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The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XVIII. Two New

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The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XVIII. Two New Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. harps-mp c ESO 2018 November 20, 2018 The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XVIII. Two new giant planets around the metal-poor stars HD 220197 and HD 233832 ⋆ D. Barbato1, 2, A. Sozzetti2, K. Biazzo3, L. Malavolta4, 5, N.C. Santos6, 7, M. Damasso2, A.F. Lanza3, M. Pinamonti2, L. Affer8, S. Benatti5, A. Bignamini9, A.S. Bonomo2, F. Borsa10, I. Carleo5, 4, R. Claudi5, R. Cosentino11, E. Covino12, S. Desidera5, M. Esposito12, 13, P. Giacobbe2, E. González-Álvarez8, R. Gratton5, A. Harutyunyan11, G. Leto3, A. Maggio8, J. Maldonado8, L. Mancini14, 15, 2, S. Masiero8, G. Micela8, E. Molinari11, 16, V. Nascimbeni4, 5, I. Pagano3, G. Piotto4, 5, E. Poretti11, 10, M. Rainer10, 17, G. Scandariato3, R. Smareglia9, L.S. Colombo4, L. Di Fabrizio11, J.P. Faria6, 7, A. Martinez Fiorenzano11, M. Molinaro9, and M. Pedani11 1 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy 2 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy 3 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123, Catania, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy 5 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, Italy 6 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal 7 Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal 8 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134, Palermo, Italy 9 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy 10 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), Italy 11 Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF, Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, TF, Spain 12 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131, Napoli, Italy 13 Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany 14 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy 15 Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany 16 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA) , Italy 17 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy Received <date> / Accepted <date> ABSTRACT Context. Statistical studies of exoplanets have shown that giant planets are more commonly hosted by metal-rich dwarf stars than low-metallicity ones, while such a correlation is not evident for lower-mass planets. The search for giant planets around metal-poor stars and the estimate of their occurrence fp is an important element in providing support to models of planet formation. Aims. We present results from the HARPS-N search for giant planets orbiting metal-poor ( 1.0 [Fe/H] 0.5 dex) stars in the − ≤ ≤ − northern hemisphere complementing a previous HARPS survey on southern stars in order to update the estimate of fp. Methods. High-precision HARPS-N observations of 42 metal-poor stars are used to search for planetary signals to be fitted using differential evolution MCMC single-Keplerian models. We then join our detections to the results of the previous HARPS survey on 88 metal-poor stars to provide a preliminar estimate of the two-hemisphere fp. Results. We report the detection of two new giant planets around HD 220197 and HD 233832. The first companion has Msin i = +0.07 +162 0.20 0.04 MJup and orbital period of 1728 80 days, and for the second companion we find two solutions of equal statistical weight hav- − +47 +91 − +0.08 +0.23 ing periods 2058 and 4047 days and minimum masses of 1.78 and 2.72 MJup, respectively. Joining our two detections arXiv:1811.07776v1 [astro-ph.EP] 19 Nov 2018 40 117 0.06 0.23 − − − − +2.45 with the three from the southern survey we obtain a preliminary and conservative estimate of global frequency of fp = 3.84 1.06% for giant planets around metal-poor stars. − Conclusions. The two new giant planets orbit dwarf stars at the metal-rich end of the HARPS-N metal-poor sample, corroborating previous results suggesting that giant planet frequency still is a rising function of host star [Fe/H]. We also note that all detections in the overall sample are giant long-period planets. Key words. techniques: radial velocities - methods: data analysis - planetary systems - stars: abundances - stars: individual: HD 220197, HD 233832 ⋆ Based on observations made with the HARPS-N spectrograph on the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica of La Palma (Spain) by the INAF – Fundación Galileo Galilei (Spanish de Canarias) Article number, page 1 of 15 A&A proofs: manuscript no. harps-mp 1. Introduction compensate for the lack of Fe in allowing the formation of giant planets according to the core-accretion model. Previous stud- Amongst the physical properties of planet-host stars, mass and ies (Haywood 2008, 2009; Kang et al. 2011; Adibekyan et al. metallicity seem to have the biggest impact in promoting the for- 2012b,a) had similarly noted that planet-hosting stars having low mation of giant (M> 20 M ) planets; many studies have long [Fe/H] tend to be enhanced in α-elements. shown that M dwarfs with⊕M < 0.5 M are less likely to ∗ ⊙ Buchhave et al. (2018) also find that stars hosting Jupiter host a Jupiter-like planet than Sun-like or more massive F and analogues have average metallicities close to that of the Sun, G main-sequence stars (Butler et al. 2004; Johnson et al. 2007, while hot Jupitersas well as cool eccentric onesare foundaround 2010; Bonfils et al. 2013), and that metal-rich stars have a much stars having higher metallicities, suggesting that planet-planet higher probability to be orbited by at least one giant planet than scattering mechanisms producing more eccentric orbits are more lower metallicity stars (Gonzalez 1997; Fischer & Valenti 2005; common in metallic protoplanetary environments. Sozzetti 2004; Santos et al. 2001, 2004; Sozzetti et al. 2009; The correlation between stellar [Fe/H] and occurrence of gi- Mortier et al. 2012). ant planets has inspired the search for such planetary bodies Of special interest in recent years is the positive correla- around stars specifically selected for their low [Fe/H] values, es- tion between stellar metallicity and occurrence of giant plan- pecially to determine the metallicity limit below which no gi- ets, especially since such a correlation is not found between ant companions are formed. In 2003 a three-years survey using host star metallicity and frequency of sub-Neptunian (R<4 R , ⊕ HIRES on the Keck I telescope was started (see Sozzetti et al. Msin i<10 M ) planets (Udryet al. 2006; Sousa et al. 2008, / ⊕ 2006, 2009), observing 200 metal-poor ( 2 [Fe H] 0.6 ∼ 1 − ≤ ≤ − 2011; Mayor et al. 2011; Buchhave et al. 2012; Courcol et al. dex) stars obtaining a 10 ms− Doppler precision and finding 2016). In particular, Mortier et al. (2012) reports that the fraction no candidate planet. The∼ null detection was therefore used to of stars hosting a giant planet rises from 5% for solar metallic- provide a 1-σ upper limit of 0.67% for the frequency of massive ity values to 25% for metallicities that are twice that of the Sun; planets orbiting low-metallicity stars at orbital periods P< 3 yr. these conclusions are also supported by results from the Kepler Also, one of the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet mission (see e.g. Buchhave et al. 2018). Searcher (HARPS, see Mayor et al. 2003) guaranteed time ob- The correlation between host star metallicity [Fe/H] and fre- servations (GTO) sub-samples was explicitly build to search for quencyof giant planets is usually seen as strong evidence favour- giant planets orbiting metal-poor stars in the southern hemi- 1 ing core-accretion over disk instability formation models for sphere, using the high precision of the spectrograph ( 1 ms− ) to giant planets. In the core-accretion model (Pollack et al. 1996; evaluate their frequency and low-metallicity formation∼ limit. The Ida & Lin 2004; Mordasini et al. 2009, 2012) giant planets are study of this 88 metal-poor stars sub-sample has found a total of formed from the accretion of material into solid cores until they three giant planets (HD 171028 b, HD 181720 b, HD 190984 are massive enough ( 10 M ) to trigger a rapid agglomeration b) having minimum masses of 1.98, 0.37 and 3.1 M and or- ∼ ⊕ jup of gas, a processmore efficient in metal-rich disks. In the disk in- bital periods of 550, 956 and 4885 days, respectively. In addi- stability model (Boss 1997; Mayer et al. 2002; Boss 2002, 2006) tion to these detection, one yet unconfirmed planet was proposed giant planets form directly from the collapse of self-gravitating around star HD 107094, having minimum mass of 4.5 M jup and clumps of gas after the disruption of the proto-planetary disk, period of 1870 days (see Santos et al. 2007, 2010b, 2011). From without requiring the presence of solid cores. these 3 giant planets over 88 target stars, Santos et al. (2011) de- Recent works also show interesting correlations between rive a frequency of Jupiter-mass planets around metal-poor stars +3.2 +4.9 metallicity regimes and the class of giant planets found around of fp = 3.4 1.0%, a value that rises to 11.3 5.3% when consider- the host star, stressing the importance of stellar metallicity as a ing only the− 34 stars in the metallicity range− in which the three proxy for protoplanetary disk chemical composition and its role detected planets have been found and with more than 3 measure- in driving planet formation and dynamical evolution.
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