Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]
acid-base reactions, 421 Apishapa aquuer, 120, 144, 145, 147 water quality, 85, 294, 297 ACSN. See American Commission on recharge,148 Arkansas, 141,174,224,280,363 Stratigraphic Nomenclature Appalachian Basin, 189 Arkansas River, 157, 158, 160, 168 activity coefficients, 421 Appalachian Fold Belt, 133 aquuer-stream system, 172,174, Adirondack outlier, New York, 102 Appalachian Piedmont, 384 275,278 advection, 381,413,419,466,467,503 Appalachian Plateaus and Valley and saline water in, 163 aeromagnetic techniques, 112 Ridge ground-water region, 12, arsenic, 184, 185 agriculture, 66 22,189,397 artesian systems, 2, 3, 57, 120, 319, contamination, 280, 510 Appalachian Plateaus Subregion, 321,418,436 development, 2, 62, 83, 261, 275 189,192 Ascencion Bay, Yucatan, 239 See also Irrigation Appalachian region, 189, 221, 338, Athabasca Oil Sands, Canada, 416 Alabama, 3, 189,201,226,340,411 363,367,405 Atikokan research area, Ontario, 105 aquuers,192,194,210,233,234 Appalachian Sector, 189 Atlanta, Georgia, 370 deposits in, 209, 210, 229, 315, 319 Aquia Aquuer, Maryland, 214, 215 Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal fault systems, 317 aquiclude, 12 Plain ground-water region, 15, sinkhole collapse, 509 aquilers,17,54,62,63,194,196 209. See also Atlantic Coastal Alaska, 25, 29,268,363,428 alluvial, 165, 273, 248 Plain; Gulf Coastal Plain aquuers,125,126,265 artesian, 57, 120, 319, 418, 436 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 5, 15, 22, 209 permafrost, 263, 390 bedrock,34,129,177,180,183,278, Atlantic Coast Basin, 209 Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, 280 Austin Formation, Mexico, 90 216,217,315 buried-valley, 124, 125, 130, 167, Avon Park Formation, 230 Alberta, Canada, 116, 121, 125, 308, 311,397 A ymamon Limestone, West Indies, 428 carbonate,54,33~ 416 253 albitization, 152, 429, 472 definition, 10, 11, 12 Aztec Wash, Colorado, 389,390 Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, glacial deposit, 124, 137,301 283 karst, 267, 401 Bacalar lakes, Yucatan, 239,241 Aleutian Island, Alaska, 363 "leaky" systems, 4 bacteria, 505 alkalinity, 293, 421 -stream interrelations, 168, 185 "bad-water line" (Mexico, Texas), 89 Allegheny Front, 193 systems, 4, 12, 116, 165, 312 Bahama Islands, 243, 244, 246, 251 Allegheny River, 192 types,116,182 Bahama Platform, 247, 253 alluvial basins, 15, 79, 283, 298 variability, 194, 196 Bahamas-Cuba intersection, 245 alluvial deposits, 22, 165, 273 volcanic deposit, 257, 258, 261 Baja California, Mexico, 79,80 aquiler-stream systems, 165, 283 aquifuge,12,193 bajadas, 82 Alluvial Valleys ground-water region, aquitards, 29, 88, 94, 118, 122, 126, Bakersfield, Calllornia, 64 22,165 134,193,194,246,151,153, Bakken Formation, 141 Amargosa Desert, Nevada, 47 definition, 12 Balcones Escarpment, Texas, 141, 153 Amarillo uplllt, 148, 152 glacial deposit, 301, 311 Balcones fault zone, 153, 154 American Bottoms, Illinois, 275 See also confining beds basal lens, 258 American Code of Stratigraphic Arbuckle uplift, 148 basalt, 34, 39, 103, 256, 392 Nomenclature, 11 Archean rocks, 102, 103 aquilers, 47,247,321 American Commission on Arctic Islands, Canada, 264 cooling fractures, 15, 364 Stratigraphic Nomenclature Arikaree Group, 159,283 flows, 94, 223, 321 (ACSN), 9 Arikaree River, Colorado, 160 hydraulic conductivity, 37,357,364 Anadarko basin, 145, 152 Arizona,5,51,54,83,85,389,394 permeability,94,155,221,247,256 Anastasia Formation, Florida, 236 alluvial deposits, 283, 294 porosity, 43, 247, 256, 356 Antigonish River, Nova Scotia, 273 basins, 81, 83, 283, 284, 285, 286, types, 42 Antillean arc, West Indies, 247 290,291,296 See also Columbia River Basalt Anvil Cave, Alabama, 411 pumping, 83, 86 Group Aphebian rocks, 102, 103 subsidence, 86, 391 basal water, 258, 260
511
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baseflow, 268, 269, 398 Box Canyon, Idaho, 364 fracture studies, 105, 108, 145, 179, base level controls (of hydraulic Brazos River, Texas, 273 308,370 drain), 342 brines,98, 151,192,193,353,470 glaciation, 29, 122, 134, 304 basinal migration, 490 activity coefficients, 421 ground water age, 310 Basin and Range Lowland, 283 concentration, 109, 118, 153, 217, hydrogeology research in, 503 Basin and Range Physiographic 328,363 lakes, 104 Province,37,43,47,283,289,290 hot, 465 permafrost, 263, 390 basins, groundwater, 4, 37, 51, 61, 69, mechanismsfor,228,311,421,472 recharge, 183, 185 83,130,205,285,286,416 metalliferous, 464, 472, 474 water quality, 108, 185 deposits, 72, 76, 283, 291, 301 mineralization and, 470 See also Canadian Shield water quality, 119, 297 origin of, 217,322, 506 Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Battle Formation, Canada, 123 British Columbia, 29, 376 Management Program Bear Creek fault, 163 British Mountains, 267 (CNFWMP),104,106,108 Bearpaw Formation, 121, 122, 123 Brooks Range, Alaska, 267 Canadian River, 157, 158, 160, 162, Bearpaw Shale, 123 Brule Formation, 158, 159 391 Beata Ridge, West Indies, 245 Brunswick, Georgia, 235 Canadian River Basin, 152 Beaufort Sea, 265 Buda Formation, 90 Canadian River Valley, 153 Beauharnois Axis, Canada, 134 Buena Vista Lake, California, 61, 285 Canadian Rockies, 342 Beaver River, 160, 163 Buffalo Head Hills, 416 Canadian Shield, 302,304,367,371, bedrock,15,17,205,274,396 buoyancy,486,488 372,373,376,478 aquifers, 34, 129, 177,180, 183,278, Butano Sandstone, 62 Cape Catoche, Yucatan, 239 280 Byerlee's Law, 450, 453, 454, 456, 458, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 182,315 permeability, 15, 157, 182, 185 459 Cape Fear arch, North Carolina, 209, wells in, 26, 179, 182 317,319 Beekmantown Formation, 134 California, 37, 63, 283, 287, 289, 328 Cape Fear River, 213,216,217 Belize, 239, 241 alluvial basins, 79, 298 capillary forces, 382, 487, 488, 505 Belly River Formation, 121 alluvial deposits, 3, 285, 287, 292, Caprock Escarpment, 152, 153 Belly River Sandstone, Alberta, 428 296,298 carbon, 43, 215 Bermuda, 412 Central Valley, 59, 61, 62, 283 carbonate equilibrium, 402 Bethke compaction/heat drive model, channel alteration, 395 carbonate rocks, 17, 69, 237, 244, 250, 493 closed basins, 61, 83, 285 320,333 Big Horn Mountains, 143 coastal basins, 79, 289 aquifers in, 54, 116, 229, 237, 245, Big Smokey Valley, Nevada, 75 Coast Ranges, 59, 285 251,286,322,334,416 Big Snowy Group, 146 compaction, 4, 65, 284, 294, 392 permeability, 51, 117,333 Binghamton, New York, 397 faults, 60, 61, 66, 79, 80 platforms, 246, 315, 317 biogenic transport, 385 geothermal water, 363 See also dolomite; limestone Birds Hill, Manitoba, 117 glaciation in, 28 Caribbean Island arc, 244 Biscayne aquifer, 229, 236, 320, 342 gold, 478 Caribbean Plate, 247 Black Hills, 143, 147, 411 playa lakes, 72 Carlile Formation, 142 dedolomitization in, 119, 144 saline water, 376 Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, 412 rechargein,2,118,120,144,148 seacliff erosion, 394 Carmel Formation, 56 Black River Formation, 134 sealevelchanges,285 Carmel River, California, 395 Black River-Trenton shales and lime- seawater intrusion, 65 Carolina Slate Belt, 201 stones, 134 sedimentation rates, 290, 291 Carrizo Sandstone, Texas, 328 Black Rock desert, Nevada, 72 subsidence, 4, 64, 67, 285, 291, 294, Carson Desert, Nevada, 283, 285 "Blue holes" (sinkholes), 246 298,391,392 Carson Range, 75 Blue Lake canyon, Idaho, 364 volcanism, 61, 286 Carson River basin, 285 Blue Ridge Subregion, 192 water quality, 296 Cascade Range, 28, 29, 34, 37, 40, 59, bolsons, 72, 76 Caloosahatchee Marl, Florida, 236 62,71,286,354 Bonham compaction drive model, Cambrian, 51, 133, 144, 154 Catahoula Formation, 414,415 490 Cameron, Arizona, 394 cathodoluminescence techniques, 424 Boone Formation, 149 Canada, 101, 115, 133, 177, 402, 428 cation, 5, 430 Bonneterre Dolomite, 149 aquifers, 116, 120, 137, 273 exchange,47,130,214,228,296, borehole techniques, 112 buried-valley systems, 125, 167 297,298,360 Boston, Massachusetts, 397 flow systems, 105, 116, 141, 182, Catskill Mountain Section, 397 Boulder Zone, Florida, 231, 233 376,416 caves,389,401,405,406,411
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See also Mammoth Cave, Kentucky cliff sapping, 394 complexing theory, 466 Cayman Islands, West Indies, 243,246 climatic effects, 29, 341 computer codes, 421 Cayman Trench, West Indies, 245 clint-and-grike pattern, 404 Conasauga aquifer, 192 Cedar Keys Formation, Florida, 231 Clinton-Red Mountain aquifer, 192 concentration gradient, 136 cementation, 251, 253, 293, 425 CNFWMP. See Canadian Nuclear Conchas River, Mexico, 81 cements, 425, 428 Fuel Waste Management conductivity "cenotes," 238, 253, 319 Program electrical, 369 Cenozoi~43,54,59,61,81,237 Coachella Valley, California, 79 thermal, 148, 263 sedimentary,47,51,59,61,63,80, Coastal Alluvial Basins ground-water See also hydraulic conductivity 99 region, 21, 79 conduit systems, 401 See also periods and epochs Coastal Lowlands aquifer system, confining beds, 11, 17, 53, 57, 90, 212, Central Alluvial Basins ground-water 223,225 145,222,319 region, 21, 81, 87 Coastal Plain, 15, 153,315 Connecticut, 3, 179, 183 Central Basin, Tennessee, 194 Coast Ranges, 59, 285, 296 consolidation, theory of, 423 Central Basin Platform, 152 Coconino sandstone, 323 contamination, 509,311,312,317,328 Central Glaciated Plains ground- Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature, agricultural, 280, 510 water region, 22, 23, 129, 193 11 cleanup, 505 Central Great Plains hydrophysio• Coeur d'Alene mineral district, susceptibility to, 139, 185, 303 graphic region, 141, 145 Idaho,478 See also contaminants; pollution Central Non-glaciated Plains ground• Colorado, 25, 54, 81, 148,158,283, contaminants, 7, 185, 453, 503 water region, 22,141 328,373 Continental Shelf, 212, 216, 217 Central Texas platform, 154 aquifer stream system, 174 Continental Slope and Rise, 217 Central Valley and Pacific Coast Ran• dune-sand deposits, 160 convection, 311,414,425,472,475 ges ground-water region, 21, 59 faulting, 145,368,371,454,447, closed-cell, 476 Central Valley, California, 59, 60, 62, glaciation in, 28, 29 "forced," 98 283,284,290,296 injection-induced seismicity, 453 free, 461, 464, Cerro Prieto, Mexico, 363 mineral deposits, 364, 465, 476 stacked-cell, 476 Chadron Formation, 158 sediments thickness, 83, 283 copper,462,464,467,470,473,476 Chaffee Formation, 54 volcanism, 345,364 Cordillera Central, Dominican chalk,158,319,337,347 water quality, 54, 162 Republic, 253 Chalk River research area, Canada, See also Colorado Plateau and Cordilleran Ice Sheet, 28 105 Wyoming Basin ground-water COST B-2 well (offshore), 213 Champlain Sea, Canada, 134, 135, 136 region Coulomb theory of failure, 450 channel belt, 275 Colorado Desert, 79,80 Coustau and others compaction/ Charles Formation, 118, 146 Colorado Plateau and Wyoming gravity drive model, 495 Chattanooga shale, 149, 150,340 Basin ground-water region, 21, Cozumel Island, Mexico, 237, 239, Chenango River, 397 51, 283,384,392 240,241 Chesapeake Bay, 216, 315 Colorado River, 57, 69, 70, 80, 86, creep,385,447 Chetumal Bay, Yucatan, 239 285,291 Cretaceous, 43, 61, 87, 90, 93, 123, Cheyenne Sandstone, 147 Salton Sea and, 81, 285 134,143,158,219,237,244,283 Chicago, Illinois, 323 Colorado River basin, 286, 356 aquifers in, 53, 146, 319 Chickamauga aquifer, 192 Columbia Lava Plateau ground-water chalk sequence, 315 chlorite, 426 region, 21, 37 sedimentary, 60, 87, 89, 120, 143, chronostratigraphic unit, 9 Columbia River, 37, 41,286 209 Churchill Province, Canada, 102, 103 Columbia River Basalt Group, 37, Crooked Creek fault, 163 Cienaga de Zapata, Cuba, 254 355,359,360,361,362 cryopeg,263,267 Cimarron River, 160, 163 compaction, 4, 293,318,328,414,435, CSN. See Stratigraphic Nomencla• Cincinnati Arch, Ohio, 131, 193 457,474,486 ture, Committee on Claiborne Group, 222, 226, 228 artificial, 293 Cuba, West Indies, 244, 247, 248, 253, Clarendon-Linden fault, New York, drive models, 490 254,405 456 effect of, 64, 284, 294, 309, 326, 334, Cuenca de Ojinage Monclava-La clastic rocks, 323, 413 381,413,414 Palla, Mexico, 89,90 clay hydro- 392 Cuitzeo Valley, Mexico, 97,98 cements, 425 rate of, 219 Cypress Hills, 122, 125 "sensitive," 134 types of, 64,335,415 Clear Lake, California, 61 water, 414 Dakota aquifer, 116, 120, 147
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Dakota Formation, 130, 142 Dockum Group, 152, 153 Estevan Valley aquifer system, 124, Dakota Group, 120 Doe Run Dolomites, 149 126 Dakota Sandstone, 2, 3, 53, 120, 158, dolines,401,403,405 "Eureka Low," 74 323,416 dolomite,17,28,402,403,430 evaporation, 23, 70, 75, 83, 87, 244, dams, 87, 354 dolomitization, 26, 142, 148, 150, 154, 285,293,296,371,390,417 Darby Formation, 54 231,317,33~ 381,467,497 rates,93,101,157 Darcy's Law, 328, 386, 401, 486, 490 effects, 26, 148, 152, 318 evaporites, 82, 151, 152, 177, 193, 217, Davies equations, 420 See also dedolomitization 231,237,251,253,471 Davis Formation, 149 Dominican Republic, 243, 244, 245, dissolution of, 163, 194, 239, 319, Dayton, Ohio, 131, 397 250 343,391 Death Valley, California, 69,285, drainage,397,413 permeability of, 51, 154, 319, 461 402 drift, glacial, 129, 134, 177, 185, 274 evapotranspiration, 70, 75, 86, 141, Debye-Hiickel equation, 420 stratified, 181, 183, 185 157,160,183,185,237,244,246, decarbonation, 464 dunes,157,160,251 264,277,278,280 decarboxylation, thermal, 430 Dunkard Group, 193 Everton Formation, 149 dedolomitization, 119, 144 duripans, 291 expansion, thermal, 439 Delaware Bay, 216, 315 dye traces, 403 expansivity, 439 denudation, 367, 394, 403, 404 Eye-Dashwa Lakes Granitic Pluton, Denver basin, 121 Eagle Ford Formation, 90 Ontario, 105, 108 Derby Dolomites, 149 earthquakes, 64, 448, 453. See also Deseret Limestone, 54 seismicity failure,438,450,458 desilicification, 384 East Bull Lake research area, Faja Volcanica Transmexicana development, 117,169, 170,172, 174, Canada, 105 ground-water region, 21, 93 185, 201, 275, See also con• Eastend Formation, 123, 124 Fall Line (of Coastal Plain), 229 tamination; irrigation; pumping Eastend to Ravenscrag aquifer, 126 Fall River Sandstone, 147 Devils River trend, 154 Eastern block-fault district, Central faulting, 26, 28, 59, 61, 69, 79, 155, Devonian deposits, 51, 54 America, 237, 239 248,285,324,436,456,448 dewatering (of sediments,) 394 Eastern Interior Basin, 189 faults, 60, 61, 66, 79, 80, 163, 192, 284, diagenesis, 143,148, 152,231,244, East Humboldt Range, 71 317,368,371,447 250,334,364,381,421 East Pacific Rise, 80 growth,219,319,320 definition, 150, 413 East Texas Basin, 416 strength, 447, 457 thermal, 142, 150 East Texas embayments, 225, 226 feldspar, 42, 47, 425, 430 uplift, 142, 148 Edwards aquifer, 339 Pick's Laws of diffusion, 136,417 diamicton, 301 Edwards Limestone, 152, 153, 154, flood plains, 205, 275 diffusion, 136,137,311,381,413,425, 155 Florida, 4, 229, 315, 393,412,416 466,487 Edwards Plateau, Texas 153, 155 aquifers, 229, 342 dikes,257,260,261,358 Edwards Plateau-Llano Hills hydro- Boulder Zone, 231, 233, 320 dilatency mechanism, 438 physiographic region, 141 carbonate platforms, 315, 317 discharge, 17, 44, 55, 72, 97, 139, 160, Eel River, California, 62 fresh water, 226 462 El Abra-Doctor reef, Mexico, 92 karstareas,319,320 factors, 97, 319,397 Elbert Formation, 54 pumping, 235 meltwater, 166,273,274 electromagnetic (VLF-EM) surveys, sinkhole collapse, 509 rates of, 44, 61, 92, 161, 172, 183 112 Florida Keys, 315 dispersion, 7, 381,413,417,418,466, Elkhorn River, 160 Floridan aquifer system, 210, 229, 467,470,503 Ellensberg Formation, 40 23~ 319,320,322,339,343 dissolution-precipitation reactions, Elsinore fault, California, 79 flow,4,45,130,173,396,406,462, 421 Eminence Dolomite, 149 470,490 dissolved solids, 108, 193, 204, 217, Empress Group sediments, 125, 126 coupled, 382 226,235,280,284,294,328,362, energy development, 34, 219, 506 factors, 63, 69, 104, 152, 155, 160, 396,418 geothermal, 353, 354, 362 169,173,177,185,248,413,475 processess,214,251,269 Englishtown aquifer, 212,213 laminar, 407 values,98,118,119,121,123,124, Eocene,54,56,80,87,222,229,237 gravity-driven, 416,436,464,467, 126, 138, 145, 148, 148, 155, 162, erosion 474,486,497 184,192,194,235,261,280,294, sea-cliff, 394 loss of, 160, 168, 169, 174 296,328,376 seepage,387,388,394,405 mechanisms, 413, 436, 462, 464 distribution coefficient (Kd), 362 tunnel,387 net analysis, 2, 233
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systems, 5, 12, 72, 76, 104,105, 141, geopressured zones, 219, 222, 225, Great Lakes, 101, 103, 134, 129, 301, 116,120,139,165,213,321,416, 320,414 304 462 Georges Bank, 394 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River topography-driven, 464,467,474 Georgia,197,201,210,213,229,370 system, 101 velocity, 7, 45,135,160, 178,267, aquifers, 192, 210, 233, 234 Great Miami River, 131 284,310,388,403,474,490 fractures, 368, 370 Great Plains, 4, 157 fluid-potential analyses, 116 pumping, 235 Great Plains aquifer system, 120, 144, fluid-potential minima, concept of, water quality, 216 145,146 488 geothermal areas, 34, 47, 69, 74, 88, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 72,285,296, fluviokarst, 401 98,116,130,360,362,467,506 297 formation, 9, 11 energy development, 353, 354, 362 Great Valley, California 59, 61. See Fort Payne Formation, 194 Los Alamos dry-rock experiment, also California, Central Valley Fort Thompson Formation, Florida, 35 Great Valley (Virginia, Maryland, 236 springs, 88, 91, 97, 192, 197, 268, Tennessee), 192 Fort Union aquifer, 124 362,363,467,476 Greenhorn Formation, 142 Fort Union Formation, 116, 123 geothermal gradient, 35, 98, 130 Green River, Kentucky, 343 Fort Union Group, North Dakota, 123 Geyser, California, 363 Green River Basin, Wyoming, 54, 56 Fort Walton Beach, Florida, 235 geysers, 364, 497 Green River Formation, 56 Fourier Number, 437, 439 Ghyben-Herzberg lens, 258 greenstone belts, 102, 104 Fox Hills Formation, 116, 123 Ghyben-Herzberg principle (hydros- Grenville Province, Canada, 102 Fox Hills-Lower Hell Creek aquifer, tatic equilibrium), 236 grikes, 404 124 Gila-Salt River Basin, 81, 284, 296 ground ice, 390 fractures, 26, 178, 183, 196, 203, 205, Girkin Limestone, 194, 198 ground water, 17, 447 241,247,308,367,3~444,450 glacial deposits, 7, 15, 17, 103, 115, age,75,136,204,310 hydraulic, 438 123,12~ 12~ 134,182,301 basal, 258, 260 measurements of, 370 permeability, 125, 130, 180, 311 chemistry, 3, 5, 42, 72, 74, 108, 118, micro-, 369 Glaciated Central Region, 133 119,122,124,132,136,203,214, rock types and, 205, 268, 353, 356, glaciation, 15, 17, 28, 29, 103, 124, 294,298,310,328 360 129, 133,165,273,30L 398 definition, 461 See also permeability, fractures glaciofluvial deposits, 301 development, 2, 34, 63, 81, 83, 86, fracturing, coefficient of, 370 glaciolacustrine deposits, 301 284. See also irrigation Franciscan Complex, 59, 61, 63 Glasgow, Missouri, 274 mapping, 10, 11 Franklin Mountains, Northwest Ter- Glen Canyon Group, 53, 54 mining of, 509 ritories, 267 Glen Canyon Sandstone, 54 movement,5,40,41,54,56,85, 168, Fraser-Puget Sound lowland, 29 Glen Rose Limestone, 154 170,219,268. See also flow Frenchman Formation, 123 gold,185,464,470,478 response zones, 278 fresh water, 182,214,341,428 Goose Creek oilfield, Texas, 391 systems, 15, 192, 205, 283 lens, 258 grain size, 275, 293, 326, 337 ground-water regions, summary, 21-23 -saltwater chemistry, 213, 215, 231, distribution, 274, 275, 277, 286, 289, grus, 374 318,339,394,428,497 294,301 Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, -saltwater interface, 150, 217, 247, hydraulic conductivity and, 126, 412 253,258,260,322,396,506 287,306 Guadalupian reef complex, New friction, 448, 458 Grande Ronde Basalt, 40, 41, 42 Mexico,340 coefficient of internal, 455, 457 Graneros Formation, 142 Guelph-Amabel Formation, 134 Frio Formation, 414, 415, 429 Grassy Cove, Tennessee, 405 Gulf Coastal Plain, 3, 22, 99, 154, 209, Frontal Chains, Mexico, 99, 100 gravity, 490. See also flow, gravity- 219, 229, 237, 315, Frontenac Axis, 102, 134 driven deposits, 15,315, 414, 422, 437, gravity surveys, 39, 112 452 Gallup Sag, 54 "Great Artesian Basin," 120 salt, 464, 472 Galveston, Texas, 225, 315, 391 Great Basin ground-water region, 21, water quality, 328, 430 gamma spectrometry, 112 23,37,69 Gulf Coast Basin, 209 Garde Gulch Member, 57 Great Bear Lake, Northwest Ter• Gulf of Batabano, Cuba, 253 Gasconade Dolomite, 149 ritories, 267, 269 Gulf of California, 79, 80, 81, 285 gases,123,261,294,486 Greater Antillean arc, West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, 81, 100, 154, 201, 315, geochemistry, 5, 40, 42, 45, 47, 85, 89, 247 393,414,417,464 97,109 Greater Antilles, West Indies, 243 Gulf of Mexico basin, 472
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Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain ground• values,21,42, 79,105,120,122, illite,426,430,442,443,472 water region, 22, 219 126,134,137,160,172,179,245, Imperial fault, California, 79 Gunter Sandstone, 149 253,256,258,276,277,280,287, Imperial Formation, California, 80 gypsum, 17,402 373 Imperial Trough, California, 283, 285, rock types, 25, 26, 104, 123, 137, 290,291,298 Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 407 174,256,257,258,334,354,355, Imperial Valley, California, 79, 80, Haiti, 243, 245 368,373 inclusion, fluid, 465 Haleakala volcano, Hawaii, 392 secondary,306,310 indeterminacy, principle of, 205 Hamilton formation, Canada, 134 streambed, 174,276 Indiana,3,129,130,193,304,404 Hanford, Washington, 362 hydraulic gradient, 95, 135, 168, 192, buried-valley systems, 167, 397 Hanford Nuclear Facility, 342 INEL. See Idaho National Engineer- Washington, 353 factors, 173,253, 319, 340 ing Laboratory hardpans, 291 rate, 45 infiltration, 173, 397 Harvey porphyry, New Brunswick, 185 hydraulic head, 45, 47, 65, 170,488 Inner Bluegrass Karst Region, 339 Hatfield Valley, 125, 126 gradients, 2, 223 input landforms, 401, 403 Hawaiian Islands ground-water hydraulics,4,39,62 Inter-Agency Committee on Land region, 23, 247, 255, 392 hydraulic traps, 488, 489, 497, 499 Subsidence, 4 Hawaiian Ridge, Hawaii, 255, 256 hydrocarbons,116,219,381,48~ 488 interbeds,40,45,47 Hawthorn Formation, 233 hydrochemical facies, 5, 215 interflow zone, 39, 40, 42, 357 hazardous waste disposal. See waste• hydrocompaction, 64, 392 Interior Low Plateaus Subregion, 189, disposal sites hydrogeological systems, 5, 10 193 heat flow, 5, 7, 74, 80,116,148,376, hydrographs, 101 Interior Plains hydrogeological 447,448,492 hydrograph-separation techniques, region, 115,311,312 heat transport, 7, 499 183 International Atomic Energy Agency Helderberg aquifer, 192 Hydrological Maps (UNESCO), 11 (IAEA),5 Hell Creek Formation, 123 hydrolysis, 43, 360, 466 International Stratigraphic Guide, 9, Highland Rim (Tennesse, Alabama), hydrostatic equilibrium, 236 11,13 194 hydrostatic pressure, 320 International Subcommission on High Plains aquifer, 141, 151, 157, hydrostatic value, 435 Stratigraphic Classification 168,174,283,289,294,297 hydrostratigraphic unit, 9, 12, 13, 201 (ISSC), 9 High Plains Escarpment, 153 Hydrostratigraphic Units, Committee interstices, 11, 12, 13 High Plains ground-water region, 15, on, (Geological Society of Inyan Kara Formation, 120 22,23,157,283 America), 13 Inyar Kara aquifer, 147 Hispaniola, 243, 244, 245, 248, 253 hydrostratigraphy, 311 ion exchange, 5, 43, 126,214,217,261, Holland River, North Branch of, hydrothermal systems, 260, 462, 466, 267,311,361,422 Canada, 138 475 ionic concentrations, 98, 185, 296 Holocene,34,60,63,80,100 hyperdiffusion, 466 of water types, 428, 430 holokarst, 401 hypersaline conditions, 246, 31 ions,47,124,136,291,360,417,421 Homestake deposit, South Dakota, complex, 466 478 IAEA. See International Atomic Iowa,115,130,303,304,325 Honey Lake, California, 72 Engergy Agency irrigation, 2, 34, 62, 71, 283, 353, 364 Horton Laws (channel morpho- ice, 263, 390 effects of, 44, 71, 86,280,389,392 metry), 408 ice-contact deposits, 301 recharge and, 41, 44, 47, 64, 278 Horton overland flow, 383 ice-wedge polygons, 390 See also pumping Hosston Formation, 153, 472 icings, 265, 268, 269 isotopes,5,108,178,336 Hot Springs, Arkansas, 363 Idaho,37,43,47,359,364,478 environmental, 5, 136, 183 Houston, Texas, 321, 391 basalt, 44, 355 stable, 5, 75, 215, 363, 425, 448, Hudson Bay, Canada, 101, 104, 105 Idaho Group, 44 465 Humboldt River, Nevada, 71, 276, 285 Idaho National Engineering radioactive, 5, 363 Huntsville, Alabama, 340 Laboratory (INEL), 43, 44, 45, ISSC. See International Sub• hydraulic conductivity, 40, 106, 125, 47,353 commission on Stratigraphic 170,180,263,305,334,368,385 Idavada Volcanics, 43 Classification alluvium, 85, 275, 284 Illinoian glacial advances, 130 calculations, 305 Illinois, 130,219, 303,304,323 Jackson Group, 222,225,319 factors,160,167,171,177,178,255, buried valley system, 274, 397 Jacquin and Poulet, compaction drive 256,287,309,319,360 Illinois Basin, 131, 193, 416, 473 model, 490, 493
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Jamaica, West Indies, 243,244,245, Kiowa Shale, 147 porosity, 233, 319, 334 253,405,467 Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer, 212 solubility, 17, 254, 394 Jamaica Bay, New York, 217 Klamath Mountains, California, 59,60 liquefaction, 134, 394 James River Valley, South Dakota, kluftkarren, 393, 404 lithology,2,194,196,274,301,318, 145 Kohala volcano, Hawaii, 392 339 J arbridge Mountains, 71 Kola Peninsula, U.S.S.R., 373 lithostratigraphic units, 11, 303 Jefferson City dolomite, 149 Kootenay Formation, 430 Little Canyon, Idaho, 364 Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, 35 Knox aquifer, 194 loading,3,56,294,435,436,457 Jessamine Dome, Kentucky, 193, 194 Knox-Beekmantown aquifer, 192 Lockport Formation, 134 John Day Formation, Oregon, 364, Knox Group, Tennessee, 194 Lodgepole Limestone, 118, 146 389 Koolau volcano, Hawaii, 261 Long Beach, California, 391 joints, 15, 26, 39, 43, 304, 324, 368, Kuroko deposits, Japan, 476 Long Island, New York, 4, 182,209, 369,319 212,213,217,317 Judith River aquifer, 116, 121, Laguna de Bacalar, Yucatan, 239,241 Loon River, 416 Judith River Formation, 121, 122 Laguna de Maverick (Maverick Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jurassic, 53, 54, 146, 158, 217, 219 Basin), 89, 90, 154 New Mexico, 35 sedimentary, 59, 60, 99,143 Laguna de Terminos, Mexico 219, 221 lost-circulation problems, 37 Lake Agassiz, 104, 144, 145 Louann Salt, 472 Kankakee aquifer, 131 Lake Agassiz Plain, North Dakota, Louisiana, 219,222,224,226,315, Kansas,3,115,149,158, 162,283,325 144 317,318,319,320,321,414,436 aquifer-stream system, 160, 174 Lake Bonneville, 72, 285, 297 Louisville, Kentucky, 172, 173, 275 dune-sand deposits, 160 Lake Erie, 139 Lower Cowlitz River, 286 precipitation, 157, 160 Lake Lahontan, Nevada, 72, 285 Lower Floridan aquifer, 231 saline water, 151, 163 Lake McConaughy, Nebraska, 160 Lower Mississippi River flood plain, kaolinite,426,428,430,431 Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, 145 275,277 karren,401,402,403 Lake Mead, 293 karstification, 150, 154, 238, 320, 334, Lake of the Woods, 104 Maacama faults, California, 61 338,341,342,402,467 lakes,104,112,182,285,334 Mabton interbed, 40 karst topography, 117, 148, 150, 192, glacial, 104, 301 Mackenzie Basin, Canada, 474 192,198,233,237,245,250,253, playa, 72,157,284 Mackenzie Mountains, Canada, 405 286,315,319,401 thermokarst (thaw), 390 McKnight Formation, 90 aquifers, in, 51, 267, 401, 406 Lake Superior, 108 macropores, 386 denudation, 402, 403 Lakeview District, Oregon, 363 Madison aquifer, 118, 144, 145, 146 effect of development on, 235 Lamotte Sandstone, 149,323 Madison Formation, 116 paleo-,104,231,320,401 landforms, 381, 383 Madison Group, 118, 120, 146 pseudo-, 388, 402 landslides, 64, 385, 436, 457. See also Madison Limestone, 3, 51, 54, 118, terrain classification, 401, 405 slope, failure 146 Kartsev and Vagin compaction/ Laramide Orogeny/Revolution, 54, maficrock,60,102,291,465 gravity drive model, 495 87,143,283,298 Magara compaction/heat drive Kaweah River, 296 Lares Limestone, West Indies, 253 model,493 Kayenta Formation, 54 Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, 75 Magothy aquifer, 212,213,217 Kayenta Sandstone, 437 Laurentide ice sheets, 103 Maha aquifer, 120, 142, 144, 145, 147 Kd (distribution coefficient), 362 lava,26,43,47,255,25~ 355,392 Mahoganyzone,57 Keg River aquifer, 475 lead,149,465,470,471,472,478 Mahomet Bedrock Valley, 131 Kenoran orogeny, 102 Leadville Limestone, 51, 54 Mahomet Sand, 131 Kentucky,172,173,193, 194,224,228, Lea Park Formation, 122 Maine, 182, 184 275,341,404,405 Lesser Antilles, West Indies, 243 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, 198,411 See also Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Livermore Valley, California, 4 region of, 338, 339, 343 Kentucky Bluegrass Region, 194 Llano Hills, Texas 153 Manasquan confming bed, 212 Kern River, California, 61 Llano uplift, Texas, 154 Mancos Shale, 53 Kettle Point Formation, 134 Lloyd aquifer, 217 Manitoba, 115, 117, 120, 141, 145,370 Keweenawan basalts, 103 limestone, 235,253,298,317,318, Manitoba Escarpment, 115 Key Largo Limestone, Florida, 236 402,408 Manville Group, 120 Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 255, 257 aquifers, 237, 244, 246, 260 mapping,4,9,10,1~ 111,129,312 kinetics, 5, 381, 403, 419, 442 pavements, 404 land-systems, 303, 312 Kings River, California, 61 permeability, 231, 233, 236, 319 lineament, 130
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stack, 303, 312 mineralization, 362, 363, 378, 381, 462, Nacimiento fault, California, 61 Maquoketa Formation, 132 463, 466 NACSN. See North American Com• marble,17,61,341 basinal evolution model, 474 mission on Stratigraphic marine transgressions, 222, 235, 315 skarn,476 Nomenclature Mars (planet), 393,394 minerals,5,17,104,422,461,463 Napa Valley, California, 66 Maryland,12,192,201,210,214,505 Minnelusa Formation, 144, 146 Nashville Dome, Tennessee, 193, 194 Marysvale, Utah, 363 Minnesota,101,103,105,115,116, Navajo Sandstone, 54, 56, 323 Massachusetts, 182, 185 130,143,274,303,304 Nazas River, Mexico, 81 mass action, law of, 5, 420, 421 Miocene,34,39,54,61,80,88,217, Nebraska,17,115,120,145,148,157, mass balance, 5, 7 221,222,283,285 158,160,161,283,284,325 Massif du Nord, Haiti, 245 Mission Canyon Limestone, 118, 146 dunetopography,157,160 mass transfer, 5, 7, 414, 425, 466, 475, Mississippi, 3, 149,209,213,223,224, Nepean Formation, 134 505 226,273,275,280,315,318 Nevada,37,47,69, 70, 71, 72, 75,276, mass transport, 7, 413,419 Mississippi Alluvial Plain, 224 283,285,286,298,363 mass wasting, 302, 384, 393, 394 Mississippian, 51, 133, 143, 146,412 Nevada Test Site, 353, 354, 355, 359 Matagorda Bay, Texas, 315 carbonate rocks, 54,120,148 Newark Supergroup, 184 Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii, 392 Mississippi Embayment, 221, 226, 228 New Brunswick, Canada, 185 Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii, 255 Mississippi River, 151, 166, 174, 224, New England, 172, 177, 304 meander belt, 275 274,275,277,315 Newfoundland, Canada, 177, 185, 189 meltwater, 166, 182,269,273,306,309, shortening of, 275 New Hampshire, 369 311,398 Mississippi River Arch, 131 New Jersey, 212,213,216,317,393 membrane effects, 414 Mississippi Valley, 464 New Mexico, 4, 17, 51, 54, 83, 85,146, Merchantville-Woodbury confining Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc 152,158,283,340,373,405,412 bed,212 deposits,412,462,473,495,499 evaporation rate, 157 mercury, 476 Missouri, 149, 151, 281, 308, 310, 328, saline water, 376 merokarst, 401 338,472 uplift in, 148 Mesabi Range, 104 Missouri Coteau, 115 Newport-Inglewood fault, California, metamorphic rocks, 367 Missouri River, 120, 123, 144, 145,274, 79,80 meteroric water, 415,418, 419, 425, 275,276,278,280 New York, 102, 134, 177, 184, 197,397 448,462,467,470,475 discharge along, 123, 124, 148, 151 induced seismicity, 453, 456 methane,215,219,293,321,423 Missouri River Valley, 274 Long Island, 4, 182, 209, 212, 213, Mexia-Talco fault systems, 317 Modoc Plateau, California, 62 217,317 Mexico,81,93,219, 226,315,317,321 Moenave Formation, 54 Niagara Escarpment, 134, 138 alluvial basins, 15, 79, 81 Mogollon slope, Arizona, 54 Nicaraguan-Rise, West Indies, 245 Coastal Plain, 315, 317 mogotes, 253 Niobrara Chalk, 158 geothermal systems, 97, 98 Mojave Desert, California, 70, 283, 285 Niobrara Formation, 142,158,163 karst features, 100, 405 Molas Formation, 54 Niobrara River basin, 161 reefs,90,92,154,318 molybdenum, 476 Nipigon, Lake, Ontario, 108 Sierra Madre del Sur, 99, 237 Mono Basin, 285 nomenclature, 9, 12 Sierra Madre Occidental, 87 Mono Lake, California, 72 nonequilibrium (Theis) formula, 378 Sierra Madre Oriental, 89, 221, 223 Montana,25,29,115,118, 121,123, Norfolk Arch, Virginia, 210 subsidence, 391 124,141 Norphlet Shale, 472 thermal springs, 91, 97, 98 Monteregian Hills, Canada, 134 North American Commission on Transmexican Volcanic Belt, 93 Monterey Bay, California, 66 Stratigraphic Nomenclature Yucatan Peninsula, 237 Monterey County, California, 395 (NACSN), 9, 11 Mexico City, Mexico, 391 Monterey Shale, California, 328 North American Plate, 362, 363, 364 Mezozoic,43,51,53,59,80,141,147, Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n, 92 North American Stratigraphic Code, 154, 177,316. See also periods Montreal, Quebec, 135 12 Miami Oolite, Florida 236 "moose licks," 108 North Carolina, 12, 201, 209, 210, 216, Michigan, 129, 131,04 morphosequences, 181 315,317,322,372,376,396 Michigan Basin, 130 Morrison Formation, 53 recharge,213,319 micropore filtration, 487, 488,489 Morro Bay, California, 66 North Dakota, 115, 118, 119, 123, 126, Midland basin, 152, 153 Mother Lode, California, 478 143,144,145,146,303,304 Midway Group, 222, 319 Mount Shasta, California, 62 Northeastern Appalachian ground• Milk River, Montana, 122,418 mountain zones, 29 water region, 22, 177 "mima mound," 292 Musselman Lake, 138 Northern Great Plains area, 123,124
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Northern Great Plains osmosis, 464, 487 Pennsylvanian, 51, 143, 146, 148, 154, hydrophysiographic region, 141 Ottawa Formation, 134 325 Northern Pitted Karst Plain, Yucatan, Ottawa River, 134 perched water, 95, 138, 260, 386 237 Ouachita Basin, 473 permafrost, 25, 29, 263, 341, 390 Northern Shelf, 152, 153 Ouachita tectonic belt, 148, 150 Permafrost ground-water region, 23, North Fork Solomon River, 160 Ouray Limestone, 51, 54 263 North Loup River, 160 outwash, glacial, 29, 104, 182, 193, 301, permeability,118, 194,256 North Platte River, 160 305,310,311,396 calculations, 326 Northview shale, 149 overthrust concept, 436 classification of, 334 Northwest Territories, Canada, 267, Owens Valley, 285 depth and, 373 269,462,464,473,475 Owyhee Mountain Range, 47 factors,26,63,141,142,159,167, Nova Scotia, Canada, 177, 185,273 oxidation-reduction reactions, 5, 421, 178,192,193,194,209,254,271, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 54, 219 422 276,341,457 Nugget Sandstone, 54 Ozark aquifer, 149, 150 fracture,177,192,196,202,238,406 Ozark Dome, 131, 473 porosity and, 326 Oak Ridge aquifer, 138 Ozark Plateau hydrophysiographic Permian, 143, 146, 148, 157 Oak Ridges moraine, Canada, 137 region,141, 145,148,14~ 151 Petaluma Valley, California, 66 Ocala Limestone, 230, 231 petroleum, 64, 485 Ocmulgee River, Georgia, 213 Pacheco Pass, California, 323 Peyotes Anticline, Mexico, 90 Ocoee Series, 201 Pacific Coastal Plain, Mexico, 99 phase transformations, 442, 457 Officer's Cave, Oregon, 389 Pacific Coast Ranges, 59 Phoenix, Arizona, 283, 389 Ogallala escarpment, 394 Pacific Mountain Province, 290 Phoenix Basin, Arizona, 285, 290, 291 Ogallala Formation, 152, 159, 283, 284, Pacific Mountains, 286 phreatic level, 95 289,298 Pacific mountain system, 283, 298 phreatic zone, 408 Ogburn Branch drainage basin, North Pacific Rim, 26 phreatophytes, 71, 72, 75, 101, 160, Carolina, 203, 205 Page Sandstone, 54, 56 408,497 Ohio,130,193,280,304,397 Pahasapa Formation, 119,144 pH value, 43,214,291,293,337,360, Ohio River, 166, 172, 173, 193,274, Pahasapa Limestone, 120,412 361,430,431,467,471 275,278 Pahute Mesa, Nevada, 354 Piceance Basin, Colorado, 54, 56, 456 oil-shale, 506 Pajaro River, California, 66 Pichacho Basin, Arizona, 285 aquifers, 56 Paleocene, 54, 222 Pickens-Gilbertown fault systems, 317 Ojibway, Lake, 104 paleokarst, 402 "picture window" studies, 194 Ojinaga-La Paila basin, Mexico, 90 paleomagnetism, 39 Piedmont and Blue Ridge ground- Okeechobee, Lake, Florida, 235 Paleozoic, 43, 47, 51, 54, 69, 99, 133, water region, 22, 201 Oklahoma, 148,149, 151, 152,158, 162, 141, 177, 184, 189 See also periods Piedmont Province, 201, 368, 370, 374, 163,174,283,325 Palo Duro basin, Texas, 152, 153 376 Oldman River, Alberta, 125 palsas, 390 well yields, 372, 373, 375 Oligocene, 54,221,222,230 Pamlico Sand, Florida, 236 Pierre Formation, 123, 142 Omadi Sandstone, 120 Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, 217, Pierre Shale, 328 Omineca-Columbia Mountains sub- 315 piezometer-response monitoring, 105, region, Washington, 26 Panamint Range, 70 135,308,449 Ontario, Canada, 105, 108, 133, 137, Parachute Creek Member, 57 piezometric mapping, 4, 123 304,310 Paradox Basin, 54 Pine Point, Northwest Territories, 462, Ontario, Lake, 137, 138, 139 Paricutin Volcano, Mexico, 94 464,473,475 openings(rock),15,17,25,26 Pathe, Mexico, 363 pingos, 390, 497 Ordovician, 51, 144, 150, 154, 339 Paxton Formation, 185 piping, 364, 387, 388, 402 ore deposits, 461, 467 Peace River, 416 Pit River, 62 classification, 462, 467 peat, 101, 390, 470 plate tectonics, 59, 247, 255 epigenetic, 462 Peclet number, 466 Platte River, 157, 160 hydrothermal, 465, 466 Pecos Plains, 152 Platte River basin, 161 syngenetic, 462 Pecos River, 81, 152, 391 playas, 71, 72, 75, 82, 83, 157, 284, 286, Oregon,28,37,41,47,355,363,389 pedogenesis. See soil development 470,497 organic matter, 430, 467, 470 Pee Dee River, South Carolina, 213 Pleistocene, 15, 60, 63,103, 115, 129, Orick, California, 395 Peninsular Arch, Florida, 317, 319 136,173,229,285,321 Oriskany aquifer, 192 Peninsular Ranges, 79,80 Pliocene, 47, 60, 63, 80, 94, 223, 229, Orlando, Florida, 235 Pennsylvania, 192, 193, 201, 274 237,283,321
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plutonic rocks, 59, 367, 461, 475 Providencia ores, Zacatecas, 475 rates, 5, 21, 41, 44, 141, 150, 155, plutons, 61, 105 pseudokarst, 402 160,213 Pocono Sandstone, 193 Puerto Rico, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, transmissivity and, 97 Poisson's ratio, 438 253,405 Red Bank aquifer, 213 Police Point aquifer, Alberta, 126 Puget Sound Lowland, 283 red beds, 158, 470, 471, 472 poljes, 401, 405 pumping (water), 4, 39, 64, 80, 94, 137 Red Earth region, 416 Polland, J.F., 4 157,173,183,277,278,308,417 Red Lake patterned peatlands, pollution, 7, 86, 273, 275, 280 on cessation of, 65, 240, 275 Minnesota, 101 zones,17,181,301 cones of depression 63, 235, 322 Red Lakes, Minnesota, 105 See also contamination to prevent waterlogging, 83, 104, 106 Red River, 118, 153, 275 Porcupine River, Yukon Territory, 269 rates, 104, 236 Red River Floodway, 117 pore-fluids, 428, 447, 457, 466 saltwater movement and, 85, 225, Red River Formation, 116, 118, 141 pores,15,65,36~ 438,439 240,244 Red River of the North, 103 pressures,65,487,497 subsidence and 4, 64, 67, 86,235, Red River Valley, 115 poroelasticity, theory of, 450 321,391, 436, 509 Redwall Limestone, 51, 54 porosity, 43, 117 water level declines, 4, 86, 91, 280, Redwood Creek, California, 395 calculation, 287 322 reefs, 89, 90, 92, 154, 244, 251, 253, classification of, 334 water quality and, 34 256,318,334,340,406 factors, 118, 120, 142, 148, 155, 193, pumping (of oil), 64,219,391 reflux models (flow systems), 416 194,195,254,284,287,325 Purisima Formation, 62 Regional Aquifer System Analysis permeability and, 326 Pyramid Lake, Nevada, 72 (RASA), 13, 317 rates, 105, 177,287,293,309,325, pyroclastics, 257 regolith,28,103,189,192,193,194,374 370,415 definition, 15 potentiometric mapping, 4, 124, 234, quartz, 42, 424 remote sensing, 26, 372 416 ()uaternary,43,94,129,157,159,210, Representative Elementary Volume potentiometric surface, 54, 153, 168 217,244,283,303 (REV),506 199,253,277,279,319,340,488 volcanics,34,37,43,47,94,100 Republican River, 160, 161 Potomac-Raritan aquifers, 212,213 See also Holocene; Pleistocene resistivity methods, 39, 44, 112, 448, 505 Potosi Dolomite, 149 ()uebec, Canada, 134 REV. See Representative Elementary Potowomut River, 172 ()uinn River Valley, Nevada, 75 Volume Potowomut-Wickford aquifer system, Rhode Island, 172 Rhode Island, 172 radar techniques, 112, 505 Ridgeley aquifer, 192 Potsdam Sandstone, 134 radioactive waste. See Waste-disposal rigidity, rock, 440 Poulet, M., 490, 493 sites rillenkarren, 393 Powder River, 123, 124 radioactivity, 184, 204 Rio Bravo. See Rio Grande River Powder River basin, 143 radiocarbon dating, 75, 136, 290, 291, Rio Cazones, Mexico, 221 Powell Dolomite, 149 310 Rio Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 221, 223 Precambrian, 39, 54, 111, 120, 133 radiometric studies, 465 Rio Conchos, Mexico, 87, 228 Precambrian Shield Hydrogeologic radon,184,204 Rio Culiacan, Mexico, 87 Region, 21,101 randpolje, 405 Rio Grande Basin, 286 precipitation (rainfall), 83, 139, 141, Rangely, Colorado, 453, 455 Rio Grande Depression, 283 169,185,277,280,284,289, rare-earth-element distribution Rio Grande Embayment, 222, 224, 472 patterns, 465 226 rates, 37, 51, 61, 70, 79, 81, 87, 93, RASA. See Regional Aquifer System Rio Grande Rift, 83, 85 99,101,115,133,150,157,201, Analysis Rio Grande River, 81, 85, 86,89 213,223,233,237,245,246,255, Ravenscrag Formation, 123, 124 Rio Hondo fault zone, Yucatan, 241 264 recharge,2,5, 17,28,54,57,63,64, 71, Rio Nazas, Mexico, 87 recharge and, 29, 41, 51, 87, 93, 124, 72, 75,83,117,126,130,160,169, Rio Soto La Marina, Tamaulipas, 221 141,152,160,294 185 Rio Yaqui, Mexico, 87 pressure,65,414,430,439,447,457, artificial, 41, 64 rivers, 273 464,466,490 calculation, 155 Yazoo-type, 280 abnormal, 381, 435 definition, 462 RMA. See Rocky Mountain Arsenal pore,65,435,487,497 factors,205,253,264,280,309,319 rock classification, 17, 323 Prince Edward Island, Canada, 179, inducement, 185 rock-pore size, 487 183,185 precipitation and, 29, 41, 51, 87, 93, rock-water interaction, 111, 381, 462, proportionality, coefficient of, 450 124,141,152,160,294 464, 466, 472
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Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), ponds, 251 "saskab" (weathering product of lime• Colorado, 145,447,453, 457 Saltillo, Coahuila, 92 stone), 237 Rocky Mountains, 29, 118, 121, 144, Salton Sea, California, 79, 80, 285, 291, Saskatchewan, Canada, 121, 122, 123, 289 465,475 141,402,416 Rocky Mountain trough, 158 Salton Trough, California, 80 Saskatoon Group, 125 roll-front deposits, 473 salt water, 216,251,260,376,428,509 Savannah, Georgia, 235 Roswell Basin, New Mexico, 4 encroachment,5,64,65,66,85,92, Savannah River, South Carolina, 213 Roubidoux Formation, 149 214,235,236,240,244,253,261, sea-cliff erosion, 394 Ruby Mountains, Nevada, 71 342,509 sea levels, 210, 217, 273, 393 runof~174,183,196,385 -freshwater chemistry, 213,215, 231, fluctuations, 148, 150,221, 231, 253, 318,339,394,428,497 285,291,322,339 Sabine uplift, 222,224,317,319 -freshwater interface, 217, 247, 253, sedimentary deposits, 60, 301, 324 sabkha,416,417,471 258,260,322,396,506 exhalative deposits, 472 Sacramento River, 61, 62, 66 San Andreas fault system, 59, 60, 61, interbeds, 40, 45, 47 Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, 79,80,447 marine,214 California, 63, 64, 291 San Andreas Formation, New Mexico, sedimentation, 248, 472 Sacramento Valley, California, 60, 62, 152 rates,217,29~ 413 64,285,286,291 San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, 221 seismicity, 26, 448 Saddle Mountains Basalt, 40,41 San Bernardino Valley, California, 3 induced, 447, 453 safe yield, 76 sand,63,104,251,293,310,315 seismic reflection, 112, 447 Sagavanirktok River basin, Alaska, 268 -silt ratio, 306 Sevier Desert, Utah, 283,285 Saginaw Bay, Michigan, 131 sand and gravel aquifers, 65, 165, 229, shale,54,138, 149,323,384,425,472 St. Francois aquifer, 149, 150 251 permeability, 328, 461 St. Francois Mountains, Missouri, 148, sand hills, Nebraska, 157, 160 shale membrane phenomena, 5 150 Sand River, Alberta, 125 shear strength, 384 Ste. Genevieve Limestone, 194, 198 sandstone, 54, 323, 328, 397, 422, 425, Sheep Range, Nevada, 70 St. Helens, Mount, Washington, 286 456,472 sheeting, 370 St. Joe Limestone, 149 San Francisco Bay, California, 60, 66 Shepard diagrams, 287 St. Johns River Valley, Florida, 235 San Gabriel fault, California, 79 Sibley Formation, 108 St. Lawrence Lowlands ground-water San Jacinto fault, California, 79,80 Sierra del Burro, 89 region,22,23,J33 San Jacinto Mountains, California, 79 Sierra de los Organos, Cuba, 248, 253 St. Louis Limestone, 194, 198 San Joaquin River, California, 61, 66 Sierra de Rosario, Cuba, 253 St. Paul aquifer, 192 San Joaquin Valley, California, 5, 60, Sierra Madre Del Sur hydrogeologic St. Peter Sandstone, 148, 323 61,62,64,67,284,285,287,290, province, 21, 99, 237 Salem Plateau, 149 291,292,293,295,298,391,392 Sierra Madre Occidental ground• Salina Formation, Canada, 134 SanJuan Basin, 54 water region, 21, 87 Salinas River, California, 61, 62, 63, 66 San Juan Mountains, Colorado, 476 Sierra Madre Oriental ground-water saline water, 85, 117, 155,219,231, San Juan uplift, Colorado, 54 region,21,89, 221,223 419,421,369 San Juan volcanic field, 354, 364, 465 Sierra Nevada, 29, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, -freshwater mixing, 150 San Luis Basin, Colorado 83, 289 71,285,294,296,376,396 in irrigation use, 280 San Luis Valley, Colorado, 283 Sierra Torreon-Monterrey- replacement, 154 San Marcos arch, 319 Tamazunchale, Mexico, 89 temperature, 321 San Marcos platform, 154 Sierrita de Ticul, Yucatan, 237, 239 zones, 155,163,193,222,225,239, San Pedro Basin, Arizona, 83 sills, 202, 359 269,318,328,376 San Rafael Group, 53, 54 Silurian, 138 See also salinity; salt San Rafael swell, Utah, 56 silver, 470, 471, 478 Salinian block, 59, 61, 63 San Salvador, 251 Simon,Mount,323 salinity, 108, 120, 134, 138, 152, 153, Santa Clara Valley, California, 4, 63, Sinaloa Coast, Mexico, 79 254, 497. See also dissolved 64,66,287,291,296,391 sinkholes, 164, 199,235,246,268,319, solids Santa Maria Valley, California, 63 388,401,405 salinity-isotope regression lines, 111 Santa Rosa Plain, 63 collapse of, 509 Salisbury embayment, 210 Santa Rosa Range, Nevada, 75 sinks, 23, 71, 72, 76, 92,393 salt, 72, 75,86,87,91,98,285,316 Santa Ynez River, California, 285 Sioux Quartzite, South Dakota, 325 diapirs, 219, 472 sapping,387,390,405 Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland, 448 domes,318,322,464,472 saprolite,34,202,205,257,384 "skin effect" (permeabiity factor), 276 karstification, 402 Sarina clay plain, Ontario, 137 Skull Creek Shale, 147
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sliding, 448 calculation, 287 oil fields and, 64, 219 Sligo Formation, 153 rates, 160, 180 pumping and, 4, 64, 67, 86, 235, 321, slip,448 Spiritwood aquifer, 126 391,436,509 slope (topographic), 396, 397 Springfield Plateau, 149 rates,67,86,219,235,291,298 failure, 384, 390 Spring Mountains, Nevada, 70, 75 sedimentation and, 285, 291, 294, smectite, 422, 42 426, 430, 442, 472 springs, 87, 155, 235, 319, 364, 392 298,435 Smoke Creek desert, Nevada, 72 classification, 72 sulphur, 465, 472 Smoky Hill Marl Member, 163 discharge rates, 91, 92, 95, 118, 150, Sulphur Spring Valley, Arizona, 5 Snake River, 37, 41, 44, 45, 364 192,235,268,269,364 supergene processess, 470 Snake River Basin, 356, 362 first magnitude, 235, 364, 401 Superior, Wisconsin, 310 Snake River Group, 37, 43, 356, 359, karstic, 401, 497 Superior Province, 102, 104, 105 360,361,364 location of, 23, 45, 57, 74, 76, 90, Superposition, Law of, 11 Snake River Plain, 37, 44, 357, 392 100,154,193,197,260,311,353, surface water, 34, 86, 101, 112, 275 Snake River Plain aquifer, 44, 247 364,392,409 Susquehanna River, 194, 195, 397, 398 soil development, 291, 292, 383 oil,499 Susquehanna Section, 397 paleosol, 309 saline, 153 Sutherland Group, 125 solubility, 17, 28, 43, 346 submarine, 393 Sutter Buttes, California, 60, 62 index, 421 , thermal, 88, 91, 97, 192, 197, 268, Suwannee Limestone, 230 solutes,47,56,360,402 362,363,467,476 Swan River Formation, Manitoba, 120 transport, 7, 504 spring sapping, 392, 394 Sweden, 310 solution pits, 393 stable sliding, 448, 449 solutions, 403, 407, 408, 458 Statesville, North Carolina, 396 Tabasco,Me~co,223,316,318 sonar techniques, 112 Steamboat Springs, Nevada, 363 talik, 267 Sonoma Valley, California, 66 stick-slip movement, 448, 449 Tamaulipas, Me~co, 219, 222 Sonoran Desert, 79, 80 Stockbridge Limestone, 177 Tamaulipas Arch, 317 sorption reactions, 422 Stockton arch, California, 60 Tamazunchale, Me~co, 92 Soto Ia Marina River, Tamaulipas, 223 Stockton fault, California 60 Tamiami Formation, Florida, 236 Souris River, Saskatchewan, 124 storage,17,25,28,65, 75,81,83,161, Tampa, Florida, 235 South Carolina, 201, 213, 217, 233, 322, 162,179,192 Tampa Limestone, 230 234 capacity, 63,104, 177,289,342 Tampico, Me~co 222 South Dakota, 115, 123, 143, 145, 157, coefficients, 94, 117, 126, 289, 357 Tanana River, Alaska, 268 158,274,283,325,328,478 specific,305,308,309 tar pits, 499 flow systems, 141, 144, 145, 416 storativity, 275, 276, 281, 405 TDS. See Dissolved solids, values See also Black Hills, South Dakoka stratiform, 462 Teays River, 274, 397 Southeastern Coastal Plain ground• Stratigraphic Nomenclature, Com- tectonic forces, 15, 51, 59, 72, 244, 255, water region, 22, 229 mittee on, (CSN), 9 284,318,340,367,382,457 Southeast Georgia embayment, 209 stratigraphic units, 9 compression, 436 Southern Great Plains hydrophysio• streambed, 169, 173, 174 extensional, 472 graphic region, 141, 151 streams, 25, 165, 171, 205, 395 plate migration, 247 Southern High Plains, 153, 394 allogenic, 401 tectonism, 93, 100, 143, 148, 150, 189, Southern Hilly Karst Plain, Yucatan, alterations to, 169, 170, 174 247,285,368 231,238 -aquifer interaction, 168, 185, 275 Tehachapi Mountains, California, 60 Southern Interior Platform, 115 beaded,390 television techniques, 112 Southern Province, 102 braided,166,273,274,395 temperature,5,264,267,341,363,376, South Fishing Branch (Porcupine deposits, 284, 304, 325 421 River), Yukon Territory, 269 flow,75,87,151,169,183 -dependent processes, 381, 467 South Platte River, 160 gaining/losing, 168 ground, 112, 263 South Saskatchewan River, 116, 122, meandering, 167, 273, 274 ground water, 74, 75, 90, 171,219, 125 stress, 196,367, 413, 499,450 260,321,376 Southwest Georgia embayment, 210 field, 367 Temple Butte Limestone, 54 Soviet Union, 373 shear,387,447,448,454,456 Tennessee, 12, 192, 194, 201, 224, 228, Spearfish Formation, 118 strike-slip, 455 404,405 specific capacity, 41, 97, 104, 178, 179, Stringfield, V.T., 233, 235, 317 Tertiary, 39, 47, 89, 100, 121, 123, 143, 181,194,373 Stuart City reef, 89, 90, 92, 154 157,217,230,237,244 specific yield, 162, 180, 276, 284, 287, subsidence, 4, 39, 64, 154, 253, 256, 284, sedimentary, 94, 100,209,283 289,298 coastal, 317, 321 volcanism, 82, 93, 286
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See also epochs Trout Mountain, 416 volcanism, 247, 255, 286, 293, 476 Texas, 17, 141, 152, 157, 163, 219, 222, Truckee Meadows, Nevada, 75 rocks,353 273,283,315,320,416,429 Truckee River basin, 285 shield, 255 bedrock,l58,321 Tucson, Arizona, 283, 294 vulcanokarst, 402 embayrnents,222,224,225,226 Tucson Basin, Arizona, 285, 290, 297 faults, 83, 319 tuffs, 354 Wabasca River, 416 geopressured zones, 414 Tulare Lake, California, 61, 285, 291 Wabash River, 167, 276 precipitation, 160, 223 Tularosa Basin, New Mexico, 83 Waianae volcano, Hawaii, 261 salt domes, 318 Twin Falls State Park, West Virginia, Walker Lake, Nevada, 72 subsidence,321,391 196 Walker River basin, 285 uranium deposits, 470 Walla Walla River, Washington, 41 water level declines, 86 Uinta Basin, Utah, 54, 56, 423 Wanapum Basalt, 40, 42 water quality, 162, 225, 226 Unita Formation, 56 Warthan Creek, 297 water storage, 162 Uinta Mountains, Utah, 25, 71 Wasatch Formation, 123 Texas Coastal Plain, 415 ultisols, 384 Wasatch Front, 285,297 Texas Coastal Uplands aquifer system, Umatilla River, Oregon, 41 Wasatch Mountains, Utah, 71, 283 222,223,226 Uncompahgre uplift, 54 Washington, 26, 37, 39, 41,353,355, Theis (nonequilibrium) formula, 378 Underground Research Laboratory 359,362 thermobaric regime, 414 (URL), 105 waste-disposal sites, 137,320, 509 thermodynamics, chemical, 5 unloading, 342, 370 contamination from, 301, 311, 328 thermokarst, 390, 402 Upper Floridan aquifer, 231, 319, 322 factors,233,304,305,353,354,367, till,115,134,172,177,180 uranium,363,364,463,464,467,470, 376,506 aquifers in, 137 473,499,506 radioactive, 104, 106, 108, 271, 353, definition, 17,301 URL. See Underground Research 506 hydraulic conductivity, 122, 125, 180 Laboratory Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 145,447, permeability of, 34, 125, 396 U.S. Department of Interior 453, 457 recharge, 117, 183 Bureau of Reclamation, 5 water, 104, 204 shadow hills, 397 U.S. Geological Survey, 2, 10 budget,75, 76,85,289,319,363 storage in, 179, 180 Regional Aquifer System Analysis, rights, 509 Tomig Unit, 83 13 types of, 462, 463 Tonala River, Mexico, 221 standards, 9, 13 water-exchange numbers, 495 Torreon, Mexico, 92 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Waterloo moraine, Ontario, 137 T 6th gravity-drive cross-formational series, 2 water quality, 28, 47, 71, 89, 108, 120, flow model, 495 Utah, 25, 51, 69, 238, 285, 363, 423 122,343 Toutle River, 286 water quality, 54, 56, 296, 297 development and, 235, 275 trace elements, 47, 185, 364, 465 factors,34,56,85,103, 118,121,126, Transcontinental arch, Nebraska, 145 Valles-San Luis Potosi Platform, 92 184,185,204,290 Transmexican Volcanic Belt Valley and Ridge subregion, 189, 193 as social issue, 503, 509 hydrgeologic region, 93 valley network development, 392 See also dissolved solids transmissivity, 21, 39, 41, 78, 152, 171, Valparaiso confining layer, 130 water tables, 85, 168, 181, 205, 238, 194 Vantage Member, 40 275,280,296,390,396,408,486 coefficient of, 94 van't Hoff equation, 421 aquifers, 63, 88 definition, 305 Vaqueros Sandstone, 62 human activities and, 275 factors,85,194,196,233,244,320 vegetation, 395, 497. See also perched, 138, 386 values, 42, 45, 79, 117, 126, 172, 178, phreatophyes position of, 134, 150, 153, 157, 182, 233,236,253 Ventura Field (oil), California, 436 183,246,258,260,293,408 recharge and, 97 Veracruz, Mexico, 222,225,316,318 topography and, 106, 205 transport mechanisms, 381, 385, 465, Vicksburg Group, 222, 225, 319 vegetation and, 395 503. See also advection; convec• Vincentown aquifer, 213 weathering, 28, 34, 103, 383, 394 tion Virginia, 192, 197, 201,210, 213, 217, Weber River delta, Utah, 297 Transverse Ranges, 59, 79, 80, 296, 448 322 wells, 2, 41, 92, 157, 181, 185, 233, 284, Travis Peak Formation, 153 Virgin Islands (U.S.), West Indies, 323 Trescott River, Nova Scotia, 273 243,244,24~ 247,251 bedrock,26,179,181,182 Triassic, 53, 54, 87, 99, 143, 146, 158, viscosity, 171, 173 in glacial deposits, 311 202 vitrinite reflectance, 492 offshore, 213 Trinity Mountains, California, 62 VLF-EMtechnique,112 predictions for, 72, 206
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rock types of, 26, 37, 41, 182, 245, West Virginia, 193, 1% Wisconsinan glaciation, 103, 130, 133, 304,340,353,367 wetlands, 104 273 scales, 472 Weyburn aquifer, 124 Woodbridge confmig bed, 212 locations, 91, 95, 117, 370, 372, 397 Wheatland fault, Wyoming, 163 Wyoming,37,51,118,162,283 thermal, 257 Whelan fault, Wyoming, 163 deposits, 54, 123, 158, 283 well yields, 21, 42, 45, 47, 63, 88, 104, White Clay fault, 163 faulting, 163, 284 137, 207, 373 White Limestone Group, Jamaica, geothermal waters, 363, 364 depth and, 179,397 246,253,467 recharge areas, 141, 148 factors, 179,185,244,396,397 Whitemud Formation, 123 water quality, 56, 162 rock types and, 177, 178, 196, 371, White River Group, 158 Wyoming Basin, 51 373,375,396 White Wolf fault, California, 60 Welte and Yiikler compaction/heat Wichita uplift, 148, 152 Yakima Basalt Subgroup, 40, 42 drive model, 492 Wilcox Formation, 421 Yakima River, Washington, 41 Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, 213 Wilcox Group, 222, 422 Yellow Limestone Formation, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Willamette basin, Oregon, 283, 284 Jamaica, 246 416,418,473,474 Willcox Basin, Arizona, 83 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Western Glaciated Plains ground• Williston Basin, North Dakoka, 118, 363,364 water region, 22, 23, 115 119,143,145,146 Yellowstone River, 123, 124 Western Gulf Coastal Plain Region, Wind Cave, South Dakota, 412 Yucatan Peninsula ground-water 193 Windsor, Canada, 134 region, 23, 219, 237, 247, 254, 315, Western Interior Plains aquifer sys• Windsor Group, 177,184 317,320,339,412 tem,145, 148,151 Wingate Sandstone, 54 Yukon Territory, Alaska, 267, 268, Western Mountain Ranges ground• Winnemucca Lake, Nevada, 72 269 water region, 21, 25 Winnepeg, Lake, Manitoba, 145 Yukon River, Yukon Territory, 268 West Florida escarpment, 393 Winnipeg aquifer, 116 West Indies ground-water region, 23, Winnipeg Formation, 117 zinc deposits, 149,471,473,478 243 Wisconsin, 2, 130, 274, 303, 304, 310 Zuni uplift, New Mexico, 54
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