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A New Maritime Archaeological Landscape Formation Model: Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary

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A New Maritime Archaeological Landscape Formation Model: Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Dissertations 2011 A NEW MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE FORMATION MODEL: THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY Alicia Lynn Caporaso University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss Recommended Citation Caporaso, Alicia Lynn, "A NEW MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE FORMATION MODEL: THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY" (2011). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 1138. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/1138 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A NEW MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE FORMATION MODEL: THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY BY ALICIA LYNN CAPO RASO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2011 ABSTRACT Archaeology should strive to explore and seek to improve our understanding of human behavior. Underwater archaeology, especially shipwreck archaeology, tends to be particularistic focusing on the human activities associated with a ship or shipwreck itself. Human behavior and its resultant material remains exist on a physical and cultural landscape and cannot be separated from it. Studying known archaeological sites within the landscape reveals patterns of human behavior that can only be identified within that context. This research explores the relationship between the social and natural world and the archaeological landscape at Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve. The 448 square miles of sanctuary range in depth from a few feet to nearly 200 feet, and hold at least 100 known and identified shipwrecks and perhaps another 100 unidentified shipwrecks , at various depths ranging from zero to over 100 feet. The lake floor is also littered with ship timbers , wrecked cargo and hardware, fishing gear, and other cultural debris . The natural environment constrains and informs human behavior and plays a large and important role in the development of maritime culture and the maritime landscape. The processes by which this occurs can also be studied through analysis of the archaeological record. The focus of this research is an approach to integrating the components of the maritime landscape with the understanding of the archaeological and historic records as well as oceanographic processes in the Great Lakes to develop a new phenomenological model that takes into account not only the shipwrecks but also the totality of the remains of human activity in a region both on land and on the water. Three levels of analysis associated with the model are: that a vessel will wreck or become irrecoverable in a given location; that wreck material will arrive at a given location; and that wreckage material will survive at a given location. Three general goals are associated with the application of the model: to determine the importance of each behavioral and natural input to each level; to determine the importance of each level in determining the location where archaeological materials may be identified; and to determine if it is possible to derive the agent human activity from the total collection of archaeological material that led to its initial deposition and in many cases modification. This in tum facilitates the determination of higher-order broad anthropological questions to ask of the archaeological record. The efficacy of the model is illustrated through two combined anthropological, archaeological, and oceanographic analyses. First, the model is used to explain decade-by-decade and overall patterns in human behavior interpreted through the maritime archaeological landscape of the shipwrecks themselves. This incorporates the known historical attributes associated with each wreck site including any natural physical inputs recorded at the time of the accident. Secondly , the model is used to explore the patterns apparent in the mobile wreckage recorded in the vicinity of North Point in the context of primarily local geology. These patterns are then used to make hypotheses about potential human activity and environmental inputs that affect the preservation of the archaeological record of Thunder Bay. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was made possible by the funding and support of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve. I would like to thank everyone at Thunder Bay who supported me throughout this endeavor. I would also like to thank the National Park Service (NPS) and Dr. Robert Ballard and the Institute for Exploration who also funded me while a graduate student. While many people worked directly with me on my research, I want to give particular thanks to Dr. Rod Mather who supervised my project and, along with Dr. Ballard, served as my co-major advisor. I would like to thank the faculty and staff at the Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO) at the University of Rhode Island (URI) for their academic guidance. Special thanks go to Dr. John King (GSO) , Dr. Scott Nixon (GSO), Dr. Vergil Noble (NPS) and Dr. Leo Carroll (URI) who served on my dissertation committee. Lastly , I want to give especial thanks to my husband Daniel for whom, as long as he has known me, I have been a graduate student. Let us move on to new adventures . IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... ............................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................... 18 THE TOTAL GEOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE AND MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................ ............................................................ .................................. 18 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 33 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RISK AND THE MARITIME LANDSCAPE .................... 33 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 53 THE PHYSIO-HISTORIC LANDSCAPE OF THUNDER BAY .............................. 53 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................. 131 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY AND UNDERWATER PRESERVE ............................... 131 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................. 155 A NEW MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE FORMATION MODEL ......................... ........................................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................. 177 THE SHIPWRECKED LANDSCAPE OF THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY ...................................................................... ..................................... 177 CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................. 237 V THE MOBILIZED ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE OF THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY ....................... .............................................. 237 CHAPTER 9 ............................................................................................................. 259 CONCLUSION ................................... ....................................................................... 259 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 266 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................. 266 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD AT THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY AND UNDERWATER PRESERVE .......... ...................................... 266 APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................. 301 THUNDER BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY SHIPWRECK DATABASE .................................................. ......................................... ......................................... 301 APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................. 310 VALUED SIDE-SCAN SONAR TAR GETS ....................... ..................................... 310 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................
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