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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Das interaktive Zeugnis? Vermittlung von Geschichtsbildangeboten durch Zeitzeugen über das World Wide Web Diskursanalyse der Onlinebeiträge auf der Zeitzeugenwebsite „einestages“ mit dem Forschungsschwerpunkt „Zweiter Weltkrieg “ Verfasserin Mag. phil. Michaela Unger, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 301 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Gries Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. I Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................... III Geschlechtsneutrale Formulierung ................................................................................... V Persönliches Interesse und Danksagung ......................................................................... VI I. Theoretischer Teil ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Einleitung ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Geschichtsofferte von Zeitzeugen über das Web 2.0 ................................................. 12 2.1 Das Web 2.0 im Dienste der Zeugenschaft ....................................................... 12 2.2 Untersuchungsgegenstand „Einestages“ .......................................................... 15 3. Forschungsfragen und Forschungsstand ..................................................................... 24 3.1 Problemstellung und Forschungsfragen ........................................................... 24 3.2 Forschungsstand ................................................................................................. 27 4. Die Diskursanalyse ..................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Methodisches Vorgehen ..................................................................................... 42 II. Empirischer Teil......................................................................................................... 46 5. Die Untersuchung ....................................................................................................... 46 5.1 Die sechs Kategorien der „einestages“-Zeitzeugenberichte............................ 47 5.1.1 1939-1945: Bedeutsame Ereignisse und Wendepunkte ................................. 47 5.1.1.1 Der Weg in den Krieg ............................................................................. 47 5.1.1.2 Krieg gegen Russen ................................................................................ 57 5.1.1.3 Der Deutsche Volkssturm – Kindheit im Krieg ..................................... 63 5.1.1.4 Dresden – die gänzliche Vernichtung ..................................................... 67 5.1.1.5 Kriegsende, Besetzungen & Nachkriegszeit .......................................... 70 5.1.1.6 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 100 5.1.2 Kriegserlebnisse fernab der Heimat ............................................................ 117 5.1.2.1 Kriegserlebnisse auf See ....................................................................... 118 5.1.2.2 Kriegsgefangenschaften........................................................................ 129 5.1.2.3 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 136 5.1.3 Krieg in der Heimat ..................................................................................... 140 5.1.3.1 Schule und Kinderlandverschickung im Krieg ..................................... 141 5.1.3.2 Reichsarbeitsdienst ............................................................................... 150 5.1.3.4 Angriffe aus der Luft ............................................................................ 152 5.1.3.5 Die Russen kommen!............................................................................ 162 5.1.3.6 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 182 5.1.4 Antisemitismus im Zweiten Weltkrieg .......................................................... 196 5.1.4.1 Judenverfolgung und -flucht ................................................................. 197 5.1.4.2 Holocaust-Schicksale............................................................................ 205 5.1.4.3 Ermordungen von Juden ....................................................................... 220 5.1.4.4 Die Sicht der Gesellschaft auf die Juden .............................................. 229 5.1.4.5 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 235 5.1.5 Gegner des NS-Regimes .............................................................................. 245 5.1.5.1 Der Österreicher Alois Bilisics ............................................................. 246 I 5.1.5.2 Die Polin Irena Sendler ........................................................................ 248 5.1.5.3 Nina von Stauffenberg – Heldin im Hintergrund ................................. 252 5.1.5.4 Rezsö Kasztner ..................................................................................... 255 5.1.5.5 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 261 5.1.6 (Selbst-)Wahrnehmung der Zeitzeugen bzw. Erzähler über die Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges .............................................................................................. 264 5.1.6.1 NS-Familiengeschichten ....................................................................... 266 5.1.6.2 Das Schuldbewusstsein ........................................................................ 277 5.1.6.3 Interpretation ........................................................................................ 284 5.2 Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen ............................................................. 290 6.Schlussbetrachtung und kritische Reflexion ............................................................. 309 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 314 Anhang ......................................................................................................................... 316 Literaturverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... 337 Wissenschaftlicher Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................... 352 II Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Die sieben historischen Generationen des 20. Jahrhunderts ...................... 6 Abbildung 2: Darstellung der deutschsprachigen Zeitzeugenportale ............................. 14 Abbildung 3: „einestages“-Werbemotiv ......................................................................... 15 Abbildung 4: Startseite „einestages“ .............................................................................. 16 Abbildung 5: Screenshot Rubrik „Zeitzeugen 1940“ (Auszug) ..................................... 18 Abbildung 6: Facebook – Henio Zytomirski .................................................................. 22 Abbildung 7: Die empirischen Phasen einer kritischen Diskursanalyse ........................ 37 Abbildung 8: Forschungsperspektive Inhaltsanalyse und Diskursanalyse ..................... 39 Abbildung 9: Gegenüberstellung Inhaltsanalyse und Diskursanalyse ........................... 41 Abbildung 10: Darstellung der Kriegserlebnisdiskursstränge in Prozent ...................... 44 Abbildung 11: Das Mikrofon von Gleiwitz .................................................................... 49 Abbildung 12: Der Kriegsbeginn ................................................................................... 51 Abbildung 13: Angriff auf Polen .................................................................................... 55 Abbildung 14: Stalingrad 1942 ...................................................................................... 58 Abbildung 15: Kugel im Büffet ...................................................................................... 72 Abbildung 16: Rosemarie Dinse mit Hahn .................................................................... 89 Abbildung 17: Buben spielen mit einer Panzerkette ...................................................... 93 Abbildung 18: Gefährliche Zwangsarbeit .................................................................... 131 Abbildung 19: Kriegsgefangene ................................................................................... 133 Abbildung 20: Hitlergruß von Kindern am Deckblatt des Lesebuches ........................ 142 Abbildung 21: Der Buchstabe „J“ im Lesebuch ........................................................... 142 Abbildung 22: Jungvolkjungen .................................................................................... 145 Abbildung 23: Kölner Dom .......................................................................................... 154 Abbildung 24: Skizze des Luftschutzbunkers .............................................................. 161 Abbildung 25: Ein neuer Anfang
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