Reproduction: cells -- organisms

• asexual reproduction • mitosis – No need to find a – cloning mate = genetically identical generations • sexual reproduction • meiosis – need a mate – halving of genetic – genetic mixing information – DIVERSITY Spider plant spidering

http://greenscenes.biz/images/catalog_library/spider_plant.jpg Spiders rooting http://susanmurphy.blogspot.com/2012/03/painting-plant-roots-in-watercolor.html Grafting fruit trees

http://mycotopia.net/forums/attachments/holding-tank/83872d1208298670- its-about-time-fruit-crop-grafting-apples-graftedtree.jpg?stc=1 What cells do mitosis? [what cells mitose?]

1. All cells 2. Any cell might 3. Only germ cells for sexual reproduction 4. Only in growing organisms 5. Only in growing tissues What cells do meiosis? [what cells meiose?]

1. All cells 2. Any cell might 3. Only germ cells for sexual reproduction 4. Only in growing organisms 5. Only in growing tissues MITOSIS - MEIOSIS

• NUCLEAR EVENTS: mitosis & meiosis

• CYTOPLASMIC EVENTS: cell division Mitosis & Meiosis

• mitosis ~ 1 min • cell division under phase contrast microscope • A structure of cell in 3d showing its nucleus,chromatin, chromosomes, genes & DNA - 00:45 - Aug 31, 2008 • http://www4.nau.edu/biology/bio100/Lab%20Exercises/mitosism eiosis.htm# • Xenopus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2-Ji3Sgon4 or http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/35617 • Cancer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwqY99gNipE CELL CYCLE

http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_liu/Html/Graphics/CellCycle.gif Mitosis stages

http://www.yorktech.com/science/images/mitosis_phases.jpg cytokinesis = cell division

http://faculty.stcc.edu/BIOL102/images/cytokinan.jpg

http://faculty.stcc.edu/BIOL102/images/cytokinpl.jpg cytokinesis in cleavage

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZH7rw4yS6FY/UFshhAa-PRI/AAAAAAAAATY/1a60QjpeR0s/s320/cytokinensis+in+animals.jpg MAKING GAMETES

http://greatneck.k12.ny.us/GNPS/SHS/dept/science/krauz/regents_bio_lecture_notes/notes%20as%20webp age/Notes_on_Reproduction_and_Development_files/image020.gif

S L A M I A N

I N plants do, too

http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/00/aphilli1/cpd/flowerParts.jpg “alternation of generations”

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/38/flashcards/1293038/jpg/pine_life_cycle1332005367316.jpg Phases of mitosis

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch4_phases_allbig.jpg Phases of mitosis

http://greatneck.k12.ny.us/GNPS/SHS/dept/science/krauz/handouts/reproduction_diagrams_files/image003.jpg http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v7/n2/images/nrc2049-f1.jpg Mitotic defects common in cancer

http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v30/n25/images/onc201130f3.jpg Mitotic Defects (examples)

http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v5/n10/images/nrc1714-f1.jpg meiosis

http://www4.nau.edu/biology/bio100/Lab%20Exercises/mitosismeiosis.htm# Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis: http://www.ivy- rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Cells/Cell-Division_Mitosis- Diagram.php

• Meiosis: http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis

• Another source – with a cartoon http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/meiosis.html

Meiosis Overview

http://creationrevolution.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Meiosis_diagram-adj.jpg Meiosis I & II stages

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/images/stages2.gif Prophase I Detail

http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/35062/sadava_9_16_big_LARGE_2.jpg

GAMETES Stages of meiosis

http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/public/Final- Images/PL_Final685m_251- 300/PL0286_685mLiliumMeiosisCombination.jpg Prophase I substages

http://www.insectscience.org/13.39/Wisoramfig2.png http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/public/Final -Images/AN_Final512z_051- 100/AN0098_512zLocustaMeiosisCombina tion.jpg Compare mitosis & meiosis

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/comparison.gif MEIOSIS RESULTS IN Direction of migration GAMETES THAT DIFFER FROM EACH + or + OTHER INTRO- DUCING

EVEN MORE

VARIATION Ow? Selected species Chromosome number The more adders-tongue fern 1,440 Record high number! chromosome, chicken 78 the more cat 38 dog 78 variety due horse 64 donkey 62 to meiosis mule 63 and sexual catfish 58 goldfish 94 reproduction fruit fly 8 human 46 mosquito 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_o rganisms_by_chromosome_count pea 14 shrimp 254