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'Finishing the Job' an Independent Review of Cambodia's Mine Action Sector

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'Finishing the Job' an Independent Review of Cambodia's Mine Action Sector ‘Finishing the Job’ An Independent Review of Cambodia’s Mine Action Sector Final report, 30 April 2016 A project funded by: 1 In a world where security and development are still hindered by explosive hazards, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) works to reduce the impact of mines, cluster munitions and other explosive hazards. To achieve this, the GICHD supports national authorities, international organisations and civil society in their efforts to improve the relevance and performance of mine action. Core activities include furthering knowledge, promoting norms and standards, and developing in-country and international capacity. This support covers all aspects of mine action: strategic, managerial, operational and institutional. The GICHD works for mine action that is not an end in itself but contributes to the broader objective of human security – freedom from fear and freedom from want. This effort is facilitated by the GICHD’s location within the Maison de la paix in Geneva. This report was written by Annie Nut and Pascal Simon, independent consultants. © Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the GICHD concerning the legal status of any country, territory or armed groups, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For further information, please contact: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining Maison de la paix, Tower 3 Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2C, PO Box 1300 CH – 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland [email protected] 2 Acknowledgements The review team would like to thank all organizations and individuals who participated in the mine action sector review mission in Cambodia, including HE Prum Sophakmonkol, Secretary General of the Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA) as well as his staff. The Review Team is also grateful to Mrs. Setsuko Yamazaki, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Country Director in Cambodia and to her staff, including Mr. David Horrocks and Mr. Tong Try who have provided guidance and support before and during the conduct of the review mission. Special thanks to HE Prak Sokhonn, First Vice-President of the CMAA who dedicated his time to share his views on the major issues addressed during the review. The review team is also very grateful to the managers and staff from all mine action organizations, including those involved in victim assistance, who provided logistical support and time to discuss issues and possible sector improvements, including the Cambodian Mine Action Centre, The HALO Trust, Mines Advisory Group, Norwegian People’s Aid, the National Centre for Peacekeeping Forces and ERW Clearance, Handicap International, the International Committee of the Red Cross and Exceed. Thanks equally goes to development partners that met the Review Team and provided an overview of their assistance and an analysis and recommendations regarding the mine action sector, including Australia, Canada, European Union, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States. 3 CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations _________________________________________________________________ 6 1. Executive Summary ______________________________________________________________________ 8 2. Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________ 11 2.1. Background 2.2. Objectives 2.3. Methodology 2.4. Limitations and constraints 3. Situation of the mine action programme in Cambodia __________________________________________ 14 3.1. The Landmine / ERW problem in Cambodia 3.2. The Cambodian response to landmine / ERW contamination 3.3. National and international strategic and development framework 3.4. National mine action coordination and sector governance 4. Achievements under the National Mine Action Strategy ________________________________________ 28 4.1. CMAA 2010-2012 report 4.2. CMAA 2015 report 5. Land release _____________________________________________________________________________ 37 5.1. Operators 5.2. The land release process 5.3. Planning and prioritization 6. Mine Risk Education ______________________________________________________________________ 46 7. Victim Assistance ________________________________________________________________________ 48 8. Support to Mine action in Cambodia ________________________________________________________ 53 9. Other issues ____________________________________________________________________________ 60 9.1. Gender mainstreaming 9.2. Information management 9.3. ASEAN Regional Mine Action Centre 10. Review of the sector according to OECD – DAC criteria _______________________________________ 63 11. Conclusions, findings and recommendations _______________________________________________ 68 12. Royal Government of Cambodia Response _________________________________________________ 74 13. Annexes _______________________________________________________________________________ 75 Annex 1: Review mission field phase programme Annex 2: Bibliography and documentation consulted during the review Annex 3: Results of the SWOT and Round Robin analysis conducted with stakeholders Annex 4: List of individuals and organizations met during the review Annex 5: List of the 35 most affected communes by casualties – last five years Annex 6: List of the 30 most affected communes by casualties – last three years Annex 7: Detailed land release data by C1, C2, C3 and by land classification 2010-2015 Annex 8: Male and female staff within CMAA and operators (by positions) Annex 9: Scope of the highest priority areas to be addressed in Cambodia before 2025 Annex 10: List of organizations active in disability and rehabilitation Annex 11: Contributions to CfR II Annex 12: Summary of the focus groups’ discussions findings 4 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Map of Landmine / ERW accidents in Cambodia (1997-2015) Figure 2: Landmines / ERW casualties 1979 - 2015 Figure 3: Landmines / ERW casualties by age and gender Figure 4: Landmines / ERW victims by casualty outcome Figure 5: Landmines / ERW casualties by provinces 1979-2015 Figure 6: Landmines / ERW casualties by provinces 1992-2015 Figure 7: Map of US bombing areas in Eastern Cambodia Figure 8: LIS contamination map Figure 9: Land release operators deployment in Cambodia Figure 10: BLS land classification according to the nature of the threat Figure 11: High priority areas for land release operations Figure 12: Basic risk management model based on impact and probability Figure 13: Map of PRC in Cambodia Figure 14: Evolution of global contributions to mine action 2004-2014 Figure 15: 2014 contributions to global mine action by donor countries Figure 16: Contributions to the mine action sector in Cambodia Figure 17: Japan and USA contributions to Cambodia 2009-2014 Figure 18: Benefits of mine clearance at households level Table 1: CMAC units, departments and staff Table 2: CMAA DBU contaminated land classification (December 2015) Table 3: CMAA DBU land release results March 2016 Table 4: Land release data by land classification 2010-2015 Table 5: 2010-2015 Land release data for A1 classified land Table 6: Mine / ERW casualties in 2014 and 2015 5 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank ARMAC ASEAN Regional Mine Action Center ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUD Australian Dollar BAC Battle area clearance BLS Baseline survey CfR Clearing for results CBMRR Community Based Mine Risk Reduction CBR Community Based Rehabilitation CC Commune council CCM Convention on Cluster Munitions CCW Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons CDC Council for the Development of Cambodia CDCC Cambodian Demining Coordination Committee CDMG Cambodian Millennium Development Goal CDP Commune Development Plan CDPO Cambodian Disabled People Organization CG Consultative Group CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIDI Cambodian Initiative for Disability Inclusion CL Community liaison CMAA Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority CMAC Cambodian Mine Action Centre CMAS Cambodian Mine Action Standards CMVIS Cambodian Mine Victim Information System COFRAS Compagnie Française d’Assistance Specialisée CRC Cambodian Red Cross CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CSPO Cambodian School for Prosthetics and Orthotics CT Cambodia Trust DAC Disability Action Council DP Development partner DPKO Department for peacekeeping operations DPO Disabled People’s Organization DU Demining unit EC European Commission ERW Explosive remnants of war EU European Union EUR Euro GC Governing council GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining GPS Global positioning system GSI Geospatial International HALO Hazardous Areas Life-support Organisation Trust(The HALO Trust) HAR Harmonization, alignment and result HI Handicap International HMA Humanitarian mine action ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IMAS International Mine Action Standards IMSMA Information Management System for Mine Action ISU Implementation Support Unit IT Information Technology KPMG Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler L1S Level 1 survey LIS Landmine impact survey LMAD Linking mine action and development LR Land release LUMU Land use management unit LUPU Land use planning unit MAC Mine action centre MACC Mine Action Coordination Committee 6 MADWG Mine Action District Working Group MAG Mines Advisory Group MAFF Ministry of agriculture, forestry and fishery MAP Mine action programme
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