcomes from Precinct – Scope of the Strategic Assessment (DSD the SIA and identify gaps, such as the health impact of the 2009b) objectives of: construction workforce on the local population including the impacts of drug abuse and sexually transmitted DWiV^c^c\VcdkZgk^Zld[XjggZciadXVadXXjeVi^dch diseases. A review of similar projects and successful and livelihoods, including fishing (commercial), mitigation and management methods is advised. pearling and aquaculture, to determine potential effects arising from the LNG precinct JcYZghiVcY^c\Zm^hi^c\idjg^hbjhZhVcYigZcYhVi a local and regional context, to determine potential effects arising from the LNG precinct. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 106 9.2.5. Community Infrastructure and Services The objective of baseline studies for land tenure is to An infrastructure review of sea, air and road infrastructure provide an understanding of indigenous land ownership, will be undertaken as part of the broader impact rights and agreements within, and surrounding, the area assessment process. The transportation requirements of the LNG precinct, including key social factors such as: including air, land and sea of the LNG precinct will be AVcYIZcjgZ^cXajY^c\CVi^kZI^iaZ assessed to enable the potential impacts on existing transportation networks and infrastructure to be planned. >c[dgbVaAVcYJhZ Projected transportation requirements are also linked to anticipated effects on land-based (road transport) IZggZhig^Va8dchZgkVi^dc6gZVh routes and access rights, marine-based routes (vessel BVg^cZ8dchZgkVi^dc6gZVh# movements) and air-based travel, with potential for physical, biological or social impacts. For example, land- An overview of indigenous land ownership, rights and based transport interfaces with the potential for weed agreements has not been included in the overall SIA but may incursions, noise and amenity from trucking activities, be covered in the Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment. and direct and indirect impacts from construction of new It is required to inform the strategic assessment, and access roads. to satisfy requirements of the Commonwealth-Western Australia Strategic Assessment Agreement report. This 9.2.6. Land Tenure report will also need to demonstrate that the precinct Throughout the Kimberley region, the majority of land proponent has consulted with relevant indigenous groups is held under pastoral lease (KDC 2008). Approximately to obtain a holistic understanding of indigenous land 224,000km (over 50 per cent of the region) has been ownership as it relates to the LNG precinct. classified primarily for grazing stock, with the remaining portion of the Kimberley being Crown Land, Aboriginal 9.2.7. Cultural Heritage reserve, conservation estate or freehold land in the major The Dampier Peninsula is rich in Aboriginal history and urban areas. culture with a large number of significant Aboriginal sites. The Lurujarri Heritage Trail follows a traditional On the Dampier Peninsula, land tenure is a complex mix Aboriginal song cycle, running from Coulomb Point of: down the coast of the Dampier Peninsula to Yinara. The 6Wdg^\^cVaGZhZgkZh kZhiZY^ci]Z6Wdg^\^cVa Aboriginal Social Impact Assessment will include studies Lands Trust) on indigenous cultural heritage and values. 6Wdg^\^cVaAVcYIgjhiaZVhZhid6Wdg^\^cVa 9.2.8. Environmental and European Heritage corporations The Commonwealth Register of the National Estate, which lists places of natural, indigenous and historic 6Wdg^\^cVaXdgedgVi^dchhjW"aZVhZh^hhjZYid heritage throughout Australia, identifies several places families for the establishment of outstations of environmental significance located on the Dampier HiViZAVcYHZgk^XZaZVhZhid6Wdg^\^cVa Peninsula. These include Coulomb Point Reserve corporations and other entities such as pearling (Registered), Point Coulomb Area (Indicative), Swan companies Island (Registered) and Lacepede Islands Middle and West (Registered) (s. 5.4.10.1). EVhidgVaaZVhZh Colonial legacy is evident throughout parts of the A^b^iZY[gZZ]daYaVcY eg^bVg^andlcZYWn Kimberley particularly in Broome, Derby and across the the Catholic Church, Cygnet Bay Pearls and Dampier Peninsula. A search of the National Shipwrecks Kooljaman Resort) Database identified a number of wrecks which are scattered along the coastal margin of the Dampier 8dchZgkVi^dcZhiViZh ^cXajYZh8djadbWEd^ci! Peninsula. There are also reports of lost vessels between Swan Island and Lacepede Islands) Broome and the mainland coast, directly south of Carnot Bay (Cape Bertholet). The majority comprises pearling EjWa^XejgedhZgZhZgkZh [dgZmVbeaZ8VeZ Leveque Lighthouse and Bungarragut Pool on the vessels (luggers, ketches) dating from the 1860s onwards, Fraser River) which were lost in the periodic cyclones which proved devastating to fleets working the pearling grounds. JcVaadXViZY8gdlcAVcY# The SIA includes an assessment of the Sense of Place The James Price Point coastal area is situated within social issue which is derived from, among other things, the Goolarabooloo Jabirr-Jabirr registered native title the heritage of a location. It does not include a detailed claim, the tenure is unallocated Crown Land. The claim understanding of the environmental and European encompasses a portion of the Dampier Peninsula and heritage. This will need to be addressed during the adjacent marine areas. Strategic Assessment. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 107 9.2.9. Visual Amenity The housing issue in Karratha is proving to be an ongoing The James Price Point coastal area was assessed by the issue. While the Karratha Shire Council is seeking to NDT as “suitable with reservations” from a visual landscape increase the amount of affordable accommodation to significance perspective. It is recognised that visual amenity cater for the tourist population and small contractors, is a subjective determination based on personal values and resource companies continue to acquire additional appreciation of the surrounding area. accommodation for their workers. The SIA has not assessed the visual impacts of the Experiences overseas highlight several flow-on effects proposed developments at the precinct. These will need to the community from housing crises in resource boom to be assessed once the master planning process is towns. For example, in Fort McMurray (an oil sands complete and there is more clarity about the likely visual boom town located in Alberta, Canada) acute housing impacts, location, layout and scale. shortages have compounded the challenge of attracting and retaining the public sector workforce, including 9.2.10. Leisure teachers, police officers and healthcare workers, as well The SIA, and specifically the specialist studies on Tourism as those working in local business (Haslam McKenzie et and Fishing, Pearling and Aquaculture, will address the al 2008b). Similar experiences have occurred for small recreation/leisure use of the proposed precinct area. businesses in the Pilbara region (Watts 2004). Once the precinct layout and plant details have been In contrast to Broome, many resource boom towns are finalised, a social impact assessment of the specific essentially mono-economies. Coupled with the cyclical development should be undertaken. This should include nature of the resource market and its dependency on an assessment of potential social effects of the LNG international markets, there has been reluctance for precinct on current/planned recreational uses, taking significant investment in towns and mine camps (Haslam into account outcomes of impact assessment studies for McKenzie et al 2008a). noise, light, landscape, visual amenity and so on. A key State Government objective in managing the development of the LNG precinct is to increase the 10. Resource Industry Social Kimberley region’s economic diversity, investment and public infrastructure and services. The Kimberley’s Impacts - Discussion economic profile indicates that there are already established mining and tourism industries in the region. The development of an LNG precinct in the Kimberley Therefore, rather than encouraging a mono-economy, can provide significant economic and employment the development of an LNG precinct could assist in opportunities to the region. Much can also be learned diversifying the region’s economy beyond its current from existing research and experiences in other regions, economic base. with potential challenges associated with so-called ‘boom towns’ and the nature of resource development cycles. This section of the report provides an overview of 10.2. Resource Development Cycles key issues that need to be considered in planning for the The sustainability of communities is influenced by social impacts of the project. population levels. Many townships in the Pilbara region are heavily dependent on the mining industry and as a 10.1. Resource ‘Boom Towns’ result their populations can fluctuate with the growth or decline of development projects. Implications of Unplanned resource development near regional fluctuating populations include the effect on the perceived communities can create resource ‘boom towns’ as a sense of community and the ability of towns to maintain result of the rapid growth of the resources industry and infrastructure and services. the related multiplier effects that this creates. The ‘boom town’ experience is often associated with increased Boom and bust cycles have typified the mining sector, housing demand and reduced affordability. reflecting the influence of international markets and investor confidence. The most recent boom experienced For example, in resource towns in the State’s Pilbara by the resources sector in Australia, since early 2004, was region, there have been significant impacts on the widely argued as being able to withstand cyclical troughs availability of housing, particularly for those people who do and there were expectations that the boom would be not have housing provided or subsidised by the resources “stronger for longer” and a “resources super cycle”. A companies or government. In Karratha, between 1991 key factor driving the boom was the strong underlying and 2006, house prices increased by over 400 per cent, demand from China and India for commodities and energy without a similar increase in incomes (Haslam McKenzie to feed their rapid urbanisation and industrialisation et al 2008b). The lack of housing affordability is believed (Haslam McKenzie et al 2008a). In comparison, the LNG to have prevented families from settling in some regions industry is predicated on long term supply contracts that in the Pilbara. Some lower income families have chosen tend to even out the business cycles. The North West to stay in caravan parks as an alternative to paying high Shelf LNG project has been in continuous production for rent, which further reduces the availability of tourist more than 20 years and subject to regular expansion at accommodation in the region (Watts 2004). five-yearly intervals. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 108 In considering the impacts of economic and resource FIFO work arrangements have become an established development cycles on the proposed LNG precinct, it is practice for accommodating workers in remote area important to consider the outlook for the LNG market. mining operations in Australia since the mid-1980s. This In the short-term, unfavourable economic conditions, shift has been driven by a variety of factors including: significant new supply entering the Asian market, combined with a substantial increase in gas supply from i]Z]^\]Xdhid[Wj^aY^c\VcYbV^ciV^c^c\gZbdiZ unconventional sources in North America,31 suggest an mining towns LNG glut may be imminent within the region (Cedigaz i]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[]djh^c\VcYaVcY^cgZ\^dcVa 2009; Tomnay 2009). centres The long-term outlook however, is more positive, with h]dgiZgb^cZa^kZh some industry players expecting LNG growth rates to return to previous levels of around 7 per cent per annum h^bea^[n^c\i]ZbVcV\ZbZcid[aVg\ZiZbedgVgn (Voelte 2009). However, more cautious independent construction workforces observers note that cost pressures have increased project uncertainty (Jensen 2007). i]ZVW^a^inidVXXZhhh`^aaZYldg`Zgh[gdb^ciZg" state and overseas The primary driver for activity in the LNG market is the long-term outlook. This is because of the long lead- Y^[ÃXjai^Zh^cViigVXi^c\ZbeadnZZhVcYi]Z^g up times and the large capital expenditure involved in families to live in remote areas developing projects, which prompt buyers and sellers to adlZgV^gigVkZaXdhih seek long-term contracts with clauses protecting them 32 from large unfavourable short-term price movements. VXXZhhidfjVa^ÃZYaVWdjg[dgXZ =VhaVbBX@Zco^Z Despite recent growth in LNG spot sales, the majority of et al 2008a). trade still occurs in long-term contracts. In addition to avoiding costs associated with housing The nature of the energy sector, in relation to demand construction, FIFO work arrangements can have lower for workers and pricing, is also notably different from environmental impacts in comparison to establishing other industries. The experience in the Pilbara region resident workforces. This is a result of less land clearing illustrates the need for a large operating workforce in the required as there is no family residential housing iron ore industry. In contrast, oil and gas projects tend to and limited recreational facilities, and the ability to be highly capital-intensive, with relatively fewer operating environmentally rehabilitate sites used for temporary staff, but generating high demand for workers during accommodation (Chamber of Minerals and Energy 2005). the construction phase. Coupled with the expensive However, this observation does not take into account the construction and infrastructure required for oil and gas climate change impacts associated with regularly flying projects, the energy sector relies on long-term trading the workforce to and from the worksite. contracts between producers and buyers. LNG prices are benchmarked to competing energy fuels and there Despite the resource sector’s reliance on long distance are three distinct and relatively independent markets for commuting, such as FIFO and drive-in/drive-out, a LNG in the United States of America, Europe and Asia. significant downside of this workplace arrangement is the ‘fly-over’ effect, relating to regions missing out on the economic benefits of mining (Haslam McKenzie et al 10.3. Fly-In/Fly-Out and Long 2008a). The ‘fly over’ effect can be exacerbated by city- Distance Commuting based contracting of services and supplies that lead to local industry being overlooked for lucrative contracts 10.3.1. Issues Pertaining to Fly-in/Fly-out Work (Lambert 2001). Other criticisms of FIFO include: Arrangements Fly-In/Fly-out (FIFO) work arrangements requires aVX`d[Xdbbjc^inXdbb^ibZciVcYhZchZd[eaVXZ workers being flown to a work site and working for a a^b^iZYadXVa^ckZhibZci specified number of days and being flown back to their home town for a specified number of non-work days. bVg\^cVa^hVi^dcd[di]Zg^cYjhig^Zh![dgZmVbeaZ Food and accommodation near the work site are provided tourism and the retail sector, due to short-term for the workers, but not their spouse or family. Typically, accommodation being used for FIFO workers the work days are long, often 12-hour shifts, and the locations remote, leaving little time for recreation. Vci^"hdX^VaWZ]Vk^djgYZbdchigViZYWnhdbZ transient workers in their work towns i]ZY^hgjei^kZ^cÄjZcXZdceZghdcVaVcY[Vb^an relationships (Haslam McKenzie et al 2008a). 31 Gas supply in North America does not directly affect LNG markets in the Pacific Basin. Indirectly however, it does by freeing up more supply for Europe from western Africa, which in turn frees up more supply in the Middle East for Asia. 32 Long-term LNG contracts to Taiwan, South Korea and Japan are linked to the price of oil through the Japanese Customs Crude Index. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 109 In relation to the Browse LNG precinct, there are a range A key consideration in assessing the impacts of the of possible workforce arrangements. The construction, proposed Browse LNG precinct is to avoid, as far as operation, maintenance and expansion phases would possible, and mitigate the possible negative outcomes have significantly different workforce requirements. A that have been associated with other resource projects. key issue is whether the project will employ a residential Diverse and robust economic and social bases can be or FIFO workforce, and if a combination is employed what significant in insulating the community from the impacts would be the relative proportion of each. It is likely that of resource cycles (Haslam McKenzie et al 2008a). As these proportions would vary over time and according to noted previously, the Kimberley’s economy already the phase of development of the precinct. has established industries, and the addition of LNG processing can further diversify the region’s economy. 10.3.2. Previous FIFO in Broome – Case Study FIFO employment has been experienced by Broome for In relation to workforce arrangements, promoting a other resource projects. For example, in the late 1980s policy of employing and training local residents and and early 1990s BHP Minerals operated a lead/zinc those willing to reside in the Kimberley is a key driver underground Cadjebut mine in the Kimberley, located in retaining the opportunities of economic development between Fitzroy Crossing and Halls Creek. At the time, for the region. Positive outcomes for the community can the State Government’s Social Impact Unit conducted be linked to achieving a balance between residential a study of the social implications of FIFO for remote operations as the predominant form of employment, resource development in Western Australia (Pollard with FIFO arrangements only used where required due to 1990), including the Cadjebut mine as a case study. The isolation or labour shortage factors (Chamber of Minerals Cadjebut workforce commuted from Broome, Derby and and Energy 2005). In properly managing such impacts, it Kununurra, with 70 per cent residing in Broome. Most is recognized that a rigorous strategy must incorporate workers were rostered on a seven-days-on, seven-days- methods of addressing present barriers to employability off basis. in the region. These include holistic address of barriers to engagement in education and training, strong vision The workforce consisted of inexperienced locals, who and monitoring targets (Giddy et al. 2009). were trained, and more experienced staff who relocated to Broome, Derby and Kununurra. Staff who relocated, Maintaining affordable housing and the sustainability generally, reported feelings of alienation from the of communities are key objectives in managing a new Broome community, however, this experience was not resource development. In developing strategies to consistent with that of the local employees. mitigate negative housing issues associated with the LNG project, it is significant to note that these issues About 50 to 60 people relocated to Broome, which had a vary depending on the phase of resource development. population of about 7500 people (roughly half of Broome’s In relation to this project, the construction phase is population today). Couples with children felt that having expected to last between four to six years. Given the the family living in Broome, rather than leaving them in size of the Browse Basin, expansion of the precinct also Perth, was more comforting, particularly if an emergency needs to be considered. Planning regarding land supply were to occur. Notably, the new residents were absorbed is also critical to meet increased housing demand. This easily with no impact on the existing infrastructure. No planning requires State and local governments to ensure community organisation, with the exception of the district strategies are adequately resourced and coordinated hospital, had to modify its services to cater for the work (Haslam McKenzie 2008b). cycles. The hospital identified an increase in the number of outpatients on the Saturday morning after the shift Haslam McKenzie et al (2008a) suggest two principles changeover. Major benefits identified by the community relevant to long distance commuting. Firstly, in promoting related to the workforce and the flow-on economic the social and economic development of a region, all efforts benefits. In addition, the region benefited from the use of should be made to provide employment opportunities for local contractors from Broome and Fitzroy Crossing and local residents, especially indigenous people and young the purchase of goods locally (Pollard 1990). people. Secondly, employment practices should support social and economic diversity in local centres which contribute to functional communities. FIFO or drive-in/ 10.4. How can Potential Impacts be drive-out can still have a legitimate role, for example, for Avoided, Mitigated and short-term construction and expansion phases or where accommodation is temporarily unable to meet labour Managed? force requirements. In the Pilbara region, a significant part of the FIFO workforce is domiciled in the major towns. If this experience is replicated in Broome, planning and management would be needed to mitigate the impact of the workforce, and potentially their families, on the provision of infrastructure and services in the Shire. Existing and projected land shortage issues also need to be addressed. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 110 As outlined by Haslam McKenzie et al (2008a), it is The current exploration-related impacts on Broome are important that employment opportunities target specific exacerbated during the cyclone season when the rigs are community needs. In the Pilbara, despite the increase de-manned. It takes three days to de-man and re-man in employment opportunities in the region from the the rigs and companies have cyclone thresholds which resources industries, indigenous unemployment remains need to be reached for the de-manning to start. Again, high, while the unemployment rate in the remaining the exact nature of the impacts depends on the policies workforce is low (Watts 2004). Training programs and of the individual companies as some companies fly their opportunities therefore need to be targeted at improving workers to the airport to catch flights home, whereas the economic development of the indigenous population others prefer to have their workers stay in Broome (pers. and managed to ensure that they do not miss out on the comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). opportunities of the project. The cyclone season has positive and negative effects on The impact of the project on the region’s services and Broome. The oil and gas companies that evacuate their infrastructure raises issues regarding the underlying staff to Broome support the tourism sector by occupying projected increase in demand for services, particularly in rooms in the off-season. One of the companies has the context of the Kimberley’s growing tourism industry. permanently reserved rooms for their workers in case of Between 2001 and 2007, the average number of visitors a cyclone. Other less positive effects of the de-manning to the Shire of Broome was 235,500 people per year, with in Broome is reported anti-social behaviour by rig 92,500 visitors during the September quarter (Tourism workers. Research Australia 2008). Additional impacts arising from the LNG precinct will depend on the nature of the In 2009, Browse Basin exploration is estimated to be workforce (residential and FIFO) and the location of supporting more than 100 full-time jobs in Broome. As worker accommodation. the oil and gas industry was established in Broome prior to the development of the tourism industry, the industries have successfully coexisted and contributed to Broome’s 11. Browse Basin Gas unique character. Development Impacts 11.1. Existing Impacts from the Browse Exploration Phase Broome is experiencing the impacts of the FIFO rig operators, especially in relation to accommodation and flights. The exact nature of these impacts depends on the policies of the individual oil and gas companies. For example, some of the companies fly their workers to Broome and then transport them by helicopter to the offshore rig on the same day, whereas others require that their workers stay overnight in Broome before flying to the rig (pers. comm., Toll Mermaid 17/02/2009). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 111 Annexure A: Social Impact Assessment Methodology A.1. Methodology Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a process of research, planning and management to anticipate and manage change. It ensures a sound information base when making decisions about all phases of a project. This process is illustrated in Figure A.1 Figure A.1: The Social Impact Assessment Process The definition of SIA used in this research is that of An SIA usually follows the iterative stages shown Taylor, Bryan and Goodrich (2004) who define it as, “…a in Figure A.1 and involves the collation of relevant process for research, planning and management of secondary and some primary data such as information change arising from policies and programs” (Taylor et al. on local services and interviews with service providers 2004, p.1). In 2003, following years of consultation among to assess their capacity. Analysis of this information practitioners, the International Association for Impact permits likely impacts to be predicted such as a need Assessment published the International Principles for more temporary accommodation in the area. Once for Social Impact Assessment which states that SIA is the likely impacts have been ascertained, it is critical to a process for “analysing, monitoring and managing mitigate, manage and monitor these impacts to ensure intended and unintended social consequences” of change that unexpected events can be managed. (Vanclay 2003; Taylor et al. 2004). Rabel Burdge, a key researcher in the field of SIA, has developed a table of the type of variables that should be considered in an SIA and this table has been reproduced below (Burdge 2004, p.101). Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 112 Table A.1. Social Impact Assessment Variables Population Change 1. Population size, density and change 2. Influx and outflows of temporaries 3. Presence of seasonal (leisure) residents 4. Relocation of individuals and families 5. Racial and ethnic composition and distribution Community/Institutional Structures 6. Voluntary Associations 7. Interest group activity 8. Size and structure of local government 9. Presence of planning and zoning activity 10. Industrial/commercial diversification 11. Employment/income characteristics 12. Local/regional/national linkages 13. Employment equity of disadvantaged groups 14. Historical experience with change Political and Social Resources 15. Distribution of power and authority 16. Inter-organisational cooperation 17. Conflict between newcomers and long-term residents 18. Identification of stakeholders 19. Interested and affected parties 20 Leadership capability and characteristics Individual and Family Level impacts 21. Displacement/relocation concerns 22. Trust in political and social institutions 23. Residential stability 24. Family and friendship networks 25. Density of acquaintanceships 26. Perceptions of risk, health and safety 27. Attitudes toward the proposed action 28. Concerns about social well-being Community Resources 29. Change in community infrastructure 30. Indigenous populations 31. Changing land use patterns 32. Effects on known cultural, historical, sacred and archaeological resources Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 113 A.2. SIA Process A detailed understanding of the local social infrastructure is critical for large resource projects that involve significant It is useful to separate the process into project planning, numbers of additional temporary and permanent analysis and implementation phases. workers. The social infrastructure review assesses the current level of services and their capacity then projects A.2.1. Project Planning the likely impacts of the project. This information enables The planning phase includes the gathering of data agencies and affected people to manage these changes. (primary and secondary), the prediction of likely impacts, analysis and evaluation of alternatives to the current 8dbbjc^in8dchjaiVi^dc design, and a mitigation, monitoring and management plan for implementation. A key component of a social impact assessment is the identification of key stakeholders and their perceptions The specific activities undertaken during the design of potential impacts. These include: phase include: o Local government HXde^c\ o State government The scoping phase defines the scope of the project and includes the site selection process. It includes identifying o Commonwealth Government important issues for the project, such as environmental o Local service providers and heritage values and service provision. o Local interest groups EgdÃa^c\ o Local business A Social Profile is mainly a secondary research process involving an analysis of relevant data sources. It forms o Local community groups part of the preliminary project assessment and occurs once project details and possible issues are known. o Indigenous groups and their representatives. The purpose is to develop a ‘baseline’ (before change) A community consultation plan, incorporating existing understanding of the community (indigenous and non- and planned activities, is developed to ensure coordinated indigenous), focused by the nature of the project and the communication. The community consultation plan should potential community issues. include, or be supplemented by, a communication plan o Project Social Profile to co-ordinate and manage the flow of information to stakeholders and media. Once the preferred site for the potential hub has been selected, a detailed social profile of the local area should A.2.2. Impact Analysis be conducted as the local towns and settlements would >YZci^ÃXVi^dcVcY6hhZhhbZcid[>beVXih be most impacted by the development. This includes: The activities listed above culminate in the 6kV^aVW^a^ind[aVcYVcYgZaViZY^c[gVhigjXijgZ A.2.3. Project Implementation (residential, commercial, industrial) The impacts and mitigation measures identified in the design phase are monitored according to the :Xdcdbn management and monitoring plan. This plan includes measures for managing and reporting unexpected effects A^[ZhinaZVcYA^k^c\:ck^gdcbZcih of the impacts. BZY^V6cVanh^h >c^i^VaHiV`Z]daYZg6cVanh^h# o Social Infrastructure Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 114 Annexure B: Population for Local Government Areas in the Kimberley Region Tables List of Tables Table B.1 Estimated Resident Population, Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 - 2006 Table B.2 Residents and Visitors by Indigenous Status, Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Table B.3 WA Tomorrow Population Projections by Age for Local Government Areas in the Kimberley Region, 2006 to 2021 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 115 Local Government Area Estimated Resident Population at 30 June - Number 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Broome 3590 4280 5923 7887 9766 13,196 14,175 Derby-West Kimberley 5090 6330 6501 7019 6512 8467 7355 Halls Creek 1940 2540 2748 2679 2910 3751 3239 Wyndham-East Kimberley 3810 4790 5952 5790 6484 7211 7159 Kimberley Region 14,430 17,940 21,124 23,375 25,672 32,625 31,928 Regional WA 345,580 378,020 408,899 447,305 470,164 508,157 540,633 Western Australia 1,178,340 1,300,060 1,459,019 1,636,067 1,765,256 1,901,159 2,059,381 Share 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Broome 24.9% 23.9% 28.0% 33.7% 38.0% 40.4% 44.4% Derby-West Kimberley 35.3% 35.3% 30.8% 30.0% 25.4% 26.0% 23.0% Halls Creek 13.4% 14.2% 13.0% 11.5% 11.3% 11.5% 10.1% Wyndham-East Kimberley 26.4% 26.7% 28.2% 24.8% 25.3% 22.1% 22.4% Kimberley Region 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Kimberley share of – Regional WA 4.2% 4.7% 5.2% 5.2% 5.5% 6.4% 5.9% Western Australia 1.2% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.7% 1.6% Change 1976-81 1981-86 1986-91 1991-96 1996-2001 2001-06 1976-2006 Broome 690 1643 1964 1879 3430 979 10,585 Derby-West Kimberley 1240 171 518 -507 1,955 -1112 2265 Halls Creek 600 208 -69 231 841 -512 1299 Wyndham-East Kimberley 980 1162 -162 694 727 -52 3349 Kimberley Region 3510 3184 2251 2297 6953 -697 17,498 Regional WA 32,440 30,879 38,406 22,859 37,993 32,476 195,053 Western Australia 121,720 158,959 177,048 129,189 135,903 158,222 881,041 Share of Change 1976-81 1981-86 1986-91 1991-96 1996-2001 2001-06 1976-2006 Broome 19.7% 51.6% 87.3% 81.8% 49.3% -140.5% 60.5% Derby-West Kimberley 35.3% 5.4% 23.0% -22.1% 28.1% 159.5% 12.9% Halls Creek 17.1% 6.5% -3.1% 10.1% 12.1% 73.5% 7.4% Wyndham-East Kimberley 27.9% 36.5% -7.2% 30.2% 10.5% 7.5% 19.1% Kimberley Region 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Kimberley share of change in- Regional WA 10.8% 10.3% 5.9% 10.0% 18.3% -2.1% 9.0% Western Australia 2.9% 2.0% 1.3% 1.8% 5.1% -0.4% 2.0% Growth Rate 1976-81 1981-86 1986-91 1991-96 1996-2001 2001-06 1976-2006 Broome 3.6% 6.7% 5.9% 4.4% 6.2% 1.4% 4.7% Derby-West Kimberley 4.5% 0.5% 1.5% -1.5% 5.4% -2.8% 1.2% Halls Creek 5.5% 1.6% -0.5% 1.7% 5.2% -2.9% 1.7% Wyndham-East Kimberley 4.7% 4.4% -0.6% 2.3% 2.1% -0.1% 2.1% Kimberley Region 4.5% 3.3% 2.0% 1.9% 4.9% -0.4% 2.7% Regional WA 1.8% 1.6% 1.8% 1.0% 1.6% 1.2% 1.5% Western Australia 2.0% 2.3% 2.3% 1.5% 1.5% 1.6% 1.9% Sources: 1976 Estimated Resident Population in Local Government Areas, Western Australia - 1976, 1981 and 1982. Australian Bureau of Statistics Western Australian Office. Cat. No. 3203.5. 7 September 1983. 1981 Estimated Resident Population in Local Government Areas, Western Australia 30 June 1981 to 1985. Australian Bureau of Statistics Perth. Cat. No. 3203.5. 12 November 1986. 1986 Estimated Resident Population by Age and Sex in Statistical Local Areas 30 June 1992. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3203.5. 26 September 1994. 1991 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3218.0. 25 July 2002. 1996 – 2000 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3218.0. 19 August 2008. 2001 – 2008 Regional Population Growth, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Cat. No. 3218.0. 23 April 2009. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 116 Table B.2. Residents and Visitors by Indigenous Status,Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 2006 Local government Area and Persons counted where they were staying on Census night – Place of Origin of Visitors 8 August 2006 Indigenous Non Indigenous Total indigenous Status Not Stated Broome Counted at home 3134 6961 1658 11,753 Visitor from - Same SLA 153 110 66 329 Different SLA in WA 124 3459 527 4,110 Different SLA elsewhere in Australia 45 2601 327 2,973 Overseas visitors 0 0 618 618 Total visitors 322 6170 1538 8,030 Total counted 3456 13,131 3196 19,783 Derby West-Kimberley Counted at home 3657 1817 384 5858 Visitor from - Same SLA 220 60 33 313 Different SLA in WA 197 688 85 970 Different SLA elsewhere in Australia 8 1031 68 1107 Overseas visitors 0 0 97 97 Total visitors 425 1779 283 2487 Total counted 4082 3596 667 8345 Halls Creek Counted at home 2170 419 170 2759 Visitor from - Same SLA 103 4 3 110 Different SLA in WA 63 229 59 351 Different SLA elsewhere in Australia 42 287 49 378 Overseas visitors 0 0 59 59 Total visitors 208 520 170 898 Total counted 2378 939 340 3657 Wyndham-East Kimberley Counted at home 2086 3063 843 5992 Visitor from - Same SLA 100 135 70 305 Different SLA in WA 141 1116 173 1430 Different SLA elsewhere in Australia 28 1714 159 1901 Overseas visitors 0 0 360 360 Total visitors 269 2965 762 3996 Total counted 2355 6028 1605 9988 Kimberley Region Counted at home 11,045 12,262 3057 26,364 Visitor from - Same SLA 574 315 170 1059 Different SLA in WA 526 5494 839 6859 Different SLA elsewhere in Australia 121 5627 609 6357 Overseas visitors 0 0 1139 1139 Total visitors 1221 11,436 2757 15,414 Total counted 12,266 23,698 5814 41,778 Note: SLA Statistical Local Area. Equivalent to Local Government Areas in the Kimberley Region. Sources: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing - Indigenous Profile Table I05 with overseas visitors added from Place of Enumeration Profile Table P01. Table B.1. Estimated Resident Population, Local Government Areas of the Kimberley Region, 1976 - 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 117 828 862 903 938 959 976 984 1042 1110 1174 1236 1300 20 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 44 82845 to 49 96050 to 54 937 85055 to 59 794 98360 to 64 696 957 870 561 840 999 428 719 984 311 896 603 1014 885 205 449 1013 745 327 916 1030 644 923 215 1040 476 778 1045 350 938 680 957 1069 227 505 814 1071 370 961 708 1095 985 242 1098 543 866 1114 397 987 1006 731 1127 258 584 917 1130 1016 1032 417 757 1150 280 627 1146 1045 957 1059 439 1168 780 297 1159 1079 669 1081 994 1182 465 810 1175 1112 1105 318 1027 702 1197 494 1190 1134 844 1121 1045 337 1214 727 1208 1144 528 1129 887 1058 1235 358 746 1219 1152 1132 563 1074 1259 926 376 1230 763 1136 1154 1087 599 957 395 1141 777 1104 630 980 414 1118 798 1002 654 433 823 1017 671 461 859 684 491 65 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 plus 161 114Total 164 62 115 39 45 164 65 9697 123 41 10072 166 46 69 129 10468 44 169 10871 46 132 72 11277 45 172 11699 133 47 74 12133 183 48 12553 134 47 12964 79 196 53 134 13342 47 207 13697 81 136 59 14016 221 49 14286 87 138 59 14554 241 50 14828 140 92 62 15099 254 148 51 93 268 62 157 52 94 283 65 168 55 300 93 181 68 57 314 90 195 71 58 92 73 59 95 76 61 96 75 64 Table B.3. WA Tomorrow Population Projections by Age for Local government Areas in the Kimberley Region, 2006 to 2021 in the Kimberley Areas Local government by Age for Projections Population Tomorrow B.3. WA Table AgeGroup of Broome Shire 0 to 45 to 9 200610 to 1415 to 19 200720 to 24 155025 to 29 2008 1493 120030 to 34 1588 102135 to 39 2009 1543 1261 109240 to 44 1634 1045 1314 201045 to 49 1573 1324 1126 148550 to 54 1650 1075 1329 1471 201155 to 59 1612 1390 1155 1475 131760 to 64 1663 1111 1334 1515 1119 201265 to 69 1651 1447 1189 1475 137270 to 74 912 1680 1159 2013 1338 1549 117075 to 79 619 1699 1492 1217 1477 141180 to 84 386 1693 2014 1211 1352 960 1568 122685 plus 255 1737 1539 1240 1485 656 1451 165 2015Total 1707 1273 1370 1004 1574 413 1286 104 1785 1569 1269 1496 1491 266 700 Kimberley of Derby-West Shire 2016 1727 1339 1401 1046 1567 1342 173 60 441 18040 to 4 1615 1307 1509 1539 108 31 272 2017 17475 to 9 15594 1410 756 1441 1082 1556 1398 186 182610 to 14 1665 1355 465 1520 1584 64 16098 Resident Population Estimated 2018 110 176715 to 19 1474 1485 282 1119 1557 1450 34 814 16576 1848 1721 1412 1535 200 1616 2019 497 1142 1791 1524 69 1526 1170 1566 114 1493 17048 296 1872 871 1763 871 1479 1558 1639 809 38 2020 211 1161 17520 1819 537 1582 1566 1227 1579 1534 734 120 1896 71 307 1813 17995 1553 1586 1654 2021 921 939 1173 844 1848 218 1622 1605 1287 1601 1580 42 18503 569 754 1921 1839 125 1629 1633 1653 335 1021 1193 19012 962 1880 73 1674 876 1654 1348 1620 1634 227 614 1946 1864 1710 772 1681 1649 46 19557 138 1106 1213 1006 360 1725 1916 1712 1404 1639 1688 896 20123 76 231 1781 1969 1736 1657 1887 666 1191 796 1236 1047 146 20703 1779 50 1458 1657 1726 1783 385 912 1780 1671 1838 241 21311 1273 1255 78 722 1087 1506 1687 1755 1854 157 414 21926 54 1688 1822 929 1300 1272 252 1143 1550 1775 1718 22554 776 81 166 1709 455 1312 1291 23181 1202 999 57 1596 1775 266 823 23809 170 1334 1303 84 486 1263 1085 1648 289 61 866 1355 1314 179 1322 1163 526 89 315 1368 1321 908 64 1236 1378 182 572 98 1379 1328 341 1308 947 68 191 622 1383 1336 1323 105 368 990 203 1390 1346 72 672 1319 117 407 1393 1363 214 1329 76 125 1395 1337 130 81 1344 135 88 94 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 118 681 695 718 744 770 796 817 845 866 881 895 916 20 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 44 62845 to 49 70550 to 54 776 65655 to 59 721 71560 to 64 667 773 681 596 754 724 513 681 774 404 706 626 778 232 731 529 695 776 420 721 652 791 257 746 547 712 779 439 731 675 795 278 763 566 733 780 459 744 689 789 296 788 587 766 787 478 753 697 780 311 813 609 790 790 494 764 704 778 332 837 634 810 796 507 777 711 777 343 856 659 819 810 519 796 725 778 359 869 674 821 827 538 813 743 780 375 881 685 817 850 556 837 773 783 390 893 691 806 874 576 863 797 786 407 906 698 803 900 600 890 813 792 417 917 704 801 919 621 914 821 803 428 936 718 803 936 637 826 820 445 738 808 645 820 462 765 652 480 65 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 plus 136Total 86 141 45 27 92 26 147 46 8599 31 100 157 8877 27 49 105 30 9132 170 27 54 9368 109 32 186 9592 28 57 107 203 33 9796 28 10007 112 63 221 10211 35 115 30 10404 234 70 10601 36 123 251 10804 31 74 10990 37 134 270 11190 32 79 11392 144 40 280 11589 33 81 160 11804 293 44 34 177 81 310 49 191 37 326 84 53 205 38 339 88 58 222 40 93 62 42 101 63 110 45 63 49 AgeGroup of Halls Creek Shire 0 to 45 to 9 200610 to 1415 to 19 200720 to 2425 to 29 672 200830 to 34 561 44935 to 39 392 2009 66040 to 44 396 610 469 201045 to 49 386 400 65250 to 54 348 401 2011 652 49155 to 59 327 408 40860 to 64 258 657 353 2012 41265 to 69 224 665 517 339 42270 to 74 205 416 270 2013 666 36475 to 79 167 426 231 678 540 34580 to 84 106 431 2014 210 427 28285 plus 675 377 167 83 444 239 695 556 2015Total 348 117 54 436 214 442 297 685 29 394 170 Kimberley of Wyndham-East Shire 2016 459 249 81 682 23 604 345 123 4450 to 4 217 56 461 313 24 694 2017 4115 to 9 178 27 468 258 4704 670 641 34510 to 14 79 125 27 449 221 Resident Population Estimated 2018 483 32715 to 19 59 705 431 4849 23 185 477 269 28 679 657 351 2019 127 460 81 222 880 27 511 4991 337 716 447 61 194 831 698 489 24 2020 283 688 673 361 30 131 628 5125 478 227 894 533 345 85 731 25 458 2021 197 868 724 505 295 55 698 5258 696 25 375 131 643 503 236 34 910 551 346 746 467 89 202 23 5400 895 751 523 310 712 687 391 52 135 655 27 522 246 924 600 346 36 5546 763 477 207 910 781 548 97 329 24 725 682 411 140 665 535 52 5690 256 936 644 28 346 782 488 42 211 925 814 574 102 342 739 693 5849 434 20 147 552 268 941 662 50 354 801 29 505 214 942 836 605 6023 106 43 356 753 706 452 156 567 20 280 945 679 366 6203 816 524 51 222 950 865 29 631 110 364 763 718 463 41 163 583 296 948 6400 702 383 21 550 230 963 885 56 113 648 368 29 475 166 6606 41 597 313 951 398 22 572 242 969 900 114 367 6812 60 485 174 29 331 954 40 420 7013 251 977 914 25 117 370 176 66 960 30 347 7208 40 980 261 930 123 26 182 964 72 29 984 937 40 131 28 974 75 30 986 949 139 41 985 28 986 79 959 30 45 997 26 990 964 81 31 1010 49 994 970 26 32 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 119 s spreadsheets at http://www.wapc.gov.au s spreadsheets n Report No. 6. Prepared by the then Department for Planning and Infrastructure Planning and Infrastructure by the then Department for n Report No. 6. Prepared for the Western Australian Planning Commission, Perth, November. Additional population projection Tables E1 and E2. Published a Tables Additional population projection November. Perth, Planning Commission, Australian the Western for AgeGroup Region Kimberley 0 to 45 to 9 200610 to 1415 to 19 200720 to 24 420025 to 29 2008 3800 320030 to 34 4300 280035 to 39 2009 4000 3300 290040 to 44 4400 2800 3400 201045 to 49 4100 3400 3000 350050 to 54 4400 2900 3400 3300 201155 to 59 4300 3600 3100 3600 290060 to 64 4500 3000 3500 3400 2500 201265 to 69 4400 3700 3200 3600 3000 2100 4500 310070 to 74 3500 2013 3600 2600 1500 4600 3800 3300 3600 3100 220075 to 79 4600 930 2014 3200 3600 3600 2800 160080 to 84 4700 4000 3400 640 3700 3200 220085 plus 2015 4600 1000 3400 3600 3700 2900 420 1700Total 4700 4200 3400 3800 3400 2300 240 650 2016 4700 1100 3500 3700 3700 3000 1800 150 Source: 440 4800 4300 3500 3800 3500 2004 to 2021. Populatio 2400 areas government 2004 to 2031 and local planning regions for projections (2005) Population WAPC 2017 240 120 4700 1100 660 3600 3800 3700 3100 1900 4800 160 38600 4500 3600 3900 3600 470 2500 Resident Population Estimated 2018 4800 1200 3800 3900 3700 3200 260 2000 130 39900 680 4900 4700 3700 3900 3700 2700 170 2019 500 41200 4800 1300 3900 4000 3800 3300 2100 270 140 4900 720 4700 3900 4000 3800 2800 42400 2020 4900 180 1300 4100 500 4100 3800 3400 2200 43600 5000 4800 4000 4000 3800 2900 280 140 760 2021 5000 1400 4200 44900 4200 3900 3500 2200 180 510 5000 4800 4200 4100 3900 3000 46200 300 150 820 5000 1500 4400 4300 4000 3600 2300 190 47500 5100 520 4900 4300 4200 3900 3100 1600 4500 5100 4400 4000 330 3800 160 48800 880 2400 4500 5100 4400 3900 4900 3200 200 530 50100 1700 4500 4000 3900 4700 2600 350 160 930 51400 4500 3900 3300 4600 200 550 1800 4100 3900 4600 2700 52700 1000 370 170 4000 3400 4600 54000 1900 4000 200 4200 2800 580 1100 3500 4100 55300 380 180 2000 4000 2900 220 56600 1100 610 3600 2000 380 180 57900 3000 1200 240 660 2100 400 190 1300 250 720 1400 400 200 280 780 1500 420 200 290 840 440 210 300 900 220 470 300 240 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 120 Annexure C: Demographic Characteristics of Communities Tables List of Tables Table C.1 Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Resident Population by Sex, 2006 Table C.2 Age and Stage in the Life Course - Usual Residents by Indigenous Status, 2006 Table C.3 Household and Family Composition by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Table C.4 Structure of Occupied Private Dwellings and Persons per Dwelling, 2006 Table C.5 Housing Tenure and Costs by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Table C.6 Highest Year of School Completed by Indigenous Status, 2006 Table C.7 Individual and Household Income by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Table C.8 Labour Force by Indigenous Status, 2006 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 121 Table C.1. Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Resident Population by Sex, 2006 Sex Number of usual residents in 2006 in - Broome Bidya- Beagle Djarind- Ardya- Broome Shire Derby a Mow- Kim- WA danga Bay jin/ loon Pastoral of anjum a berley Lomb- (One Areas b Broome Region adina Arm Point) NUMBER Indigenous d Males 1178 193 95 113 81 130 1789 521 121 6027 28,991 Females 1159 210 81 119 99 97 1768 610 137 6295 29,719 Persons 2337 403 176 232 180 227 3557 1131 258 12,322 58,710 Non-Indigenous Males 3844 11 13 14 16 94 3993 728 3 7199 878,323 Females 3550 14 7 14 10 61 3657 633 0 6304 894,725 Persons 7394 25 20 28 26 155 7650 1361 3 13,503 1,773,048 Indigenous status not stated Males 938 0 0 4 3 20 961 174 0 1865 68,811 Females 876 0 0 3 3 8 891 162 0 1607 58,518 Persons 1814 0 0 7 6 28 1852 336 0 3472 127,329 Total usual residents Males 5960 204 108 131 100 244 6743 1423 124 15,091 976,125 Females 5585 224 88 136 112 166 6316 1405 137 14,206 982,962 Persons 11,545 428 196 267 212 410 13,059 2828 261 29,297 1,959,087 PERCENT Indigenous d Males 10.2% 45.1% 48.5% 42.3% 38.2% 31.7% 13.7% 18.4% 46.4% 20.6% 1.5% Females 10.0% 49.1% 41.3% 44.6% 46.7% 23.7% 13.5% 21.6% 52.5% 21.5% 1.5% Persons 20.2% 94.2% 89.8% 86.9% 84.9% 55.4% 27.2% 40.0% 98.9% 42.1% 3.0% Non-Indigenous Males 33.3% 2.6% 6.6% 5.2% 7.5% 22.9% 30.6% 25.7% 1.1% 24.6% 44.8% Females 30.7% 3.3% 3.6% 5.2% 4.7% 14.9% 28.0% 22.4% 0.0% 21.5% 45.7% Persons 64.0% 5.8% 10.2% 10.5% 12.3% 37.8% 58.6% 48.1% 1.1% 46.1% 90.5% Indigenous status not stated Males 8.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 1.4% 4.9% 7.4% 6.2% 0.0% 6.4% 3.5% Females 7.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 1.4% 2.0% 6.8% 5.7% 0.0% 5.5% 3.0% Persons 15.7% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 2.8% 6.8% 14.2% 11.9% 0.0% 11.9% 6.5% Total usual residents Males 51.6% 47.7% 55.1% 49.1% 47.2% 59.5% 51.6% 50.3% 47.5% 51.5% 49.8% Females 48.4% 52.3% 44.9% 50.9% 52.8% 40.5% 48.4% 49.7% 52.5% 48.5% 50.2% Persons 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% SEX RATIO - Males per 100 Females Indigenous 102 92 117 95 82 134 101 85 88 96 98 Non Indigenous 108 79 186 100 160 154 109 115 na 114 98 Status not stated 107 na na 133 100 250 108 107 na 116 118 Persons 107 91 123 96 89 147 107 101 91 106 99 Notes: a Derby excludes Mowanjim Indigenous Area. Derby and Mowanjum Indigenous Areas comprise the Derby Urban Centre. b Balance, Shire of Broome is ILOC/IARE Broome (S) - Pastoral Areas. c Balance, Shire of Derby-West Kimberley excluding Derby amd Mowanjum. This cannot be calculated as the sum of Indigenous localities as ILOC 2601307 (Fitzroy River - Rem) extends into the Shire of Halls Creek. d Indigenous includes: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. e Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect the confidentiality of the census. f Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Extracted using CDATA Online (Cat. No. 2064.0) Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 122 Table C.2. Age and Stage in the Life Course - Usual Residents by Indigenous Status, 2006 Age Group and Stage Number of usual residents in 2006 in – in the Life Course Urban Broome Small Shire of Kimberley Western Communities a Broome Region Australia No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Percent Indigenous b 0-4 Pre School 227 9.7% 159 13.1% 386 10.8% 1447 11.7% 11.9% 5-12 Primary School 422 18.0% 244 20.1% 666 18.7% 2478 20.1% 20.3% 13-17 High School 249 10.6% 135 11.1% 384 10.8% 1196 9.7% 11.5% 18-24 Youth 319 13.6% 158 13.0% 477 13.4% 1661 13.5% 12.2% 25-44 Providers 670 28.6% 342 28.1% 1012 28.4% 3404 27.6% 27.2% 45-54 Middle Age 267 11.4% 93 7.6% 360 10.1% 1078 8.7% 9.0% 55-64 Pre-retirement 107 4.6% 35 2.9% 142 4.0% 530 4.3% 4.6% 65-74 Active retired 53 2.3% 23 1.9% 76 2.1% 307 2.5% 2.1% 75+ Elderly 28 1.2% 27 2.2% 55 1.5% 226 1.8% 1.2% Total 2342 100% 1216 100% 3558 100% 12,327 100% 100% Median Age c 24 tbc 22 22 21 Non-Indigenous 0-4 Pre School 538 7.3% 14 5.6% 552 7.2% 919 6.8% 6.2% 5-12 Primary School 764 10.3% 16 6.4% 780 10.2% 1295 9.6% 10.7% 13-17 High School 291 3.9% 5 2.0% 296 3.9% 503 3.7% 7.1% 18-24 Youth 616 8.3% 11 4.4% 627 8.2% 1139 8.4% 9.6% 25-44 Providers 2902 39.3% 93 37.2% 2995 39.2% 5238 38.8% 28.5% 45-54 Middle Age 1207 16.3% 46 18.4% 1253 16.4% 2292 17.0% 14.5% 55-64 Pre-retirement 717 9.7% 43 17.2% 760 9.9% 1431 10.6% 11.2% 65-74 Active retired 257 3.5% 21 8.4% 278 3.6% 519 3.8% 6.6% 75+ Elderly 101 1.4% 1 0.4% 102 1.3% 169 1.3% 5.6% Total 7393 100% 250 100% 7643 100% 13,505 100% 100% Median Age d 34 tbc 34 35 36 Indigenous status not stated 0-4 Pre School 175 9.7% 5 11.1% 180 9.7% 317 9.1% 6.8% 5-12 Primary School 250 13.8% 1 2.2% 251 13.5% 460 13.3% 11.3% 13-17 High School 112 6.2% 2 4.4% 114 6.1% 219 6.3% 6.8% 18-24 Youth 176 9.7% 6 13.3% 182 9.8% 333 9.6% 10.4% 25-44 Providers 642 35.4% 17 37.8% 659 35.5% 1166 33.6% 28.3% 45-54 Middle Age 258 14.2% 9 20.0% 267 14.4% 517 14.9% 13.2% 55-64 Pre-retirement 121 6.7% 4 8.9% 125 6.7% 278 8.0% 10.0% 65-74 Active retired 58 3.2% 0 0.0% 58 .1% 129 3.7% 6.6% 75+ Elderly 20 1.1% 1 2.2% 21 1.1% 50 1.4% 6.6% Total 1812 100% 45 100% 1857 100% 3469 100% 100% Median Age na na na na na na na na na All residents 0-4 Pre school 940 8.1% 178 11.8% 1118 8.6% 2683 9.2% 6.4% 5-12 Primary school 1436 12.4% 261 17.3% 1697 13.0% 4233 14.4% 11.0% 13-17 High School 652 5.6% 142 9.4% 794 6.1% 1918 6.5% 7.2% 18-24 Youth 1111 9.6% 175 11.6% 1286 9.8% 3133 10.7% 9.7% 25-44 Providers 4214 36.5% 452 29.9% 4666 35.7% 9808 33.5% 28.5% 45-54 Middle Age 1732 15.0% 148 9.8% 1880 14.4% 3887 13.3% 14.3% 55-64 Pre-retirement 945 8.2% 82 5.4% 1027 7.9% 2239 7.6% 10.9% 65-74 Active retired 368 3.2% 44 2.9% 412 3.2% 955 3.3% 6.5% 75+ Elderly 149 1.3% 29 1.9% 178 1.4% 445 1.5% 5.5% Total 11,547 100% 1511 100% 13,058 100% 29,301 100% 100% Median Age 32 tbc 32 30 36 Notes: a Estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. b Indigenous includes: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. c Indigenous persons/households with indigenous persons, that is, any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. d Non-indigenous persons, including those who did not state their indigenous status/other households. e Count of Persons, Place of Usual Residence. f Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect the confidentiality of the census. g Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. tbc To be computed from raw data. Sources: Age group Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Extracted using CDATA online (Cat. No. 2064.0) Median age Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Table I04 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 123 Table C.3. Household and Family Composition by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Household a and Family Type No. occupied private dwellings in 2006 in - Urban Broome Small Shire of Broome Kimberley Western Communities Region Australia No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Percent Households with indigenous person(s) b Family c households: Couple family with no children 89 13.0% 28 11.0% 117 12.5% 324 11.5% 12.4% Couple family with children d 221 32.4% 104 40.9% 325 34.7% 928 32.9% 33.4% One parent family d 189 27.7% 53 20.9% 242 25.8% 647 22.9% 27.3% Other family d 17 2.5% 15 5.9% 32 3.4% 119 4.2% 2.7% Multiple family households 42 6.1% 28 11.0% 70 7.5% 334 11.8% 6.2% Total family households 558 81.7% 228 89.8% 786 83.9% 2352 83.3% 81.9% Lone person households 103 15.1% 27 10.6% 130 13.9% 414 14.7% 14.2% Group household 22 3.2% 0 0.0% 21 2.2% 56 2.0% 3.8% Total e 683 100% 254 100% 937 100% 2822 100% 100.0% % of all h/holds 19.7% 68.6% 24.4% 35.6% 2.6% Other households Family c households: Couple family with no children d 819 29.4% 38 32.8% 857 29.6% 1,529 29.9% 27.5% Couple family with children d 787 28.3% 18 15.5% 805 27.8% 1,342 26.3% 32.2% One parent family d 167 6.0% 0 0.0% 167 5.8% 269 5.3% 9.6% Other family d 31 1.1% 0 0.0% 31 1.1% 49 1.0% 1.2% Multiple family households 17 0.6% 1 0.9% 18 0.6% 34 0.7% 0.9% Total family households 1821 65.5% 57 49.1% 1878 64.8% 3223 63.1% 71.4% Lone person households 736 26.5% 52 44.8% 788 27.2% 1527 29.9% 25.0% Group household 224 8.1% 7 6.0% 231 8.0% 356 7.0% 3.6% Total 2781 100% 116 100% 2897 100% 5106 100% 100% % of all h/holds 80.3% 31.4% 75.6% 64.4% All households Family c households: Couple family with no children d 908 26.2% 66 17.8% 974 25.4% 1853 23.4% 27.1% Couple family with children d 1008 29.1% 122 33.0% 1130 29.5% 2270 28.6% 32.2% One parent family d 356 10.3% 53 14.3% 409 10.7% 916 11.6% 10.1% Other family d 48 1.4% 15 4.1% 63 1.6% 168 2.1% 1.2% Multiple family households 59 1.7% 29 7.8% 88 2.3% 368 4.6% 1.0% Total family households 2379 68.7% 285 77.0% 2664 69.5% 5575 70.3% 71.7% Lone person households 839 24.2% 79 21.4% 918 23.9% 1941 24.5% 24.7% Group household 246 7.1% 6 1.6% 252 6.6% 412 5.2% 3.6% Total 3464 100% 370 100% 3834 100% 7928 100% 100% % of all h/holds 100% 100% 100% 100% Notes: a Excludes ‘Visitors only’ and ‘Other not classifiable’ households. b A household with indigenous person(s) is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. c Each separately identified couple relationship, lone parent-child relationship or other blood relationship forms the basis of a family. Some households contain more than one family. d One family households. e Total in small communities does not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. f Includes up to three residents who were temporarily absent on census night. g Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect the confidentiality of the census. h Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. i Small Communities estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. Total may not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. tbc To be computed from raw data. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Tables I04 and I24 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 124 Table C.4. Structure of Occupied Private Dwellings and Persons per Dwelling, 2006 Dwelling Occupied private dwellings(a), 2006 in – Structure Small Shire Kimberley Western Urban Broome Communities of Broome Region Australia No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Percent OCCUPIED PRIVATE DWELLINGS Households with Indigenous Person(s) b Separate House 483 70.4% 225 89.3% 708 75.5% 2237 79.3% 82.3% Multiple Unit 160 23.3% 0 0.0% 160 17.1% 332 11.8% 14.5% Other Dwelling d 43 6.3% 27 10.7% 70 7.5% 251 8.9% 3.2% Total 686 100% 252 100% 938 100% 2820 100% 100% Other Households Separate House 1796 63.0% 61 53.0% 1857 62.6% 3280 62.7% 80.8% Multiple Unit 597 20.9% 2 1.7% 599 20.2% 1044 20.0% 18.1% Other Dwelling d 460 16.1% 52 45.2% 512 17.3% 907 17.3% 1.1% Total 2853 100% 115 100% 2968 100% 5231 100% 100% Total Households Separate House 2279 65.7% 286 77.9% 2565 66.9% 5,517 69.6% 80.9% Multiple Unit 757 21.8% 2 0.5% 759 19.8% 1,376 17.4% 18.0% Other Dwelling d 432 12.5% 79 21.5% 511 13.3% 1,036 13.1% 1.1% Total Dwellings 3468 100% 367 100% 3835 100% 7929 100% 100% PERSONS IN OCCUPIED PRIVATE DWELLINGS Total Persons Separate House 7168 73.5% 1203 87.1% 8371 75.2% 19,782 79.2% 87.0% Multiple Unit 1757 18.0% 0 0.0% 1757 15.8% 3045 12.2% 12.3% Other Dwelling d 822 8.4% 178 12.9% 1000 9.0% 2162 8.7% 0.8% Total Persons 9747 100% 1381 100% 11,128 100% 24,979 100% 100% Persons per occupied private dwelling Separate House 3.1 4.2 3.3 3.6 2.7 Multiple Unit 2.3 0.0 2.3 2.2 1.7 Other Dwelling d 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.8 Total 2.8 3.8 2.9 3.2 2.5 Notes: a Excludes ‘Visitors only’ and ‘Other not classifiable’ households. b A household with indigenous person(s) is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. c Includes semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse, etc; flat, unit or apartment; house or flat attached to a shop, office, etc. d Includes caravan, cabin or houseboat; improvised home or tent and sleepers out and dwelling structure not stated. e Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect confidentiality of the census. f Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. g Small Communities estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. Total may not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Table I18 and Basic Community Profile Table B31 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 125 Table C.5. Housing Tenure and Costs by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Tenure and Costs Occupied private dwellingsa in 2006 in - Urban Broome Small Shire of Broome Kimberley WA Communities Region No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Percent Households with Indigenous Personsb Fully owned 77 11.2% 16 6.3% 93 9.9% 150 5.3% 7.7% Being purchased c 96 14.0% 0 0.0% 96 10.2% 192 6.8% 22.7% Rented: Real estate agent 71 10.3% 1 0.4% 72 7.7% 92 3.3% 12.6% State or territory housing authority 298 43.4% 0 0.0% 296 31.6% 708 25.1% 25.9% Person not in same household d 25 3.6% 4 1.6% 29 3.1% 65 2.3% 7.7% Housing co-operative/ 25 3.6% 202 80.2% 227 24.2% 1,197 42.4% 11.2% community/church group Other landlord type e 28 4.1% 4 1.6% 32 3.4% 78 2.8% 3.7% type not stated 7 1.0% 2 0.8% 9 1.0% 48 1.7% 1.2% Total Rented 454 66.2% 211 83.7% 665 70.9% 2188 77.6% 62.4% Other tenure type f 10 1.5% 13 5.2% 23 2.5% 45 1.6% 0.8% Tenure type not stated 49 7.1% 12 4.8% 61 6.5% 245 8.7% 6.4% Total 686 100% 252 100% 938 100% 2,820 100% 100% Median monthly housing $1500 tbc $1500 $1153 $1075 loan repayment Median weekly rent $125 tbc $100 $60 $113 Other households Fully owned 542 19.5% 27 23.5% 569 19.6% 1011 19.8% 32.0% Being purchased c 829 29.8% 5 4.3% 834 28.8% 1286 25.2% 38.0% Rented: 0 Real estate agent 483 17.4% 0 0.0% 482 16.6% 577 11.3% 11.1% State or territory housing authority 284 10.2% 12 10.4% 296 10.2% 586 11.5% 3.5% Person not in same household 182 6.5% 1 0.9% 183 6.3% 350 6.9% 8.5% Housing co-operative/ 12 0.4% 8 7.0% 20 0.7% 84 1.6% 0.4% community/church group Other landlord type e 276 9.9% 27 23.5% 303 10.5% 773 15.1% 1.9% Landlord type not stated 54 1.9% 11 9.6% 65 2.2% 155 3.0% 0.8% Total Rented 1291 46.4% 58 50.4% 1349 46.6% 2525 49.4% 26.3% Other tenure type f 8 0.3% 9 7.8% 17 0.6% 49 1.0% 1.0% Tenure type not stated 112 4.0% 16 13.9% 128 4.4% 238 4.7% 2.7% Total 2782 100% 115 100% 2897 100% 5109 100% 100% Median monthly housing $1733 tbc $1733 $1517 $1213 loan repayment Median weekly rent $185 tbc $180 $124 $170 Total occupied private dwellings Fully owned 619 17.8% 43 11.7% 662 17.3% 1,161 14.6% 31.4% Being purchased c 925 26.7% 5 1.4% 930 24.3% 1,478 18.6% 37.6% Rented: Real estate agent 554 16.0% 0 0.0% 554 14.4% 669 8.4% 11.2% State or territory housing authority 582 16.8% 10 2.7% 592 15.4% 1,294 16.3% 4.1% Person not in same household 207 6.0% 5 1.4% 212 5.5% 415 5.2% 8.5% Housing co-operative/ 37 1.1% 210 57.2% 247 6.4% 1281 16.2% 0.7% community/church group Other landlord type e 304 8.8% 31 8.4% 335 8.7% 851 10.7% 2.0% Landlord type not stated 61 1.8% 13 3.5% 74 1.9% 203 2.6% 0.8% Total Rented 1745 50.3% 269 73.3% 2014 52.5% 4713 59.4% 27.2% Other tenure type f 18 0.5% 22 6.0% 40 1.0% 94 1.2% 1.0% Tenure type not stated 161 4.6% 28 7.6% 189 4.9% 483 6.1% 2.8% Total 3468 100% 367 100% 3835 100% 7929 100% 100% Median monthly housing $1733 tbc $1733 $1517 $1213 loan repayment Median weekly rent $163 tbc $143 $90 $170 Notes: a Excludes ‘Visitors only’ and ‘Other not classifiable’ households. b A household with indigenous person(s) is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. c Includes dwellings being purchased under a rent/buy scheme. d Comprises dwellings being rented from a parent/other relative or other person. e Comprises dwellings being rented through a ‘Residential park (includes caravan parks and marinas)’, ‘Employer-government (includes Defence Housing Authority)’ and ‘Employer-other employer’ (private). f Includes dwellings ‘Being occupied under a life tenure scheme’. g Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect the confidentiality of the census. h Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. i Small Communities estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. Total may not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. tbc To be computed from raw data. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Tables I04 and I20 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 126 Table C.6. Highest Year of School Completed by Indigenous Status, 2006 Highest Year Usual residents aged 15 years and over in – of School Small Shire Kimberley Western Completed Urban Broome Communities of Broome Region Australia No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Percent Indigenous a Year 12 or equivalent 327 20.6% 151 19.7% 478 20.3% 1197 15.1% 16.4% Year 11 or equivalent 233 14.7% 128 16.7% 361 15.4% 983 12.4% 12.7% Year 10 or equivalent 441 27.8% 242 31.6% 683 29.1% 2303 29.0% 30.7% Year 9 or equivalent 122 7.7% 69 9.0% 191 8.1% 833 10.5% 10.3% Year 8 or below 118 7.4% 81 10.6% 199 8.5% 1188 14.9% 11.3% Did not go to school 29 1.8% 27 3.5% 56 2.4% 502 6.3% 2.9% Highest year not stated 316 19.9% 67 8.8% 383 16.3% 945 11.9% 15.7% Total 1586 100% 765 100% 2351 100% 7951 100% 100% Non-Indigenous Year 12 or equivalent 2818 47.2% 101 45.3% 2919 47.1% 5141 46.4% 45.7% Year 11 or equivalent 796 13.3% 14 6.3% 810 13.1% 1428 12.9% 11.6% Year 10 or equivalent 1620 27.1% 59 26.5% 1679 27.1% 3027 27.3% 26.3% Year 9 or equivalent 275 4.6% 15 6.7% 290 4.7% 557 5.0% 5.6% Year 8 or below 174 2.9% 22 9.9% 196 3.2% 395 3.6% 5.0% Did not go to school 7 0.1% 2 0.9% 9 0.1% 33 0.3% 0.6% Highest year not stated 283 4.7% 10 4.5% 293 4.7% 495 4.5% 5.1% Total 5973 100% 223 100% 6196 100% 11,076 100% 100% Indigenous Status Not Stated Year 12 or equivalent 26 1.9% 3 9.1% 29 2.1% 44 1.7% 5.4% Year 11 or equivalent 8 0.6% 0 0.0% 8 0.6% 18 0.7% 1.6% Year 10 or equivalent 27 2.0% 1 3.0% 28 2.0% 54 2.1% 4.0% Year 9 or equivalent 7 0.5% 0 0.0% 7 0.5% 12 0.5% 1.3% Year 8 or below 4 0.3% 0 0.0% 4 0.3% 9 0.3% 1.7% Did not go to school 5 0.4% 0 0.0% 3 0.2% 6 0.2% 0.2% Highest year not stated 1261 94.2% 31 93.9% 1292 94.2% 2457 94.5% 85.8% Total 1338 100% 33 100% 1371 100% 2600 100% 100% All residents aged 15 years and over Year 12 or equivalent 3171 35.6% 255 25.0% 3426 34.5% 6382 29.5% 42.4% Year 11 or equivalent 1037 11.7% 142 13.9% 1179 11.9% 2429 11.2% 11.0% Year 10 or equivalent 2088 23.5% 302 29.6% 2390 24.1% 5384 24.9% 24.9% Year 9 or equivalent 404 4.5% 84 8.2% 488 4.9% 1402 6.5% 5.5% Year 8 or below 296 3.3% 103 10.1% 399 4.0% 1592 7.4% 4.9% Did not go to school 41 0.5% 27 2.6% 68 0.7% 541 2.5% 0.6% Highest year of school 1860 20.9% 108 10.6% 1968 19.8% 3897 18.0% 10.6% not stated Total 8897 100% 1021 100% 9918 100% 21,627 100% 100% Notes: a Indigenous includes: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. b Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect the confidentiality of the census. c Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. d Small Communities estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. Total may not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Table I11 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 127 Table C.7. Individual and Household Income by Indigenous Status of Household, 2006 Income Urban Small Shire of Kimberley Western Broome Communities Broome Region Australia Indigenous persons/households with indigenous persons a Median individual income ($/weekly) 325 tbc 240 224 254 Median household income ($/weekly) 839 tbc 683 660 787 Non-indigenous persons(b)/other households Median individual income ($/weekly) 696 tbc 693 725 507 Median household income ($/weekly) 1258 tbc 1241 1223 1071 Total Median individual income ($/weekly) 628 tbc 568 456 500 Median household income ($/weekly) 1184 tbc 1129 1052 1066 Notes: a A household with Indigenous person(s) is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. b Includes persons who did not state their Indigenous status. c Median individual income is applicable to persons aged 15 years and over. d Median household income is applicable to occupied private dwellings. It excludes households where at least one member aged 15 years and over did not state an income and households where at least one member aged 15 years and over was temporarily absent on census night. It excludes ‘Visitors only’ and ‘Other not classifiable’ households. tbc To be computed from raw data. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Table I04 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 128 Table C.8. Labour Force by Indigenous Status, 2006 Status Labour Force 2006 in – Urban Broome Small Shire of Broome Kimberley Western Communities Region Australia No. Percent of No. Percent of No. Percent of No. Percent of Percent of Employed Employed Employed Employed Employed Persons Persons Persons Persons Persons Indigenous a Persons aged 15 years and over 1586 765 2351 7950 In the labour force b Employed 664 402 1066 3857 Unemployed 114 14 128 301 Total labour force 778 416 1194 4158 Not in the labour force 702 311 1013 3274 Labour force status not stated 108 38 146 517 Unemployment rate c 14.7% 3.4% 10.7% 7.2% 14.3% Labour force participation rate d 49.1% 54.4% 50.8% 52.3% 49.3% Employment to population rate e 41.9% 52.5% 45.3% 48.5% 42.3% Industry sector b Government 131 19.7% 117 29.1% 248 23.3% 1116 28.9% 23.7% Private 482 72.6% 264 65.7% 746 70.0% 2540 65.9% 71.7% CDEP participants d 40 6.0% 330 82.1% 370 34.7% 2148 55.7% 20.3% Self employed g 12 1.8% 0 0.0% 11 1.0% 14 0.4% 1.6% Non indigenous Persons aged 15 years and over 5974 222 6196 11,077 In the labour force b Employed 4669 171 4840 8863 Unemployed 112 0 111 196 Total labour force 4781 170 4951 9059 Not in the labour force 1080 46 1126 1808 Labour force status not stated 112 7 119 211 Unemployment c 2.3% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 3.6% Labour force participation rate d 80.0% 76.6% 79.9% 81.8% 66.4% Employment to population rate e 78.2% 77.0% 78.1% 80.0% 64.1% Industry sector b Government 750 16.1% 45 26.3% 795 16.4% 1655 18.7% 14.2% Private 3878 83.1% 122 71.3% 4000 82.6% 7114 80.3% 84.6% CDEP participants d 3 0.1% 24 14.0% 27 0.6% 58 0.7% 0.0% Self employed g 318 6.8% 7 4.1% 325 6.7% 536 6.0% 7.1% Indigenous Status Not Stated Persons aged 15 years and over 1,338 34 1372 2599 In the labour force b Employed 56 3 59 107 Unemployed 3 0 3 8 Total labour force 59 3 62 115 Not in the labour force 31 0 29 48 Labour force status not stated 1247 31 1278 2436 Unemployment rate c 5.1% 0.0% 4.8% 7.0% 5.3% Labour force participation rate d 4.4% 8.8% 4.5% 4.4% 8.0% Employment to population rate e 4.2% 8.8% 4.3% 4.1% 7.6% Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 129 Status Labour Force 2006 in – Urban Broome Small Shire of Broome Kimberley Western Communities Region Australia No. Percent of No. Percent of No. Percent of No. Percent of Percent of Employed Employed Employed Employed Employed Persons Persons Persons Persons Persons Industry sector b Government 9 16.1% 0 0.0% 8 13.6% 16 15.0% 10.0% Private 44 78.6% 3 100.0% 49 83.1% 87 81.3% 84.7% CDEP participants d 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3 2.8% 0.1% Self employed g 3 5.4% 0 0.0% 3 5.1% 5 4.7% 7.4% Persons Persons aged 15 years and over 8898 1021 9919 21,626 In the labour force b Employed 5389 576 5965 12,827 Unemployed 229 13 242 505 Total labour force 5618 589 6207 13,332 Not in the labour force 1813 355 2168 5130 Labour force status not stated 1467 76 1543 3164 Unemployment rate c 4.1% 2.2% 3.9% 3.8% 3.8% Labour force participation rate d 63.1% 57.7% 62.6% 61.6% 62.3% Employment to population rate e 60.6% 56.4% 60.1% 59.3% 59.9% Industry sector b Government 890 16.5% 161 28.0% 1051 17.6% 2787 21.7% 14.4% Private 4404 81.7% 391 67.9% 4795 80.4% 9741 75.9% 84.4% CDEP participants d 43 0.8% 354 61.5% 397 6.7% 2209 17.2% 0.3% Self employed g 333 6.2% 6 1.0% 339 5.7% 555 4.3% 7.1% Notes: a Indigenous includes: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. b Applicable to persons aged 15 years and over. Based on place of usual residence. c The number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the total labour force. d The number of persons in the labour force expressed as a percentage of persons aged 15 years and over. e The number of employed persons expressed as a percentage of persons aged 15 years and over. f Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) participants are counted as employed persons. g Comprises owner managers of unincorporated enterprises with nil employees. Applicable to persons aged 15 years and over. h Small data cells are unreliable due to random adjustment of the values by the ABS to protect confidentiality of the census. i Percentage totals may not add due to rounding. j Small Communities estimated as Shire of Broome minus Urban Broome. Totals may not add due to ABS random adjustment of small cells. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Indigenous Profile Table I28 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 130 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008d, Information References Paper – Population Concepts Australia, Catalogue No. Anthony J 2007, Housing Issues in Broome; a Shelter WA 3107.0.55.006. Released 12 March 2008. Discussion Paper 2007, Shelter WA. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008e, Experimental Atlantic LNG 2006, Our Trains, available from: http://www. Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, atlanticlng.com/pages.aspx?pid=15 [1 July 2009]. June 2006: Technical Note – Estimated Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian Resident Population – Method of ABC – see Australian Broadcasting Commission Calculation, Catalogue No. 3238.0.55.001. Released 19 August 2008. ABS – see Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008f, ‘Feature Article AECOM – see Architectural and Engineering Company 1: Regional Household and Family Characteristics Architectural and Engineering Company 2005, Proposed in Western Australia’, Western Australian Statistical Angola LNG Project Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Indicators, March 2008, available from: Australian Broadcasting Commission, 17 August 2007 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996, Women’s Safety Kimberley Endures Mental Health Worker Shortage, ABC Australia 1996, available from Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007b, Regional Population Broome Port Authority 2009, Briefing Paper – Supporting Growth, Australia 2005-2006, Catalogue No. 3218.0. Browse Basin: Broome’s present capabilities in supporting Released 27 February 2007. offshore oil and gas exploration and development and the port’s requirements to enhance these capabilities, 22 April Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007c, 2006 Census Data, 2009. available from: Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 131 Chamber of Minerals and Energy 2008, Fly-In Fly-Out Department of Local Government and Regional in the Western Australian Resources Sector. [Brochure], Development 2009, Statistical Snapshot – Regional January, Perth. Economy, State of Western Australia, Perth, available from: Department of Corrective Services 2009, West Kimberley Department of Mines and Petroleum 2009, Browse Prison, available from: http://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov. Basin, available from: Department of Families Housing Community Services Department for Planning and Infrastructure 2008, and Indigenous Affairs et al 2008, Submission to the Dampier Peninsula Plan: Working Draft 2008, State of Senate Inquiry into Petrol Sniffing and Substance Abuse in Western Australia, Perth. Central Australia, Australian Government, Canberra. Department for Planning and Infrastructure 2009, Department of Housing and Works, 2005, The State available from: Department of Local Government and Regional DoIR – see Department of Industry and Resources Development 2008b, Statistical Snapshot – Healthcare, Doohan, K 2008, Making Things Come Good: Relations State of Western Australia, Perth, available from: http:// Between Aborigines and Miners at Argyle, Backroom www.dlgrd.wa.gov.au/Publications/Docs/StatSnapshot_ Press, Broome. health.asp [30 April 2009]. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 132 DPI – see Department for Planning and Infrastructure Kimberley-Australia.com 2006, History of the Kimberley, available from: Gibson, D 2009, ‘Kimberley faces tougher grog bans in bid Knowles, G 2009, ‘Kimberley tops State poll for violent to curb violence’, The West Australian, 16 January, p.1. crime’, The West Australian - thewest.com.au, available from: KDC – see Kimberley Development Commission Real Estate Institute of Western Australia 2009b, Perth Listings & Rental Trends, available from: Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 133 Shire of Broome 2009, Council Information Vanclay, F 2003, “International Principles for Social 2009, Shire of Broome, available from: Spencer, B 2009, ‘Industry is reeling as pearls lose their Watts, J 2004, Best of Both Worlds? Seeking a Sustainable lustre’, The West Australian, 12 January, p.11. Regional Employment Solution to Fly In – Fly Out Operations in the Pilbara, Pilbara Regional Council, Research Project: State Training Board 2009, Western Australian State Final Report, Karratha. Training Profile 2009-2011, Department of Education and Training, State of Western Australia, Perth. WACHS – see WA Country Health Service Strain, R 2008, Broome Residents Homelessness and WAPC – see Western Australian Planning Commission Overcrowding Survey 2007, Broome Circle, Broome. Westerman, T. 2003, Development of an inventory to assess Tangguh LNG 2005, Summary Environmental Impact the moderating effects of cultural resilience with Aboriginal Assessment, available from: http://www.adb.org/ youth at risk of depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviours. documents/environment/ino/ino-tangguh-lng-project. (Doctoral dissertation), Curtin University of Technology, pdf [30 June 2009]. Perth, WA. Taylor, CN, Bryan, H & Goodrich, C 2004, Social Water Corporation 2009, Community Update 7, Water Assessment: theory, process and techniques, third edition, Corporation North West Region, August 2009. Social Ecology Press, Wisconsin. Western Australian Country Health Service 2008, Kimberley Taylor, J 2003, Aboriginal Population Profiles for Clinical Services Plan, Aurora Projects, August 2008. Development Planning in the Northern East Kimberley, Western Australian Planning Commission 2005, ‘Western Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research: Australia Tomorrow: Population projections for planning Australian National University, Canberra, Research regions 2004 to 2031 and local government areas 2004 Monograph No. 23. to 2021’, Population Report No. 6. Western Australian Taylor, J 2008, Indigenous Labour Supply Constraints in the Planning Commission, Perth, November 2005. West Kimberley, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Western Australian Police 2009, Monthly Reported Crime Research: Australian National University, Canberra. Statistics: 2008/09, available from: http://www.police. The West Australian 2009, ‘Tourism and liquor retailers wa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=usTOUOkktjo%3d&t abid=1219 > [18 November 2009]. welcome Kimberley ban’, thewest.com.au, available from: Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 134 Zubrick SR, Silburn SR, De Maio JA, Shepherd C, Griffin JA, Dalby RB, Mitrou FG, Lawrence DM, Hayward C, Pearson G, Milroy H, Milroy J, Cox A. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Improving the Educational Experiences of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2006 Zubrick SR, Silburn SR, Lawrence DM, Mitrou FG, Dalby RB, Blair EM, Griffin J, Milroy H, De Maio JA, Cox A, Li J. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: The Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2005 Zubrick SR, Lawrence DM, Silburn SR, Blair E, Milroy H, Wilkes T, Eades S, D’Antoine H, Read A, Ishiguchi P, Doyle S. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: The Health of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2004. Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 135 Browse LNG Precinct Strategic Social Impact Assessment Volume 1: Scope and Profile AUGUST 2009 •136