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Ecological Evaluation of Plant Resources and Vegetation Pattern of Jelar Valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan

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Ecological Evaluation of Plant Resources and Vegetation Pattern of Jelar Valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PLANT RESOURCES AND VEGETATION PATTERN OF JELAR VALLEY, DIR UPPER, PAKISTAN BY SHARIAT ULLAH DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR 2018 In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful Auther,s Declaration I Shariat Ullah hereby state that my Ph.D thesis titled” Ecological Evaluation of Plant Resources and Vegetation Pattern of Jelar Valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan” is my own work and has not been submitted to previously by me for taking degree from this University University of Peshawar or anywhere in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation the university has the right to withdraw my Ph.D degree. Shariat Ullah Date__________________ i Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Ecological Evaluation of Plant Resources and Vegetation Pattern of Jelar Valley, Dir Upper, Pakistan” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student /Author Signature: _________________ Name: Shariat Ullah ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to our parents, teachers and friends. iii University of Peshawar Peshawar ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PLANT RESOURCES AND VEGETATION PATTERN OF JELAR VALLEY, DIR UPPER, PAKISTAN A dissertation submitted in partial completion of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Botany By Shariat Ullah Graduate Study Committee 1. Prof. Dr. Ghulam Dastagir Convener 2. Prof. Dr. Sirajud Din Member 3. Dr. Zahir Muhammad Member 4. Dr. Tanvir Burni Member 5. Dr. Rasool Khan Member iv PUBLICATION OPTION I hereby reserve the right of publication, including right to reproduce this thesis in any form for a period of 5 years from the date of submission Shariat Ullah v Acknowledgement The spirit behind this task of mine goes to “All mighty Allah who gave me the power to complete this assignment. I need his help at every turn and every moment of my life. I offer my humble words of gratitude to the Holy Prophet of mercy, Muhammad (S.A.W) the most perfect and dignified among and of ever born on the surface of the earth who lit the candle of Islam and removed all darkness of our life. I have a special debt of gratitude to wise guidance of research supervisor, Dr. Lal Badshah for sincere encouragement, advice and over all support, which stimulated me while completing the course of my research work. I feel great pleasure and honor to express sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibrar, Chairman, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Prof. Dr. Sirajud Din, Prof. Dr. Ghulam Dastagir, Dr. Nadeem Ahmad, Dr. Sami Ullah, Mr. Rehmanullah and Mr. Ghulam Jelani Sahib for their help and moral support. I would like to extend a sincere thanks to Prof. Mehboob-ur-Rehman, Prof. Shad Ayaz and Prof. Muhmmad Yousaf for his sincere cooperation and moral support throughout my research work. I offer my cordial and profound thanks to my affectionate parents and dear brothers and sisters for their encouragement, keen interest and for decorating my life with the ornament of knowledge. Shariat Ullah vi VITAE Jan 25, 1979- Born. District Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 2000- B.Sc. Gomal University D.I. Khan. 2003- M.Sc. Gomal University D.I. Khan. 2013- M.Phil. Malakand University Chakdara, Dir Lower. August 31, 2004- Lecturer, Govt. Degree College Habib Ullah Domel, District Bannu. Nov 12, 2005- Lecturer, Govt. Degree College Ahmad Abad Karak. Sep 01, 2007- Lecturer, Malakand University Chakdara, Dir Lower. Major Field: Botany Field of Specialization: Vegetation Ecology Courses Studied Teacher 1. Soil Algae Prof. Dr. Nadeem Ahmad 2. Fresh Water Algae Prof. Dr. Nadeem Ahmad 3. Vegetation Ecology Prof. Dr. Lal Badshah 4. Intensive Study In Ecology Prof. Dr. Lal Badshah 5. Limnology Prof. Dr. Barkat Ullah vii ABSTRACT The present study aimed to explore ecological evaluation of plant resources and vegetation pattern of Jelar valley, Dir Upper during 2014-2017. Floristic list of the study area revealed that flora of Jelar valley is diverse and comprised of 250 species belonging to 177 genera and 77 families. The dominant families in term of species richness were Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, (each with 20 species, 8%), Rosaceae (19 species, 7.6%) and Papilionaceae (16 species, 6.4%), while the dominant genera were Polygonum and Rosa (each with 5 species). Due to harsh climatic conditions in winter, maximum numbers of species were found in summer and autumn. Biological spectrum showed that therophytes (101 species, 40.4%) were dominant followed by hemicryptophytes (43 species, 17.2%), while microphylls (32%) and nanophylls (30%) respectively dominating the leaf spectrum. The quantitative analysis of trees species in six study sites were subjected to Pc-Ord for cluster analysis, could establish four vegetation groups. Ailanthus altissima-Quercus incana community was distributed in Gumbad and Gul Dherai at 1967±130 (Mean± SE) m altitude with 20.1±2.3 slope angle. This group was more diverse (27 trees) as compared to others. Pinus wallichiana-Quercus incana community was distributed in Sore Pao at 1808 m altitude with 20.1±2.3 slope angle. This community consisted at total of 14 trees species. Pinus wallichiana- Prunus armeniaca community with fewer numbers of species recognized in Shao at 2058.6 m mean altitude with 15.6 slope angle. Similarly, Pinus wallichiana-Ailanthus altissima association was found in Tangi Awar and Danda at 2070.8 m altitude with 12.7 slope angle. Wards cluster and NMS ordination of 88 understory vegetation from six different zones constituted a total of four groups as; Sarcococca saligna-Isodon rugosus community at Gumbad, Wikstroemia canescens-Berberis lycium community at Sore Pao and Gul Dherai, Berberis lycium-Indigofera heterantha community at Shao and Danda and Berberis lycium-Indigofera heterantha community at Tangai Awar. NMS and PCA ordination were used to explore the relation of edaphic and environmental variables with trees species. Correlation of NMS ordination axis 1, 2 revealed that the NMS ordination axis 1 was only significantly correlated with nitrogen (P<0.05) while axis 2 was significantly correlated with altitude (P<0.001), organic matter % (P<0.05), Pb (mg/kg) (r= 0.83695, P<0.05) and Ca (mg/kg) (r= 0.947312, P<0.01) while PCA ordination axis 2 was significantly correlated with altitude and organic matter and axis 1 with slope angle. The relationship of NMS ordination axis with environmental variable viii associated with understory vegetation revealed that altitude and organic matter were found in significant correlation (r= 0.997, P<0.001) with axis 1 and lime % with axis 2. Lead (r= 0.752, P<0.05) and Ca (r= 0.947, P<0.01) with Axis 1. NMS ordination axis 2 was significantly correlated with nitrogen (r= 0.787, P<0.05) and Cu (r= 0.939, P<0.01). The soil was generally loamy sand, acidic in nature and slightly calcareous. Contents of organic matter ranged from 0.69% to 1.932%. The nitrogen contents were 0.966 to 0.0345 (mg/kg) while potassium 110 to 240 (mg/kg) and Cu 0.245 to 0.327 (mg/kg). Similarly, Zn 0.138 to 0.573 (mg/kg), Fe 0.879 to1.305 (mg/kg), Mn 1.885 to 6.179 (mg/kg) and Pb 1.0765 to 1.88 (mg/kg) were recorded. The concentration of Ca, Mg and sodium ranged respectively from 9.126 to 9.948, 2.2835 to 2.4545 and 16.9 to 19.45 (mg/kg). ANOVA showed significant variation at P<0.001 for all physicochemical parameters except soil texture. The palatability results revealed of the 250 plants species 55 (22%) were non-palatable and 195 (78%) were palatable which shows the grazing pressure. Among them 99 (39.6%) species were highly palatable, 51 (20.4%) species less palatable and 45 (18%) species rarely palatable. Livestock preferences showed that goats and sheep preferred 172 species while buffalo 71 species. Based on part used 98 (49%) species were consumed as whole plants and in 89 (44.55%) species only leaves were utilized, while in 13 (6.5%) species inflorescence was consumed by livestock. Similarly, some 116 (59.5%) species were found to be grazed in fresh condition, 2 species when it is dried and 77 (39.5%) species both in fresh and dried condition. In addition, the elemental composition of Impatiens bicolor, Myrsine africana, Themeda anathera, Sarcococca saligna and Quercus dilatata were evaluated at pre-reproductive and post- reproductive stages. The results revealved that Ca, Zn and Fe concentration were found high at pre-reproductive in all the selected species, while Mg contents were noted higher only in Sarcococca saligna and Myrsine africana at pre-reproductive stage. Phosphorus contents were found higher at pre-reproductive stage in Themeda anathera and Quercus dilatata, while Cu concentration was high at pre-reproductive stage only in Sarcococca saligna. Similarly K, Mn and Pb contents were found higher at post-reproductive stage in all the selected plants, while P were higher at post-reproductive stages only in Impatiens bicolor, Myrsine africana and Sarcococca saligna.
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