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Department of English and American Studies English Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Hana Václavíková Shaping of Lord Byron’s Persona Under Various Influences Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: doc. Michael Matthew Kaylor, PhD. 2019 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Hana Václavíková Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor, doc. Michael Matthew Kaylor, Ph.D., for his valuable advice, and the time he invested in helping me. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Historical Context 8 2.1. Relevant Consideration 9 2.2. Historical Context to Byron’s Contemporary England 10 3. Byron’s School Years and Other Influences on Byron’s Life 15 3.1. The Friendships of Lord Byron Throughout His Schools Years 16 3.2. Byron’s Method of Encryption and Its Development 18 3.3. Self-Exile, Beckford and Shelley 21 4. Byron’s Early Poems of Undisclosed Homosexual Nature 29 4.1. L'amitié, Est L'amour Sans Ailes 29 4.2. To Thyrza 34 5. Conclusion 40 6. Bibliography 43 7. Summary 47 8. Resumé 48 4 1. Introduction The purpose of this work is to take a closer look at the life of Lord Byron together with chosen influences that are considered to have contributed to the modification of Byron’s controversial persona. Although the focus shifts in between Byron’s personal life and work, and other chosen personalities and events, these are explained and connected to Byron’s life with the emphasis on the aspects of his life they had an impact on. The thesis strives to dissect various situations and events in Byron’s life in connection to his work and how these situations influenced him as an author, but also a person altogether. The thesis deals with two, often omitted characters, that influenced Byron at some period of his life. These two characters are William Beckford and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who were considered dissidents in the course of their lifetimes, however, never really met one another. In the beginning, the paper provides contemplation on the matter of identification of Byron together with the necessary description of contemporary England with a special focus on the issue of sodomy, providing the background of the political situation during Byron’s life. This knowledge of the contemporary law and social dogmas is crucial for the understanding of the time of Byron’s work and the restrictions he had to endure, considering his writing style as well as his demeanours. Consequently, after emphasizing the restrictions of this time, the focus switches to the innovative, however at that time controversial, thoughts of pioneering figures such as Jeremy Bentham or Edmund Burke. They are comprising reminders of the aberrant stream of thoughts that endeavoured to spread understanding for minorities and supported individuality but also pointed out the wrongs and injustices that were occurring in the contemporary society’s phenomenon of hatred towards anything out of 5 the ordinary. In a way, Bentham and Burke represent an example of figures who thought ahead of their time. The figure of Lord Byron keeps its scandalous reputation up until today. However, during the times of his glory, he was not only known for his promiscuous and deviant behaviour but also acknowledged as possibly the greatest poet of his time. That itself was a rare case as it was quite unusual for a writer, let alone a poet, to be recognized during his lifetime, especially to such an extent. In comparison to, for example John Keats, who was appreciated and praised by his friends and other poets, nevertheless, it was not until after his death that he became widely recognized for the brilliance of his work. Byron’s case is quite the opposite, as there are fewer of those who can fully appreciate the wit and ingenuity in his work nowadays. For the lack of information and urge to be informed about his curious personal life is disabling the readers’ full apprehension of his work. As Byron’s figure was considered a scandalous one even before his self-exile and attracted many onlookers trying to get a peek into his privacy, Byron from an early age must have figured a way to protect his privacy in a way that was both public, and public inaccessible. However, even for a personality like Byron’s the freedom of expression was not without restraints. For Byron’s poetry, as bold as it was, was still rather censored and cut out to fit into his contemporary society’s needs, while managing to keep just the right amount of outrageousness. The fact that Byron’s personal life was just as popular as his work, provided his observers with a unique insight into his creative process. Since one could always look underneath the obvious meaning and dig deeper to find hidden allusions to his life and, even better, to his scandalous adventures and loves. Therefore, it proves essential for a proper understanding of the writer’s work to be acquainted with his or her personal life as well. 6 Even though William Beckford does not really fit into Byron’s life, in a sense that he would actively participate as Byron’s acquaintance, there are many similarities in between these two historical figures. And these parallelisms are looked into and compared in the course of the thesis, in chapter which focuses on Byron’s life before his self-exile. For Beckford was not a particular fan of Byron’s of which he made no secret, however that did not keep Byron from admiring Beckford, even if only from afar. Furthermore, Byron seems to be rather inspired with Beckford’s life and work, or even encouraged when it comes to the matter of Greek love, as Byron and his friends named the matter of their homosexual explorations. Therefore, Beckford’s presence, or rather Byron’s knowledge of Beckford’s presence, in England and beyond it is considered important for the inspiration Byron took from it. Later, as Byron undergoes his self-exile, the thesis, as well as Byron’s focus, switches to another important aspect of this chapter of his life, and that is his meeting and socialization with the Shelleys1, most significantly with Percy Bysshe Shelley. Therefore, the romantic poet’s entanglement is mentioned and discussed in compliance. Percy Shelley plays a significant role in Byron’s life, especially during his years spent in Italy, for he himself was a debatable person for the conventions of contemporary England’s society and his ability to defy them. Exerting an impact on Byron, throughout his open-mindedness and atheistic views in combination to his fascination with Greek philosophers, rendering Plato’s Symposium as The Banquet, where he, for the first time, translates the work truly to its meaning. Hence, this thesis strives to point out figures in Byron’s life who might not be considered of big importance, or even seemingly lost their connection to the poet, but 1 Meaning Percy B. and Mary Wollstonecraft, later Shelley. 7 are not to be forgotten for their influence, and therefore contribution, when it comes to the magnificent and outrageous personality of Lord Byron. 8 2. Historical Context As to get a thorough understanding of Byron’s struggles when it comes to his extraordinary social life and exquisite poetry that derives from it, one must be acquainted with the overall situation and conventions that dominated his contemporary England. For Lord Byron might not have been such a controversial figure nowadays as he was back in his days as the jurisdiction and social situation have undergone many changes, especially during the last century. Firstly, the matter of Byron’s identification for the purposes of the thesis needs to be discussed. Consequently, it is weighty to understand the punishment and legal corollary of being accused of and subsequently sentenced for sodomy in England, during Byron’s lifetime. For homosexuality, also sodomy, was an illegal activity and therefore participating in the homosexual act made one a criminal and one must have taken the consequences into account. Furthermore, the thesis shows that the situation was not entirely unequivocal as there were those who, even though not identifying themselves with any homosexual desires were aware of the injustice caused to the queer minority. Moreover, such time with its strict norms produced a philosopher such as Bentham, whose ideas were completely opposing those of the society’s, even pointing out the origin of the problem being in the majority’s apprehension of the minority. Last but not least of importance is the period of disorders that arises together with Byron’s maturing that begins with the French Revolution in 1792 and continues with Napoleonic wars. These affairs provide young Byron with further imagery of pain and suffering as well as anarchy and revolt against the established systems that become deeply rooted in him up until his very end. 9 2.1 Relevant Consideration Even though the focus of this thesis is centred mostly around Byron’s homosexual affairs and their impact on him, the thesis does not endeavour to identify Lord Byron with any kind of sexuality that he did not previously use to describe himself with. Furthermore, the aim of this thesis is not to force any label on Byron or to try and categorize him accordingly to his documented actions. Nevertheless, his sexual explorations play a vital role of this work as these are the manifestations of his personality against the contemporary laws and prejudice of the contemporary society, therefore making them both aberrations and fascination for the society.
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