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Home , Human reproduction, Puberty, Reproduction

» 11 - 12 years » Influences – –Economic status –Trends over last century  Male » 13 - 14 years » Influences –Same as for female » Trends over the last century

Animal Science 434 - John Parrish

Anatomy Sexual Behavior Female Male

External Genitalia Vaginal Environment

 Normally acidic  Changes from medications, douches, lubricants » – –Bacterial

Lubricates before and during intercourse • Source of • Dorm effect

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 Some think this is a storage site in  Normal is simplex human  Abnormal  Sperm survive up to 2 days » Bicornuate or septae uterus  Increase in cervical mucous at time of –Early delivery or spontaneous –Uterus can not enlarge enough » Response to increased levels » duplex

Ovary Male Facts

 400,000 at is muscular vascular  Decrease with age  Between 40 - 50 years of age enter  ejaculate is approx. 3 ml with 200 million sperm/ml.

 ejaculate coagulates upon and then liquifies within 30 minutes 

Prostate Gland in Male Menopause

 Prostate gland hyperplasia  Begins at 40 - 55 years of age » First growth at puberty  No follicles left to grow » Second growth starts after age 25 » No estrogen - causes symptoms » Urinary symptoms don’t occur before age 40  Detection –50% of men at 60 have symptoms » Variable menstrual cycles –90% of men at 70 - 80 have symptoms » Behavior changes and physical changes » Symptoms » FSH increase –a hesitant, interrupted, weak stream –HMG (human menopausal ) –urgency and leaking or dribbling  Hormonal Replacement (estrogen and –more frequent urination, especially at night ) » Treatment » Relieves behavioral and physical changes –5 alpha reductase inhibitors » Cadiovascular benefits???? –Minimal invasive procedures » Calcium uptake increases –Surgery

2 Anterior Andropause LH Pituitary FSH  Decreased Production » Reduced response to LH Progesterone  Age, 48 -70 Ovarian  Physical Changes Hormones » Loss of muscle mass Ovulation Corpus » Shrinking reproductive organs - penis, testis, Follicle Corpus Luteum Albicans accessory glands » Loss of , increased needed for , longer refractory period Dominance Recruitment » Osteoporosis Uterine Selection Endo-  Mental Changes metrium » depression 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

Anterior LH Basal Body Temperature Pituitary FSH Hormones e 98.8 s e a s s

s 98.6 a h e e Progesterone 98.4 P s s

Ph r n Ovarian n 98.2

Estradiol l a e Hormones e l

a 98 M u M e t

c Ovulation 97.8 i u Follicl le Corpus Luteum

l 97.6 L Ovary o 97.4 F 97.2 Luteal Phase 97 Ovulation Uterine 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Endo- metrium

Luteal Phase Remains Constant at 14 days 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 2

Basal Body Temperature Ovulatory Pain

98.8  Mittelschmerz (middle pain) 98.6  Day 12 - 16 after after start of menstration 98.4  Lasts 12 to 36 hours 98.2 98 97.8 97.6 97.4 97.2 97 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Abnormal Cycle - No ovulation

3 Cumulative Rate Pregnancy

90  Most prolonged cycles are due to spontaneous 80 abortion 70 e  20% of with early g 60 a

t spontaneously abort

n 50 e

c 40  Numerous Problems r e 30 Time of intercourse - aging P » 20 » Chromosomal abnormalities 10 0 1 6 12 Months

Infertility Adequate Contact or Exposure - Problems  Common definition  Male » Primary » Hypospadias –Failure to conceive within 1 year if no previous –Urethra opens on bottom of penis pregnancy » Penis size not important unless both male and » Secondary infertility female obese. May be a problem in penetration –Failure to conceive within 6 months if at least one depth. previous normal pregnancy  Exposure (needed near ovulation) » Assumption » Average is 2 to 3 times/week –Adequate sexual contact or exposure » Frequency decreases with length of relationship » Busy schedules –If intercourse only on weekends, unlikely to become pregnant –Delaying pregnancy into 30s increases problems

Age Associated Problems Misconceptions and Considerations

 Male  Coital » Decreased with age, but can occur into 70s » Does not matter  Female  Laying in bed for 30 minutes » Rare if over 50 » No scientific merit » 10% of women who have conceived can no longer  Douching after intercourse will not work as a do so by age 35 contraceptive scheme » If over 36 and fail to get pregnant within 6 months  pills should seek evaluation and therapy as time is short. » Long term exposure does not effect fertility » First cycle after going off pill, there is a sight increase of double ovulations  Adoption - anxiety can effect ovulation

4 Female Infertility Stimulating Follicular Growth and Ovulation

 Failure of follicular development or ovulation  Low dose estrogen  Tubal blockages and ectopic pregnancies » Don’t produce enough estrogen for GnRH surge  Spontaneous abortion  HCG » Uterine or CL problems » Inadequate LH surge  Clomaphine Citrate - antiestrogen » precieves low estrogen so GnRH increases » FSH and LH increase stimulating follicular growth  Pergonal (HMG - FSH activity) » Stimulates more follicular development

Tubal Disease

 DES exposure  Low sperm count  Infections - blocked » Normal 200 million/ml, 2-3 ml » Pelvic inflamatory disease – Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Strep. and Staph. , » Abnormal <20 million in ejaculate mycoplasma, tuberculosis –Treatment » Stop , tubual surgery or IVF  Scrotal temperature control  Ectopic pregnancies  In vitro fertilization (IVF) » 1 in 90 - 120  Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) » In DES exposure, 1 in 20 » Sperm or round » Dangerous!!! – Pain  Abnormal sperm – Spotting or discharge from vagina » Treatment –Temperature control, IVF, ICSI

Sterilization Birth Control

 Female  Female » Tubal ligation » “The Pill” - progesterone + estrogen  Male » Patches or vaginal Rings » Vasectomy » Long term progesterone  Reversal are now possible in some cases » IUD

» Spermacides

5 Birth Control Erythroblastosis Fetalis

 Male  Isoimunization of mother with foreign red » (RBC) antigens » New and in some countries » Human is permeable to some –Testosterone such as antibodies –GnRH agonist » The anti-red blood cell antibody crosses placenta and destroy fetal RBCs –Progesterone + Testosterone RBC antigens –5 alpha reductase insensitive testosterone » –RH factor –Stimulation of premature spermiation –Other RBC antigens

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (cont.) Sexually Transmitted Diseases

6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Conditions for isoimmunization )

» s n o – must have foreign RBC antigen 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 i Curable Incurable l 5 l –Mother must be negative for this antigen i m (

–Fetomaternal hemorrhage occurs at birth or 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 S

spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) U

n i  3 0 0 0 0 0 0 From 0.1 to 30 ml of fetal blood enters maternal 3 circulation s e s a  Treatment 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

C 2

l

» Test at first prenatal visit for Rh antibodies a u

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 » If RH negative and Father Rh positive or unkown n 1 n

–Retest at 28 weeks (don’t see isoimmunization A

0 before this time) a s a s s i B S i e t d D il e r  Administer Rh-immune globulin s I h p a y i h r r t A r m i p e W t o a y l  At birth if fetus Rh-positive also give it Rh-immune a n H p S h o e C globulin H G

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