PHD THESIS DANISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Tourette syndrome in a longitudinal perspective Clinical course of tics and comorbidities, coexisting psychopathologies, phenotypes and predictors Camilla Groth This review has been accepted as a thesis together with three previously published Tourette syndrome (TS), which was previously regarded as rare, is papers by University of Copenhagen 28th February 2017 and defended on 11th May now a well-known disorder with a prevalence of approximately 2017 0.8% (range 0.3–5.7) in children and adolescents, and predomi- Toturs: Liselotte Skov and Nanette Mol Debes nantly affects boys (ratio 3–4:1) (2–4). TS is a hereditary, chronic neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by multiple motor Official opponents: Andrea E Cavanna, Charlotte Reinhardt Pedersen and and vocal tics and by frequent comorbidities and coexisting psy- Annemette Løkkegaard chopathologies (3,5–8). It is diagnosed using clinical criteria de- Correspondence: Pediatric Department, Herlev University Hospital, fined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Herlev Ring vej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark 5 (DSM-5). E-mail:
[email protected] Definition: A tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization. Dan Med J 2018;65(4):B5465 A. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been The thesis is based on the following papers: present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. 1. Groth C, Debes NM, Rask CU, Lange T, Skov L. B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for Course of Tourette Syndrome and Comorbidities in more than 1 year since first tic onset.