Soviet Atomic Espionage

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Soviet Atomic Espionage 82d CongresIO lot Session I JOENT COMMITTEE PBWT JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY SOVIET ATOMIC ESPIONAGE APRIL 1951 Printed for the use of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy UNITED STATU GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICIC WASHINGTON 1 1951 JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY (Created puruant t? ,ublq Law 585, 79th Cong.) BRIEN McMAIION. Connecticut. Vhairmam CARL T. DURHAM, North Carolina. Vice Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia CIIET IIOLIFIELD. California EDWIN C. JOHNSON. Colorado MELVIN PRICE. Illinois TOM CONNALLY, Texas PAUL J. KILDAY, Texas -CLINTON P. ANDERSON. New Mexico HENRY M. JACKSON. Washington BOURKE B. HICKENLOOPER, Iowa W. STERLING COLE. New York EUGENE D. MILLIKIN. Colorado CIARLES 11. EISTON, Ohio WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, California CARL IlINSIIAW. California JOHN W. BRICKER, Ohio ;AME8 X. VAN ZANDT. Pennsylvania WILLIAM I. Hl sew,fl.mutive Director HAROLDBxaliN, D"uty Director FOREWORD The Joiit Committee on Atomic Eierg' froiii its inceptioil almost 5 year" ago, his oiimiully given painsta ing at t et ion to the task of defending this Nation's atomic enterprise against Soviet agelits. Since lit-19-16, when tht law creating the joint cominiittee aind th1e Atomic Iergy (omniission was enacted, American espionage de0- fenses, so fi Is is know i, have not been breached. The Federal lureau of In vest igat ion a tid ot her ilierest ed agencies have reported no success- ful act of atoilic espionage committed against the United States from laid-191t oilward. Before that time, however, Soviet agents did successfully penetrate the joint Ana~riean-British-Caiadian atomic projects. After mid- 19-16. moreover, furl her securit v breaches have occurred in tho British lr0 1grain,through l)r. Khlus Fuchs 1mid through t he disappearance of I)r. Blimlo i'olitecorvo. The imldividitils who had acess; to classified atomic information amid who are detnitely known to have conveyed such information to the Soviet I'mioi wile eliiployed oi the project are three iii nuiibor. To list thlenil il tile et iinuted ordlel of their ilivorfialice, they are: (1) 1)r. Khmus Fuch, tie ernuin-born lritish scientist who worked lilothlpoll the key Oak Ridlge, Temra.,l5process and upon weapons at the Loom Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory during World War I; (2) Dr.Allan Nimi May, the British scientist, who was arrested an1d convicted in coniniection with tileCanadian spy exposes of 19-1: and (:) David Greeiiglass, allAmericait citizen, wvho, Itsall Army technical sergeallnt, performed weapons work at Los Alamos during Worhl War 11. A special situation is presented by )r. hiruno Poutectorvo, the Italian-born British scient ist, who worked atCanadian atomic energy centers and visited American laboratories diriiig World War 11. lIn October 1950t lie tied eastward id (lisap)1 eare(I behiuid thie ir-oil cuirtainl. Pouttecorvo 11ayNIlot. have comlproimised miforniat 14)1prior to is flight. But, for reasona- developed latter in this study, it uist be taken for rtnted t hat every scrap of inforinat iont known to Poiitecorvo is today knownl to the Soviet, Unlion. Thus the coniseqiteutees tire the Sallie whether or not lhedid in fact Serve as a Soviet agent while working ill the west. Ponttecorvo is therefore grouped vith Fuchs, May, and (1renglass as a i)et rayer of atoliic secrets. fitterlils of his conitribu- lion to the Soviet project, lie is estimated to raik behind Fuchs but ahead of May, anl GreenghlSS. Part I of t his study seeks to develop factual, authentic information abmut the four kowt bet layers who themselves hlad access to atolic (lilta. Also included in part I is material relating to Harry Gold, who served as ta espionilge courier and relayed infornmation froi both Fuchs and G(reenglass to Soviet officials. Part I is entitled "Fuchs) Point ecorvo, May,-Greenglass, and (fold." Part II of the pIsent report, in contrast to the proven Cases which mainly comprise part I, deals only with allegations not tested in a IV FOREWORD court of law. These allegations all pertain to persons whose atomic spying or service in Russia's behalf are alleged to have occurred dur- ing World War II. Several of the individuals concerned are cur- rently being prosecuted for perjury or contempt of ('ongress. The various allegations center particularly upon acts of espionage said to have been committed by Dr. Clarence Hiskey and I)r. Joseph Wein- berg, two wartime members of the American atomic enterprise, and upon a Communist cell said to have been active in the wartino Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. For the sake of clarity and completeness this report contains a part III relating to individuals who committed serious security breaches but who were not Soviet agents and whose actions (lid not assist the Russian atomic project. A leading example is the case of Dr. San- ford Simons. After working at Los Alamos during World War II he departed with a small sample of plutonium as a souvenir. Part III is entitled "Nonespionage Cases." The purpose of the present study, prepared and compiled by the joint committee staff at the request of the chairman, is to gatfler in one place the salient facts about the various individual wNithin the categories above outlined. It is hoped that the study will assist com- mittee members in assessing the atomic-espionage damage inflicted upon the United States. All statements have been meticulously screened so as to include unclassified and publishable information only. A LA S KA /" CANASN c.~wmmornu.~ e CA-c,oMp"a Labwooy Wei o04 uft emgI T90 e ls. SeATeI - 1644-1946. TM GEOGLRPIMA FOCAL Po OF EWIONAGE a fW ois" etro v-oo the me.." predueton too ~-'B~~-.T- quO 1943 -144 .z~f.'-z THE GEOGRAPHICAL FOCAL POINTS OF ESPOAGEI CONTENTS PART I FUCHS, PONTECORVO, MAY, GREENGLASS, AND GOLD Pa 1. A synopsis of the known facts -------------------------- 1 al Klaus Fuchs -------------------------------- 1 (b) Bruno Pontecorvo ---------------------------- 1 (V) Allan Nunn May ------------------------------ 2 ( David Greenglass ----------------------------- 3 (e) Harry Gold ----------------------------------- 3 2. The Nature of the Information Betrayed ------------------ 5 3. Comment on Security Defenses, Espionage Techniques, and Motives ---------------------------------------- 8 4. The Fuchs cas-details ------------------------------ 13 5. The Pontecorvo case-details ------------------------- 38 6. The May case-details ------------------------------ 49 7. The Greenglass case--details ------------------------- 60 8. The Gold case-details ----------------------------- 145 PART II CHARGES NOT PROVEN IN A COURT OF LAW 1. Charges concerning Arthur Adams, Clarence Hiskey, John Chapin, and others ------------------------------ 163 2. Charges concerning Martin David Kamen --------------- 171 3. Charges concerning Steve Nelson, Joseph Weinberg, and others -------------------------------------- 72 4. Testimony given by David Hawkins ------------------- 183 5. Allegations concerning Wartime Exports ---------------- 184 PART III NONESPIONAGE CASES 1. The case of the Plutonium Souvenir -------------------- 193 2. The Missing Briefcase ------------------------------ 194 3. The Souvenir Photos ------------------------------ 195 4. The Falsified Security Questionnaire ------------------- 196 PART I FUCHS, PONTECORVO, MAY, GREENGLASS, AND GOLD 1.A Synopsis of the Known Facts (a) Klaus Fuchs Dr. Fuchs was a member of the British atomic-energy mission which came to the United States during World War II, in accordance with the 1943 Quebec agreement between President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Prime Minister King of Canada. The British certified to the Manhattan Engineer Dis- trict, which then had responsibility for American atomic develop- mnrt,that Fuchs could be trusted; and this certification was accepted without further inquiry. During 1944 Fuchs lived in New York and worked at Columbia University, participating intimately in efforts to develop the gaseous diffusion 18-235 separation proces--a process now embodied in the K-25-27-29-31 plant complex at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and to be embodied in the major new plant complex under construction at Paducah Ky. He was one of three Britishers who had complete access to all pLases of the Columbia University work. It is little appreciated thatFucls is not only the great betrayer of weapons data but also the great betrayer of the theory underlying the only Oak Ridge production method in use toda me In August 1944 Fuchs moved to Los Alamos with other members of the British mission and worked there until June 1946. He took art in the making of the earliest atomic bombs; he was privy to ideas t plan for iniproved atomic weapons, and he possessed insight into the thinkin of the period as regards the hydrogen bomb. Fuchs returned to England in mid-1946 and soon became Chief of the Theo- retical Physics Division at Harwell, Britain's principal atomic- research laboratory. Some 3 years later American security authorities advised Britain of a lead developed in the United States, and this brought about Fuchs' arrest, conviction, and imprisonment in early 1950. He had shipped to Russia the most sensitive information, including exten- sive quantitative data in written form regarding the Oak Ridge gase- ous diffusion process, the weapons work at Los Alamos, British activi- ties at Harwell, and other projects located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. (b) Bruno Pontecorvo The reactor of most advanced design and performance operating in North America is still the Canadian NRX heavy-water pile at Chalk
Recommended publications
  • THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM of ART ANNUAL REPORT 2002 1 0-Cover.P65 the CLEVELAND MUSEUM of ART
    ANNUAL REPORT 2002 THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART REPORT 2002 ANNUAL 0-Cover.p65 1 6/10/2003, 4:08 PM THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART ANNUAL REPORT 2002 1-Welcome-A.p65 1 6/10/2003, 4:16 PM Feathered Panel. Peru, The Cleveland Narrative: Gregory Photography credits: Brichford: pp. 7 (left, Far South Coast, Pampa Museum of Art M. Donley Works of art in the both), 9 (top), 11 Ocoña; AD 600–900; 11150 East Boulevard Editing: Barbara J. collection were photo- (bottom), 34 (left), 39 Cleveland, Ohio Bradley and graphed by museum (top), 61, 63, 64, 68, Papagayo macaw feathers 44106–1797 photographers 79, 88 (left), 92; knotted onto string and Kathleen Mills Copyright © 2003 Howard Agriesti and Rodney L. Brown: p. stitched to cotton plain- Design: Thomas H. Gary Kirchenbauer 82 (left) © 2002; Philip The Cleveland Barnard III weave cloth, camelid fiber Museum of Art and are copyright Brutz: pp. 9 (left), 88 Production: Charles by the Cleveland (top), 89 (all), 96; plain-weave upper tape; All rights reserved. 81.3 x 223.5 cm; Andrew R. Szabla Museum of Art. The Gregory M. Donley: No portion of this works of art them- front cover, pp. 4, 6 and Martha Holden Jennings publication may be Printing: Great Lakes Lithograph selves may also be (both), 7 (bottom), 8 Fund 2002.93 reproduced in any protected by copy- (bottom), 13 (both), form whatsoever The type is Adobe Front cover and frontispiece: right in the United 31, 32, 34 (bottom), 36 without the prior Palatino and States of America or (bottom), 41, 45 (top), As the sun went down, the written permission Bitstream Futura abroad and may not 60, 62, 71, 77, 83 (left), lights came up: on of the Cleveland adapted for this be reproduced in any 85 (right, center), 91; September 11, the facade Museum of Art.
    [Show full text]
  • HEAVY WATER and NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report
    HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report by MARVIN M. MILLER MIT Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 80-009 May 1980 COO-4571-6 MIT-EL 80-009 HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report Marvin M. Miller Energy Laboratory and Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 May 1980 Prepared For THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT NO. EN-77-S-02-4571.A000 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or useful- ness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. A B S T R A C T The following report is a study of various aspects of the relationship between heavy water and the development of the civilian and military uses of atomic energy. It begins with a historical sketch which traces the heavy water storyfrom its discovery by Harold Urey in 1932 through its coming of age from scientific curiosity to strategic nuclear material at the eve of World War II and finally into the post-war period, where the military and civilian strands have some- times seemed inextricably entangled. The report next assesses the nonproliferation implications of the use of heavy water- moderated power reactors; several different reactor types are discussed, but the focus in on the natural uranium, on- power fueled, pressure tube reactor developed in Canada, the CANDU.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Military Nuclear Strategy And
    The Development of Military Nuclear Strategy and Anglo-American Relations, 1939 – 1958 Submitted by: Geoffrey Charles Mallett Skinner to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, July 2018 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Abstract There was no special governmental partnership between Britain and America during the Second World War in atomic affairs. A recalibration is required that updates and amends the existing historiography in this respect. The wartime atomic relations of those countries were cooperative at the level of science and resources, but rarely that of the state. As soon as it became apparent that fission weaponry would be the main basis of future military power, America decided to gain exclusive control over the weapon. Britain could not replicate American resources and no assistance was offered to it by its conventional ally. America then created its own, closed, nuclear system and well before the 1946 Atomic Energy Act, the event which is typically seen by historians as the explanation of the fracturing of wartime atomic relations. Immediately after 1945 there was insufficient systemic force to create change in the consistent American policy of atomic monopoly. As fusion bombs introduced a new magnitude of risk, and as the nuclear world expanded and deepened, the systemic pressures grew.
    [Show full text]
  • H-Diplo Article Roundtable Review, Vol. X, No. 24
    2009 h-diplo H-Diplo Article Roundtable Roundtable Editors: Thomas Maddux and Diane Labrosse Roundtable Web Editor: George Fujii Review Introduction by Thomas Maddux www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables Reviewers: Bruce Craig, Ronald Radosh, Katherine A.S. Volume X, No. 24 (2009) Sibley, G. Edward White 17 July 2009 Response by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr Journal of Cold War Studies 11.3 (Summer 2009) Special Issue: Soviet Espoinage in the United States during the Stalin Era (with articles by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr; Eduard Mark; Gregg Herken; Steven T. Usdin; Max Holland; and John F. Fox, Jr.) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/jcws/11/3 Stable URL: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-X-24.pdf Contents Introduction by Thomas Maddux, California State University, Northridge.............................. 2 Review by Bruce Craig, University of Prince Edward Island ..................................................... 8 Review by Ronald Radosh, Emeritus, City University of New York ........................................ 16 Review by Katherine A.S. Sibley, St. Josephs University ......................................................... 18 Review by G. Edward White, University of Virginia School of Law ........................................ 23 Author’s Response by John Earl Haynes, Library of Congress, and Harvey Klehr, Emory University ................................................................................................................................ 27 Copyright © 2009 H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for non-profit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author(s), web location, date of publication, H-Diplo, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For other uses, contact the H-Diplo editorial staff at [email protected]. H-Diplo Roundtable Reviews, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 27Th Annual Poets House Showcase Exhibition Catalog
    2019 27th Annual Poets House Showcase Exhibition Catalog Poets House | 10 River Terrace | New York, NY 10282 | poetshouse.org ELCOME to the 2019 Poets House Showcase, our annual, all-inclusive exhibition of the most recent poetry books, chapbooks, broadsides, artists’ books, and multimedia works published in the United States and W abroad. This year marks the 27th anniversary of the Poets House Showcase and features over 3,300 books from more than 800 different presses and publishers. For 27 years, the Showcase has helped to keep our collection current and relevant, building one of the most extensive collections of poetry in our nation—an expansive record of the poetry of our time, freely available and open to all. Building the Exhibit and the Poets House Library Collection Every year, Poets House invites poets and publishers to participate in the annual Showcase by donating copies of poetry titles released since January of the previous year. This year’s exhibit highlights poetry titles published in 2018 and the first part of 2019. Books have been contributed by the entire poetry community, from the publishers who send on their titles as they’re released, to the poets who mail us signed copies of their newest books, to library visitors donating books when they visit us. Every newly published book is welcomed, appreciated, and featured in the Showcase. The Poets House Showcase is the mechanism through which we build our library: a comprehensive, inclusive collection of over 70,000 poetry works, all free and open to the public. To make it as extensive as possible, we reach out to as many poetry communities and producers as we can, bringing together poetic voices of all kinds to meet the different needs and interests of our many library patrons.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Blaylock’s Bomb: How a Small BC City Helped Create the World’s First Weapon of Mass Destruction Ron Verzuh our years into the Second World War, the citizens of Trail, British Columbia, a small city with a large smelter in the moun- tainous West Kootenay region near the United States border, were, Flike most of the world, totally unaware of the possibility of creating an atomic bomb. Trail’s industrial workforce, employees of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada (CM&S Company), were home-front producers of war materials destined for Allied forces on the battlefields of Europe. They, along with the rest of humanity, would have seen the creation of such a bomb as pure science fiction fantasy invented by the likes of British novelist H.G. Wells.1 They were understandably preoccupied with the life-and-death necessity of ensuring an Allied victory against the Nazis, Italian fascists, and the Japanese. It was no secret that, as it had done in the previous world conflict, their employer was supplying much of the lead, zinc, and now fertilizer that Britain needed to prosecute the war.2 What Trailites did not know was that they were for a short time indispensable in the creation of the world’s first weapon of mass destruction. 1 H.G. Wells, The Shape of Things to Come (London: Penguin, 2005) and The World Set Free (London: Macmillan and Co., 1914). Both allude to nuclear war. 2 Lance H. Whittaker, “All Is Not Gold: A Story of the Discovery, Production and Processing of the Mineral, Chemical and Power Resources of the Kootenay District of the Province of British Columbia and of the Lives of the Men Who Developed and Exploited Those Resources,” unpublished manuscript commissioned by S.G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Westfield Leader
    THE WESTFIELD LEADER Circulated Weekly Nempaper In Union County Batai'td'aa Sacsnd Clu* Matter Poit Offlc W«.UI.Ii, K.i _ Publlahtd WESTFIELD, NEW JERSEY, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1958 •v*rr TaurMay 33 ?•!••—10 CM* immunity Concerts College Women $100,000 Goal Set For School Board Council Adopts ;* plan Membership Week Offer 4-Year Propose^ Science Center Changes Set-tip $500 Scholarship Of Committees Council The Trailside Museum Associa" announced in the near future when Sale To tlon and the Amateur Astronome»s the campaign gets underway. Municipal Budget Plans Annual Dance WHS Senior Girls Inc. have set a goal of $100,000 Dr. Ralph Hall of Westfield and All Members To for the proposed Trailside Sci- 1 Eligible; Blanks Mark H. C. Spiers of Cianford, Positions Often In The' GirU Sports Council of ence Center in the Watchung Res- presidents of the Trailside Muse- Meet Bi-monthly Westfield High School will hold its Available Now ervation. ' um Association and the Amateur To Handle Items Playground Program Lindsay Collins annual "Country Dance" Saturday The announcement was made at Astronomers Inc., Respectively, an- Series night in the WHS gymnasium. Dr, The College Woman's Club of a joint meeting of the two organ- nounced that with the new facili- A change in the set-up of Board Joseph E. Coleman, director of Named Acting ^ Richard "Klaus will be the caller Westfleld will again offer a four izations last week in Grant School. ties, the association hopes to sup- of Education committees was an recreation, announced today tha' ,„„ for'the 1958-59 West- for the girl-ask-boy square dance year scholarship of f500 a year Flans for the new observatory and plement the present educational nounccd today by H.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T.
    [Show full text]
  • Webcomics Im Deutschsprachigen Raum: Wo Sind Wir Hier?
    Lukas R.A. Wilde: Webcomics im deutschsprachigen Raum: Wo sind wir hier? Was sind eigentlich Webcomics und warum ist diese Frage interessant? Jede mögliche Antwort verweist gleich auf eine zweite Frage: Webcomics, das ist eine besondere Spielart des Formats Comic, die (primär) digital, zumeist im Internet publiziert wird – so weit, so gut! Was aber sind Comics, und was fügt die Digitalisierung diesen hinzu? Worin liegt die Relevanz dieses Medienkulturbereiches und warum sollte man sich für diese besondere „Nische in der Nische“ interessieren? Die Arbeit an der Frage, was „Comics“ genau, oder wenigstens typischerweise sind, wie lange und wo es sie bereits gibt und wie wir sie definieren wollen, hat die journalistische, kuratorische, und wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dem Comic über Jahrzehnte hinweg in einem seltsamen Bann gehalten. Niemand kommt dabei an einem Werk vorbei, das die Beschäftigung mit dem Comic wohl wie kein anderes vorangebracht hat, Scott McClouds Understanding Comics (dt.: Comics richtig lesen). Der US- amerikanische Künstler vollbrachte darin das Meisterstück, eine theoretische Erörterung des Mediums selbst in Comicform zu gießen. Ähnlich wie Pioniere des frühen Films in den 1920er Jahren, etwa Dziga Vertov, Lev Kuleshov oder Sergej Eisenstein, entwirft ein Künstler hier eine kundige Poetik seiner eigenen Ausdrucksform und erforscht darin zugleich die „Essenz“ seines Mediums – gegenüber dem Film mit einer eigentümlichen „Verspätung“ von 70 Jahren. Diese Essenz sei, so lernen wir bei McCloud, keine technologische, sondern eine formale oder gestalterische: Geschichten in Folgen aus stehenden Bildern erzählen, häufig in spannungsreichen und produktiven Verschränkung mit vielgestaltigen Texten (in Sprechblasen, Erzählboxen, Soundwörtern…). Wer eine solche Definition aufgreift – das sind nicht wenige – schärft den Blick für viele ästhetische Innovationen, die den frühen Comic zu einem eigenständigen Erzählmedium werden ließen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virus House      -
    David Irving The Virus House - F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Pilar is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imper- fectly educated at London’s Imperial College of Science & Tech- nology and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the language. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including three in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; Göring: a Biography; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third. His works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Author’s Introduction ............................. Solstice.......................................................... A Letter to the War Office ........................ The Plutonium Alternative....................... An Error of Consequence ......................... Item Sixteen on a Long Agenda............... Freshman................................................... Vemork Attacked.....................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Nuclear Engineer, C1940-1965
    Johnston, S.F. (2009) Creating a Canadian profession: the nuclear engineer, c. 1940-1968. Canadian Journal of History / Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire, 44 (3). pp. 435-466. ISSN 0008-4107 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/24891/ Deposited on: 11 February 2010 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Abstract/Résumé analytique Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, c. 1940-1968 Sean F. Johnston Canada, as one of the three Allied nations collaborating on atomic energy development during the Second World War, had an early start in applying its new knowledge and defining a new profession. Owing to postwar secrecy and distinct national aims for the field, nuclear engineering was shaped uniquely by the Canadian context. Alone among the postwar powers, Canadian exploration of atomic energy eschewed military applications; the occupation emerged within a governmental monopoly; the intellectual content of the discipline was influenced by its early practitioners, administrators, scarce resources, and university niches; and a self-recognized profession coalesced later than did its American and British counterparts. This paper argues that the history of the emergence of Canadian nuclear engineers exemplifies unusually strong shaping of technical expertise by political and cultural context. Le Canada, une des trois nations Alliées collaborant au développement de l’énergie atomique durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale connut une avance précoce dans la mise en application de cette nouvelle connaissance et dans la définition de cette nouvelle profession. À cause du secret de l’aprèsguerre et des buts nationaux très nets, l’industrie nucléaire fut modelée uniquement par le contexte canadien.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada in Uranium Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium
    -- Canada in Uranium Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company - http://www.ccnr.or g/uranium_in_bombs.html from Chapter 3: From Radium to Uranium - There were three possible sources of uranium.... One was now in German hands [Czechoslovakia], and the other two were the Belgian Congo and 'Arctic Ca nada'. [ pp. 84-86 ] Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company - http://www.ccnr.or g/uranium_in_bombs.html from Chapter 3: From Radium to Uranium - In May 1941, [ Eldorado ] sold Lyman Briggs [the Chairman of Roosevelt 's Uranium Committee] six or eight tons of uranium oxide.... - It is impossible to know what the company or its president made of thi s, but it is reasonable to suppose that they knew it had to do with the military applications of uranium. - Early in March 1942, [Eldorado received] an order for 60 tons of urani um oxide, approved by [ Vannevar Bush, ] the head of the US atomic project.... - The 60-ton order from the Americans was enough to re-open the mine.... In other, older days the news would have been trumpeted from the rooftops. In M arch 1942 it was a secret. Canada's Nuclear Story Chapter 4: Canada Is Drawn In, p. 41 - In 1940 events were brewing which made it inevitable that Canada's hel p would be needed as a supplier of materials. The uranium deposits on the shores of Great Bear Lake were among the richest in the world. At Port Hope, Ontario, was located the only uranium refinery in operation in North America. - There was, as it happened, a substantial stockpile of uranium oxide at Port Hope.
    [Show full text]