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La Alta Traición En El Derecho Penal Romano Monárquico-Republicano: De La Perduellio a La Maiestas

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La Alta Traición En El Derecho Penal Romano Monárquico-Republicano: De La Perduellio a La Maiestas UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA ANTIGUA TESIS DOCTORAL La alta traición en el Derecho Penal romano monárquico-republicano: de la perduellio a la maiestas MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Juan Pérez Carrandi DIRECTOR José Antonio González Romanillos Madrid, 2018 © Juan Pérez Carrandi, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Historia Antigua La alta traición en el Derecho Penal romano monárquico-republicano: de la perduellio a la maiestas. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Juan Pérez Carrandi Bajo la dirección del doctor José Antonio González Romanillos Madrid, 2017 1 A José Antonio y a mis padres. 2 ÍNDICE I. ABREVIATURAS . .6 II. RESUMEN . .9 III. NOTA PRELIMINAR . 14 IV. Perduellio . .16 1. Definición del término . .17 2. Duunuiri perduellionis . .27 3. Suplicium more maiorum . .36 4. Juicios conocidos por perduellio flagrante .49 4.1 Proceso a Horacio . .50 4.2 Proceso a Manlio Capitolino . .72 4.3 Proceso a Rabirio . .92 4.4 Perduellio flagrante en el Imperio . .112 5. Juicios por perduellio no flagrante . .114 5.1 Proceso a Espurio Casio . 115 5.2 Proceso a Gneo Fulvio . 122 5.3 Proceso a Gayo Claudio y Tiberio Sempronio. 125 6. Conclusiones . 129 V. Maiestas . 135 1. Orígenes del término . .136 1.1 Tipología múltiple tardía . .138 1.2 Génesis: foedus iniquum . .150 2. Gestación del concepto jurídico . 156 2.1 Pseudo juicios precedentes. .157 2.2 Reveses militares, precursores del Cambio . 165 3. Quaestio Mamilia . 170 3.1 Proceso a Cayo Sulpicio Galba . .174 3 3.2 Proceso a Lucio Opimio . 177 3.3 Proceso a Lucio Calpurnio Bestia . 180 3.4 Proceso a Cayo Porcio Catón . .181 3.5 Proceso a Espurio Postumio Albino . .182 4. Cayo Popilio Laenas: siguen las derrotas militares . 196 4.1 Procesos a Máximo y Cepión . 199 5. Quaestio Appuleia de maiestate . 202 5.1 Proceso a Quinto Cecilio Metelo . .204 5.2 Proceso a Quinto Servilio Cepión . 210 5.3 Caída de Saturnino . 213 5.4 Represión de la herencia saturnina . 214 5.4.1 Proceso a Sexto Titio . .216 5.4.2 Proceso a Cayo Apuleyo Deciano. .219 5.5 Proceso a Cayo Norbano, primera mención a la quaestio Appuleia de maiestate . .220 6. Lex Uaria . .232 6.1 Proceso a Marco Emilio Escauro . 238 6.2 Procesos a Quinto Pompeyo Rufo y Cayo Escribonio Curio . 241 6.3 Proceso a Lucio Calpurnio Bestia . 242 6.4 Proceso a Aurelio Cota . 243 6.5 Proceso a Quinto Servilio Cepión . 246 6.6 Proceso a Marco Antonio . .246 6.7 Proceso a Quinto Vario Híbrida . 247 6.8 Proceso a Gneo Pomponio . .249 7. Hasta Sila ¿espacio muerto? . .250 7.1 Proceso a Quinto Lutacio Cátulo . .250 8. Sila, creador de una quaestio perpetua de maiestate . 256 8.1 Figura . 256 4 8.2 Desarrollo silano de las quaestiones Perpetuae . .261 8.3 Consolidación y generalización de las quaestiones . .263 8.4 Procesos en virtud de la quaestio Cornelia . 265 8.4.1 Proceso a Estayeno . .266 8.4.2 Proceso a Marco Atilio Bulbo . .268 8.4.3 Proceso a Cayo Licinio Verres . 271 8.4.4 Proceso a Cayo Cornelio . 279 8.4.5 Proceso a Cayo Manilio Crispo . 285 8.4.6 Proceso a Gayo Antonio . .289 8.4.7 Proceso a Aulo Gabinio . .297 8.4.8 Proceso a Apio Claudio Pulcher. 312 9. Conclusiones . 318 VI. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES . 324 VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA . 329 VIII. ÍNDICE DE FUENTES . .339 5 I. ABREVIATURAS AIBL Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. AIHAM Actas del Instituto de Historia Antigua y Medieval. ANRW Aufstieg und Nuederggang der Römischen Welt. APAW Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Athenaeum Studi di letteratura e Storia dell´antichità. Baetica Baetica: Estudios de Arte, Geografía e Historia. BIDR Bulletino dell´Istituto de Diritto Romano. CQ The Classical Quarterly. EFR École Français de Rome. Gerión Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua. Gnomon Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift fïr Die gesante klassische Altertums. Habis Habis: filología clásica, historia Antigua, arqueología clásica. Hermes Hermes. Zeitschrift für classiche 6 Philologie. Historia. Zeitschriftfüralte Geschichte. Revued´historie ancienne. Journal Of Ancient History.Rivista di Storia antica. IURA Rivista Internazionale de Diritto Romano e Antico. JRS The Journal of Roman Studies. Klio Beitrage zur alten geschichte. Labeo Labeo. Rassegna di Diritto Romano. Latomus Revue et collection d´etudes latines. MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. MEFRA Mélagnes d´archéologie et d´histoire de l´École Française de Rome. MIL Memorie dell´Istituto Lombardo o Accademia di Scienze e Lettere. NNDI Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Nova TellusAnuario del Centro de Estudios Clásicos. PP La Parola del Passato. RE Paulys Realencyclopädie der 7 Klassischen. REL Revue de études latins, RIDA Revue internationale des droits de l´antiquité. RIL Rendiconti del Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. RPh Revue de Philologie. RS Revue de Synthèse. SLC Studi in onore de L. Castiglioni. SPF Study in onore de Pietro Francisci. Synteleia Raccolta di studi di diritto romano, di filologia classica e di vario diritto. SZ Schweizerische Zeitschrift. TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association. Voces Revista de filología latina tardoantigua. ZRG Zeitschrift dei Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. ZSS Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. 8 II. RESUMEN Este trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto profundizar en el conocimiento de la alta traición en la antigua Roma desde la génesis del delito hasta el final de la República. Para realizar un seguimiento del ilícito hemos convenido en llevar a cabo un seguimiento exhaustivo de todos y cada uno de los procesos que se llevaron a cabo en virtud de dicho delito, y según nos legan las fuentes. Hemos de tener presente que aunque veremos que el nombre del delito cambia, no lo hace su esencia y objetivos: la perduellio es de los más antiguos delitos insertos en el derecho penal romano. Surgida en época monárquica, supondrá el acto de traición de un romano contra sus conciudadanos. Este ilícito no será inmutable y se irá adaptando a la realidad penal de cada momento, y así como en una primera etapa tendrá un componente netamente sacro, salvaguardando la pax deorum, con el tiempo se irá extendiendo la laicidad dentro de los delitos cobijados bajo la perduellio. De un proceso sumario que acababa siempre con la ejecución del reo, pasaremos a ver a lo largo del período republicano cómo se instalan los procedimientos ordinarios para este delito, entendiendo además que la comisión del mismo no fue muy común. Surge ahora la posibilidad generalizada del ius exilii, aplicándose el antiguo procedimiento en casos extremadamente graves y de forma muy excepcional. Primarán en los nuevos procesos ordinarios republicanos la persecución de delitos como seditio o mala praxis militar entre otros. Un punto de inflexión en la historia de la alta traición viene con la llegada del crimen maiestatis, el cual pasará a 9 incorporar a la perduellio como uno de sus supuestos. La maiestas, que nace con una proyección netamente política, plasmando la superioridad de Roma, acaba imbuyéndose de un fuerte componente jurídico al adquirir el término un elemento de protección de la colectividad romana y su poder. La esencia es la misma que en el caso de la perduellio: se perseguirá a todo romano que atente contra la colectividad, sin embargo, el cambio nace de la necesidad de perseguir a veces nuevas formas de atentados contra la majestad de Roma y a veces el grado de intensidad de dichas agresiones, pues aumentan exponencialmente, y los riesgos para la viabilidad de la empresa romana, también. Todo ello ocurre fruto de la “mundialización” de los romanos. Y si seguimos los principales hitos legislativos conocidos respecto a la maiestas, encontramos a la quaestio Mamilia como la verdadera matriz de la ley de maiestas. Los intentos de Saturnino primero e Hibrida luego por desarrollar una ley al respecto, no solo son muestra de la mala intención de sus promotores, sino que con la hostilidad popular hacia los mismos nos percatamos de un elemento muy importante, y este no es otro que el delito de alta traición es un asunto muy serio para el común de los romanos y, por entonces aún, no se tolera a nivel general que sea sometido a manipulación. Está en juego la seguridad y viabilidad de Roma. Ello es algo que Sila comprendió rápidamente y decidió regular de forma seria y exhaustiva una verdadera lex maiestatis, la cual, en líneas generales, servirá como instrumento de control y mantenimiento de los ya maltrechos cimientos del estado constitucional romano hasta la dinamitación definitiva del mismo ya bajo César. Con ello se pone 10 fin a la alta traición así conocida y a toda una etapa histórica dentro del mundo romano. ABSTRACT This research work aims to deepen in the knowledge of high treason in ancient Rome, from the genesis of the crime to the end of the Republic. In order to carry out an evolutionary analysis of the illegal act, we have carried out a meticulous tracking of each and every one of the proceedings taking place under this article as bequeathed to us by the sources. We must keep in mind that although the name of the crime can change, its essence and objectives do not: Perduellio is one of the oldest crimes inserted in Roman criminal law. Developed in monarchical times, it will mean an act of treason of a Roman against his fellow citizens. This illegal act will not be immutable and will adapt to the criminal reality of each moment. While in a first stage it will have a purely sacred component, safeguarding the pax deorum, over time laicism will extend within the crimes sheltered under Perduellio.
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