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Linux FAQ & News in Italian

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Linux FAQ & News in Italian INFORMAZIONI RELATIVE A LINUX E DOMANDE RICORRENTI di Marco Iannacone - [email protected] Versione 0.9.9b INDICE 1. INTRODUZIONE 1.1 Che cos’e’ Linux? 1.1.1 Che aspetto ha Linux? 1.2 Un po’ di storia 1.3 Cosa rende Linux differente? 2. CARATTERISTICHE TECNICHE 2.1 Come si rapporta Linux con gli altri sistemi operativi? 2.1.1 Linux vs. MS-DOS 2.1.2 Linux vs. MS-Windows 2.1.3 Linux vs. Windows NT 2.1.4 Linux vs. Apple Macintosh 2.1.5 Linux vs. Solaris 2.1.6 Linux vs. QNX 2.1.7 Linux vs. OS/2 2.1.8 Linux vs. Windows95/98 3. CHI USA LINUX? 4. E’ DISPONIBILE DELLA DOCUMENTAZIONE? 4.1 Linux Documentation Project (LPD) 4.1.1 Italian Linux Documentation Project (ILDP) 4.1.2 Italian-HOWTO 4.2 FAQ 4.3 HOW-TO 4.4 Newsgroups 4.5 Libri e giornali 4.6 Cosa dicono di Linux (pareri autorevoli e recensioni) 1 5. COME POSSO OTTENERE UNA COPIA DI LINUX? 5.1 Ma quanto costa? 5.2 Ftp Server 5.3 Distribuzioni 6. INSTALLAZIONE 6.1 Quale hardware? 6.2 Dischi di avvio 6.2.1 Bootdisk 6.2.2 Rootdisk 6.3 Preparazione HD 6.4 Iniziamo 7. PRINCIPALI APPLICAZIONI 7.1 Ma Linux contiene tutte le applicazioni di cui ho bisogno? 7.1.1 Workstation (Front Office) 7.1.2 Server (Back Office) 7.1.3 Sviluppo (programmazione) 7.2 Wish List (desiderata) 8. DOMANDE 8.1 cos’e’ il kernel? 8.2 cos’e’ la shell? 8.3 cos’e’ X-Windows? 8.4 cos’e’ un windows-manager? 8.5 come faccio a vedere cdrom e floppy? 8.6 come posso avere sia NT che Linux sul mio pc? 8.7 Linux su un floppy? 8.8 come faccio a stampare? 8.9 Esiste COBOL per Linux? 8.10 Perche’ non riesco ad accedere alla part. fat32/ntfs? 8.11 Perche’ Linux mi vede solo 64MB di RAM (ma io ne ho 128)? 8.12 Linux e’ Anno2000 compatibile? 8.13 Posso accedere da Linux al mio AS/400? 8.14 Posso accedere da Linux ad OpenVMS e VAX? 8.12 Qual e’ il modo migliore di porre una domanda o proporre un argomento nel NG? 9. COME POSSO CONTRIBUIRE A DIFFONDERE LINUX? 9.1 siete studenti? 9.2 siete giornalisti? 9.3 lavorate in un negozio di PC? 9.4 sapete l’Inglese? 9.5 lavorate in un ISP? 9.6 avete letto un articolo su Linux? 9.7 siete programmatori, analisti, project manager dell’IT? 10. COME INTRODURRE LINUX IN AZIENDA? 10.1 I programmi opensource sono affidabili/performanti? 10.2 Ma NT non e’ meglio? 10.3 Con quali progetti posso partire? 10.4 Atteggiamenti nei confronti di Linux 11. BREVE STORIA DI UNIX 12. LICENZA D’USO 2 13. ALTRI LINK UTILI 14. QUESTO DOCUMENTO 15. LEGALESE A. GLOSSARIO B. RINGRAZIAMENTI 1. INTRODUZIONE Con questa guida mi propongo di riunire all’interno di un unico documento in Italiano, informazioni che possano essere utili a coloro che vogliono avvicinarsi a questo ottimo sistema operativo e nello stesso tempo fornire delle notizie che possano essere utilizzate dai system integrator per giustificare la scelta di Linux all’interno di un’azienda. Si tratta di una versione in continua evoluzione e come tale conterra’ sicuramente imprecisioni; spero di poter migliorare le versioni successive grazie anche al contributo che vorrete inviarmi (critiche, correzioni, suggerimenti per nuovi capitoli, precisazioni...). Una versione piu’ o meno aggiornata di questa guida e’ disponibile nei newsgroup it.faq e it.comp.linux e sui seguenti server: http://www.pippo.com/linux.html (Server ufficiale) MIRROR: http://howto.linuxberg.com/it.FAQ/ http://www.linux.it/ospiti/faqicl/ ftp://ftp.pluto.linux.it/pub/pluto/ildp/FAQ/ http://master.pluto.linux.it/ildp/FAQ/ http://users.iol.it/ianna/ http://www.linux.it/ospiti/iclfaq/ http://www.fokus.gmd.de/linux/ilpd/FAQ/ http://members.tripod.com/~ranger_rg/faq/linux.html http://space.tin.it/computer/feipr/linux.txt http://bertola.eu.org/usenet/faq/testi/linux.txt http://www.freeweb.org/computer/giulivo/linux_faq.htm http://www.vedovanet.bbk.org/linux/faq/ http://www.agora.stm.it/P.Meraglia/linux.htm http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/hangar/5319/linux.htm http://www.agora.stm.it/A.Rollo/faq.txt http://www.soft-ita.net/linux/ http://www.linuxvalley.com/mirror/linuxfaq/ http://www.massimo.demartino.com/ianna/linux.htm http://137.204.200.1/linux.html attendo eventuali segnalazioni per ampliare la lista 1.1 Che cos’e’ Linux Linux e’ una implementazione gratuita di UNIX per personal computer (386-Pentium PRO), Digital Alpha, PowerPC, Sun SPARC, Apple Macintosh, Atari ST/TT, Amiga, MIPS, che supporta pieno multitasking, multi-user, multi-threading, X Windows, TCP/IP, ottima capacita’ di comunicazione con altri sistemi operativi (quali quelli della Microsoft, Apple, Novell) e molto altro ancora. Le sue radici sono profondamente radicate in Internet. Le prime versioni del programma sono state sviluppate interamente da Linus Torvalds 3 ([email protected]) presso l’Universita’ di Helsinki in Finlandia, ma cio’ che rende Linux cosi’ diverso e’ il fatto di essere cresciuto grazie all’aiuto di moltissimi ed eterogenei gruppi di programmatori UNIX ed esperti di Sistemi Operativi che hanno messo a disposizione il codice da loro prodotto, gratuitamente. Questa eterogeneita’ si riferisce sia alle competenze tecniche e al settore di provenienza che alla dislocazione geografica. Affinche’ queste comunita’ di programmatori potessero lavorare insieme era necessario un efficiente strumento di comunicazione. Lo strumento fu Internet ed essendo Linux il sistema operativo scelto da queste persone, significa che gli strumenti e le utility necessarie ad utilizzare la Rete furono tra le prime a comparire. Oltre ad essere sviluppate appositamente per Linux, molte delle applicazioni furono portate da quello che era il miglior software disponibile in quel momento sul mercato. Per esempio, il compilatore C e’ gcc (della Free Software Foundation): si tratta di un compilatore che viene comunemente utilizzato su piattaforma HP e Sun. In 8 anni Linux e’ diventato il sistema operativo piu’ evoluto tecnicamente dell’intera categoria e - a causa della disponibilita’ dei sorgenti - e’ diventato il punto di riferimento per lo sviluppo del kernel da parte di Microsoft e SCO. Inoltre molti degli sviluppatori di Solaris/QNX/AIX/SCO e NT, quando vanno a casa la sera - riscrivono e aggiungono le loro uniche e talvolta proprietarie tecnologie nel codice pubblico di Linux in modo che tutti gli altri possano utilizzarle. 1.1.1 Che aspetto ha Linux? Per gli impazienti che vogliono capire subito come e’ fatto, esiste uno screensaver x Windows 95/98/NT che mostra alcune schermate delle principali GUI e applicazioni di una workstation Linux. E’ possibile scaricare lo screensaver da: http://www.pippo.com/linux-saver.html (ovviamente un server potra’ avere un aspetto diverso in quanto usera’ applicazioni differenti) 1.2 Un po’ di Storia Il 1 Agosto 1991, Linus annuncio’ nel newsgroup comp.os.minix di aver iniziato a lavorare su una nuova versione di Minix e mise a disposizione i suoi risultati pubblicando i sorgenti della versione 0.01. Questo primo lavoro non conteneva nemmeno gli eseguibili, ma solo alcune parti base del kernel e dava per scontato che si avesse accesso ad una macchina Minix su cui compilarlo. Il 5 Ottobre 1991 Linus annuncio’ la prima versione *ufficiale*: la 0.02. Questa era in grado di far girare bash (la famosa shell UNIX) e il compilatore gcc (GNU). Da quel momento nuove versioni si susseguirono velocemente (grazie al contributo di molti altri programmatori) e nel Marzo 1992 Linus rilascio’ la versione 0.95 ad indicare che il sistema era ormai maturo per la prima release (1.0). In realta’ a piu’ di un anno di distanza (nel Dicembre 1993) il kernel di Linux era ancora fermo alla versione 0.99.pl14. Oggi, nel momento in cui vi scrivo e’ stata rilasciata la versione 2.2.9 e ormai il sistema e’ cosi’ completo e stabile da poter competere e surclassare il nostro *amato* Ms Windows (di cui contiene un emulatore). 1.3 Che cosa rende Linux differente? Una prima grossa differenza tra Linux e gli altri sistemi operativi e’ il prezzo: e’ gratuito. Cio’ significa che puo’ essere copiato e ridistribuito senza dover pagare nessuna royalty. Comunque Linux ha molti altri vantaggi oltre all’essere gratuito. Il codice sorgente di Linux e’ a disposizione di chiunque (intendo i sorgenti dell’intero sistema operativo: dal kernel alla piu’ piccola utility!). 4 Gli ultimi 5 anni nella storia dello sviluppo di Linux hanno dimostrato l’importanza di questa liberta’. Cio’ ha comportato uno straordinario livello di coinvolgimento di migliaia - addirittura centinaia di migliaia - di persone in tutto il mondo. Questa liberta’ ha consentito ai produttori di hardware di sviluppare i driver per i loro particolari dispositivi senza dover ottenere una costosa licenza per il codice sorgente o firmare un vincolante accordo di non-disclosure. E cio’ ha reso possibile agli studenti di informatica di tutto il mondo (ma non solo) di dare un’occhiata dall’interno ad un vero sistema operativo la cui qualita’ non e’ seconda a nessun prodotto commerciale. Per le sue caratteristiche Linux e’ oggi il sistema preferito dai programmatori UNIX e dagli hackers; oltre ai GURU anche molte aziende e ISP iniziano a prenderlo in seria considerazione e a sviluppare potenti server utilizzando proprio questo Sistema Operativo. 2. CARATTERISTICHE TECNICHE Le caratteristiche di questo sistema operativo lo rendono adatto ad impieghi di ogni genere (vedi paragrafo - CHI USA LINUX?).
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