Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891

Home , Charles James Fox, Douglas Kinnaird, Francis Burdett, George de Lacy Evans, George Lamb (politician), Henry Hunt (politician)

Westminster

1780 1807 George Brydges Rodney W (m) 5298 Francis Burdett R 5134 Charles James Fox W (o) 4878 Lord Cochrane R 3708 Lord Lincoln W (m) 4157 Sheridan W (o) 2615 1782 (June by-election) John Elliot m 2137 Cecil Wray W (o) nc James Paull R 269 1784 1812 nc Lord Hood m 6694 Burdett R Charles James Fox W (o) 6234 Cochrane R Cecil Wray W (m) 5998 1814 (by-election) nc Cochrane R 1788 (by-election) Lord John Townshend W (o) 6392 1818 Lord Hood m 5569 Samuel Romilly W 5339 Burdett R 5238 1790 Murray Maxwell T 4808 Fox W (o) 3516 Henry Hunt R 84 Hood m 3217 Douglas Kinnaird R 65 John Horne Tooke R 1679 Major John Cartwright R 23 1796 1819 (by-election) Fox W (o) 5160 George Lamb W 4465 Alan Gardner m 4814 John Cam Hobhouse R 3861 Tooke R 2819 Cartwright R 38 1802 1820 Fox W (o) 2671 Burdett R 5327 Alan Gardner m 2431 Hobhouse R 4882 John Graham R 1693 Lamb W 4436 1806 (by-election) nc 1826 nc Earl Percy m Burdett R 1806 Hobhouse R Sir Samuel Hood m 5478 1830 nc Richard Sheridan W (m) 4758 Burdett R James Paull R 4481 Hobhouse R

255 256 Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891

1831 nc 1857 Burdett R Evans L nc Hobhouse R Shelley L nc 1832 (by-election) 1859 Hobhouse L nc Evans L nc 1832 Shelley L nc Burdett L 3248 1865 Hobhouse L 3217 R. W. Grosvenor L 4534 Col. DeLacy Evans R 1096 John Stuart Mill L 4525 1833 (April by-election) W. H. Smith C 3824 Hobhouse L nc 1868 1833 (May by-election) Smith C 7648 Evans R 2027 Grosvenor L 6584 Hobhouse L 1835 Mill L 6284 Bickham Escott C 738 1874 1835 Smith C 9371 Burdett L 2747 Sir Charles Russell C 8681 Evans R 2588 Sir T. F. Buxton L 3749 Sir T. J. Cochrane C 1528 Sir W. J. Codrington L 3435 1837 (by-election) 1880 Burdett C 3567 Smith C 9093 John Temple Leader L 3052 Russell C 8930 1837 John Morley L 6564 Leader L 3793 Sir A. Hobhouse L 6443 Evans L 3715 Sir George Murray C 2620 1882 (by-election) nc Lord Algernon Percy C 1841 H. J. Rous C 3338 1885 Leader L 3281 W. A. B. Burdett-Coutts C 3991 Evans L 3258 Prof. E. S. Beesly L 1736 1846 (by-election) 1886 nc Evans L 3843 Burdett-Coutts C Rous C 2906 St. George, Hanover Square 1847 Evans L 3139 1885 Charles Lushington L 2831 Lord Algernon Percy C 5256 Charles Cochrane R 2810 Sir W. G. F. Phillimore L 2503 Viscount Mandeville C 1985 1886 nc 1852 Percy C Sir J. V. Shelley L 4199 Evans L 3756 1887 (by-election) Viscount Maidstone C 3373 Rt. Hon. G. J. Goschen LU 5702 William Coningham R 1716 J. Haysman L 1812 Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891 257

Strand 1885 1891 (by-election) W. H. Smith C 5645 W. F. D. Smith C 4952 E. G. Johnson L 2486 Dr. R. S. Gutteridge L 1946 1886 Smith C 5034 J. E. H. Skinner L 1508 Abbreviations: WWhig TTory R radical m ministerialist o opposition CConservative LU Liberal Unionist nc no contest Sources: Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847,2nd edn., ed. F. W. S. Craig (1844–50; 1973); McCalmont’s Parliamentary Poll Book,8th edn., eds. John Vincent and Michael Stenton (1879; Brighton, 1971). Notes

Commencement: The Boundaries of Politics

1 For the thorny debate on the meaning of political culture seeR.P.Formisano, ‘The Concept of Political Culture’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (2001), 393–426; for electoral behaviour in Westminster during the first half of the era under consideration see E. Green, ‘Social Structure and Political Allegiance in Westminster, 1774–1820’, Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1992). 2 S. M. Lipset, ‘The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited’, American Sociolog- ical Review 59 (1994), 3 on the foundation of political culture for democracy; cf. P. Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994), intro., 178–9. 3 J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815– 1867 (Cambridge, 1993); F. O’Gorman, ‘The Culture of Elections in England: From the Glorious Revolution to the First World War, 1688–1914’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America (1996), 17–31; J. Lawrence, ‘The Culture of Elections in Modern Britain’, History 95 (2011), 459–76. 4 [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business-like Men of Westminster (1847), 6. 5 J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, ‘Introduction: Electoral Sociology and the Histo- rians’, in id., Party, State and Society: Electoral Behavior in Britain since 1820 (1997), 1–26; M. Roberts, Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), ch. 7. 6 ‘Middling’ includes manufacturing, retail, handicraft, capitalists and professionals. Table 0.2 is a unique snapshot, for no other census provided this level of detail. For the social stability of the West End between the 1790s and 1890s see H. Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections, 1885–1910 (1967), 31, 35–6; P. J. Atkins, ‘The Spatial Configuration of Class Solidarity in London’s West End 1792–1939’, Urban History 17 (1990), 36–65; L. D. Schwartz, ‘Hanoverian London: The Making of a Service Town’, Proceedings of the British Academy 107 (2001), 93–110. 7 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, f. 784; Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784, Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office; cf. PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9. 8 Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1841; PlaP, 35150, fos. 144, 255–8; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 343; PP 1831–2, Number of Ratepayers, xliv. 90–1, 94–5; PP 1844, Registered Electors, xxxviii. 427; PP 1847, Non-Payment of Assessed Taxes, xlvi. 333. 9 88.8 per cent of Westminster MPs fell into the first three categories, compared with only 27.8 per cent of the 5034 eighteenth-century MPs: G. P. Judd, Members of Parliament, 1734–1832 (New Haven, 1955), 31.

258 Notes 259

10 In 1806 Arthur Morris purchased the office from his predecessor for £4000, and paid the dean and chapter a one–time fee of £2000 and £150 per annum: PP 1810–11, Report from Committee on the Office of High Bailiff of Westminster, ii. 349–50 and PP 1833, Municipal and Parochial Affairs of the City of Westminster, xxxi. 342. 11 London Courant, 7 Sep. 1780; Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, fos. 413–14; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 867–74; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 32, 35; London Chronicle, 18 Nov. 1806; Courier, 14 May 1807; Proceedings in an Action brought by Arthur Morris against Sir Francis Burdett in the Court of King’s Bench (1811), 5; Morning Chronicle, 23 June 1818; PlaP, 27843, f. 393. 12 Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortescue (1928), iii. 132, 138; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 872–4, 925–7, and see also 861, 894–5; WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth and Simon Stephenson, Acc. 36/144 and E/3349; BrP 56540, f. 56. 13 WAC, E/2422, fos. 179–80; Vestry of St. Margaret and St. John, Special and Annual Report, with notes on local government in Westminster (1889), 172–7; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 13–14. 14 See Robinson Papers, BL Add. MS 37835, f. 171; Morning Chronicle,13 Sep. 1780, 22, 26 July 1788; Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1966), i. 57; cf. T. Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain (1792), ii. 254–77; St. James’s Chronicle, 19 Feb. 1846; HO 42/13, fos. 114–25; L. Namier and J. Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90 (1964), i. 336. 15 See Foxite pamphlets and Burdettite placard in NA, TS 24/3/1–2 and TS 24/8/1; Namier and Brooke, House of Commons 1754–90, ii. 261; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/148, f. 21; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 63–4; S. Koss, TheRiseandFallofthe Political Press in Britain,i:The Nineteenth Century (1981), ch. 2. 16 Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784. 17 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/135, f. 77; Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 261, 265–71; HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), viii. 414, 417; Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1806, and 25, 30 June and 2 July 1818; PlaP, 27841, f. 124; [A. Buller], ‘Bribery and Intimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 505. 18 A. Ribeiro (ed.), Letters of Dr. Charles Burney (Oxford, 1991), i. 412; Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 562; T. D. Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 326–8; Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784, Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office, London. 19 PlaP, 27849, fos. 163–4; see also Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge 1972), 221–2. 20 L. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 2nd edn. (1965), 85–6. 21 Earl Grey, Parliamentary Government Considered with Reference to Reform,2nd edn. (1864), 164; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons, 3rd edn. (1842), ii. 505; W. Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster: The Election of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3 (1970), 194; Letters to Lord G. William Russell (1919), iii. 222; Russell Papers, NA 30/22, f. 3; Ellice Papers, National Library of Scotland, MS 15028, f. 53; Chadwick Papers, University College London, f. 83. 22 Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 256. 260 Notes

23 L. Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714–1760 (1982), 101, 161, 173, 258. 24 PlaP 27849, fos. 100, 102. 25 Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 255–6, 261. 26 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 28 Apr. 1784; PR 17 (1810), 874. 27 PlaP 27845, f. 72. 28 For 1819 see Scrope Berdmore Davies Papers, BL Loan 70, i. 31; Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth,eds.M.MoormanandA.G.Hill(Oxford, 1967–79), iii. 537; Charles Churchill diary, GL, MS 5762, vol. i; F. Shelley, Diary of Francis Lady Shelly 1818–1873 (1913), ii. 28–31. 29 Qtd HWE, 215; see also [J. L. Elliot] A Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Conservative (1847), 67. 30 [J. Allen], ‘Annual Parliaments and Universal Suffrage’, ER 28 (March 1817), 126. 31 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of the Right Honourable W. H. Smith (Edinburgh, 1893) i. 117. 32 J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700–1832, 2nd edn. (1992), 233; see also G. T. Keppel, Earl of Albemare, FiftyYearsofMyLife(1876), i. 318. 33 In the London Courant of 8 Sep. 1780 the Westminster election was the first news item of the day and took up almost all the 3rd page. 34 Vernon, Politics and the People and J. Lawrence, Speaking for the People represent the two alternatives. In part their contradictory arguments depend on locale (Wolverhampton versus Oldham)—suggesting because variation based on place looms so large in understanding electoral politics in nineteenth-century Britain a grass roots rather than a constitutional approach is preferable, if for no other reason than to consider the parallel debate regarding popular culture, for which see R. W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society (Cambridge, 1973) and A. P. Donajgradzki (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain (1977). 35 Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832.

1 Stories: Whig, Radical and Tory Westminster, 1780–1890

1 Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865; M. C. Tyler, Glimpses of England (1898), 17–21; The Times, 21 May 1906. 2W.Jeans,Parliamentary Reminiscences (1912), 24; Morning Star, 11 July 1865. 3 Daily Telegraph and Guardian, 12 July and Daily News, 13 July 1865; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 736–7. 4 The Works of John Jebb, ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 148; H. Walpole, Journal of the Reign of King George III, ed. J. Doran (1859), ii. 364; Memorials and Correspon- dence of Charles James Fox, ed. Lord J. Russell (1853–7), i. 241; Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 16. 5 Wyvill Papers, North Yorkshire R.O., ZFW 7/2/14, fos. 1–4; Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47850, f. 65. 6 T. Oldﬁeld, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain (1792), ii. 256; H. Butterﬁeld, George III, Lord North and the People (1949), 227. Notes 261

7 L. Namier and J. Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90 (1964), i. 337. 8 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 257. 9 PlaP, 27849, fos. 106–7. 10 PlaP, 27849, f. 108; Oldﬁeld, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 256–7; E. A. Smith, Lord Grey, 1764–1845 (Oxford, 1990), 47; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), 34–5. 11 Rodney Papers, NA 30/20/20/4, fos. 71–8; Alfred Morrison Collection, BL Add. MS 39779, fos. 104, 110; Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771–82, ed. G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen (1933), iii. 221–3; HMC, Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs Stopford–Sackville (1904–10), ii. 172. 12 Liverpool Papers, BL Add. MSS 38214, fos. 155, 160, 38507, f. 208; London Courant, 22 Sep. 1780. 13 London Courant, 8 Sep. 1780; Fox and Rodney. To the Worthy Electors of Westminster. Sept. 12, 1780 [1780], BL shelfmark 1850.c.10. (140); ANew Song [1780], Place Coll., set 13, f. 33. 14 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 258. 15 Rodney Papers, NA 30/20/20/3, fos. 80–5. 16 Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add MS 38594, f. 5; Parliamen- tary Papers of John Robinson, 1774–1784, ed. W. T. Laprade (1922), 32–3; HMC, Manuscripts of the Earl of Carlisle, 15th Report (1897), app. vi. 445; Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortescue (1928), v. 466; London Courant, 22 Sep. 1780. 17 Correspondence of King George the Third, vi. 37, 39; Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood (Viscount Hood), ed. D. Hannay (1895), 155; Morning Chronicle,10 Apr. 1784. 18 Wyvill Papers, North Yorkshire RO, ZFW 7/2/3, f. 2; [C. Wray], Letter to the Independent Electors of Westminster, 3rd edn. (1784), 11–12, 15; Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall, ed. H. B. Wheatley (1884), iii. 80. 19 A. Stephens, Memoirs of John Horne Tooke (1813), ii. 50–1; Morning Chron- icle, 1 Apr. 1784 and 17 July 1788; PlaP, 27849 fos. 52, 110, 27838, fos. 2–3; [Wray], Letter to Independent Electors, 18–21; E. Black, The Associa- tion: British Extraparliamentary Political Organization, 1769–1793 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 112–15, 201–2. 20 Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, fos. 396–401, 411–12; Earl Stanhope, Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt (1861–2), i. 209; Morning Chronicle, 13 Apr. 1784; Hood, HOO/2, f. 134. 21 Stanhope, Life of Pitt, i. 209. Partisanship intersected personality, suggested across the 92 satirical prints generated by the election. 22 London Chronicle, 3, 12 June 1784; Correspondence between the Right Hon. William Pitt and Charles, Duke of Rutland, intro. Duke of Rutland (1890), 14–15; HMC, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland, 14th Report, App. i (1888–94), iii. 102; J. Ehrman, Younger Pitt (1969–96), i. 222. 23 London Chronicle, 15 June 1784; Hood, HOO/2, f. 135; Letters of George Dempster to Sir Adam Fergusson, ed. J. Fergusson (1934), 134; Rutland Manuscripts, iii. 126; Wraxall, Posthumous Memoirs, i. 238; Thoughts on the Merits of the Westminster Scrutiny [1784], 32–3. 24 London Chronicle, 17, 19 June 1784; Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, f. 396. 262 Notes

25 Annual Register 28 (1786), 204; Morning Chronicle, 17, 25 July 1788; Westminster Catechism [1788]. 26 Journals of the House of Commons (1789), xliv. 125, 518–19; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, esp. fos. 791v, 872–4, 932–42; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 29–36. 27 Later Correspondence of George III,i.52n.3;The Times, 26, 31 Mar. 1790. 28 Hood, HOO/2, f. 188. 29 Rose Papers, BL Add. MS 42772, f. 8; G. Pellow, Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. Henry Addington, ﬁrst Viscount Sidmouth (1847), i. 55–6; Corre- spondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge, 1958–78), v. 407, 413; W. Eden, Journal and Correspondence of William, Lord Auckland, ed. Bishop of Bath and Wells (1860–20), ii. 222–3; Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Memoirs of the Court and Cabinets of George III (1853–4), i. 414; Morning Post, 5 July and Morning Chronicle, 19 July and 5 Aug. 1788. 30 Burke, Correspondence, v. 413–14 and n. 2; Laprade, Robinson Papers, 130–1; D. Ginter, Whig Organization at the Election of 1790 (1967, 135–6; Corre- spondence of George, Prince of Wales, 1770–1812, ed. A. Aspinall (Oxford, 1963–71), i. 509–10 and n. 1. 31 The Times, 31 Mar. and London Chronicle, 1 Apr. 1790; Stanhope, Life of Pitt, ii. 52–3. 32 London Chronicle and Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; J. H. Tooke, Proceedings in an Action for Debt (1792), 17; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 84 ff.; Oldﬁeld, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 259–60; Wilkes Papers, BL Add. MS 30877, f. 98. 33 Tooke, Two Pairs of Portraits, Presented ...especially to the Electors of Westminster (1788), 1–25; Two Pair of Portraits (BMC 9270, by J. Gillray, 1 Dec. 1798); The Times, 13 Aug. 1790; Mitchell, Fox, 22; C. Bewley and D. Bewley, Gentleman Radical: A Life of John Horne Tooke 1736–1812 (1998), 82–9. 34 W. H. Reid, Memoirs of the Public Life of John Horne Tooke (1812), 44. 35 Journals of the House of Commons (1790), xlvi. 45 and xlvii. 687; Trial of George Rose (1791); Ehrman, Younger Pitt, ii. 108–9. 36 Burke, Correspondence, ix. 43, 79. 37 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, iii. 67, 135–6, 149; Mitchell, Fox, 151; R. E. Willis, ‘An Handful of Violent People: The Nature of the Foxite Opposition, 1794–1801’, Albion 8 (1976), 241. 38 Correspondence of King George the Third,vandLater Correspondence of George III, for the elections of 1780, 1784 and 1788. Absence of correspondence for the 1790 election reveals the effect of the agreement to avoid a contest by dividing the representation. 39 T. Dolby, Memoirs (1827), 95, 108. 40 Annual Register 44 (1802), 184. 41 Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price (Oxford, 1966), ii. 305; J. B. Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox (1811), 507; Courier, 7 July 1802; Picture of Parliament (1802), 80–3. 42 C. Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections, 2nd edn. (1858), i. 35; Sheridan Letters, ii. 275–6; Creevy’s Life and Times, ed. J. Gore (1934), 31; The Times, 20 Oct. 1806; C. A. Clayton, ‘The Political Career of Richard Brinsley Sheridan’, D. Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1993), 116–18; F. O’Toole, A Traitor’s Kiss: The Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1997), 396. Notes 263

43 PlaP, 27850, f. 12; PR 10 (1806), 657–60. 44 PR 10 (1806), 550–3; Westminster Journal, 20 Sep. and 4 Oct. 1806; London Chronicle, 27 Sep. and 4 Oct. 1806. 45 ‘Pitts, Grenvilles and Foxes are all alike’: PR 10 (1806), 229. In the ministry Grenville was both auditor of the Exchequer and ﬁrst Lord of the Treasury, which meant he received an additional income to audit his own accounts: P. Spence, Birth of Romantic Radicalism: War, Popular Politics, and English Radical Reformism, 1800–1815 (Aldershot, 1996), 34. 46 Watkins, Sheridan, 66–7; PlaP, 27849, f. 52; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51544, fos. 44–5; Life and Literary Pursuits of Allen Davenport, ed. M. Chase (Aldershot, 1994), 47–8. 47 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 143. 48 HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), viii. 400, 426–8, 430; Sheridan, Letters, ii. 305. 49 London Chronicle and Morning Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806; Dropmore Papers, viii. 430; Holland, Memoirs, ii. 65–6; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 156. 50 Morning Chronicle,19Nov.andCourier, 27 Nov. 1806; PP 1806–7, Petition of James Paul, iii, esp. 426–9, 454, 457, 476–7, 480; Clayton, ‘Political Career of Sheridan’, 145; M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man’, in J. Morwood and D. Crane (eds.), Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 164. 51 PR 10 (1806), 833–42; Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections, i. 86; Baer, ‘Ruin of a Public Man’, 162–4, esp. plates 11–12. 52 Courier, 8 Oct. 1806; PlaP, 27850, fos. 19–20. 53 C. Wyvill, Political Papers (1794–1802), iv. 515; PlaP, 27838, f. 3; T. Hardy, Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832), 89–90, 107, 109; Westminster Election, 1807 [1807], 2; I. Prothero, Radical Artisans in England and France, 1830–1870 (Cambridge, 1997), 16, 19. 54 J. Paull, A Refutation of the calumnies of John Horne Tooke (1807), 17–19, 69–71. Contrary to Frank O’Gorman, this Westminster Committee was not the same as the earlier Foxite organization with the same name; Vot- ers, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electorate of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989), 71. 55 PlaP, 27838, f. 18. 56 J. R. Dinwiddy, ‘Sir Francis Burdett and Burdettite Radicalism’, History 65 (1980), 17–31; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 233, 306–8; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 61, f. 60; WAC, A. M. Broadley Coll., Some Social, Political and Literary Landmarks of Bath and Piccadilly, 1711–1911, iii., f. 25. 57 PlaP, 27836, f. 18; Independent Whig, 24 May 1807. 58 Lord Cochrane, Autobiography of a Seaman (1860), i. 215–19; T. Jenks, Naval Engagements: Patriotism, Cultural Politics, and the Royal Navy 1793–1815 (Oxford, 2006), ch. 5. 59 PlaP, 27836, f. 19; [J. C. Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 6–10. 60 PlaP, 27850, f. 76; Hone, For the Cause of Truth, 152. 61 PlaP, 27850, f. 79, 27838, fos. 20–1. 62 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. d. 216, f. 324. 63 Brougham Papers, University College London, 35902. 264 Notes

64 Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, ed. F. D. Cartwright (1826), ii. 126; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons (1840), ii. 506–7; Dropmore Papers, x. 429; Morning Chronicle, 6 July 1818; PlaP, 27849, fos. 36v– 37; Scrope Berdmore Davies Papers, BL Loan 70, ii., fos. 68–9; GL, MS 20334, f. 26; BrP, 47235, f. 21. 65 PlaP, 27841, fos. 188, 260, 389; Morning Post, 15, 19 June, Morning Chroni- cle, 18, 24 June and 1 July 1818; PR 33 (1818), 328–54; Romilly, Memoirs, ii. 508. 66 Impartial Statement of All The Proceedings Connected with the Progress and Result of the Late Elections (1818), 368; PlaP, 27841, f. 270; Life and Correspondence of Cartwright, ii. 145–6. 67 G. Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, 1771–1854 (1898), 130–1. 68 Cowper Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, D/ED F427, f. 12; BrP, 47224, fos. 57, 60, 47226, f. 32; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51667, f. 39; Brougham Papers, University College, London, BL 344; [F. Place], Reply to Lord Erskine By An Elector of Westminster (1819), 3; Lord Brougham, Life and Times (Edinburgh, 1871), ii. 340–1; C. Greville, Greville Memoirs, ed. H. Reese (1888), i. 17. 69 [14 Feb.] 1819, Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51666. 70 PlaP, 27838, fos. 4, 9, 19; Morning Chronicle, 23, 30 June 1818; WAC, E3349/3, fos.1,6;H.White,Letter Addressed to Sir Francis Burdett on His Past and Present Conduct (1819); Westminster Election, 1820 (1820), 7; Joseph Parkes Papers, University College, London, 39; E. Green, ‘Social Structure and Political Allegiance in Westminster, 1774–1820’, Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1992), 331. 71 PlaP, 27843, f. 29; Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election ...1819 (1819), 326. 72 Reform of Parliament [1819]; [Place], Reply to Lord Erskine,3–7. 73 Triﬂing Mistake of Lord Erskine Corrected (1819), 49. 74 BrP, 36458, f. 191; PlaP, 27843, fos. 9, 11, 82; The Times, 21 Dec. 1819; Black Dwarf, 16 Feb., 29 Mar. and Courier, 27 Mar. 1820; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 6; A. Aspinall, Lord Brougham and the Whig Party (1927), 279; R. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (1973), 79. 75 Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al. (1968– ), ix. 413; PlaP, 27843, fols. 9 ff.; BrP, 56540, fos. 59, 67; WAC, E3349/6, fos. 1–54; Tables Shewing the progressive state of the poll for ...Westminster (1820); Reform in Parliament. Westminster Election [1820]. 76 Morning Chronicle, 27 Mar. 1820; PlaP, 27838, f. 4. 77 PlaP, 27838, f. 20; Westminster Election of 1819, 49. 78 Morning Chronicle, 28 June 1841; Lord W. Russell, Letters to Lord G. William Russell from Various Writers, 1817–1845 (1915–19), iii. 214; J. M. Main, ‘Radical Westminster, 1807–20’, Historical Studies 12 (1966)’, 198–200; B. Weinstein, ‘Shopkeepers and Gentlemen: The Liberal Politics of Early- Victorian London’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Cambridge, 2006), 35 and n. 19. 79 PlaP, 27838, f. 4; 27841, fos. 18, 131, 243; 27842, fos. 135, 348; 27843, fos. 63, 219, 224–5, 228, 375; 27847, fos. 10–11; BrP, 56541, f. 9. 80 J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iii. 173, 260 and iv. 28; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Notes 265

Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 69, 80, 319–20; Main, ‘Radical Westminster’, 203; Zegger, Hobhouse, 96–100, 105, 187. 81 Morning Post, 26 June, 3, 7 July 1818; M. Roberts, The Whig Party, 1807–1812 (New York, 1965), 208, 243–5; Wallas, Place, 134 n. 2; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 52178, fos. 168–9, 172; [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary Reform’, ER 20 (1812), 140. 82 BrP, 47226, f. 142; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 228. 83 PlaP, 27850, fos. 236, 241, 27837, f. 146. 84 PlaP, 35148, f. 369. 85 F. Place, Letter to the Electors of Westminster (1832), 15; PlaP, 27844, fos. 47, 49 and 54v, 27850, f. 214; Zegger, Hobhouse, 92–7, 204–6, 286–8; D. Rapp, ‘The Left-Wing Whigs: Whitbread, The Mountain and Reform, 1809–1815’, JBS 21 (1982), 48. 86 PlaP, 27844, f. 22; Place, Letter to Electors of Westminster,3;Hobhouse, Recollections, v. 259. 87 Morning Chronicle, 12 May 1832. 88 A. Aspinall, Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries (1952), 286; M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and his times (1770–1844) (1931), ii. 615; Zegger, Hobhouse, 200–2; E. M. Spiers, Radical General: Sir George de Lacy Evans, 1787–1870 (Manchester, 1983), 50–2. 89 Hobhouse, Recollections, iv. 264. 90 Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. W. S. Dowden (1984), iv. 1523–4; T. Raikes, Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes (1856–8), i. 232–3; The Times,9 Dec. 1835. 91 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, fos. 218–19, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 95, f. 115; Morning Post, 5 Jan. 1835. 92 PlaP, 35150, f. 140v; Raikes, Journal, ii. 27; Sinclair of Ulbster MSS, National Archives of Scotland, x, f. 62; The Times, 2 May and St. James’s Chronicle, 9 May 1837. 93 Real Reformers canvassing for Sir F——s B——tt (JJC Political Cartoons 3 (179), by BH [May 1837]); Letters to Lord G. William Russell, iii. 214; Hobhouse, Recollections, v. 70–1; G. Huxley, Lady Elizabeth and the Grosvenors (Oxford, 1965), 74. 94 W. F. Monypenny and G. E. Buckle, Life of Benjamin Disraeli (1910–20), i. 367, 370; John Bull,30Apr.andSt. James’s Chronicle, 13 May 1837; Greville Memoirs, iii. 406. 95 Brougham, Life and Times, ii. 198. 96 Morning Chronicle, 14, 19, 22, 26, 29, 30 June and The Times, 26, 29 July 1841, 12 Feb 1842; Fraser’s Magazine 18 (1838), 632, 20 (1838), 637, and 22 (1840), 628; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40496, f. 84; N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel (1953), 366; Spiers, Radical General, 125–7. 97 Peel Papers, BL Add. MSS 40524, fos. 262 and 265, 40570, f. 171 and 40583, f. 229; C. S. Parker (ed.) Sir Robert Peel from His Private Papers (1899; 1970), iii. 334; Morning Chronicle,12Feb.,The Times,20Feb.andIllustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846; Spiers, Radical General, 117–20. 98 Mill, CW, xxviii. 25. 99 Morning Post, 6 May 1833; The Times, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle,1July 1841; Westminster Elector [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business-like Men of Westminster (1847), 5; Morning Herald, 12 July 1865. 266 Notes

100 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 195; PlaP, 35150, fos. 147–8; John Bull, 30 Apr. 1837; Examiner, 2, 16 July 1837; J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1868), i. 64 and ii., p. xiii; Westminster Reform Society [late 1830s] and Westminster Reform Society [c.1846], JJC, Elections, London; Morning Chronicle, 18 June 1841; The Times, 20 Sep. 1842, 13 Mar. 1852; Illustrated London News, 20 Sep. 1856; To the Electors of Westminster (1847), WAC, B 137 (37). 101 Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster’, 187. 102 [Cochrane], Address to Westminster,5. 103 [J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election, 1865 (1865), 2. 104 Guardian, 10 Mar., Morning Advertiser, 24 June, The Times 3, 8 July, and Daily News and Northern Star, 10 July 1852; Spiers, Radical General, 139–42; PP 1860, Election Expenses, lvi. 167. 105 Morning Chronicle, 14, 16 Mar. 1857; Layard Papers, BL Add MS 38986, f. 105; The Times, 9, 23 Apr. 1859. 106 [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 3, 10, 19; The Times, 27 May 1865; Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868; Diprose, St. Clement Danes, i. 63, 65; F. M. Leventhal, Respectable Radical: George Howell and Victorian Working Class Politics (1971), 104. 107 To the Members of the Westminster Liberal Registration Society (1865), JJC, Elec- tions, London; HP, B, f. 56; Daily News, 30 May, 2 June 1865; Mill, CW,xvi. 1072. 108 The Times, 14–15 Feb. and Daily News, 8 Apr. 1865; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 4; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 18; Mill, CW, xvi. 1005–6. 109 HP, PS1, fos. 11, 56. 110 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of William Henry Smith, (1893), i. 123 states Smith stood as a pro-Palmerston independent; H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli (1959), 225–6 and R. Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (New York, 1970), 111 assert Smith stood as a Palmerstonian Liberal. See also J. Belchem, Class, Party and the Political System in Britain 1867–1914 (Oxford, 1990), 18 and ODNB,l. 381–4, but cf. WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, fos. 204–33. 111 The Times, 4 Mar. 1865; Mill, CW, xvi. 1031, 1035, 1038; Chadwick Papers, University College London, f. 83; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 18; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election,4–5. 112 Mill, CW, i. 273–5; Mill–Taylor Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science, I/88, f. 212; Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 96. 113 Daily Telegraph, 24 Mar. 1865. 114 The Times, 14 Feb., 4 Mar. and Daily News, 8 Apr. 1865; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 4; Mill, CW, xvi. 1035, 1038. 115 John Bull, 15 Jul. 1865; Maxwell, Smith, i. 118; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 19–20. 116 Daily Telegraph,17Nov.andMorning Star, 21 Nov. 1868; City of Westminster Liberal Registration Society [1866] and Mr. John Stuart Mill and Mr. Bradlaugh [1868], JJC, Elections, London. 117 Mill, CW, xvi. 1487. Notes 267

118 Mill, CW, xvi. 1495–6, 1501–2, 1512–13, 1518–19 and xvii. 1541. 119 Economist, 29 Apr. 1865. For an example of such a collision see Mill, CW, xvi. 1410–12 and n. 2. 120 HP PS2, f. 64; for Smith’s ﬁnancial support see PS2, fos. 58, 68; PS3, fos. 88, 95, 119, 165, 171, 173, 189, 201. Positive results began appearing as early as the 1865 revision: The Times, 13 Oct. 1865. 121 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 806; A. Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868–1906 (Woodbridge, 2007), App. 2, Tables 2–5. 122 HP, PS2, fos. 57, 60. 123 HP, PS2, f. 88. 124 WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 4; HP, PS2, f. 169. 125 LWWMCA, Prospectus [1867]; HP, PS2, fos. 29–47, 66, 70; The Times,9 Nov. 1869; Maxwell, Smith, i. 70; Viscount Chilston, W. H . S m i t h (1965), 33. 126 Metropolitan Working-Men’s Conservative Association, Prospectus (1867); LWWMCA, First Annual Report (1868); Hanham, Elections and Party Manage- ment, 107. 127 Standard, 12 Nov. 1867; British Lion, 27 June 1868. 128 Metropolitan Working-Men’s Conservative Association, First Annual Report [1868]; M. Roberts, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain, 1832–1914’, PH 26 (2007), 405–6; M. Pugh, The Tories and the People, 1880–1935 (Oxford, 1985), 141. 129 Chelsea Times, 31 Jan. 1874; HP, PS2, f. 70; The Times, 15 Mar. 1880. 130 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44413, fos. 79–81; HP, PS2, f. 70; Spectator, 7 Nov. 1868; Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collec- tion, Letterbook 1868, fos. 29–30; Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868, 31 Jan. 1874; Broadhurst Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science, B/LRL, fos. 64, 72–3; The Times, 5 Mar. 1880, 16 Dec. 1882. 131 HP, PS3, fos. 1, 117; Maxwell, Smith, i. 248; Chelsea Times,31Jan.,7Feb.and The Times, 29 Jan. 1874. 132 PP 1874, Election Charges, liii. 1; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 913. 133 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, ques. 798; Maxwell, Smith,i. 247; William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, fos. 75v–76. 134 F. W. Hirst, Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), iii. 85; L. T. Hobhouse and J. L. L. Hammond, Lord Hobhouse: A Memoir (1905), 123; The Times, 15, 27 Mar. 1880; WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 18; PP 1880, Election Charges, lvii. 1. 135 WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 14; The Times, 15, 22, 27 Mar. 1880; Pall Mall Gazette, 25 Nov. 1885; cf. K. Rix, ‘ “The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections”? Reassessing the Impact of the 1883 Corrupt Practices Act’, EHR 123 (2008), 81. 136 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44255, f. 13; Hobhouse and Hammond, Lord Hobhouse, 122–3, 159–60. 137 The Times, 16 Mar. 1880, 8 Feb., 16 Dec. 1882, 12 Jan. 1883; Liberal and Radical Yearbook (1887), 46; P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London, 1885–1914 (1967), 94–5. 138 Harrowby MSS Trust, Sandon Hall, Series ii, vol. liv. 139 Pall Mall Gazette, 1 July 1886. 268 Notes

140 M. Millgate (ed.), Life and Work of Thomas Hardy (1989), 175. 141 M. Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (1963), 133–5; J. Garrard, Democratisation in Britain: Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (2002), 56, 82–3, 101. 142 Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 28 Nov. 1885. Over one third of Conserva- tive MPs returned for London seats had landed connections: Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 108–9. 143 R. S. Churchill and M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill (1966–99), v. 28; National Museum of Labour History, Labour History Archives and Study Centre, By- Election Report, 25 Mar. 1924, Labour Party National Executive Committee Minutes, LP/GS/NEC. 144 Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 226; below, ch. 7. John Morley’s suggestion, on which Hanham may have relied, that Mill was defeated in 1868 by ‘a coalition of true patricians, stuccoed patricians, and shopkeepers’, expressed an intellectual’s rage that ‘brains have been steadily ostracized’; ‘The Chamber of Mediocrity’, Fortnightly Review n.s. 4 (1868), 692. 145 HP, PS1, fos. 15–15A. For the sociological explanation see also Blake, Conser- vative Party, 111, and J. Cornford, ‘The Transformation of Conservatism in the Late Nineteenth Century’, VS 7 (1963), 36–7. 146 J. Phillips, The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour 1818–1841 (Oxford, 1992); E. Jaggard, ‘Small Town Politics in Mid-Victorian Britain’, History 89 (2004), 3–29; M. Roberts, Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), ch. 10. 147 M. Taylor, ‘Interest, Parties and the State: The Urban Electorate in England, c.1820–72’, in J. Lawrence and Taylor (eds.), Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820 (Aldershot, 1997), 50–77, F. O’Gorman, ‘The Electorate Before and After 1832’, PH 12 (1993), 171–83 and J. C. Mitchell, The Organization of Opinion: Open Voting in England, 1832–68 (Basingstoke, 2008), ch. 6. 148 Smith, Parliaments of England, 213–16; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 20. 149 Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, app. 2; A. D. Taylor, ‘Modes of Political Expression and Working Class Politics: The Manchester and London Examples, 1850–1880’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Manchester, 1992), 123.

2 Tribunes: The Personality of Democracy

1 Thoughts and Adventures (1932), 155. 2 Contemporaries rarely used the word tribune explicitly, although see C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924), 52; London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806; W. Cory, A Guide to Modern English History (New York, 1880–2), ii. 283. 3 G. Egerton, ‘Politics and Autobiography: Political Memoir as Polygenre’, Biography 15 (1992), 222, 232, 238. 4E.H.Carr,What is History? (New York, 1961), 55. Notes 269

5 Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall,ed.H.B. Wheatley (1884), ii. 18; M. D. George, English Political Caricature, 1793– 1832 (Oxford, 1959), i. 153; J. W. Derry, Charles James Fox (1972), 370, 380–1; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), 28, 159, 164, 186, 218. 6 Earl of Bessborough, Georgiana: Extracts from the Correspondence of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (1955), 98; Mitchell, Fox, 97. 7 Morning Chronicle, 5 Sep. 1780. 8 Mitchell, Fox, 25, 39. 9Derry,Fox, 26, 37; Mitchell, Fox, 5–6, 16–17. 10 Mitchell, Fox, 7, 44, 115; W. Thomas, ‘Lord Holland’, in H. Lloyd-Jones, V. Pearl and B. Worden (eds.), History and Imagination (1981), 297. 11 Lord Holland, his nephew, thought Fox had never favoured reform: BrP, 56540, f. 51. 12 Speeches of the Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox in the House of Commons, ed. J. Wright (1815), i. 14 and iv. 230–1. 13 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47572, f. 128; Later Correspondence of George III,ed. A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1962–70), ii. 581; J. R. Dinwiddy, ‘Charles James Fox and the People’, History 55 (1970), 343. 14 Derry, Fox, 20–2, 33, 44, 62–3, 95–8, 144, 211, 299. 15 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47573, f. 121, 47569, f. 192; Mitchell, Fox, 51; Derry, Fox, 187, 192–3, 206–10; B. Simms, ‘ “An Odd Question Enough”: Charles James Fox, the Crown and British Policy during the Hanoverian Crisis of 1806’, HJ 38 (1995), 592–3. 16 Morning Chronicle,15Sep.andSt. James’s Chronicle, 21 Sep. 1780; Correspon- dence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge, 1958–78), iv. 282–3. 17 Morning Chronicle, 7 Apr. 1780; Mitchell, Fox, 36–7; Derry, Fox, 143–4, 433. 18 Derry, Fox, 215–16. 19 J. Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox (1811), 508; Morning Chronicle, 7 July 1802. 20 H. Butterfield, ‘Sincerity and Insincerity in Charles James Fox’, Proceedings of the British Academy 57 (1971), 240–1, 26; Derry, Fox, 120. 21 Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 344, 347, 356. 22 Morning Chronicle, 2 July 1802. 23 P. J. Corfield, C. Harvey and E. M. Green, ‘Westminster Man: Charles James Fox and His Electorate, 1780–1806’, PH 20 (2001), 162; Derry, Fox, 106; Butterfield, ‘Sincerity’, 248. 24 Morning Herald, 8 Mar. and 8 Apr. 1783; Mitchell, Fox, 257 and Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party (1971), 52–3, 96–7; I. Christie, Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics, 1760–1785 (1962), 149. 25 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887), 66; Morning Her- ald, 14 Feb. 1784; Cumberland Letters, ed. C. Black (1912), 324–5; Full and Authentic Account ...Proceedings in Westminster-Hall ...14th Feb. 1784 (1784), 19; Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784, 17, 25 July 1788; Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; E. A. Smith, Lord Grey, 1764–1845 (Oxford, 1990), 46–7; A. Page, John Jebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism (2003), 251–2. 270 Notes

26 Letter from the Right Honourable Charles James Fox to the Worthy and Indepen- dent Electors of the City and Liberty of Westminster, 13th edn. (1793). 27 Morning Chronicle, 10 Nov. 1795. 28 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47565, f. 16, 47566, f. 5, Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51592, f. 1; L. Reid, Charles James Fox (1969), 380. 29 PlaP, MS 27849, fos. 129–35. 30 Morning Chronicle, 14 Feb. 1806; Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 343. 31 Mitchell, Fox, 153. 32 Mitchell, Fox, 144–5, 151; J. Epstein and D. Karr, ‘Playing at Revolution: British “Jacobin” Performance’, Journal of Modern History 79 (2007), 509. 33 For various interpretations see Corﬁeld, Harvey and Green, ‘Westminster Man’, 171; Mitchell, Fox, 152; Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 358. 34 Morning Chronicle, 10 Feb. 1819; R. Wells, Insurrection: The British Experi- ence, 1795–1803 (Gloucester, 1983), 67; R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse (Columbia, 1973), 71. 35 Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 358. 36 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 97, f. 123. 37 The Times, 21 Nov. 1835. 38 M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931), i. 34. 39 W. B. Stevens, Journal of the Rev. William Bagshaw Stevens, ed. G. Galbraith (Oxford, 1965), 273. 40 Ode to Sir Francis Burdett [1820], PlaP, 27843, f. 198. At least one Westminster Committee leader, Paul Thomas LeMaitre had been in Cold Bath Fields prison. 41 Parliamentary Debates 35 (1817), 650. 42 C. S. Hodlin, ‘The Political Career of Sir Francis Burdett’, D. Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1989), 15–24. 43 Parliamentary History 33 (1797), 681. 44 [J. C. Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 272–3. 45 Parliamentary Debates 23 (1812), 1265. 46 Creevey’s Life and Times, ed. J. Gore (1934), 20; cf. BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 97, f. 62; Patterson, Burdett, i. 174, 182–3, and ii. 483. 47 Lord Granville Leveson Gower. Private Correspondence 1781 to 1821, ed. Count- ess Granville (1916), ii. 224–5; London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806. 48 Patterson, Burdett, i. 187; cf. PR 10 (1806), 683 and Parliamentary Debates 18 (1810), 103–7. 49 Political Principles of Sir Francis Burdett Exposed (1810), 1–2; BP, MS Eng. hist. b. 200, fos. 207–8; cf. Grenville Papers, BL Add. MS 41856, f. 253. Burdett’s ﬁrst print appearance, Messager d’ Etat (BMC 9213, by J. Gillray, 21 May 1798) cast him as a Jacobin. 50 QtdR.G.Thorne(ed.),The House of Commons 1790–1820 (1986), iii. 312. 51 The Times, 30 May 1807. 52 Parliamentary Debates 14 (1809), 1041–56; Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, 84; J. Ehrman, The Younger Pitt (1969–96), ii. 109. 53 Brougham Papers, University College, London, 35902. 54 Exposition of the Circumstances Which Gave Rise to the Election of Sir Francis Burdett (1807), 25. 55 Correspondence of Leigh Hunt, ed. T. L. Hunt (1862), i. 63; PR 32 (1817), 753–5. Notes 271

56 Parliamentary Debates 38 (1818), 1118–49; T. D. Hardy (ed.), Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 323. 57 Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, 80, 187; M. H. R. Bonwick, ‘The Radicalism of Sir Francis Burdett (1770–1844), and Early Nineteenth Century “Radicalisms”’, Ph.D. thesis (Cornell University, 1967), 64–5. 58 Hardy, Langdale, i. 259; J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iv. 151; A. Aspinall, Lord Brougham and the Whig Party (Manchester, 1927), 74; Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party, 1807–21 (1905), 253–4. 59 Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1826. 60 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 469. 61 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 64, fos. 43–4; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 599. 62 As far back as 1810 Burdett had remarked, ‘I have no committee’; M. A. DeMorgan, Threescore Years and Ten, ed. Sophia DeMorgan (1895), 9. 63 Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51569, f. 1; PlaP, 27789, f. 342; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 614; Morning Chronicle,20Nov.andSpectator, 1 Dec. 1832. 64 Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830; Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832. 65 PlaP, 27850, fos. 88, 105–6, 35146, f. 84; D. LeMarchant, Memoir of John Charles Viscount Althorp third Earl Spencer (1876), 121; Hobhouse, Recollec- tions, iii. 186–7. 66 The Republican, 31 May 1822. 67 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 647. 68 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 94, f. 62. 69 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 242; A. Aspinall (ed.), Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries (1952), 328; PlaP, 35149, f. 328v. 70 Holland House Diaries, 1831–1840, ed. A. Kriegel (1977), 210; Greville Mem- oirs, ed. H. Reeve (1888), iii. 406; Croker Papers, ed. L. J. Jennings (1885), ii. 202–3, 211. 71 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 630. 72 The Tory Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [194], anon., May 1837). 73 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 644. 74 BP, Ms Eng lett c. 64, f. 40; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 648; Osborne Papers, BL Add. MS 46405, f. 71. 75 Speeches and letters of Sir Francis Burdett, Bart., M.P. or on his Behalf, during the Late Contest for the Representation of the City of Westminster in Parliament (1837), 8. 76 Mill, CW, xvi. 1234, 1493, 1506, 1530. 77 Mill, CW, i. 286. 78 R. Borchard, John Stuart Mill (1957), 139; see also B. L. Kinzer, A. P. Robson, andJ.M.Robson,A Moralist in and Out of Parliament: John Stuart Mill at Westminster, 1865–1868 (1992), 220. 79 Mill, CW, i. 288. 80 [W. D. Christie], ‘Mr. John Stuart Mill for Westminster’, MacMillan’s Maga- zine (1865), 94; Mill, CW, xxviii. 325. 81 Mill, CW, i. 61, and cf. 109–11. 82 Mill, CW, i. 73. 83 S. Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850–1930 (Oxford, 1991), 157; Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, chs. 1–3. 84 Mill, CW, i. 113–15; M. Packe, The Life of John Stuart Mill (1954), 346. 272 Notes

85 Packe, Mill, 446. 86 Mill, CW, i. 273. 87 In addition to Packe see, for example, Collini, Public Moralists, 124 and J. B. Ellery, John Stuart Mill (1964), 89–90. 88 Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 315; Mill, CW, i. 101, xxviii. 13–18; [J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election, 1865 (1865), 14; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 71 n. 171. 89 Economist, 29 Apr. 1865. 90 Mill, CW, i. 274, xvi. 1073. 91 [F. Place and W. Adams], To the Electors of Westminster [1807], 2–3; Morning Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1832; Patterson, Burdett, i. 194, 198; Daily News and other London papers for 21 Apr. 1865; Mill, CW, xvi. 1013–14; Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 41. 92 Packe, Mill, 449; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 736. 93 Mill, CW, i. 276, xxviii. 23. 94 See Mill, CW, 1062–3 and n. 4. 95 Mill, CW, i. 273, Kinzer, Robson, and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, ch. 2; W. Thomas, Mill (Oxford, 1985), 117–18. 96 Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, ed. R. E. Leader (1897), 307–8. 97 Cf. Mill, CW, i. 275 ff., xvii. 1514, 1534, 1542–3, 1697; Daily Telegraph,3 Nov. 1868; G. W. Smalley, London Letters (New York, 1891), i. 238–9. In one political cartoon Mill huddles with Bradlaugh and others about to be tossed overboard the ship Liberal:J.Proctor,Lightening the Ship, Judy, 30 Sep. 1868. 98 Mill, CW, i. 290; Packe, Mill, 473. The Autobiography segment that dis- cusses this episode is less than straightforward: Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 7–8 and n. 9, 278–9, 292. 99 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 15, though cf. 40 n. and 223. 100 The Times, 21 Nov. and 21 Dec. 1868; see also the correspondence between Bouverie and Mill published in several London newspapers in late October. 101 Mill, CW, i. 288–9. For the Eyre controversy see R. W. Kostal, A Jurisprudence of Power: Victorian Empire and the Role of Law (Oxford, 2005). 102 Mill, CW, xvi. 1495–7, 1501–2. 103 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament,ch.7. 104 The Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868; Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Hutzler Collection, i. f. 21, iii, f. 93; Will-o’-the-Wisp,12Sep.andThe Times, 21 Dec. 1868. 105 Mill, CW, xvi. 1512–13, xvii. 1541–2; West End News, 21 Nov. 1868; HP, PS2, f. 73; The Tomahawk (5 Dec. 1868), 247. 106 Mill, ‘On Democracy’ (1835) and ‘On the Electoral Franchise’ (1859), in J. M. Robson (ed.), John Stuart Mill: A Selection of His Works (New York, 1966), 453–61; Considerations on Representative Government (1861), CW, xix. 471, 499, 507; J. Gibbins, ‘J. S. Mill, Liberalism, and Progress’, in R. Bellamy (ed.) Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth Century Political Thought and Practice (1990), 105; P. Smart, ‘Mill and Nationalism. National Character, Social Progress and the Spirit of Achievement’, History of European Ideas 15 (1992), Notes 273

527; B. L. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations (New York, 2007), ch. 7. 107 West End News, 19 Dec. 1868 and Saint Paul’s (1869), 412. 108 Mill, CW, xxviii. 176–86. 109 Mill, CW, xvi. 1085. 110 HP, PS2, fos. 2, 6, 60–1, PS3, f. 155; H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli (1959), 107–8. 111 HP, PS2, fos. 29, 66. 112 J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1868–76), ii. 248. 113 Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868; R. H. Williams (ed.), Salisbury–Balfour Correspon- dence (Ware, 1988), p. xx; Maxwell, Smith, i. 3, ii. 278–9 n; The Times,30 Nov. 1877; Diary of Gathorne Hardy, later Lord Cranbrook, 1866–1892,ed.N.E. Johnson (Oxford, 1981), 810; R. Temple, Life in Parliament (1893), 129, 179, 377. 114 Maxwell, Smith, i. 114–16. Maxwell has Smith in 1864 (the year before the election) telling the Liberal Edward Lawson of the Daily Telegraph that he was the Conservative candidate for Westminster. Neither date nor label make sense in the context of Maxwell’s story, which includes an Apr. 1865 letter from Smith to Col. Taylor, the Conservative Whip, stating ‘I am not a member of the Conservative party as such’ (Maxwell, Smith, i. 122 n. 1) and Smith’s election address of the same month in which Smith states his can- didacy is intended to give the ‘more moderate or Conservative [perhaps he meant conservative as a synonym for moderate] portion of the constituency an opportunity of marking their disapproval of the extreme political doctrines which have been avowed by the Candidates already in the ﬁeld’: Maxwell, Smith, i. 123. 115 Viscount Chilston, W. H . S m i t h (1965), 49; HP, PS1, f. 1; A. West, Recollections 1832–1886 (1899), 235. 116 Maxwell, Smith, i. 309–10. 117 C. Wilson, First with the News: The History of W. H. Smith, 1792–1972 (1985), 153–4. 118 HP, B, f. 56. 119 Maxwell ‘had a charming, if too facile pen, but such remarkable versatility precluded deep research’; ODNB, xxxvii. 502. 120 HP, B, f. 56, PS 1, fos. 1, 11, 56. 121 Daily News, 14 June 1865; Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 54; London Chronicle, 15 July 1788; Morning Chronicle,6 Nov. 1806; The Times, 25 Apr. 1837, 29 Jan. 1846, 24 July 1847; Pall Mall Gazette, 30, 31 Jan. 1874. 122 Chilston, Smith, 50. 123 When Viscount Maidstone ‘wisely put the question of his success upon the intelligible issue of support to the general principles of the Earl of Derby’s Government’: John Bull, 3 July 1852. Yet, on 30 June Maidstone said he would support Derby, ‘but not in servile manner’: The Times,1July 1852. 124 Bodleian Library, Oxford, Dep. Hughenden 143/1, fols. 41–2. 125 The second Liberal candidate, Robert Grosvenor, declared repeatedly he sought election ‘independent of all parties or sections, and, if elected, would not be the delegate of any, but the representative of all’: Mill, CW, 274 Notes

xxviii. 31–40; The Times, 18 Feb., 9 Mar., Morning Star,29Mar.andMorning Advertiser, 3 June 1865. 126 Daily News, 6, 14 June 1865. Prior to the 2nd reform act Smith told his friend and solicitor William Ford that he favoured extending the suffrage: Chilston, Smith, 56. 127 HP, PS1, fos. 11, 34; Diary of Gathorne Hardy, 85. 128 Maxwell, Smith, i. 136; S. M. Ellis (ed.), Hardman Papers (New York, 1930), 33. 129 HP, PS2, f. 155; Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; cf. Lord G. Hamilton, Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reﬂections, 1868 to 1885 (1916), 252–3. 130 Chilston, Smith, 269; Maxwell, Smith,i.,ch1,passim;J.P.Parry,Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party 1867–1875 (Cambridge, 1986), 313–14. 131 Maxwell, Smith, i. 136. 132 The London and North-Western: Maxwell, Smith, ii. 44. 133 Smith also spent £450,000 on land purchases in Suffolk and Devonshire between 1876 and 1891: Maxwell, Smith, ii. 138. 134 Maxwell, Smith, ii. 246; M. Bentley, Lord Salisbury’s World (Cambridge, 2001), 71, 86. 135 Smith spent a good deal of his own money to accomplish this: see HP, PS2 and PS3, passim. 136 HP, PS2, fos. 29–47, PS3, fos. 54, 97; British Lion, 27 June 1868; Maxwell, Smith, i. ch 3; Chilston, Smith, 62, 69. 137 Exercises, Political and Others (1842), iv. 199. 138 Mill, CW, xvi. 1063 n. 4. 139 BrP, 36463, fos. 69–70; PlaP, 35148, f. 5. 140 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 6; PlaP, 27843, fos. 9v–10; Daily News, 12 Feb. 1865. 141 Earl of Bessborough, Lady Bessborough and Her Family Circle (1940), 90–1. 142 National Maritime Museum, Papers of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, F/41/67. 143 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, C/D, f. 3; Smalley, London Letters, i. 238–9; W. White, The Inner Life of the House of Commons (1897), ii. 31–3. 144 Qtd M. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (1992), 195. 145 Burke, Correspondence, v. 134; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 42–3. 146 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 189. The Cast-Off Cloak (BMC 17304, by J. Doyle [HB], 22 Nov. 1832), published three weeks before the 1832 contest and six months prior to the by-election contextualizes this problem. While Hobhouse trades his radical credentials for a cabinet position, Burdett reminds him he is about to face the Westminster electorate, warning, ‘You may ﬁnd the atmosphere rather cool in that quarter’. 147 Compare Letter to the Electors of Westminster, On the Choice of a Representative. By an Elector (1814), 18 and Maxwell, Smith, ii. 24–5, 47. 148 Mitchell, Fox and the Whig Party, 96; E. A. Smith, Reform or Revolution? A Diary of Reform in England, 1830–2 (Stroud, 1992), 102; Mill,CW,xvii. 1535; Collini, Public Moralists, 167; [H. Maxwell], ‘The Right Hon. W. H. Smith’, Blackwood’s Magazine 150 (1891), 750–1. 149 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, iii. 125. 150 Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1826. 151 Mill, CW, xxvii. 68. Notes 275

152 Mill, CW, xxix. 572–93; Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, C/D, f. 2; see also Smalley, London Letters, i. 239. 153 Mill, CW, xxviii. 154 Mr. Chadwick’s Letter on His Candidature [1865], University College London, Chadwick Papers, f. 83. 155 Collini, Public Moralists, 129. 156 Drawing from personal experience, Burdett warned Hobhouse the Westminster radicals ‘must not make a puppet of you, and the sooner they know that the better’: 23 Oct. 1819, BrP, 56540. 157 For his colleague see G. D. Evans, To the Constituency of the City of Westminster (1861), 2, and for Leader in 1847 and the candidates in 1852 see The Times, 24 July 1847, 1–2, 8 July 1852. 158 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ix. 3455; Monthly Magazine 28 (1809), 191; T. A. J. Burnett, Rise and Fall of a Regency Dandy: TheLifeandTimesofScropeBerdmoreDavies(1982), 168; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 9–11; Daily Telegraph, 17 Nov. 1868. 159 GL, MS 202, ii., f. 55. 160 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 65, fos. 47–8. Burdett was an Enlightenment deist: Hobhouse, Recollections, vi. 102. 161 Sir Fraunceys Scrope in Endymion, ch. 76; see also W. F. Monypenny and G. E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsﬁeld (1910–20), i. 370. 162 Althorp Papers, BL Add. MS, F38, f. 307; Mitchell, Fox, 262–3; B. Weinstein, ‘Shopkeepers and Gentlemen: The Liberal Politics of Early–Victorian London’, unp. Ph.D. thesis (University of Cambridge, 2006), 43. 163 N. B. Penny, ‘The Whig Cult of Fox in Early Nineteenth-Century Sculpture’, P&P 70 (1976), 94–105, esp. plates 5–6; HWE, 296. There is a Mill statue in Victoria Embankment Gardens. 164 The Times, 24 May 1820. 165 Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan,ed. J. Watkins (1817), i., p. iii. 166 J. F. Stanﬁeld, An Essay on the Study and Composition of Biography (1813), 68. 167 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament,4.

3 Words: The Languages of Democracy

1 Speeches (out of Parliament) addressed to the electors of the City of Westminster (1796), 8. 2 J. Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson (Oxford, 1934–64), iv. 292; C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924), 52. 3 WAC, Hellyer Family Papers, Acc. 1580/2. 4 B.S.Escott,Would Reform in Parliament be a Beneﬁt to the Country?, 2nd edn. (1831), 54, 57. 5 B. Disraeli, ‘What Is He?’, Whigs and Whiggism, ed. W. Hutcheon (1913), 17. 6[C.Wray],Letter to the Independent Electors of Westminster, 3rd edn. (1784), 10; HWE, 179; C. Pigott, Political Dictionary (1795), 10, 14, 79; J. H. Tooke, Proceedings in an Action for Debt (1792), 12, 41; Oracle and Public Advertiser, 276 Notes

6 June 1796; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 95, f. 63; Report of the Trial of the Cause between John Cullen Plaintiff and Arthur Morris, Bailiff (1820), p. vii. 7 R. Fellowes, The Rights of Property Vindicated Against the Claims of Universal Suffrage (1818), 123; H. Rogers, ‘The Genius of Plato’, ER 87 (1848), 367; cf. R. Herr, Tocqueville and the Old Regime (Princeton, 1962), 35–6. 8 London Courant, 18 Apr. 1780; Wray, Letter to Electors of Westminster, esp. 13; London Chronicle, 15 July 1788; Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; Westminster Journal, 4 Oct., 22 Nov. 1806; The Times, 3 May 1831, 13 Dec. 1832, 29 Jan. 1846; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835. 9 BP, Ms. Eng. Lett. d. 96, fos. 218, 220. 10 Morning Chronicle, 29 July 1847. 11 A. Stephens, Memoirs of J. Horne Tooke (1813), ii. 89–91; Speeches (out of Parliament), 57. 12 HWE, 106, 237, 300, 335; Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784, 29 July, 2 and Morning Post, 4 Aug. 1788. 13 Morning Chronicle, 23 June 1818, 8 June 1826. 14 PlaP, 27849, f. 129. 15 Black Dwarf 2 (1818), 721. 16 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 199–200; Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865. 17 The Sun, 27 Nov. 1832; J. Roper, Democracy and its Critics: Anglo-American Democratic Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1989), 12–14. 18 PlaP, 27841, f. 68. 19 HWE, 296. 20 HWE, 150; L. Colley, In Deﬁance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714–60 (Cambridge, 1982), 101; N. Rogers, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989), ch. 5. 21 Mr. Fox Convicted of Self-Contradiction [1788]. 22 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47572, f. 128. 23 Tooke, Proceedings,7;Speeches of John Horne Tooke [1796], 39. 24 Mr. Fox’s Celebrated Speech (1800), 17; Morning Chronicle, 7 July 1802; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), 150. 25 Exposition of the Circumstances which gave rise to the Election of Sir Francis Burdett (1807), 5–6. 26 Address to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 2nd edn. (1807), 4; [J. C. Jennings], The Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 262. 27 Examiner, 31 Jan. 1819; BrP, 36457, f. 20; To the Electors of Westminster (1819), 1. 28 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832– 1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), 40–1. 29 Exposition of the Circumstances, 5–6; [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 68; PlaP, 27809, f. 52. 30 Mr. Chadwick’s Letter on His Candidature [1865], University College, London, Chadwick Papers, f. 83; J. Hamburger, Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophic Radicals (New Haven, 1965), 86–100; I. Bradley, The Optimists: Themes and Personalities in Victorian Liberalism (1980), 22. 31 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 40; P. Langford, Englishness Identiﬁed: Manners and Character, 1650–1850 (Oxford, 2000), 206–7. 32 Morning Post, 18 Feb. 1806. Notes 277

33 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 115. 34 Morning Post, 8 June 1796. 35 Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 169, 173. 36 Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1818; New York, 1977), ch. iv. 37 Oracle and Public Advertiser, 2 June 1796. 38 The Times, 29 June 1818; [F. Place], Reply to Lord Erskine by an Elector of Westminster (1819), 7; Morning Chronicle, 6 Mar. 1819. 39 Stephens, Tooke, ii. 85; Memoirs of the public and private life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan, ed. J. Watkins (1817), 65; J. Bowles, Thoughts on the Late General Election, as Demonstrative of the Progress of Jacobinism (1802), 2. 40 Speeches (out of parliament), 29, 41; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 171, 181–2, 204, 209, 213–16; J. Binns, Recollections of the Life of John Binns (Philadelphia, 1854), 43. 41 Westminster Election in the Year 1796 (1796), 53; cf. T. Jenks, ‘Language and Politics at the Westminster Election of 1796’, HJ 44 (2001), 422, 432. 42 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 37. 43 London Courant, 8 Sep. 1780; Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784, 8 May 1807; St. James’s Chronicle, 4 June 1796; London Chronicle, 13, 15 July 1802 and 4, 6 Nov. 1806; British Press, 5 June 1818; University of Chicago, Henry Hunt Correspondence, MS 563, f. 17; Daily Telegraph,19 Nov. 1868. 44 Mill, CW, xxviii. 347–8. 45 Mill, CW, xxviii. 14, 22. 46 The Times, 31 Jan. 1874, 14 Oct. 1885. 47 The Times, 27, 29 June and Sherwin’s Political Register, 3 Jul. 1818; T. Cleary, Reply to the Falsehoods of Mr. Hunt (1819); H. Hunt, Memoirs (1820–2), ii. 256–7, iii. 530–41; A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D. Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 78–86; J. Belchem, ‘Orator’ Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985), 80–3. 48 Bowles, Thoughts on the Late General Election,4–6. 49 Figaro in London (8 Dec. 1832), 210; M. Joyce, My Friend H. John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton of Broughton de Gyfford (1948), 247–8. 50 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 201–3. 51 Wilson Papers, BL Add. MS 30109, f. 58. 52 Tooke, Proceedings, 10, 12. 53 T. D. Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 259 n. 54 Courier, 18 Nov. 1806. 55 S. Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical (1844), i. 177. 56 D. Wahrman, ‘Virtual Representation: Parliamentary Reporting and the Lan- guage of Class in the 1790s’, P&P 136 (1992), 101; D. Hay and N. Rogers, Eighteenth-Century English Society (Oxford, 1997), esp. 191–2. 57 W. E. Saxon, ‘The Political Importance of the Westminster Committee of the Early Nineteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1958), ii. 104 and n., and 163. 58 PP 1810–11, High Bailiff of Westminster, ii. 349–62; Gorgon, 11 July 1818; Report of the Trial between Cullen and Morris, p. vii. 59 E. P. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1963), 770. 278 Notes

60 Patriot’s Calendar, for the Year 1795 (1794), 66; J. Gerrald, A Convention the only means of saving us from ruin (1793), 108; R. Sweet, ‘Freemen and Independence in English Borough Politics, c.1770–1830’, P&P 161 (1998), 97. 61 Morning Chronicle, 9 Oct. 1812. 62 Stephens, Tooke, ii. 200–1; Morning Chronicle, 22 June 1818; PlaP, 33498, f. 23; BrP, 47224, f. 58; The Times, 9 Dec. 1819. 63 D. O’Bryen, Utrum horum?, 3rd edn. (1796), 3; British Press, 15 May 1807; To the Electors of Westminster,2;The Times, 6 May 1837. Table 3.1 draws upon Roper, Democracy and its Critics, 15. 64 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796. 65 HWE, 307; see also Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784, 25 July 1788. 66 Morning Post, 10 May 1833. 67 Standard, 10 July 1865. For the bookseller Westerton and the auctioneer Beal see chs. 1, 7. 68 HWE, 216, 246, 250, 263. 69 Elizabeth Ham by herself 1783–1820, ed. E. Gillett (1945), 43; [W. Young], Rights of Englishmen; or the British Constitution of Government, Compared with that of a Democratic Republic (1793), 62. 70 Letter from an Independent Elector of Westminster to the Right Honourable Charles James Fox, in answer to his Letter to his Constituents (1793), 6–10. 71 BMC 8332, by I. Cruikshank, 20 Dec. 1792; cf. ARightHonble Democrat Dissected (BMC 8291, by W. Dent, 15 Jan. 1793). 72 English Patriots bowing at the Shrine of Despotism (BMC 9890, by C. Williams, 8 Nov. 1802); Address to Sheridan, 35; Letters of Harriet Countess Granville,ed. F. Leveson Gower (1894), ii.. 232; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51544, f. 189. 73 New Monthly Magazine, 1 Mar. 1819; An Excellent New Song [1819], Place Coll., set 13, f. 33. 74 HWE, 264, 288, 299, 337; The Times, 19 Mar. 1792. 75 Exposition of the Circumstances,5–6. 76 M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931), i. 324; Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819, 173; Morning Chronicle, 14 Aug. 1830. 77 [Young], Rights of Englishmen, 37. 78 Thelwall, The Tribune (1795–6), iii. 359; Mill, CW, i. 91. 79 Gerrald, Convention the only means of saving us from ruin, 90–1, 108; Parlia- mentary Reform. A Full and Accurate Report ...Meeting ... 1 May 1809 (1809), 23, 28; P. Harling, The Waning of ‘Old Corruption’: The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779–1846 (Oxford, 1996), 96–104. 80 Bowles, Thoughts on the Late General Election,2–6. 81 R. Fellowes, An address to the people ... with reﬂections on the genius of democracy, and on parliamentary reform (1799), 33–9, 43; Courier,20Nov.and Westminster Journal, 22 Nov. 1806; PlaP, 27843, f. 30; Mill, CW, xxiii. 493. 82 W. Knox, Friendly Address to the Members of the Several Clubs in the Parish of St. Ann, Westminster Associated for the Purpose of Obtaining a Reform in Parliament (1793), pp. ii, 16. 83 [F. Jeffrey], ‘State of Parties’, ER 15 (1810), 509. 84 36 Geo. III c. 8, sec 12. Notes 279

85 Knox, Friendly Address,p.i;History of Two Acts (1796), 352–5; C. Emsley, ‘Repression, “Terror” and the rule of law in England during the decade of the French Revolution’, EHR 100 (1985), 813–14. 86 The Sun, 14 May 1807. 87 Faction Detected and Despised (1810), 10–11, 18; HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), x. 441; [Jeffrey], ‘State of Parties’, 510. 88 The Sun, 24 June 1818. 89 St. James’s Chronicle, 10 Jan. 1835; cf. Hogarth’s Gin Lane (1751); Morning Post, 4 Aug. 1788; J. Ashton, Modern Street Ballads (1888), 304, 401. 90 St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835, 9 May 1837; The Times, 25 Mar. and 25 Apr. 1836. 91 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 642–4. 92 The Times, 29 Apr. 1837. 93 St. James’s Chronicle, 9 May 1837. 94 Burdett’s Second Childhood, Figaro in London, 1 Apr. 1837. 95 T. Raikes, Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes (1856–8), ii. 51; Morning Post, 26 May 1813; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May 1837. 96 [J. L. Elliot], Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Conservative (1847), 32–3, 37, 42–3, 45; idem, Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Protectionist (1848), 52. 97 Morning Chronicle, 2 July 1841. 98 Reynolds’s Newspaper,11Apr.,The Times, 1 July and John Bull, 3 July 1852. 99 Daily News, 6, 14 June 1865; Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865; HP, PS2, f. 155. 100 H. C. G. Matthew, ‘Rhetoric and Politics in Great Britain, 1860–1950’, in P. J. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (1987), 50; H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (1978), 4. 101 West End News, 19 Dec. 1868; L. Stephen, ‘On the Choice of Representatives by Popular Constituencies’, Essays on Reform, ed. W. L. Guttsman (1867; 1967), 106–7. 102 Metropolitan Conservative Working Men’s Association, Prospectus [1867]; see also idem, Rules (1867) and First Annual Report [1868]. 103 British Lion, 27 June 1868. 104 The Times, 20 Mar. 1880, 3, 14 Oct. 1885, and 3, 10 Feb. 1887; Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 21 Nov. 1885. 105 The Times, 29, 31 Jan. and Pall Mall Gazette, 30, 31 Jan. 1874. 106 The Times, 25 Mar. 1880. 107 Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 21 Nov. 1885. 108 For the earlier period see London Courant, 18 Apr. 1780 and Morning Chronicle, 13 Apr. 1784; for the later see J. Lawrence, ‘Class and Gen- der in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880–1914’, EHR 108 (1993), 644 and A. Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London 1868–1906 (Woodbridge, 2007), chs. 2–3. 109 E. S. Beesley, ‘Positivists and Workmen’, Fortnightly Review 24 (1875), 74. 110 E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform (Cambridge, 1992), 50–60; R. McWilliam, ‘Melodrama and the Historians’, Radical History Review 78 (2000), 59; B. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations (New York, 2007), 149–52. 111 The Times, 14 Oct. 1885. 280 Notes

112 Proceedings at the First Anniversary Meeting of the Triumph of Westminster (1808), 10–11. 113 Morning Chronicle, 28 Mar. 1820. 114 The Sun, 27 Nov. 1832.

4 Crowds: The Decline of Disorder

1 LMA, OB/SP.1784/MAY/76; Later Correspondence of George III, ed. Arthur Aspinall (1962–8), i. 58; NA, HO 42/4/210v. 2 G. Colman, The Election of the Managers (1784) and Random Records (1830), ii. 216; London Chronicle, 3 June 1784; see also [John Williams], A novel: the forty days madness of a general election in England; with a letter of essential advice to the scrutineers of Westminster (1784). 3 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 790, 857. 4 E. Halévy, England in 1815,trans.E.I.WatkinandD.A.Baker,2ndedn. (1961); The Birth of Methodism in England, trans. and ed. B. Semmel (Chicago, 1971). 5 D.J.V.Jones,Crime, Protest, Community and Police in Nineteenth Century Britain (1982), ch. 5; V. A. C. Gatrell, ‘The Decline of Theft and Violence in Victorian and Edwardian England’, in Gatrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law (London, 1980), 238–370. 6 ‘Decline of Assaults’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London 12 (1849), 169; J. Davis, ‘A Poor Man’s System of Justice: The London Police Courts in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century’, HJ 27 (1984), 317. 7 Daily News,27Oct.,Pall Mall Gazette,27Oct.,20Nov.,The Graphic,21Nov. and The Times, 23 Nov. 1885; J. McCalman, ‘Respectability and Working- Class Politics in Late-Victorian London’, Historical Studies 19 (1980), 119; C. Conley, The Unwritten Law: Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent (Oxford, 1991), 38–41; J. Wasserman, ‘Democracy and Disorder: Electoral Violence and Political Modernisation in England and Wales, 1857–1880’, Ph.D. thesis (Edith Cowan University, 2002), 126–7. 8 See J. M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660–1800 (Oxford, 1986), 136–9, and more broadly M. Wiener, Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness and Criminal Justice in Victorian England (Cambridge, 2004). 9 [A. Buller], ‘Bribery and Intimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 501; [X.X.], ‘Corruption at Elections’, WR 51 (1849), 154; H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (1959), 281–3; M. Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford, 2004), 125. 10 E. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720–1830 (Stanford, 1998), 60. 11 ‘Some London Riots’, All the Year Round 41 (1887), 52; [T. E. Kebbel], ‘Mobs’, Blackwood’s Magazine 153 (1893), 109–25. 12 W. A. Speck, Tory & Whig: The Struggle in the Constituencies, 1701–1715 (1970), 27; Gentleman’s Magazine 33 (1763), 133; W. Besant, Westminster (1895), 230–1, 292, 318; N. Rogers, ‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade and Independency: Popular Politics in Pre-Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973), 72, 77 and idem, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989), ch. 10. Notes 281

13 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenth century (1790), i. 184. 14 Courier, 23 Mar. 1820. 15 The Times, 9 Dec. 1885. 16 BrP, 56540, f. 67. 17 London Chronicle, 13 Nov. 1806; WAC, St. George, Hanover Square Vestry Minutes 1784–7, C774. 18 NA, HO 42/4/214; HWE, 358. 19 NA, HO 42/4/215, 217; HWE, 198, 200, 357, 404, 526. 20 London Chronicle, 13 Nov. 1806; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex, MJ/SR 3752. Campaigns encouraged such conﬂicts by distributing lists of questions with which to confront the candidates at election gatherings: Hobhouse’s Request, JJC, Elections 10; BrP, 56557, fos. 46, 50. 21 Westminster Journal, 8 Nov. 1806. 22 Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1806; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex, MJ/SR 3752; R. D. Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge, 1986), esp. 27; J. Archer, ‘ “Men Behaving Badly”?: Masculinity and the Uses of Violence, 1850–1900’, in S. D’Cruze (ed.), Everyday Violence in Britain (2000), 47. 23 PlaP, 27841, f. 337v; Impartial Statement of All The Proceedings Connected with the Progress and Result of the Late Elections (1818), 371; Examiner, 21 Feb. 1819. 24 R. Rush, Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 2nd edn. (Philadelphia, 1833), 292. 25 Murder! Murder! Murder! Blue and Buff, BL shelfmark 11602.i.19.(2.); London Chronicle, 26 July, Morning Post, 26, 28 July and Morning Chronicle, 29 July 1788. 26 Lord Cloncurry, Personal Recollections (Dublin, 1849), ch. 3 recounts a murder Macnamara witnessed, which experience may have helped him frame the 1788 episode. 27 NA, HO 42/13, fos. 94–100; London Chronicle, 24 July 1788; Later Correspon- dence of George III, i. 385; Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (1960), 111. 28 HWE, 163. 29 Morning Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806; Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan,ed. C. Price (Oxford, 1966), ii. 302; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex, MJ/SR 3752. 30 Humours of an Election [1819?], Place Coll., set 13, f. 307; C. Grosvenor and C. Beilby, The First Lady Wharncliffe and Her Family (1927), i. 258; BP, MS Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 40; C. Knight, London (1841–44), vi. 268; ‘Smith for Westminster’, Will-o’-the-Wisp, 26 Sep. 1868. 31 Letters of Lady Palmerston, ed. T. Lever (1957), 28; GL MS. 24458. 32 Sheridan, Letters, ii. 298; Morning Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806. 33 PlaP, 27837, fos. 146 ff.; BrP, 56540, fos. 62–3; Diary of Frances, Lady Shelley, ed. R. Edgecumbe (1912–13), ii. 29; Journal of the Hon. Henry Edward Fox, ed. Earl of Ilchester (1923), 33; Morning Chronicle, 4–5 Mar. 1819; J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iv. 312. 34 PlaP, 26841, f. 412A; Morning Chronicle, 30 June 1818; Burdett for Ever! Dread- ful Shipwreck Near Covent-Garden Market, On Monday June 29, 1818 [1818]. ‘John Bates’ may have been James Bates, a King Street carpenter, who 282 Notes

plumped for Burdett in the election: Poll Book ... for the City and Liberty of Westminster, June 18, to July 4, 1818 (1818). 35 Morning Chronicle, 30 June, 1 July and The Times, 30 June 1818; PlaP, 27841, fos. 412–412v; BrP, 47235, f. 30. 36 London Chronicle, 3 June 1784; HWE, 297, 401. 37 Morning Post, 19 July, Morning Chronicle, 22 July, London Chronicle,26July 1788; The Sun, 1 July 1841. 38 Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1802. 39 PlaP, 27838, f. 19. 40 PlaP, 27840, f. 1; W. E. Saxon, ‘The political importance of the Westminster Committee of the early nineteenth century, with special reference to the years 1807–22’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1958), iii. 36–7. 41 Morning Chronicle, 27 Mar. 1820. 42 Hood, HOO/28, fos. 23–4; Public Advertiser, 3 July 1790; BP, MS. Eng. hist. d. 216, fos. 329, 331; BrP, 47235, fos. 31–4; F. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England, 1780–1860’, P&P 135 (1992), 91; P. Heelas, ‘Anthropology, Violence and Catharsis’, in P. Marsh and A. Campbell (eds.), Aggression and Violence (Oxford, 1982), 56–7. 43 Last Journals of Horace Walpole, ed. A. F. Steuart (1910), ii. 330; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections in November 1806, 305; Examiner,7 Mar. 1819; BrP, 56540, fos. 62, 64. 44 HWE, 64, 159. 45 The Sailors Poled (BMC 7367, anon, 4 Aug. 1788). 46 Morning Chronicle, 10 June 1826. 47 London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806; C. Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections,2nded. (1858), i. 86; M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man: The Rise and Fall of Richard Brinsley Sheridan as Political Reformer’, in J. Morwood and D. Crane (eds.), Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 165. 48 Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968), 295; NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 832; Farington Diary, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), v. 1794. 49 Daily Telegraph, 19 Nov. 1868. 50 T. Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man (1845), 165–6. 51 Jacob Gawkey’s Ramble [1818], PlaP, 27841, f. 553. 52 H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1861–2), i. 20. 53 W. Knox, Friendly Address to the Members of the Several Clubs in the Parish of St. Ann, Westminster Associated for the Purpose of Obtaining a Reform in Parliament (1793), 16; R. Fellowes, Address to the people ... with reﬂections on the genius of democracy, and on parliamentary reform (1799), 30; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1124, p. 14. 54 The Times, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 18 Feb. 1846; [W. O’Brien], ‘The Police System of London’, ER 96 (1852), 9; Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868. 55 N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850 (1953), 145–6, 149; J. Lawrence, Electing Our Mas- ters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (Oxford, 2009), 9–10, 44–5. 56 ‘The Bedford-Row Conspiracy’, W. M. Thackeray, Works of Thackeray (Boston, 1899), vi. 598. Notes 283

57 P. J. Corﬁeld and C. Evans, Youth and Revolution in the 1790s (1996), 137; Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; WAC, Acc 730, f. 11; The Times, 21 May 1906. 58 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 832; Farington, Diary, ii. 405; Extracts from Miss Mary Berry’s Journal, ed. Lady T. Lewis (1866), ii. 415; Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man, 201; Rush, Memoranda, 291–2; J. Binns, Recol- lections of the Life of John Binns (1854), 43; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May 1837. 59 The Times, 29 June, Morning Chronicle, 29–30 June, 6 July 1818; Poll Book for Westminster ... 1818. 60 J. Bohstedt, ‘Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots, 1790–1810’, P&P 120 (1988), 91; J. Caple, The Bristol Riots of 1831 and Social Reform in Britain (1990), 137–8; M. Baer, Theatre and Disorder in Late Georgian London (Oxford, 1992), 141. 61 Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel, 144, 148; Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 31; C. O’Leary, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868–1911 (Oxford, 1962), 15–16; A. Hayter, TheArmyandtheCrowdinMid-Georgian England (Totowa, 1978), 37–8, 41; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Grammars of Election Violence in Nineteenth-Century England and Ireland’, EHR 109 (1994), 606; A. Randall, Riotous Assemblies: Popular Protest in Hanoverian England (Cambridge, 2006), ch. 8. 62 Morning Chronicle, 16 Sep. 1780, 22, 26 July 1788, 23 Feb. 1819, 2 Aug. 1830, 19 June 1841; HWE, 61, 99, 125, 147, 163–4, 300; NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 785; London Chronicle, 6, 8 Nov. 1806; Morning Post, 10 May 1833, 5 May 1837; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 18–19; J. H. Tooke, Proceedings in an Action for Debt (1792), 37–8; True Briton, 15 June 1796; The Champion (1818), 402; PlaP, 27843, f. 29 and 27849, f. 116; Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 402–3; BrP, 56540, fos. 57, 60, 64, 56541, f. 16, 56557, f. 55, 56557, f. 150; Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; Universe, 15 July 1865. 63 John Robinson Papers, BL Add. MS 37835, f. 167; HWE, 407. 64 Daily Universal Register, 1 July 1785; Sir Frantic, the Reformer (1809), 49; M. Harrison, Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790– 1835 (Cambridge, 1988), 4–6; J. Keane, Violence and Democracy (Cambridge, 2004), 89–90. 65 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796; Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; BrP, 56540, f. 61; PlaP, 35146, f. 34; T. Jenks, ‘Language and Politics at the Westminster Election of 1796’, HJ 44 (2001), 430–1. 66 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 915; H. Mayhew, The Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor: The Metropolitan Districts (Horsham, 1980–2), vi. 230. 67 Morning Chronicle, 5 Aug. 1788, 16 July 1802, 2 Aug. 1830; Courier,8Oct.,6, 20 Nov. 1806; Westminster Journal, 23–30 May and Independent Whig, 24 May 1807; PlaP, 27839, f. 198; GL, Ms. 3730, f. 27; The Times, 1 May 1837. 68 Morning Post, 22 July 1788; London Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806. 69 Morning Post, 7 Jan. 1835; St. James’s Chronicle, 29 July 1837. 70 St. James’s Chronicle, 17 Feb. 1846. 71 Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man, 201. 72 HWE, 147. 284 Notes

73 Morning Post, 8 May 1833. 74 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796. 75 Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man, 193–4; ‘The Passing Crowd’, Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 4 Mar. 1832; T. Hardy, Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832), 85; O’Leary, Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections,3. 76 H. Broadhurst, Henry Broadhurst (1901), 34–40. 77 M. Gandy, ‘Catholics in Westminster: The Return of Papists of 1767’, Westminster History Review 2 (1998), 19–22; P. Seleski, ‘Identity, Immigration, and the State: Irish Immigrants and English Settlement in London, 1790– 1840’, in G. K. Behlmer and F. M. Leventhal (eds.), Singular Continuities: Tradition, Nostalgia, and Identity in Modern British Culture (Stanford, 2000), 17. 78 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 778–80. 79 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 915–17. 80 HWE, 112–13. 81 Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; Punch 23 (1852), 36. 82 T. Miller, Picturesque Sketches of London (1852), 215–16. 83 Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868. 84 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies’, 114; C. Tilly, Popular Con- tention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (1995), 265, 304; J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), 231; J. Wasserman and E. Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in mid nineteenth- century England and Wales’, HR 80 (2007), 133–4, 145. 85 The Times, 6 July and Illustrated London News, 10 July 1852; Layard Papers, BL Add. MS 38948, f. 92; Tea and Anarchy: The Bloomsbury Diaries of Olive Garnett, ed. B. C. Johnson (1989), 92. 86 Besant, Westminster, 363–4; G. Godwin, London Shadows (1854), 2; A. Ashley- Cooper, Speeches of the Earl of Shaftesbury ...Upon Subjects Relating to the Claims and Interests of the Labouring Class (1868), 269–70. 87 F. Place, Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge 1972). 214, 227–30. 88 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 883; Mayhew, Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor, iv. 55; P. J. Edwards, History of London Street Improvements, 1855–1897 (1898), 134–9; G. S. Jones, Outcast London (Oxford, 1971), 170. 89 D. J. Olsen, The Growth of Victorian London (1976), 296; C. Harvey, E. M. Green and P. J. Corﬁeld, ‘Continuity, change, and specialization within metropolitan London: the economy of Westminster, 1750–1820’, Economic History Review 52 (1999), 474. 90 T. Barnard, Pleasure and Pain, 1780–1818 (1930), 62 and n 1; J. Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861 (1861; 1986); L. Twining, Recollections of Life and Work (1893), ch. 6. 91 I. McCalman, ‘Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London, 1795–1838’, EHR 102 (1987), 316–17; PlaP, 27828, fos. 30–4; S. Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical (1844), i. 279–81. 92 PP 1834, Select Committee on Drunkenness, viii. 173–4, 279, 311–12. 93 W. Besant, Autobiography of Sir Walter Besant (1902), 275–8; G. R. Sims, My Life (1917), 100–1, 106, 320, 331. Notes 285

94 B. W. Noel, The State of the Metropolis (1835), in J. Marriott and M. Matsumura (eds.), The Metropolitan Poor (1999), iv. 233–4; D. A. Hayes, Victorian Seven Dials (2001), 22 and n. 53. 95 T. Beggs, Duties of an Elector at the Present Time (1852), 2; T. Holmes, Pictures and Problems from London Police Courts (1900), 276–9; B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (1971), 66. 96 V. A. C. Gatrell and T. B. Hadden, ‘Criminal Statistics and their interpretation’, in E. A. Wrigley (ed.), Nineteenth Century Society (Cambridge, 1972), 370–1; J. M. Beattie, ‘The Patterns of Crime in England, 1600–1800’, P&P 62 (1974), 67, 80–1, 84; G. Rudé, Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1985), 28, 134–5; V. A. C. Gatrell, ‘Crime, Authority and the Policeman State’, in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950, (Cambridge, 1990), iii. 297–8; R. Anderson, ‘Criminal Violence in London, 1856–1875’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Toronto, 1991), 6. 97 D. Pearce, P. N. Grabosky and T. R. Gurr, ‘London: The Politics of Crime and Conﬂict, 1800 to the 1970’s, in Gurr, Grabosky and R. C. Hula (eds.), The Politics of Crime and Conﬂict (1977), 66, 70–2, 117 and 126. 98 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 785. 99 G. Philips, The Necessity of a Speedy and Effectual Reform in Parliament (Manchester, 1792), in A. Clark (ed.), History of Suffrage 1760–1867 (2000), ii. 61. 100 The Times, 6, 11 Feb. 1874; B. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth- Century English Politics (New York, 1982), 246. 101 J. Walvin, Victorian Values (1987), 73. 102 Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 266–7, 281; Wasserman, ‘Democ- racy and Disorder’, 56, 135, 155; N. Tomes, ‘A “Torrent of Abuse”: Crimes of Violence Between Working-Class Men and Women in London, 1840–1875’, Journal of Social History 11 (1978), 330, 340; D. C. Richter, Riotous Victorians (Athens, Ohio, 1981), ch. 5, esp. 66, 68; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Roads to Democ- racy: Electioneering and Corruption in Nineteenth-Century England and Ireland’, History 81 (1996), 569–70. 103 Miller, Sketches of London, 216; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 741; Spectator,21 Nov. 1868. 104 The Times,3,5andPall Mall Gazette, 4 Feb. 1874; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 879, 881, 911–12. Half of all English and Welsh election disorders c.1857–80 occurred on polling day: Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 129, Table 1. 105 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 32, 53; Pall Mall Gazette, 30 Mar. 1880, 2 July 1886. 106 An Election Journal: General Election, 1892 (1894), 110. 107 NA, HO 42/13, f. 92. 108 [W.H.PyneandW.Combe],Microcosm of London (1810–11), i. 85; J. Fletcher, ‘A Statistical Account of the Police of the Metropolis’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London 13 (1850), 230; PP 1828, Police of the Metropolis, vi, App. M. 109 WAC, Booth Papers, Acc. 36/144; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 171. 110 The Times, 18 Feb. 1846; Fletcher, ‘Police of the Metropolis’, 240. 286 Notes

111 [A. Wynter], ‘The Police and the Thieves’, QR 99 (1856), 167; Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 152, Table 9. 112 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, Letterbook 1868, f. 29. 113 Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 130, 141, 145. 114 Gatrell and Hadden, ‘Criminal Statistics and Their Interpretation’, 352; A. T. Harris, Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780–1840 (Columbus, 2004), 127. 115 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 858; Liverpool Papers, BL Add. MS 38507, f. 207v; Mary Berry’s Journal, ii. 416; T. D. Hardy (ed.), Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 269; The Times, 3 Sep. 1819. 116 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 778–80; R. D. Bass, The Green Dragoon (1957), 268–9. 117 The Times, 30 June and Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1818; PlaP, 27841, fos. 412– 412A. 118 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 794, 803, 890; M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995), 75. 119 Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830; The Times, 3 May 1831; Morning Post, 11, 13 May 1833. 120 E. Royle, Revolutionary Britannia? Reﬂections on the Threat of Revolution in Britain, 1789–1848 (Manchester, 2000), ch. 4; M. Roberts, Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), 36–7; L. Keller, Triumph of Order: Democracy & Public Space in New York and London (New York, 2009), 93–131. 121 D. Phillips, ‘Riots and Public Order in the Black Country, 1835–1860’, in R. Quinault and J. Stevenson (eds.), Popular Protest and Public Order (1974), 162–3; L. MacKay, ‘Moral Paupers: The Poor Men of St. Martin’s, 1815–1819’, Histoire Sociale/Social History 67 (2001), 123; Beattie, ‘Patterns of Crime’, 85, 92. 122 Rudé, Criminal and Victim, 118. 123 PlaP, 27834, f. 107; A. G. R. Steinberg, ‘The City of Westminster and the British Radical Movement of the Late 18th Century’, Ph.D. thesis (St. John’s University, 1976), 29, 52; cf. L. D. Schwarz, ‘The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London, 1700–1860’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (1985), 24–41. 124 Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral Violence in England and Wales’, 132. 125 Beattie, ‘Patterns of Crime’, 93–5; D. Hay, ‘War, Dearth and Theft in the Eighteenth Century: The Record of the English Courts’, P&P 95 (1982), 139. 126 Parliamentary History 35 (1800), 531–9. 127 Besant, Westminster, 323; H. Barker, Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opin- ion in Late Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1998), 53–5, 59–62; K. W. Schweizer, ‘Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in the Later Hanoverian Era’, PH 25 (2006), 39–42. 128 St. James’s Chronicle, 7 June and Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1796. 129 Morning Post, 26 June 1818. 130 Table 4.4 uses the categories of Table 4.3 to consider causal factors only, and is based on newspaper accounts, government records, diaries, correspondence, pamphlets and broadsides. Notes 287

131 P. Pasquin (pseud.), Triumph of Volpone: or, A Peep behind the Curtain at the Westminster Election (1788), 6. 132 HWE, 360, 379–409; London Chronicle, 1–3 June 1784; NA, HO 42/4/212; Hannah Arendt, On Violence (1970), 65. 133 HWE, 410. 134 HWE, 406. 135 HWE, 379; cf. R. McGowen, ‘The Changing Face of God’s Justice: The Debates over Divine and Human Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England’, Criminal Justice History 9 (1988), 63–98.

5 Spaces: Civic, Public, Private and Social

1 Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox, ed. Lord J. Russell (1853–7), iii. 124–6; Morning Chronicle, 16–17 Nov. 1795; F. O’Gorman, The Whig Party and the French Revolution (1967), 213; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (1992), 143. 2 Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1963), ii. 421–2, 424–5; The Times, 17 Nov. 1795. 3 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 403–6; Later Correspondence of George III, ii. 425–6. 4 Account of the Proceeding of a Meeting of the Inhabitants of Westminster, in Palace-Yard, November 26 [sic], 1795 (1795), 9; Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, ed. Lord Colchester (1861), i. 7. 5 Account of Proceedings in Palace–Yard, 10, 12; Farington, Diary, ii. 404; W. Cobbett, The Political Proteus: A View of the Public Character and Conduct of R. B. Sheridan (1804), 371. 6Farington,Diary, ii. 405–6; The Times, 17 Nov. 1795. 7H.Jephson,The Platform; Its Rise and Progress (1892), ii. 466–7. 8 Parliamentary History 32 (1795), 357–8; J. Mori, William Pitt and the French Revolution, 1785–1795 (New York, 1997), 252–3. 9 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenth century (1790), i. 214–15; C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924), 52; W. H. Curran, Life of John Philpot Curran (1818), i. 67–8. 10 C. T. Goodsell, The Social Meaning of Civic Space: Studying Political Authority through Architecture (Lawrence, 1988), 10–14, quotation at 10; N. Pevsner and S. Bradley, London.6,Westminster(New Haven, 2003), 46. 11 Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 34. 12 The Times, 24 Mar. 1792; Alfred and Westminster Evening Gazette,28 Apr. 1810. 13 57 Geo. III c. 19, like Hood’s demands in 1795, required prior notice of meetings to include the names and addresses of 7 resident householders. 14 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons (1840), ii. 546. 15 For fairs and theatres functioning as alternative political spaces see M. Judd, ‘ “The Oddest Combination of Town and Country”; Popular Culture and the London Fairs’, in J. K. Walton and James Walvin (eds.), Leisure in Britain, 1780–1939 (Manchester, 1983), 10–30; J. Butwin, ‘Democracy and Popular Culture Before Reform’, Browning Institute Studies 17 (1989), 3; 288 Notes

M. Baer, Theatre and Disorder in Late Georgian London (Oxford, 1992), ch. 8. Wordsworth termed parliament ‘that great stage where senators, tongue- favoured men, perform’: The Prelude, ed. E. de Selincourt (1805; Oxford, 1959), 249. 16 Proceedings of the electors of the city and liberties of Westminster (1810); St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Dyott’s Diary, ed. R. W. Jeffery (1907), ii. 74. 17 G. C. Williamson, Curious Survivals (1925), 106–8. 18 J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1869), ii. 136; Westminster and Lambeth Gazette,14Nov.andPall Mall Gazette,26 Nov. 1885; E. Johnson, The Heart of Charles Dickens (New York and Boston, 1952), 206 n. 4; D. Orton, Made of Gold: A Biography of Angela Burdett Coutts (1980), 105–8, 249. 19 Wordsworth, The Prelude, 226. 20 Letters and Journals of Lady Mary Coke, ed. J. A. Home (Edinburgh, 1889–96), ii. 226; The Times, 24 August 1842. 21 K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1998), 155. 22 Recently, A. Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (New York, 1998), ch. 9; J. S. Lewis, ‘1784 and All That: Aristocratic Women and Electoral Pol- itics’, in A. Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege, and Power: British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Stanford, 2001), 90–122; R. Lana, ‘Women and Foxite Strategy in the Westminster Election of 1784’, Eighteenth-Century Life 26 (2002), 46–69; A. Clark, Scandal: The Sexual Politics of the British Constitution (Princeton, 2004), ch. 3. 23 ‘Ode to Georgina, Duchess of Devonshire’, Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. J. C. C. Mays (Princeton, 2001), xvi. 611; HWE, 138, 227–8, 319; Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence,ed.W.S.Lewis, (1937–83), vii. 51–2 and xxxix. 196; J. S. Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class and Politics in Late Georgian Britain (2003), 39–40, 140. 24 HWE, 222, 288, 296, 341. 25 HWE, 94, 106, 135, 217, 221, 242, 246, 252, 270. For prints see The Dutchess Canvassing for Her Favourite Member (BMC 6527, by W. Dent, 13 Apr. 1784), Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529, by T. Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784) and The Tipling Dutchess Returning from Canvassing (BMC 6588, anon., 29 Apr. 1784). 26 The story ﬁrst appeared in the anti–Foxite Morning Post, and may have been apocryphal: HWE, 228 and n. 345; Georgiana: Extracts from the Correspondence of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, ed. Earl of Bessborough (1955), 79. 27 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 257; London Courant, 11, 23 Sep. and Morning Post, 25 Sep. 1780; Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–88, ed. B. Cozens–Hardy (1950), 291; A. Foreman, ‘A Politician’s Politician: Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire and the Whig Party’, in H. Barker and E. Chalus (eds.), Gender in Eighteenth-Century England: Roles, Representations and Responsibilities (Harlow, 1997), 183–4. 28 London Courant, 23 Sep. 1780. 29 HWE, 227, 231, 236–7, 240, 314, 327; N. Wraxall, Posthumous Memoirs of His Own Time, 2nd edn. (1836), i. 11; Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529, by T. Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784); The Devonshire Minuet, Danced to Ancient British Music Through Westminster, During the Present Election (BMC 6541, by W. P. Carey, 20 Apr. 1784). Notes 289

30 Mary Hamilton, afterwards Mrs. John Dickenson,eds.E.AnsonandF.Anson (1925), 78; Mrs. Montagu, ‘Queen of the Blues’, ed. R. Blunt [1923], ii. 169; The Works of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, ed. L. Aikin (1825), ii. 26; Countess Spencer to Lady Duncannon, 13, 22 Apr., 2 May 1784, and duchess of Devonshire to Countess Spencer, 3, 7 May 1784, Althorp Papers, BL, MS Coll., F. 38. 31 HWE, 352; D. T. Andrew, ‘Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780’, HJ 39 (1996), 413–14. 32 HWE, 233, 251, 254, 265. 33 HWE, 105, 117, 217, 225, 246, 248–9, 254, 277; Fig. 4.4 and May Garland or Triumph Without Victory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips?, 26 May 1784). 34 HWE, 244, 246, 251, 253, 254, 265, 277; Westminster [1784], WAC, A. M. Broadley Coll., Some Social, Political, and Literary Landmarks of Bath and Piccadilly 1711–1911 [1911], ii. f. 91; Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis, ed. C. Ross (1859), i. 166; Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass (BMC 6494, by T. Rowlandson, 3 Apr. 1784); The D—-ss purchasing a Brush (BMC 6633, anon., June 1784). 35 HWE, 313. 36 Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, xxv. 489 n. 25; F. Bickley, The Cavendish Family (1911), 250–1; Lord John Cavendish to Lady Spencer and duchess of Devonshire to earl Spencer, 14, 23 Apr. 1784, Althorp Papers, BL MS Coll., F. 121 and G. 287; Foreman, Georgiana, 174. When the duchess temporarily withdrew from canvassing on 14 Apr. Fox’s share of the poll plummeted: HWE, 410. 37 Ride for Ride or Secret Inﬂuence Rewarded (BMC 6596, anon., 25 May 1784) and Fig. 2.1 above. 38 HWE, 259. 39 HWE, 351; Bedford Estate Ofﬁce, Election Papers of the 5th duke of Bedford, Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784. 40 Morning Chronicle, 19 July and London Chronicle, 19, 26 July 1788. 41 Moritz, Travels in England, 52; HWE, 64; V. Firth (ed.), Women and History: Voices of Early Modern England (Toronto, 1995), 198. 42 Correspondence of Duchess of Devonshire, 132–3; NA, Granville Papers, 30/29/4/7, f. 94; Lord Granville Leveson Gower: Private Correspondence 1781 to 1821, ed. Countess Granville (1916), i. 10; Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism, 113–14. 43 Election Compromise or a Cornish Hug in Westminster (BMC 7638, by W. Dent, 30 Mar. 1790). 44 Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1802. 45 Figs. 2.2, 5.3; Covent Garden Market. Westminster Election (1808), BM Prints and Drawings, Crace Portfolio. 46 Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; [J. C. Jennings], The Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 85, 124; V. Foster (ed.), The Two Duchesses (1898), 299; D. M. Stuart, Dearest Bess (1955), 154; Hary-O. The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish, 1796–1809, eds. G. L. Gower and I. Palmer (1940), 155; [W. Earle], Sheridan and His Times (1859), i. 218–19; The English Spy 1 (1826; 1907), 350; H. Mayhew, Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor: The Metropolitan Districts (Horsham, 1980–2), vi. 230. 290 Notes

47 Representation of the Election of Members of Parliament for Westminster (BMC 13006, by G. Scharf and R. Howel, Nov. 1818); M. Edgeworth, Letters from England 1813–1844, ed. C. Colvin (Oxford, 1971), 106–7. 48 BrP, 47235, f. 30v; Journal of Mary Frampton ed. H. G. Mundy (1885), 310; Morning Chronicle, 30 June and Evening Star, 4 July 1818; S. H. Romilly (ed.), Romilly–Edgeworth Letters, 1813–1818 (1936), 48–9; Letters of Lady Palmerston, ed. T. Lever (1957), 19, 29; H. Alken, A Panorama of the Progress of Human Life (1820; 1948), opp. 36; A. Mitchell, The Whigs in Opposition, 1815–1830 (Oxford, 1967), 50 and n. 3. 49 The Whole Disgraceful Truth: Selected Letters of Lady Caroline Lamb,ed. P. Douglass (New York, 2006), 171–3; P. Quennell (ed.), Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820–1826 (1937), 13–14; BrP, 36457, f. 20, 56540, fos. 56, 59, 56541, f. 17; WAC, Stephenson Papers, E3349/6, f. 19; P. W. Graham, Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron (Columbus, 1984), 287; W. M. Torrens, Memoirs of Viscount Melbourne (1878), i. 137. 50 Black Dwarf, 4 June 1817; PR 34 (1818), 359; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism, ch. 3; J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), 249; A. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (1995), 230–1. 51 Speech of Sir Francis Burdett, 20 Feb. 1819 (1819), 2, 4; The Times, 24 May 1821. 52 Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, gen. ed. J. H. Burns (Oxford, 1968), xiii. 305; M. G. Fawcett, What I Remember (1924), 61; The Times, 23 June 1884; M. Pugh, ‘The Limits of Liberalism: Liberals and Women’s Suffrage 1867– 1914’, in E. F. Biagini (ed.), Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals, and Collective Identities (Cambridge, 1996), 52. 53 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 30 June 1841. 54 The Times, 27 July 1841, 10 Dec. 1868; F. O’Gorman, Voters,Patrons,and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989), 93 and n. 228; J. Fulcher, ‘Gender, Politics and Class in the Early Nineteenth-century English Reform Movement’, HR 67 (1994), 68; M. Cragoe, ‘ “Jenny Rules the Roost”: Women and Electoral Politics, 1832–68’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson (eds.), Women in British Politics 1760–1860: The Power of the Petticoat (Basingstoke, 2000), 162. 55 St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1841; Illustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846, 10 July 1852; The Times, 31 July 1847; Reynolds’s Newspaper, 4 July and Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; N. Mitford (ed.), The Stanleys of Alderley (1939), 43. 56 Blunt, Mrs. Montagu, ii. 223; Harcourt Papers, ed. E. W. Harcourt (Oxford, 1880), iv. 279. 57 Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society, 146; K. Gleadle, ‘ “Our Sev- eral Spheres”: Middle-class Women and the Feminisms of Early Victorian Radical Politics’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson, Women in British Politics, 1760–1860, 146; Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800–1840),ed. M. M. Green (Sussex, 1992), 174–5. Notes 291

58 M. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 737; Hardman Papers, ed. S. M. Ellis (New York, 1930), 153–4. 59 Conway, ‘Westminster Canvass’, 736–7; L. Hanson and E. Hanson, Marian Evans and George Eliot (1952), 252; H. Malleson, Elizabeth Malleson 1828– 1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters (1926), 117; Punch 49 (1865), 23. 60 [H. Taylor], ‘The Ladies Petition’, WR 31 (Jan. 1867), 63–79; Fawcett, What I Remember, 51–2; Mill, CW, xxviii. 27–8; S. S. Holton, ‘Women and the Vote’, in J. Purvis (ed.), Women’s History: Britain, 1850–1945 (1995), 280; J. Rendall, ‘John Stuart Mill, Liberal Politics, and the Movement for Women’s Suffrage, 1865–1873’, in Vickery, Women, Privilege, and Power, 172, 175. 61 [J. Beal], J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election, 1865 (1865), 14; Mill, CW, xxviii. 27–8, 325; Morning Star, 6 July 1865 and 10 Nov. 1868; Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865, 23 July and 3–4 Nov. 1868; M. C. Tyler, Glimpses of England, Social, Political, Literary (1898), 17. 62 Conway, ‘Westminster Canvass’, 743; [Lister], ‘Rights and Condition of Women’, 201, 203; [Taylor], ‘Ladies Petition’, 226. 63 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, Letterbook 1868, f. 11; Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society, 142; S. Richardson, ‘ “Well- neighboured Houses”: The Political Networks of Elite Women, 1780–1860’, in Gleadle and Richardson, Women in British Politics, esp. 66; G. E. Maguire, Conservative Women: A History of Women in the Conservative Party, 1874–1997 (Basingstoke, 1998), ch. 1. 64 Daily Telegraph,3Nov.,Morning Star,5,10Nov.andSpectator, 21 Nov. 1868. 65 The Times, 2 Feb. 1874; Pall Mall Gazette, 21, 24 Nov. 1885; K. Y. Stenberg, ‘Gender, Class, and London Local Politics, 1870–1914’, Ph.D. thesis (Uni- versity of Minnesota, 1993), 30; E. L. Pugh, ‘The First Woman Candidate for Parliament: Helen Taylor and the Election of 1885’, International Journal of Women’s Studies 1 (1978), 378–90. 66 Pugh, ‘Limits of Liberalism’, 52; Mrs. W. Phillips, An Appeal to Women [1890]; The Woman’s Herald, 20 Feb. 1892. 67 J. Hearn, Men in the Public Eye: The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies (1992), 69. 68 J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iii. 263. 69 BrP, 56540, f. 47v. 70 G. Grote, Posthumous Papers, ed. H. Grote (1874), 42; Bentham, Collected Works, xiii. 301. 71 Thompson, Customs in Common (New York, 1993), ch. 2; D. Wahrman, ‘National Society, Communal Culture’, SH 17 (1992), 43–72; J. Barry, ‘Bour- geois Collectivism? Urban Association and the Middling Sort’, in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Pol- itics in England, 1550–1800 (1994), 103–4; P. King, ‘Edward Thompson’s Contribution to Eighteenth-Century Studies. The Patrician-Plebeian Model Re-Examined’, SH 21 (1996), esp. 223–4. 72 London Chronicle, 4 Oct. 1806. 73 Hobhouse grew up in a Unitarian household and his father received a baronetcy only in 1812. Until his own marriage and his father’s death, both 292 Notes

in 1831, Hobhouse had sparse resources: R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia, 1973), 30, 37–8, 45–7, 51; BrP, 56540, fos. 15–16, 56541, f. 9; PlaP, 27847, f. 8. 74 Obligation, or what H. Perkin termed ‘vertical friendship’ (The Origins of Modern English Society 1780–1880 [1969], 49) while related should be contrasted to what is here understood as ‘horizontal sociability’. 75 The best insight into Fox’s magnetism comes from, of all people, Hannah More, who, meeting Fox canvassing in 1784, commented, ‘he looks so sen- sible and agreeable, that if I had not turned my eyes another way, I believe it would have been all over for me’; W. Roberts, Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Hannah More, 2nd edn. (1834), i. 316. 76 Returning from Brooks’s (BMC 6528, by J. Gillray, 18 Apr. 1784); Morning Chronicle, 19 July 1788; Letters from the year 1774 to the year 1796 of J. Wilkes, Esq. to his daughter, ed. Sir W. Rough (1804), iii. 38; R. D. Bass, The Green Dragoon (New York, 1957), 195, 211, 236, 261–2; T. A. J. Burnett, The Rise and Fall of a Regency Dandy: The Life and Times of Scrope Berdmore Davies (1982), ch. 5; P. Deutsch, ‘Moral Trespass in Georgian London: Gaming, Gender, and Electoral Politics in the Age of George III’, HJ 39 (1996), 640–4. 77 BrP, 56540, fos. 9, 32v,,53v–54; L. Cooper, Radical Jack: The Life of John George Lambton (1959), 66–7. 78 BrP, 56540, fos. 25, 32, 66. 79 PlaP, 27840, f. 19. 80 PlaP, 27850, f. 2; cf. J. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle–Class Home in Victorian England (1999), 138–9. A barrister, Jennyns (or Jennings) was an original member of the Westminster Committee. For the problems he created for the Westminster Committee see his alternative version of the events of 1807, [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, his Letter to the Electors of Westminster (1812), his ‘Address to the Electors of Westminster’ in The Champion, 31 May 1818 and his attack on Burdett’s integrity in Triumph of Westminster: Correspondence Between J. Clayton Jennyns and Sir Francis Burdett (1830). 81 BrP, 47232, f. 100v,, 56540, fos. 22v–23; Lord Byron’s Correspondence,ed. J. Murray (New York, 1922), ii. 85–6; Graham, Byron’s Bulldog, 243; [J. Grant], Random Recollections of the House of Commons (1836), 209. 82 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887), 66. 83 PlaP, 27841, f. 16; The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall, ed. G. Claeys (University Park, 1995), p. xvii. 84 PlaP, 27841, fos. 152–3; BrP, 56540, f. 37v; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 15; Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854),ed. M. Thale (Cambridge, 1972), 221–2. 85 PlaP, 27838, f. 18; A. Prochaska, ‘The Practice of Radicalism: Educational Reform in Westminster’, in J. Stevenson (ed.), London in the Age of Reform (Oxford, 1977), 102; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London, 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), ch. 4. 86 HWE, 136, 142. 87 BrP, 56540, fos. 27, 40, 49–50, 61, 56541, f. 23, 56557, fos. 45, 49; The Times, 8 July 1816; cf. M. McCormack, Public Men: Masculinity and Politics in Modern Britain (Basingstoke and New York, 2007), 2, 190. Notes 293

88 Graham, Byron’s Bulldog, 231; BrP, 36457, fos. 3–4, 56540, fos. 14–56, 56541, fos. 12–14; Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 94, 113–14, 133; Zegger, Hobhouse, 55–6. 89 D. Miles, Francis Place, 1771–1854 (1988), 224, 234, 242–3; D. J. Rowe (ed.), London Radicalism, 1830–1843: A Selection from the Papers of Francis Place (1970), 119–20. 90 B. Connell, Portrait of a Whig Peer (1957), 175. 91 Hone, Cause of Truth, 22–6; Diversions of Purley (BMC 10976, by S. De Wilde, 1 Apr. 1808); Zegger, Hobhouse, 52–3; Memoirs of Lord Langdale,ed.T.D. Hardy (1852), i. 329. 92 Curran, Life of Curran, 26. 93 BrP, 47226, fos. 32, 39–40, 142, 47235, fos. 22, 25, 30–3, 56541, fos. 8–24, 56557, fos. 37–58, 126–50; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 40; Scrope Davies Papers, BL Loan 70, ii. f. 71; PlaP, 27838, fos. 3–4; J. Cartwright, Address to the Electors of Westminster (1819), 3. 94 Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 104–6, iii. 101, 104; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51569, f. 47. 95 Place Coll., set 31, f. 253iii; BrP, 47226, f. 142; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 228. 96 Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; BrP, 56557, fos. 37–42; M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times, 1770–1844 (1931), ii. 615. 97 Evening Mail, 10 Dec. 1832; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 141. 98 See above, Ch.1 and below, Ch. 7. 99 Viscount Chilston, W. H . S m i t h (1965), 49. 100 L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (1986), 33. 101 Diprose, St. Clement Danes, i. 54; see also Epicure’s Almanack (1815), 115; J. Timbs, Clubs and Club Life in London (1872), 420. 102 Correspondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (1958–78), ix. 357; The Times, 19 May 1797. 103 HWE, 223. 104 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830. 105 Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Memoirs of the Courts and Cabinets of George III (1853–4), i. 416–17. 106 [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary Reform’, ER 20 (1812), 127–43; Mill, CW, xvii. 2013. 107 Lord Brougham, Life and Times (Edinburgh, 1871), ii. 340–1; University College, London, Brougham Papers, Brougham Letters 344. 108 Zegger, Hobhouse, ch. 3; Rev. E. Hankin, Letter to Sir Francis Burdett, Bart. On the Folly, the Indecency, and the Dangerous Tendency of His Public Conduct (1804), 1–2, 13–14. 109 Morning Chronicle, 10 Feb. 1819; N. Myers, Reconstructing the Black Past: Blacks in Britain c.1780–1830 (1996), 29; A. Burton, At the Heart of Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (1998), 27. 110 Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968), 295; London Chronicle, 3 June 1784; HWE, 401; Betsy Sheridan’s Journal,ed.W.LeFanu (Oxford, 1986), 111; NA, HO 42/13, f. 99; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 July 1802; Table 3.1, Figs. 4.2, 5.4. 111 The Poor Blacks Going to Their Settlement (BMC 7127, by W. Dent, 12 Jan. 1807). 294 Notes

112 Letter from an Independent Elector of Westminster to the Right Honourable Charles James Fox (1793), 4–5. 113 HWE, 242, 269, 275; Public Advertiser, 14 Apr. 1787; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections; in the Month of November, 1806 (1807), 114. 114 PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9. 115 Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; R. Mace, Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire (1976), ch. 6, esp. 134. 116 In A Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185, by W. Heath, 1830), Burdett asks Hobhouse, ‘Shall we listen to Rabble out of doors’. 117 Mill, CW, xxviii. 13–45, 319–25, 329–32, 334–70. 118 Peter Williams, ‘Constituting Class and Gender: A Social History of the Home, 1700–1901’, in Nigel Thrift and P. Williams (eds.), Class and Space: The Making of Urban Society (1987), 168; L. J. Davis, ‘The Social Construction of Public Locations’, Browning Institute Studies 17 (1989), esp. 34 ff. 119 10 and 11 Vict., c. 34, secs. 21 and 29; The Times, 28 Aug. 1885; F. Bedarida and A. Sutcliffe, ‘The Street in the Structure and Life of the City: Reﬂections on Nineteenth–Century London and Paris’, Journal of Urban History 6 (1980), 380, 385, 393; A. Croll, ‘Street Disorder, Surveillance and Shame: Regulating Behaviour in the Public Spaces of the late Victorian British Town’, SH 24 (1999), 252–3. 120 Mayhew, Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor, iv. 191–240; F. S. Schwarzbach, ‘George Scharf and Early Victorian London’, in I. B. Nadel and F. S. Schwarzbach (eds.), Victorian Artists and the City (New York, 1980), 94. 121 Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865.

6 Rituals: Performing Demotic Political Culture

1 BrP, 47235, fos. 25, 31–5; P. W. Graham, Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron (Columbus, 1984), 240. 2 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830. 3 PlaP, 27838, fos. 3–5, 20, 27849, f. 41; [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary Reform’, ER 20 (1812), 129; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly,ed.his sons (1840), iii. 21–2; Speech of Sir Francis Burdett, 20 Feb. 1819 (1819), 2, 4; Mill, CW, xvi. 1058–9; J. S. Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class and Politics in Late Georgian Britain (2003), 52–4. 4 Horner Papers, ed. K. Bourne and W. B. Taylor (Edinburgh, 1994), 642. 5 F. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England 1780–1860’, P&P 135 (1992), 79–115. 6 J.A.Epstein,Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (New York and Oxford, 1994), 164. 7 True Briton, 14 June 1796; St. James’s Chronicle, 12–13 July 1802; Morning Post, 20–3, 28 June, 2 July 1810, 6 May 1837; The Times, 24 May 1826; Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; Diary of Frances Lady Shelley, ed. R. Edgecumbe (1913), ii. 28; C. Grosvenor and C. Beilby, The First Lady Wharncliffe and Her Family (1927), i. 266–7; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 1. 8 The Times, 27 June 1818. Notes 295

9 Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci,ed.andtrans. Q. Hoare and G. N. Smith (1971), 418; B. G. Meyerhoff , ‘A Death in Due Time: Construction of Self and Culture in Ritual Drama’, in J. J. MacAloon (ed.), Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance (Philadelphia, 1984), 151–2; D. I. Kertzer, Politics and Symbols (New Haven, 1996), 134; J. A. Epstein, In Practice: Studies in the Language and Culture of Popular Politics in Modern Britain (Stanford, 2003), 87, 95. 10 The Times, 11 Nov. 1794; PlaP, 27817, f. 95; T. Hardy, Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832), 19, 89, 105, 113–16; G. Claeys (ed.), The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall (University Park, 1995), 225–6; J. Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793–1796 (Oxford, 2000), 364. 11 True Briton, 12 July, St. James’s Chronicle, 8 July 1802; Knock me down Argu- ments at Westminster (BMC 9876, by P. Roberts, July 1802); Morning Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1806; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections; in the Month of November, 1806 (1807), 80–1, 98. 12 Westminster Election, 1807 [1807], 2. The statement is all the more curious in that the Westminster radicals simultaneously made public that 40 per cent of their expenditures on the election and its aftermath had been spent pro- moting ritualized activities: An Exposition of the Circumstances which gave rise to the Election of Sir Francis Burdett (1807), 27–8. They may also have orga- nized breakfasts: J. C. Jennyns, The Triumph of Westminster: Correspondence Between J. Clayton Jennyns and Sir Francis Burdett (1830), 10. 13 Kertzer, Politics and Symbols,chs.7–8;P.Borsay, ‘ “All the Town’s a Stage”: Urban Ritual and Ceremony, 1660–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.), The Transfor- mation of English Provincial Towns (1974), 228–58; Simon Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class: Ritual and Authority and the English Industrial City 1840–1914 (Manchester, 2000), 72; F. O’Gorman, ‘The Paine Burnings of 1792–1793’, P&P 193 (2006), 115, 136, 151. 14 For example, O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 102, 112–13; Epstein, Radical Expression, 83; J. Brewer, ‘Theater and Counter-Theater in Georgian Poli- tics: The Mock Elections at Garrat’, Radical History Review 22 (1979–80), 8; M. Harrison, Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790–1835 (Cambridge, 1988), ch. 9; E. P. Thompson, Customs in Com- mon (New York, 1991), 48 n. 3 and ch. 8; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Grammars of Electoral Violence in Nineteenth–Century England and Ireland’, EHR 109 (1994), 605. 15 London Chronicle, 18 May 1784; E. Burke, Reﬂections on the Revolution in France, ed. L. G. Mitchell (Oxford, 1993), 69; J. C. Hobhouse, Recollec- tions of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iv. 113; C. Thompson, Autobiography of an Artisan (1847), 81; The Times, 27 July 1841. 16 BMC 10763, by C. Williams, 1 Oct. 1807; W. Austin, Letters from London (Boston, 1804), 21. For other visual evidence see Figs. 2.2, 5.2. I know of no visual images of carnival as applied to modern British politics. 17 Epstein, Radical Expression, 98, 150–1, 157; J. Brewer, Party Ideology and Pop- ular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), 182; V. Turner, ‘Social Dramas and Stories about Them’, Critical Inquiry 7 (1980), esp. 162–3; J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c. 1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), ch. 3. 296 Notes

18 The Times, 9 Dec. 1819. For the stave as a symbol of authority see P. Colquhoun, Treatise on the Functions and Duties of a Constable (1803), 20; Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn. (1989), q.v., ‘white’. 19 Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortesque (1927–8), iii. 144; The Times, 9 Dec. 1819; The Sun, 1 July 1841; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; cf. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 82 and ‘Paine Burnings’, 115; B. Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony, and Community in England, 1700– 1880 (1982), 167, 190–5, S. Lukes, Essays in Social Theory (1977), 54. 20 R. Bocock, Ritual in Industrial Society (1974), 61; D. I. Kertzer, Ritual, Pol- itics, and Power (1988), 9, 67; C. T. Goodsell, The Social Meaning of Civic Space: Studying Political Authority Through Architecture (Lawrence, 1988), 25; J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland 1843–1945 (1994), 77. 21 Hobhouse and Liberty! [1819]. 22 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 96; W. F. Patton, ‘Political Expression Through Song and Verse: Nottingham 1780–1850’, Ph.D. thesis (Queen’s University, Belfast, 1983), 36, 88 ff.; I. McCalman, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries, and Pornographers in London, 1795–1840 (Cambridge, 1988), 118; M. Philp, ‘Vulgar Conservatism, 1792–3’, EHR 110 (1995), 59; P. Brett, ‘Political Dinners in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain: Platform, Meeting Place and Battleground’, History 81 (1996), 532–3. 23 Vernon, Politics and the People, 127–31; N. D. LoPatin, ‘Ritual, Symbolism, and Radical Rhetoric: Political Unions and Political Identity in the Age of Parliamentary Reform’, Journal of Victorian Culture 3 (1998), 15–20; M. Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford, 2004), 217–24; M. T. Davis, ‘ “An Evening of Pleasure Rather than Business”: Songs, Subversion and Radical Sub–Culture in the 1790s’, Journal for the Study of British Cultures 12 (2005), 115–26. 24 London Courant, 25 Sep. 1780; The Case is alter’d [1784]; Works of John Jebb, ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 147; Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788, ed. B. Cozens- Hardy (1950), 291, 319–20; Correspondence of Edmund Burke,gen.ed.T.W. Copeland (1958–78), v. 410–11; Thompson, Autobiography of an Artisan, 82. 25 Mr Fox addressing his Friends from the King’s Arms Tavern 14 Feb. 1784 (BMC 6423, anon., c. Feb 1784); HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887), 66; Morning Post, 16 Feb. 1784; The Times, 31 Mar. 1790. 26 The Times, 3 May 1837; O’ Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 93; G. Rudé, Hanoverian London, 1714–1808 (1971), 183. Such an argument was a tac- tic used by right-wing controversialists, e.g. James Gillray: T. Hunt, Deﬁning John Bull: Political Caricature and National Identity in late Georgian England (2003), 175. 27 Romilly, Memoirs, i. 273; Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1 and 284; London Chronicle, 8 Apr. 1783, 8 July 1802 and 4, 6, 13 Nov. 1806; Public Adver- tiser, 17 June 1790; Morning Chronicle, 28 May 1796; Sir Robert Barrie Papers, Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, Box 4; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 300, 302; Hobhouse, Recollections, iv. 109–10, 309; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May, 27 July 1837. 28 Thompson, Customs in Common;Bushaway,By Rite, ch. 5; A. Wood, ‘The Place of Custom in Plebeian Culture: England, 1550–1800’, SH 22 (1997), 46–60. Notes 297

29 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 568; St. James’s Chronicle,13JulyandTrue Briton, 14 July 1802; London Chronicle,6Nov.and Westminster Journal, 8 Nov. 1806, 23 May 1807; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 70; The Times, 25 June 1818; Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 169; Courier, 11 and 14 Mar. 1820; BrP, 56541, f. 12; J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1868), i. 166–7. 30 Morning Chronicle, 14 June 1796; Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, ed. Charles, Lord Colchester (1861), i. 59–60. 31 Burke, Correspondence, v. 410; D. Ginter, Whig Organization in the General Election of 1790 (1967), 95; D. R. McAdams, ‘Electioneering Techniques in Populous Constituencies, 1784–96’, Studies in Burke and His Time 14 (1972), 29; J. Brewer, ‘Commercialization and Politics’, in N. McKendrick, Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1982), 232. 32 Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784. For the receipt tax, which as a minister Fox had supported see [C. Wray], Letter to the Independent Electors of Westminster, 3rd edn. (1784), 7–10. 33 London Chronicle, 31 July, 7 Aug. 1788; Morning Post,4AugandMorning Chronicle, 7 Aug 1788; Letters and Correspondence of Sir James Bland Burges, ed. J. Hutton (1885), 126. 34 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 45; PlaP 27843, f. 224 and 27849, f. 41. 35 Morning Post,7Jan.,St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835. 36 The electors of Westminster have determined, by a general illumination this evening, to celebrate the triumph of the rights of election (1785), JJC, Elections, London; General Evening Post, 5 Mar. 1785. 37 Farington, Diary, ii. 403–6; The Times, 27 June 1818; The Sun, 1 July 1841; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852. 38 Morning Chronicle, 19, 27 Feb. 1819. 39 Morning Post, 19 July 1788; AFewWordsinPoint[1788], BL, shelfmark 807.h.23 (10). 40 London Chronicle, 4 Nov. 1806; To the Worthy and Independent Electors of Westminster [1819]. 41 Morning Chronicle,8Nov.andLondon Chronicle, 18 Nov. 1806; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 33, 55, 86, 98, 200–1, 208; Address to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 2nd edn. (1807), 13–14. 42 The Sun, 1 July 1841. 43 London Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806. 44 Reform of Parliament. Purity of Election. Hobhouse (1819). On 3 May 1807 Joseph Clayton Jennings announced from the hustings that he stood there ‘as the representative of an association of the free and Independent Elec- tors of Westminster’, while the association’s chairman, Samuel Brooks, took the trouble to clarify for Henry Hunt that the Westminster Com- mittee was ‘adopted (though not originally appointed) by the Electors of Westminster’: [J. C. Jennings], The Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 34, 246. 45 Morning Advertiser, 19 June 1818; Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 18–19. 298 Notes

46 Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1. 47 Annual Register 32 (1790), 208–9; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782–1794 (1971), 87. 48 Morning Chronicle, 27 June 1818, 26 Feb. 1819, 13, 20 July 1837; The Times, 16 Mar. 1820; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 Dec. 1832. 49 R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia, 1973), 201; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852. 50 Morning Chronicle, 8 Apr. 1784, 23 June 1818; BrP, 47235, fos. 21, 30; Examiner, 7 Mar. 1819; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835; The Sun, 1 July 1841. 51 C. Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (1995), 372; J. Lawrence, Speaking for the People. Party, Language, and Popular Politics in England, 1867–1914 (Cambridge, 1998), 181. 52 London Chronicle, 15 July 1802. 53 Morning Chronicle, 15 Sep. 1780, 6 Mar. 1819; Journals of the House of Com- mons 40 (1784–5), 13; London Chronicle, 6, 15 Nov. 1806; Morning Advertiser, 19 June 1818; J. C. Hobhouse, A Defence of the People, in Reply to Lord Erskine’s ‘Two Defences of the Whigs’ (1819), 93, 98, 100; Report of the Trial between John Cullen and Arthur Morris (1820), 4, 13. 54 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 85; Morning Chronicle,8 Nov. 1806, 30 June 1841; Courier, 13 Feb. 1819; St James’s Chronicle,17 Feb 1846. 55 Morning Post, 7 Jan. 1835; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837, 17 Feb. 1846; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; PP 1826–7, Elections Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9; PP 1860, Elective Franchise, xii, 1, ques. 744. 56 St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837. ‘Jim Crow’ was slang for a street clown, mountebank or folk trickster: C. Mackay, Popular Delusions, 2nd edn. (1852), 629; W. T. Lhamon, Jr., Jump Jim Crow: Lost Plays, Lyrics, and Street Prose of the First Atlantic Popular Culture (2003), 31 and n. 46, 61. Jim Crow was performed at the Royal Surrey Theatre early in 1837, suggesting another link between theatre and electoral politics. 57 C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782,ed.P.E. Matheson (1924), 53; London Chronicle, 5 Aug. 1788. 58 Courier,2Nov.,London Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806. 59 The Times, 8 Oct. 1806; GL, Noble Collection B. W2/COV. 60 PlaP, 27839, f. 198 and 27840, f. 25. 61 European Magazine 62 (1812), 326; W. E. Saxon, ‘The Political Importance of the Westminster Committee of the Early Nineteenth Century, with special reference to the years 1807–22’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1958), i. 100; A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Phil thesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 242. 62 Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1; Morning Chronicle, 17 July 1788, 20 Nov. 1806; Romilly, Memoirs, iii. 360; W. Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster: The Election of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3 (1970), 212; LMA, Beal Papers, F/BL/9/33; HP, PS1, f. 1, PS2, f. 140. 63 Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price (Oxford, 1966), i. 135–6; NA, Rodney Papers, 30/20/20/3, f. 84; Burke Correspondence, iv. 300; Morning Post, 21 July 1788, 4 May 1833; NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/151, f. 146; BrP 47235, fos. 22–31; PlaP 27841, f. 300∗ and 27844, f. 33; WAC, Papers of Simon Notes 299

Stephenson, E3349/4, f. 37; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b 200, f. 192; Co–operative Union, Manchester, G. J. Holyoake Collection, MM/96636/1, f. 228; P. Jupp, British and Irish Elections, 1784–1831 (1973), 128. 64 WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth, Acc. 36/144; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b 200, fos. 166v, 192; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 142; PP 1860, Corrupt Prac- tices Prevention Act (1854), x., 968, 998–1003; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21; Bee–Hive, 21 Nov. 1868; E. L. O’Malley and H. Hardcastle, Reports ...Election Petitions (1870), i. 91–2; HP, PS2, f. 169 and PS4, f. 68. 65 Morning Chronicle, 22 July 1788; BrP, 56540, f. 59v; The Times, 24 Apr. 1837. 66 HMC, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland (1894), 35; B. Connell, Portrait of a Whig Peer (1957), 176. 67 A New Way to secure a Majority (BMC 6572, by S. Collings, 3 May 1784); A. Trollope, Life of Cicero (1880), i. 130. 68 PlaP 35150, fos. 147–8; Thompson, Autobiography of an Artisan, 82. 69 PlaP, 27847, f. 26. Election breakfasts worked similarly; a Whig breakfast on 18 Feb. 1819 paid immediate beneﬁts for George Lamb: BrP, 56540, f. 56v. 70 The Times, 24 May 1831. 71 Morning Chronicle, 26 July 1788. 72 LWL 788.7.29.1, by R. Newton?, 29 July 1788. The print began life as a ballad with the same title: BL shelfmark 11602.i.19 (11). 73 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 91; Vernon, Politics and the People, 96–8; Hoppen, ‘Grammars of Electoral Violence’, 607. In addition to Hogarth’s iconic Chairing the Member (1754–5) see The May Garland or Triumph Without Victory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips, 26 May 1784); Symptoms of an Election (LWL 825.0.51, anon., 1825); Election Pandemonium (Bridgeman Art Library DRU 86944, anon., 1826). 74 Broughton, Recollections, iv. 312; L. Marin, ‘Notes on a Semiotic Approach to Parade, Cortege,andProcession’, in Falassi, Time Out of Time, 220–8; Gunn, Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class,ch.7. 75 Order of the Procession For Chairing Sir Francis Burdett (BM, Dept. of Prints & Drawings, History 1807 IMP, 1807). 76 Bell’s Weekly Messenger and Independent Whig, 24 May 1807. 77 Westminster Journal, 30 May 1807; The Times, 30 June 1807; [Jennings], Pro- ceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 250, 266–70; PlaP, 27838, f. 20; BP, MS. Eng. hist. d. 216, fos. 329, 331; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Francis Burdett (1810), 38–9; H. Hunt, Memoirs (1820–2), ii. 269; Lord Granville Leveson Gower, Private Correspondence, 1781–1821, ed. Countess Granville (1916), ii. 259; Patterson, Burdett, i. 216, 218. 78 Morning Chronicle, 25 Sep. 1780, 16 July 1802; Courier, 8 Oct. 1806; GL, MS. 3730, f. 27. 79 J. B. Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox (1811), 479–83; Last View of the Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox (DLC, PC3 1806, anon., Oct. 1806); T. Jenks, ‘Contesting the Hero: The Funeral of Admiral Lord Nelson’, JBS 39 (2000), 422–53. The Morning Chronicle article showing Fox’s funeral procession is in Place Coll., set 28, f. 95. It should be noted that the expenses for Burdett’s chairing in 1807 totalled nearly £508, approaching half of what it cost to elect him. 80 PlaP, 27838, f. 21; Morning Post, 27, 30 June 1807. 300 Notes

81 London Chronicle, 18 May 1784; Burke Correspondence, v. 409; J. W. von Archenholz, A Picture of England (Dublin, 1790), 16–17; Historyofthe Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 266, but cf. 305. 82 Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall,ed.H.B. Wheatley (1884), i. 13–15; Morning Chronicle, 7 May 1807; Graham, Byron’s Bulldog, 240; Examiner, 7 Mar. 1819; Patterson, Burdett, i. 216; Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich 1820–1826, ed. P. Quennell (1948), 19. 83 G. T. Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, Fifty Years of My Life (1876), i. 247–8; cf. Hardy, Memoirs, 113. 84 P. Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800: The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford, 2000), 266–7. 85 Francis Place commented that ribbons ‘tend to create disturbances’: PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 14. He should have known: at a 20 June 1818 meeting of Burdett’s managing committee Place had noted a resolution that ‘Flags and Music are necessary and that a large blue Silk Flag with the inscription “Sir Francis Burdett” be ordered forth- with’: PlaP 27849, f. 41. At a subsequent procession radicals ‘took every precaution that our colours and symbols should not be mixed with Romilly’s procession’: BrP, 47235, f. 32. 86 Morning Herald and Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784. During the election Foxite women wore blue and ministerialist women green dresses: A. L. Cust, The Albinia Book (1929), 54–5. 87 Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; Scrope Davies Papers, BL Loan 70/2, f. 71. 88 HWE, 146; see also WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth, Acc. 36/144. 89 HWE, 64, 159; Morning Chronicle, 26, 28 July 1788, 3 Mar. 1819; Morning Post, 25 July and London Chronicle, 26 July 1788; Life and Letters of Lord Durham, ed. S. J. Reid (1906), i. 117; The Times, 29 July 1847; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852. 90 Morning Herald, 6 July 1818; BrP, 47235, f. 32, 56541, f. 25; Romilly, Mem- oirs, iii. 364–5; [Sir Samuel Romilly being Chaired] (BM, Prints & Drawings, Binyon 14/8, by George Scharf [1818]). 91 Letters of Dr. Charles Burney, ed. A. Ribeiro (Oxford, 1992), i. 442; True Briton, 14 July 1802; PlaP, 27843, f. 10v. 92 PlaP, 27838, f. 21, 27841, f. 321, 27843, f. 201 and 27845 unfol., 12 July 1818; Independent Whig, 24 May 1807; The Times, 23 June 1818; Order of Procession for Chairing Sir Francis Burdett [1818], broadside, BL shelfmark 1855.de.14; BrP, 47235, f. 31v; Order of Procession for Chairing Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse [1820], GL Broadside 6.95. 93 BrP, 47235, fos. 26–7. Hobhouse used humours as did David Hume: ‘The humours of the people, set aﬂoat by the parliamentary impeach- ment ...broke out in various commotions’: History of England (1754–62): Oxford English Dictionary,s.v.‘humours’. 94 BrP, 56541, f. 24; PlaP, 27843, f. 209; Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830; Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832. 95 For a fuller analysis see M. Baer, ‘Political Dinners in Whig, Radical and Tory Westminster, 1780–1880’, in C. Jones, P. Salmon and R. W. Davis (eds.), Partisan Politics, Principle and Reform in Parliament and the Constituencies, 1689–1880 (Edinburgh, 2005), 183–206. 96 PlaP, 27838, f. 21, 27843, f. 367; The Times, 24 May 1822. Notes 301

97 F. O’Gorman, Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989), 92; BrP 47222, f. 16; Corre- spondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al. (1968–), ix. 195; P. Jupp, British Politics on the Eve of Reform (1998), 409–10. 98 The Times, 25 May 1812. 99 Rutland Manuscripts, iii, App. I, p. 63; Windham Papers, BL Add. MS 37843, f. 5; Farington, Diary, ii. 566; BrP, 56540, f. 43v, 56541, f. 9v and 56557, f. 58v. 100 Speeches of John Horne Tooke During the Westminster Election, 1796 [1796], 37–40; Courier, 20 Nov. 1806; Parliamentary Debates 14 (1809), 774–5; Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819, 333–7, 340–5; D. Rapp, ‘The Left-Wing Whigs: Whitbread, The Mountain and Reform, 1809–1815’, JBS 21 (1982), 53. 101 London Chronicle and Morning Chronicle, 7 Aug 1788; Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Memoirs of Courts and Cabinets of George III (1853–5), i. 416–19. 102 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 28, 94. 103 Morning Chronicle, 9 July 1818; John Bull, 2, 30 Apr. 1837; The Times, 27, 31 July 1841, 12 Feb. 1842. 104 British Press, 3 Mar. and Champion, 5 Mar. 1820; The Times, 24 May 1831. 105 Epstein, Radical Expression, 154 and n. 32; PR 62 (1827), 196 ff. 106 PlaP, 27843, f. 349. 107 The Times, 24 May 1817 and 1822, 25 May 1818, 1824, and 27 May 1828; Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 189; PlaP, 27843, fos. 347–50; BrP, 47235, f. 35; cf. Baer, ‘Political Dinners’, 197, Table 1. 108 BMC 11335, by S. De Wilde, 1 June 1809; Full and Accurate Report of the Proceedings at the Meeting at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, May 1, 1809 (1809). 109 The Times, 24 May 1827; Hobhouse, Recollections, iii. 195–7, 271; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 561–3. 110 The Times, 26 May 1829. 111 PlaP, 27843, f. 391v. 112 E. A. Smith (ed.), Reform or Revolution: A Diary of Reform in England 1830–2 (Wolfeboro Falls, 1992), 146. 113 WAC, Leslie Grove Jones Papers, D/Jon/20. 114 BrP, 56540, fos. 45v,49v. 115 Hobhouse, Recollections, iv. 270. 116 BrP, 47235, fos. 34–5. 117 The annual dinner was a feature of medieval confraternities, and was connected to related festivity: J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984), ch. 2, esp. 20, 23; Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 20. For the comparable antiquity of butchers and their rough music see J. P. Malcolm, Anecdotes of Manners and Customs of London (1808), ii. 28, W. Hone, The Every-Day Book (1827), i. 1434 and R. Chambers, The Book of Days (1914), i. 360 and ii. 111–12. Satirical prints such as A Peep into Friar Bacon’s Study (BMC 6436, by T. Rowlandson, 3 Mar. 1784) and The Cunning Men (BMC 16584, by R. Seymour, 26 Feb. 1831) read alongside K. Thomas, Religion and Decline of Magic (1971) display the staying power of the pre-modern worldview. 302 Notes

7 Associations: From Actors to Audiences

1 Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, ch. 16. Dickens was familiar with Burdett and close to his daughter Angela, later Baroness Burdett-Coutts. 2 PlaP, 27844, fos. 22, 29v; BrP, 56557, fos. 38v–39v; Westminster Election [1832], 1–3; The Times, 20 Nov. 1832, 11 Apr. 1837; A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 58. 3 K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto, intro. A. J. P. Taylor (1848; 1985), 113; for a comparable critique by a liberal see J. T. Smith, Government by Commissions Illegal and Pernicious (1849), 172. 4 D. J. Rowe, ‘The Failure of London Chartism’, HJ 11 (1968), 482; M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995), 75. 5 Morning Chronicle, 30 May 1833. 6 Dinners are infrequently mentioned in works on radical Westminster MPs in this era: see J. T. Leader, Rough and Rambling Notes (1899); E. M. Spiers, Radical General: Sir George deLacy Evans, 1787–1870 (Manchester, 1983). 7 Spiers, Radical General, 202, 204, although see Morning Advertiser, 22 July 1850. 8 [W. D. Christie], ‘Mr. John Stuart Mill for Westminster’, MacMillan’s Maga- zine 12 (1865), 92; Mill, CW, xvi. 1058, 1061, 1095–6, 1422, 1493, 1502, xxviii. 20. Jeremy Bentham, his mentor, felt similarly about political partic- ipation: Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al., (1968–), ix. 150, 195. 9 Westminster Reform Society prospectus, JJC, Elections, London folder; PlaP, 27844, f. 271; [H. Rich], ‘Tory and Reform Associations’, ER 62 (1835), 176–7; The Times, 25 Apr. 1836, 12 Feb. 1842; Morning Chronicle, 14–19 June 1841; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40496, f. 86; Morning Advertiser, 17 June 1852; N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850 (1953), 400-1 and ‘The Organization of the Con- servative Party 1832–1846 Part II: The Electoral Organization’, PH 2 (1983), 136. 10 PlaP, 27841, f. 16; T. J. Nossiter, ‘Aspects of Electoral Behaviour in English Constituencies’, in E. Allardt and S. Rokkan (eds.), Mass Politics: Stud- ies in Political Sociology (New York, 1970), 173; F. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England 1780– 1860’, P&P 135 (1992), 114–15; A. August ‘A Culture of Consolation? Rethinking Politics in Working-Class London, 1870–1914’, HR 74 (2001), 193–219. 11 Epicure’s Almanack (1815), 115; O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 115; E. Yeo, ‘Culture and Constraint in Working-Class Movements, 1830–1855’, in E. Yeo and S. Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conﬂict, 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Brighton, 1981), 168; J. Schwarzkopf, Women in the Chartist Movement (1991), 180–1. 12 HP, PS2, fos. 57–8; West End News, 21 Nov. 1868; A. Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868–1906 (Woodbridge, 2007), 71–98. 13 Country Gentleman, Letter to Sir Francis Burdett (1810), 4. 14 The Times, 10 Dec. 1868, 6 Dec. 1872. 15 M. Pugh, TheToriesandthePeople(Oxford, 1985), 35–8; Windscheffel, Pop- ular Conservatism in London, 99–102; K. Rix, ‘ “The Elimination of Corrupt Notes 303

Practices in British Elections”? Reassessing the Impact of the 1883 Corrupt Practices Act’, EHR 123 (2008), 93. 16 LWWMCA, Sixth Annual Report (1873), HP, PS3, f. 149; Nonconformist,1 Apr. 1880. For distinctions between Tory democracy and popular Con- servatism cf. R. Quinault, ‘Lord Randolph Churchill and Tory Democracy 1880–85’, HJ 22 (1979), 141–65; R. F. Foster, ‘Tory Democracy and Politi- cal Elitism: Provincial Conservatism and Parliamentary Tories in the Early 1880s’, Parliament and Community 14 (1981), 147–75; R. McWilliam, Popu- lar Politics in Nineteenth-Century England (1998), ch. 8; M. Roberts, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain, 1832–1914’, PH 26 (2007), 387–410. 17 Lords and Commons 4 (1880), 800; The Times, 15 May 1884. 18 HP, PS2, fos. 51, 78; National Union of Conservative and Constitutionalist Associations, Minutes of the Proceedings (1867), 5–6. 19 Qtd R. Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 1868–1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (1992), 19; for Bennett see The Times, 10 June 1867. 20 M. Pugh, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain: Continuity and Change, 1880– 1987’, JBS 27 (1988), 259, 273, 278. 21 LWWMCA, Prospectus [1867]. 22 The Times, 12 Nov. 1867; C. Driver, Tory Radical: The Life of Richard Oastler (New York, 1946), 203–4; J. Innes, ‘ “Reform” in English Public Life: The Fortunes of a Word’, in A. Burns and Innes (eds.), Rethinking the Age of Reform: Britain 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 2003), 96. 23 Westminster Journal, 4 Oct. 1806. 24 London Chronicle, 15 July 1788. 25 PlaP, 27850, fos. 214–15, 27840, f. 252, 27843, fos. 331, 335; Morning Chron- icle, 30 Mar. 1809; Statesman, 10 Feb. 1810; Westminster Election 1820 (1820), 7–8; The Times, 27 Apr. and 22 Sep. 1831, 23 Jan. 1833, 22 Apr. and 24 Nov. 1837. 26 Morning Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1812, 8 June 1826; PlaP, 27843, f. 402. 27 Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832. 28 PlaP, 27789, fos. 276–8; The Times, 19 Mar. 1831; Westminster Reform Society (c. late 1830s) and Westminster Reform Society (c. 1846), in JJC, Elections, London; T. A. Jenkins (ed.), Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1858– 1865, Camden 4th ser., 40 (Woodbridge, 1990), 330. 29 Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; The Times, 24 Apr. 1837, 5 Jan. 1838; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b 200, fos. 250, 252; Evans & Lushington for Westminster [1847], National Co-operative Archive, Manchester, George Jacob Holyoake Papers, MM/96636/1, f. 228; A. D. Taylor, ‘Modes of Political Expression and Work- ing Class Politics: The Manchester and London Examples, 1850–1880’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Manchester, 1992), 125–7. 30 BP, Ms Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 242; PlaP, 35150, f. 144. 31 As suggested in H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (1959), 92. 32 BrP, 47226, f. 32; Morning Chronicle, 12 Feb. 1846; Westminster Reform Soci- ety [c.1846], in JJC, Elections. London folder; To the Electors of Westminster (1847), WAC, B 137 (37). 33 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832– 1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), 48. 34 HP, PS2, f. 38. 304 Notes

35 HP, PS2, fos. 52–4. 36 HP, PS1, f. 12, PS2, fos. 60, 66, PS3, fos. 102, 148; Conservative Agents and Associations in the Counties and Boroughs of England and Wales (1874), 91; Old Liberal, Letters to Working Men, No. 2: ‘Radical, Liberal or Conservative’ (1879), 2–3. 37 LWWMCA, Prospectus. 38 W. Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867; 1963), 61. 39 HP, PS2, f. 60. 40 HP, PS2, fos. 52, 78; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 107. 41 The Times, 18 June 1867, 30 Jan. 1874; Spectator and Illustrated Times,21 Nov. 1868; Bishopsgate Institute, London, George Howell Coll., Howell Letters 1868, f. 29; G. W. Smalley, London Letters (New York, 1891), i. 240. 42 Purity of Election (1812), Place Coll., set 31, f. 17; Autobiography of Francis Place, ed. M. Thale (Cambridge, 1972), 216–18; British Press, 5 June 1818; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835. 43 PlaP, 27838, fos. 21, 342. 44 The Times, 24 May 1826. 45 Sir J. Bowring, Autobiography (1877), 80. 46 P. H. Ditchﬁeld, Old English Customs (1896), 172; The Times, 29 Mar. 1880. 47 Place Coll., set 31, f. 71; PlaP, 27840, f. 253. 48 [ J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election, 1865 (1865), 2; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 141; PlaP, 35150, f. 140v; Morning Chronicle, 18, 21 June 1841. 49 PlaP, 27844, fos. 272–9; Examiner, 9 July 1837; The Times, 15–20 Dec. 1838, 20 May 1848; Morning Advertiser, 31 July 1847; Spiers, Radical General, 131–2; T. H. Lloyd, ‘Dr. Wade and the Working Class’, Midland History 2 (1973), 78. 50 Morning Chronicle, 14, 20 Mar. 1857; The Times, 14 Feb. 1865; [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 3; S. M. Ellis (ed.), The Hardman Papers (New York, 1930), 29. 51 The Westminster Liberals lost considerable ground at the 1865 Revising Barrister’s Court which followed the election: The Times, 13 Oct. 1865. Diprose (1814–79) was a Strand bookseller, publisher and author. 52 City of Westminster Liberal Registration Society [1866], JJC, Elections. London folder. Six names could not be traced back to previous elections. For the labels see Ch. 1 above. 53 To the Members of the Westminster Liberal Registration Society [1865], JJC, Elections. London folder; Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868. 54 The Times, 19 Apr., 23 May 1873, 6 Feb. 1874, 5 Mar. 1880, 16 Oct. 1882; prospectus of Westminster Working Men’s Liberal Association, Bishopsgate Institute, London, George Howell Coll.; [A. Trollope], ‘Upshot of Elections’, Saint Pauls (1869), 412; William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, f. 75v. 55 The Times, 2 Dec. 1872; HP, PS3, fos. 117, 130; Pall Mall Gazette, 4 Feb. 1874; P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London 1885– 1914 (1967), 179; T. G. Ashplant, ‘London Working Men’s Clubs, 1875– 1914’, in Yeo and Yeo, Popular Culture and Class Conﬂict, 245–7; J. Lawrence, ‘Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain’, JBS 31 (1992), 172–4. Notes 305

56 The Times, 23 May 1873, 7–8 Feb., 16 Dec. 1882, 12 Jan. 1883; Liberal and Radical Yearbook (1887), 46; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elec- tions, xv. 52; J. Davis, ‘Radical Clubs and London Politics, 1870–1900’, in D. Feldman and G. S. Jones (eds.), Metropolis London: Histories and Representations since 1800 (1989), 106. 57 [Rich], ‘Tory and Reform Associations’; Rules and Regulations of the Westminster Constitutional Club [1835], 6; The Times, 14 July and 13 Oct. 1835, 12 Feb. 1842; PP 1860, Corrupt Practices Prevention Act (1854), x. 357. 58 Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 143; WAC, Papers of the WCA, Acc. 487, f. 2; The Times, 6 July 1852; HP, PS2, f. 72. 59 HP, PS6, fos. 625–6. The LWWMCA nevertheless continued to have a separate existence, bucking the trend in London of uniting middle- and working-class Tory associations: The Times, 1 Apr. 1886; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 92. 60 LWWMCA, Sixth Annual Report and The Times, 7 Aug. 1877, 6 Aug. 1878, 3 Aug. 1880. 61 Illustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846. 62 St. James’s Chronicle, 11–13 May 1837; The Times, 6 July and Illustrated London News, 10 July 1852; Tea and Anarchy: The Bloomsbury Diaries of Olive Garnett, ed. B.C. Johnson (1989), 92; see also R. Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working-Class Attitudes and Reactions to the Boer War 1899– 1902 (1972), ch. 3. 63 The Times, 13 Oct. 1835, 20 Sep. 1842; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 741; Pall Mall Gazette,17Nov.,Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868; Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, 38. 64 HP, PS2, f. 48; Pall Mall Gazette, 25 Nov. 1885; Morning Chronicle,18 Feb. 1846; The Times, 11 July 1865. 65 Westminster Election 1820, 1 (italics added). 66 Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work,chs.1–2;M.Cragoe,Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford, 2004), 81–91. For Westminster cases see The Times, 9 Oct. 1833, 16 Oct. 1835, 20 Sep. 1842; G. Pigott and B. B. H. Rodwell, Reports of Cases Decided in the Court of Common Pleas on Appeal from the Decisions of the Revising Barristers (1846), 149–50. 67 The Times, 3 Dec. 1847, 2 July 1886; PP 1860, Elective Franchise,xii.1,ques. 659–60; PP 1868–9, Registration Committee, vii. 301, ques. 1304, 1356; PP 1870, Registration of Votes in the Counties, vi. 191, p. 762; Mill, CW, xvi. 1071; HP, PS2, fos. 63, 67; National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations, Seventh Annual Conference (1873), 5; J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), 100, 106, 131–58; Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, ch. 1, esp. 24. 68 PP 1864, Registration of County Voters, x. 403, p. 51; HP, PS1, f. 34, PS2, f. 170; The Times, 13 Oct. 1865, 16 Oct. 1872, 27 Sep. 1873; West End News, 28 Nov. 1868; A. Alison, Some Account of My Life and Writings, ed. Jane, Lady Alison (1883), i. 311; Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, 40; J. Davis and D. Tanner, ‘The Borough Franchise after 1867’, HR 69 (1996), 309–10, Tables 2–3. 69 Table 4.2 above; Pall Mall Gazette, 30 Mar. 1880. 306 Notes

70 Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21; PP 1868–9, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, viii. 424–5; E. L. O’Malley and H. Hardcastle, Reports ...Election Petitions (1870), i. 91; C. O’Leary, Elim- ination of Corrupt Practices at Election (Oxford, 1962), 50–1. In 1880 the Conservatives failed to submit election expenses to the returning ofﬁcer: PP 1880, Election Charges, lvii. 33. 71 B. Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony, and Community in England, 1700– 1880 (1982), 25, 158. 72 Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv, 1, pp. 45, 50–3. 73 J. Bentham, Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1818), 17; McWilliam, Popular Politics, ch. 5; M. Canovan, Populism (New York, 1981), ch. 5. 74 Vernon, Politics and the People. 75 J. Thelwall, The Tribune (1795), ii. 209–35; WAC, Vestries of St Mary le Strand and Liberty of the Rolls, Minutes ...Sedition, G1003, fos. 233–6 and K401, 10 Dec 1792 and 12 Dec 1792–27 Nov 1793, Lloyd’s Evening Post, 4 May 1798. 76 F. von Raumer, England in 1835 (1836), 267. 77 PlaP, 27847, fos. 25–6; BrP, 47226, f. 142; J. Garrard, Democratisation in Britain: Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (2002), ch. 5; J. Barrell, The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s (Oxford, 2006), 68; F. Trentmann, Paradoxes of Civil Society (2000), 22; R. Rodger and R. Colls, ‘Civil Society and British Cities’, in Colls and Rodger (eds.), Cities of Ideas (Aldershot, 2004), 11. 78 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenth century (1790), i. 214. 79 PlaP, 27841, fos. 16, 54v, 27849, fos. 7–15; T. Cleary, Letter to Major Cartwright in Justiﬁcation of the Writer’s Conduct at the Late Elections for Westminster (1819), 2–4; WAC, Leslie Grove Jones Papers, D/Jon/20; W. Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster: The Election of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3 (1970), 187. 80 Full and Authentic Account ...Proceedings in Westminster-Hall ... 14th February 1784 (1784), 12–14, 19; [F. Place and W. Adams], To the Electors of Westminster (1807), 1; PR 33 (1818), 603–34; Rump Chronicle, 26 Feb.–3 Mar. [1819], WAC, Papers of Simon Stephenson, E3349/3/12; Spectator, 8 Dec. 1832; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 228; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business–like Men of Westminster (1847), 5. 81 Earl Grey, Parliamentary Government Considered with Reference to Reform,2nd edn (1864), 155. 82 H. Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago, 1958), 50–8; see also D. I. Kertzer, Politics and Symbols (New Haven, 1996), 159–60; H. F. Pitkin, ‘Jus- tice: On Relating Private and Public’, in L. P. Hinchman and S. K. Hinchman (eds.), Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays (Albany, 1994), 270–2. In The close of the poll or John Bull in high good humour (BMC 10736, by C. Williams, 13 May 1807), Sheridan is made to declare, ‘Curse those Ballad singers what a noise they make’, referring to a female ballad–seller who, advertising one of her titles to amused listeners, bawls, ‘The same is a New Song entitled and called—Sherry done over’. 83 Works of John Jebb, ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 147; Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 24; PlaP, 27809, f. 198v, 27843, f. 403 Notes 307

and 27847, fos. 15–16; G. Wallas, The Life of Francis Place. 1771–1854 (1898), 133–4; J. M. Main, ‘Radical Westminster, 1807–1820’, Historical Stud- ies 12 (1966), 189, 202–3; The Times, 2 June 1826. For similar efforts by the Westminster Whigs c.1818–20 see WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth and Simon Stephenson, Acc. 36/144 and E/3349. 84 British Press, 5 June 1818. 85 HP, PS1, f. 34 and PS3, f. 210; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21; WAC, Papers of the WCA, Acc. 487/14; Nonconformist, 1 Apr. 1880; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 89. 86 Most recently M. Crook and T. Crook, ‘The Advent of the Secret Ballot in Britain and France, 1789–1914: From Public Assembly to Private Com- partment’, History 92 (2007), 449–71 and F. O’Gorman, ‘The Secret Ballot in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, in R. Bertrand, J.-L. Briquet and P. Pels (eds.), Cultures of Voting: The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot (2007), 16–42, although see E. Hadley, Living Liberalism: Practical Citizenship in Mid-Victorian Britain (Chicago, 2010), ch. 4. 87 [J. Mackintosh], ‘Universal Suffrage’, ER 31 (1818), 196–8; [W. J. Fox], ‘Men and Things in 1823’, WR 1 (1824), 4; cf. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, 25 July 1818; ‘Public Meetings’, Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 4 Mar. 1832; ‘The Poll or the Ballot’, Fraser’s Magazine 16 (1837), 289–94; The Times,10 Dec. 1856; ‘Liberty and Light’, WR n.s. 35 (1869), 388. 88 Smith, Government by Commissions, 352; B. Weinstein, ‘ “Local Self- Government Is True Socialism”: Joshua Toulmin Smith, the State and Character Formation’, EHR 123 (2008), 1202. 89 Local Self-Government and Centralization (1851), 81; The Parish, 2nd edn. (1857), 211–12. 90 Local Self-Government and Centralization, 244–5; The Parish, 472–3. 91 Grey, Parliamentary Government, vii, ix, 154–62; G. P. Coull, ‘The Third Earl Grey, the Coming of Democracy and Parliamentary Reform, 1865–67. Part One: Grey and the Defeat of the Liberals’, Durham University Journal 87 (1995), 11–21; J. P. Parry, Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (1993), 114. 92 Grey, Parliamentary Government, 254–64. 93 Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861), CW, xix. 490. 94 Considerations on Representative Government, CW, xix. 402, 432–3, 436. 95 The phrase is from Mill’s review of Tocqueville, Democracy in America: B. Baum, ‘Freedom, Power and Public Opinion: J. S. Mill on the Public Sphere’, History of Political Thought 22 (2001), 515–16. For the intellectual origins of such thinking see J. H. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867–1895 (Cambridge, 1986), 250–1. 96 T. Miller, Picturesque Sketches of London (1852), 216; Conway, ‘Great Westminster Canvass’, 741; Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868; J. E. T. Rogers, ‘Bribery’, Essays on Reform (1867; 1967), 113–14. 97 Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, 226–7; Vernon, Politics and the People, 155–7; G. Claeys (ed.), The Chartist Movement (2001), i. 120. 98 So argued Francis Place in the 1820s (PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 15), as did The Times, 6, 11 Feb. 1874 and an election agent (PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 308 Notes

934); cf. B. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth–Century English Politics (New York, 1982), 246. 99 B. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations (New York, 2007), 154–5; WAC, A. M. Broadley Coll., Bath and Piccadilly 1711–1911 [1911], iii. f. 15. She may have inherited this attitude from her father: see Bentham Correspondence, ix. 179. 100 PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 1. 101 [Mackintosh], ‘Universal Suffrage’, 198. 102 Weinstein, ‘Joshua Toulmin Smith’, 1220. 103 Arendt, Human Condition, 53, ch. 6. 104 Arendt, Human Condition, 50; M. Canovan, ‘Politics as Culture: Hannah Arendt and the Public Realm’, History of Political Thought 6 (1985), 634; M. P. d’Entrèves, ‘Hannah Arendt and the Idea of Citizenship’, in C. Mouffe (ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community (1992), 151. 105 Taine’s Notes on England, trans. Edward Hyams (1871; 1957), 290. 106 D. Marquand, Decline of the Public: The Hollowing Out of Citizenship (Oxford, 2004); A. Aughey, The Politics of Englishness (Manchester, 2007), 105–6; E. J. Yeo, ‘Some Practices and Problems of Chartist Democracy’, in Epstein and Thompson, Chartist Experience, esp. 374. On de-democratization see C. Tilly, Democracy (Cambridge, 2007), esp. ch. 3. 107 J. Brewer, ‘Theater and Counter-Theater in Georgian Politics: The Mock Elec- tions at Garrat’, Radical History Review 22 (1979–80), 22–31 and The Common People and Politics 1750–1790s (Cambridge, 1986), 34–9; HWE, esp. 296; Morning Herald, 2 Apr. 1784; Late Sam House (1785); G. Colman the Elder, Election of the Managers (1784); The Auto-biography of Luke Hansard: Printer to the House, 1752–1828, ed. R. Myers (1991), 19; George, BMC,vi. 108 The Times, 24 May 1810; PlaP, 27850, f. 152, 27843, fos. 9v–10, 27849, fos. 25–7, 32; PR 34 (1818), 346–7; Morning Chronicle, 5 Mar. 1819; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 6. 109 The Times, 30 Mar. 1880, 16 Dec. 1882, 12 June 1891; J. M. Davidson, Emi- nent English Liberals in and Out of Parliament (1880), 231–5; F. W. Hirst, Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), 15; J. Davis, Reforming London (Oxford, 1988), 60–4. In 1865 Beal founded and during 1870–5 served as honorary secretary of the Metropolitan Municipal Association. Westerton, a clerk turned bookseller was another Placeite ex-Chartist, churchwarden of St. Paul’s, Knightsbridge, represented St. George’s, Hanover Square 1864–72 on the Metropolitan Board of Works and chaired Mill’s campaign in 1865. 110 W. Wolfe, From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889 (New Haven, 1975), 187; N. MacKenzie and J. MacKenzie, The First Fabians (1977), 56–7; R. Harrison, The Life and Times of Sidney and Beatrice Webb: 1858–1906, the Formative Years (Basingstoke, 2000), 4–6, 20. 111 Speeches of John Horne Tooke During the Westminster Election, 1796 [1796], 37; PlaP, 27843, f. 9v;J.A.Hone,For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982). 112 D. J. Rowe (ed.), London Radicalism, 1830–1834: A Selection from the Papers of Francis Place (1970), 216, 220; Davidson, Eminent Liberals, 239; The Times, 20 May 1848. Notes 309

113 Viscount Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 46508, fos. 207–8. Holland, a recent convert from the Tories, sat on the London County Council for Westminster 1895–8 and was honorary secretary of the London Municipal Society. 114 The Times, 19 Feb. 1789; A. G. R. Steinberg, ‘The City of Westminster and the British Radical Movement of the Late 18th Century’, Ph.D. thesis (St. John’s University, 1976), 309–10; P. D. G. Thomas, John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty (Oxford, 1996); ODNB, xi. 592–5. 115 Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754–1790 (1964), iii. 95. 116 G. S. Byng to T. Arber, 21 July 1837, Earl of Strafford Papers, Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University; The Times, 12 Feb. 1842; Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel, 366. 117 Illustrated London News, 8 Oct. 1898; F. Boase, Modern English Biography (1892–1921), v. 217. 118 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of the Right Honourable W. H. Smith (Edinburgh, 1893), i. 309–10; S. H. G. Twining, ‘Richard Twining III’, Dictionary of Busi- ness Biography (1984–6), v. 587; S. H. Twining, House of Twining 1706–1956 (1956), 64–5; [A. M. Broadley], The Twinings in Three Centuries: The Annals of a Great London Tea House, 1710–1910 (1910), 74; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 91. 119 See Viscount Chilston, W. H . S m i t h (1965), 49, The Times, 2 Sep. 1890 and Bagehot, English Constitution, 161. 120 H. Malleson, Elizabeth Malleson 1828–1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters (1926), 117. 121 WAC, Broadley, Bath and Piccadilly, iii, f. 15. Ironically, Burdett-Coutts was the ﬁrst woman elected to be a Poor Law Guardian: K. Y. Stenberg, ‘Gender, Class, and London Local Politics, 1870–1914’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Minnesota, 1993), 55 n. 1. 122 Making of the English Working Class (1963; New York, 1964), 467. 123 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, p. 52; R. J. Morris, ‘Clubs, Societies and Associations’, in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 (Cambridge, 1990), iii. 412–13. 124 The Times, 3, 5 Feb. 1874; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections,xv. 1, ques. 934. 125 J. F. Murray, The World of London (1843), ii. 41.

8 Pictures: Democracy Imagined

1 George, BMC, vii, p. 16. 2 For postmodern art history’s aversion to context see R. Simon, ‘Disap- pearing Facts and the Growth of Factionalism’, Apollo 134 (1991), 373; P. Burke, Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence (Ithaca, 2001), esp. 178. 3 Morning Chronicle, 1 Aug. 1796. 4 [J. Robertson], ‘Caricatures’, WR 28 (1838), 291; cf. The Times, 22 Dec. 1791. 5 The Past is a Foreign Country (1985), 194, 210; P. Burke, ‘History as Social Memory’, in T. Butler (ed.), Memory: History, Culture, and the Mind (1989), 97–113. 310 Notes

6 A. Baddely, ‘The Psychology of Remembering and Forgetting’, in Butler, Memory, 53; for an 1819 example see BrP, 56540, f. 66. 7 [W. M. Thackeray], ‘An Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank’, WR 34 (1840), 3–4. 8 M. Bills, The Art of Satire: London in Caricature (2006), 110; A. Rauser, Car- icature Unmasked: Irony, Authenticity, and Individualism in Eighteenth-Century English Prints (Newark, 2008), ch. 5. 9 ‘James Gillray, and His Caricatures’, The Athenaeum (1 Oct. 1831), 633. Loyal Addresses and Radical Petitions (BMC 13280, [G. Cruikshank], 4 Dec. 1819) reveals how the image was transferred from Fox to Burdett. 10 Morning Chronicle, 27 May 1796; GL, MS 202, ii., f. 160; R. H. Gronow, Reminiscences and Recollections of Captain Gronow, ed. J. Grego (1900), ii. 113, 296; [W. Thackeray], ‘Pictures of Life and Character’, QR 96 (1854), 77; G. Berkeley, My Life and Recollections (1865–6), iv. 138; J. E. Ritchie, Christopher Crayon’s Recollections (1898), 45; R. C. Temple, Letters and Char- acter Sketches from the House of Commons (1912), 127–8; M. V. Hughes, A London Child of the Seventies (1934; Oxford, 1977), 123–4; G. K. Chesterton, Autobiography (1936), ch. 2. 11 J. P. Malcolm, Historical Sketch of the Art of Caricaturing (1813), p. iii; M. D. George, English Political Caricature, 1793–1832 (Oxford, 1959, i. 131; H. T. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution 1760–1832 (Cambridge, 1986), 13. 12 William Holland opened an exhibition of prints in his shop in 1788, and so did Samuel Fores in 1789; each charged a shilling for admission; cf. WAC, Hellyer Family Papers, Acc 1580, f. 2. 13 Elections in Westminster particularly generated enthusiasm for collecting: Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis (New Haven, 1937–80), xxv. 496, n. 4; Sheridan Papers, BL Add. MS 63641, fos. 61–9; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 94, f. 60; Letters from Charles Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1841–1865, ed. E. Johnson (1953), 90–1. 14 H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1861), i. 303; PlaP, 27828, fos. 53, 94; C. R. Weld, ‘On the Condition of the Working Classes in the Inner Ward of St. George’s Parish, Hanover Square’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London 6 (1843), 17–23; G. Godwin, London Shadows (1854), 5; Scenes from My Life. By a Working Man (1858), 21–2; J. Taylor, From Self-Help to Glamour: The Workingman’s Club, 1860–1972 (Oxford, 1972), 10. 15 WAC, Acc 730, fos. 10, 12, 18, 29–30, 39; James Beattie’s London Diary 1773, ed. R. S. Walker (Aberdeen, 1946), 99; T. Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man (1845), 198; C. Knight, Passages of a Working Life (1864–5), ii. 6; L. Simond, Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain (1815), i. 21; F. W. Hackwood, William Hone: His Life and Times (1912), 39–40. 16 On such metapictures see L. James, ‘Cruikshank and Early Victorian Car- icature’, History Workshop 6 (1978), 117; W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory (Chicago, 1994), ch. 2; R. Crone, ‘Mr and Mrs Punch in Nineteenth-Century England’, HJ 49 (2006), 1065. 17 Private Letters of Sir Robert Peel, ed. G. Peel (1920), 116; F. Bamford and Duke of Wellington (eds.), Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, 1820–1832 (1950), ii. 305; Good Humour (BMC 15859, by W. Heath, 22 Sep. 1829). Notes 311

18 LMA, SC/PD/WE/06/06; Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. W. Marrs, Jr. (1975), i. 267; J. Ford, Rudolph Ackermann (1983), 79. 19 S. von La Roche, Sophie in London, 1786, trans. C. Williams (1933), 237; Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), iii. 928; PlaP, 27828, fos. 53, 163; S. Bamford, Early Days (1849), 87; C. Knight, London (1841–4), v. 34; D. Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds: The Life and Diaries of Arthur J. Munby 1828–1910 (1972), 53; M. Rosenthal, ‘Public Reputation and Image Control in Late-Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Visual Culture in Britain 7 (2006), 69–72. 20 For the narrower reading see Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution, E. E. C. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators: The Public of the Polit- ical Print in Eighteenth-Century England’, History 81 (1996), 5–21 and D. Donald, The Age of Caricature: Satirical Prints in the Age of George III (1996); for the populist alternative see Rauser, Caricature Unmasked, 64, M. Wood, Radical Satire and Print Culture 1790–1822 (Oxford, 1994), 50, L. Nead, ‘Map- ping the Self: Gender, space and modernity in mid-Victorian London’, in R. Porter (ed.), Rewriting the Self: Histories from the Renaissance to the Present (1997), esp. 179–80 and T. Hunt, Defining John Bull: Political Caricature and National Identity in Late Georgian England (2003), 10–12. 21 Half a Century of English History (1884), pp. iii–iv. 22 Public Advertiser, 12 Dec. 1793, and for loyalist fretting well beyond the 1790s see The Loyal Man in the Moon: With Thirteen Cuts (1820) and J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London, 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 313. 23 W. Crane, An Artist’s Reminiscences (1907), 38, 50; Berkeley, Life and Rec- ollections, iv. 133; W. Allingham, Diary, ed. H. Allingham and D. Radford (Harmondsworth, 1985), 35; C. M. Smith, The Little World of London (1857), 9–10; J. Sullivan, The British Working Man (1878), 59; J. Hatton, Club-Land, London and Provincial (1890), 1–2; F. Morris, Artist of Wonderland: The Life, Political Cartoons, and Illustrations of Tenniel (Charlottesville, 2005), 245. 24 M. D. George, Hogarth to Cruikshank: Social Change in Graphic Satire (1967), 13; H. Atherton, Political Prints in the Age of Hogarth (Oxford, 1974), ch. 3; R. Porter, ‘Seeing the Past’, P&P 118 (1988), 192–4; R. L. Patten, George Cruikshank’s Life, Times, and Art (1992–6), i. 26; H. J. Miller, ‘John Leech and the Shaping of the Victorian Cartoon: The Context of Respectability’, Victorian Periodicals Review 42 (2009), 268, 275. 25 Morris, Artist of Wonderland, 244–7; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 17; J. B. Osborne, ‘The Journal Vanity Fair and Later Victorian Politics’, Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries 42 (1980), 71; J. J. Savory and P. Marks, The Smiling Muse: Victoriana in the Comic Press (1985), 16–17; V. Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London (2006), ch. 7. 26 H. Twiss, The Public and Private Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon (1844), i. 114; K. Bourne, Palmerston: The Early Years 1784–1841 (1982), 477. Gillray’s correspondence is filled with commissions from politicians; for examples see Gillray Papers, BL Add. MS 27337, fos. 55, 73–5, 82. 27 F. Grose, Rules for Drawing Caricature (1788), 4; Gillray Papers, BL Add. MS 27337, fos. 20, 39; [J. Corry], A Satirical View of London at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century (1801), 149–51; PlaP, 27844, f. 167; ‘James Gillray, and His Caricatures’, 633–4; [H. Cole], ‘Modern Wood Engraving’, WR 29 312 Notes

(1838), 268; [W. M. Thackeray], ‘Parisian Caricatures’, WR 32 (1839), 287; ‘Cruikshank’, London Journal (1847), 177–80. 28 The Caricaturist’s Apology (LWL 802.6.1.5, anon., 1 June 1802); Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40500, f. 314v; Patten, Cruikshank i. 148. 29 Punch 12 (1847), 216, 245; 13 (1847), 22, 39, 41, 47; on Cochrane’s campaign see J. Winter, ‘The “Agitator of the Metropolis”: Charles Cochrane and Early-Victorian Street Reform’, LJ 14 (1989), 29–42. 30 School for Scandal (BMC 10606, by C. Williams, Nov. 1806); View of the Hustings in Covent Garden (BMC 10619, by J. Gillray, 15 Dec. 1806); [Frontispiece to the Rising Sun, vol. II] (BMC 10703, by W. O’Keefe, 20 Feb. 1807); M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man: The Rise and Fall of Richard Brinsley Sheridan as Political Reformer’, in J. Morwood and D. Crane (eds.), Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 164 and n. 78. 31 Doublûres of Characters;——or——striking Resemblances in Phisiognomy (BMC 9261, by Gillray, 1 Nov. 1798). For Burdett see Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185, by W. Heath, [July] 1830), and for Mill Figure 8.11 below. 32 Morning Herald, 8 Mar. and 8 Apr. 1783; Ambitio (BMC 6395, by [J. Boyne], 1 Feb. 1784); The Times, 29 Mar. 1790; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782–1794 (1971), 52–3, 96–7; A. Page, John Jebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism (2003), 248–9. 33 Besides Figure 8.1 see The Tree of Liberty must be planted immediately!—(BMC 8986, by J. Gillray, 16 Feb. 1797); John Bull Consulting the Oracle! (BMC 9190, by Gillray, 20 Mar. 1798). 34 Guy Vaux (BMC 6007, by [J. Gillray], [June 1782]); Fashionable Follies (BMC 7359, by Gillray, 29 July 1788); Patriots Amusing Themselves (BMC 8082, by [Gillray], 19 Apr. 1792); The Republican-Attack (BMC 8681, by Gillray, Nov. 1795); The General Sentiment (BMC 8999, by R. Newton, 22 Mar. 1797). 35 Pro Bono Publico:The Political Cluster in Terrorem (BMC 6627, by W. Dent, 25 June 1784). See also The Constitutional Society (BMC 6246, by Dent, 27 June 1783) and The Westminster Return (LWL 785.3.10.1, by Dent, 10 Mar. 1785). 36 Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age (1825; 1954), 233. For pre-1807 see New Morality (LWL 798.8.1.1+, by J. Gillray, 1 Aug. 1798); CITIZENS Visiting the BASTILLE,—Vide. Democratic Charities—(LWL 799.1.16.1, by Gillray, 16 Jan. 1799); The Triumph of Independence Over Majesterial Inﬂuence and Cor- ruption (BMC 10372, by C. Williams, 8 Mar. 1805); Uncorking Old-Sherry (BMC 10375, by Gillray, 10 Mar. 1805). For post-1807 see The First Exploit of the Modern Don Quixote (BMC 10705, by C. Williams?, June 1807); Modern St. George Attacking the Monster of Despotism (BMC 11538, by W. Heath, 6 Apr. 1810); A Model for Patriots or an Independent Legislator (BMC 11540, by Heath, 10 Apr. 1810). 37 The Close of the Poll or John Bull in High Good Humour (BMC 10736, by C. Williams, 30 May 1807). 38 Election—Candidates;—Or;—The Republication Goose at The Top of the PolˆLE (BMC 10732, by J. Gillray, 20 May 1807); see also ASecondSight.Viewof the Blessings of Radical Reform (BMC 11328, by S. DeWilde, 1 May 1809), depicting an assault on Britannia by Burdett and other radicals. 39 Tree of Corruption (BMC 11323, by I. Cruikshank, Apr. 1809). This print should be contrasted with Figure 8.9’s image of Fox as the serpent, and Notes 313

The Reformers’ Attack on the Old Rotten Tree;or,FoulNests of the Cormorants in Danger (BMC 16650, by Sharpshooter, Apr. 1831?), where Burdett once again wields an axe. 40 An Attack on le Livre Rogue, or Champions of Liberty Reducing an Overgrown Red Book (BMC 11537, by W. Heath, 1 Apr. 1810); Brittania Lamenting the Fate of her Favorite Son (HEH, BMX 1810—L, anon., 11 Apr. 1810); The Borough Mongers Strangled in the Tower (BMC 11551, by T. Rowlandson, 11 Apr. 1810); To Commemorate the Restoration of Sir Francis Burdett to Liberty (DLC, PC3— 1810, anon., June 1810); The Pride of Britain (BMC 11562, by C. Williams, June 1810). 41 Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (Place Coll., set 13, f. 53, anon., c.1819); The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by G. Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819); Covent Garden, 3rd March, 1819 (BMC 13219, by G. Cruikshank, 20 Apr. 1819); Loyal Address’s & Radical Petitions (BMC 13280, by G.? Cruikshank, 4 Dec. 1819); Western Patriots (BMC 13654, by R.? Cruikshank, Feb. 1820); The Revolution Association (BMC 14194, by R. Cruikshank [1821]); Cockney Laureate Elected (BMC 14261, by J. Gleadah [1821]). 42 Figaro in London, 1 Dec. 1832; The Contest for Westminster (BMC 17323, anon. 1 Dec. 1832); The Managers Last Kick, or, the Destruction of the Boroughmongers (BMC 17342, by C. J. Grant [1832]). 43 Figaro in London, 1 Apr. and 8 July 1837. 44 The Last & Highest Point At Which the Unheard of Courage of Don Quizote Ever Did, or Could arrive, with the happy conclusion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298.c.16, by J. Doyle, 23 May 1837); cf. TheﬁrstexploitofthemodernDon Quizote or John Bull turned Sancho Panza (BMC 10705, by C. Williams, June 1807). 45 The only cartoon ever published of Evans electioneering in Westminster is Re-organizing the Legion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298. c. 16, by J. Doyle, 24 July 1837). 46 Leslie Ward, Forty Years of ‘Spy’ (1915), 104, 109–11; A Feminine Philosopher, by Ward, Vanity Fair, 29 Mar. 1873. 47 For Mill and the Eyre controversy see C. Hall, K. McClelland and J. Rendall, Deﬁning the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867 (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 4. 48 Mill’s Logic; or, Franchise for Females, by J. Tenniel, Punch 52 (1867), 83; see also The Ladies Advocate, ibid, 225; J. M. Robson, ‘Mill in Parliament: The View from the Comic Papers’, Utilitas 2 (1990), 109. 49 Judy, 29 Jul. 1868. 50 ‘The Political Prelude’, Fortnightly Review 10 (1868), 110; The Tomahawk,5 Dec. 1868. 51 The Westminster Steeple-Chase, Will-o-the Wisp, 3 Oct. 1868. The theme looked back to A race for the Westminster stakes (JJC, Political Cartoons 6 [34], by [J. Doyle], 22 May 1837). 52 The Westminster Guy,rep.Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 290; Common Sense, by F. Waddy, Once a Week, 19 Oct. 1872. 53 Covent Garden Market Westminster Election (BM, Dept of Prints & Draw- ings, Crace Portfolio, XVIII.100, by T. Rowlandson and A. C. Pugin, 1 July 1808). 314 Notes

54 M. Philp, ‘English Republicanism in the 1790s’, Journal of Political Philosophy 6 (1998), 246–7. 55 Opposition Music Or Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon., July 1788) also has Fox, Burke and George Hanger about to strike a woman and her child with butchers’ cleavers and marrow bones. 56 Correspondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge, 1956–78), v. 407–9; London Chronicle, 24 Jul. 1788; E. Sheridan, Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (Oxford, 1986), 111; G. Hanger, The Life, Adventures, and Opinions of Col. G. H. Written by Himself (1801), ii. 199; F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke (Oxford, 1998, 2006), ii. 200–01. 57 George, BMC, v, p. 512; see also Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed. J. T. Boulton (1757; Oxford, 1987), 39andN.K.Robinson,Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature (New Haven, 1996), 115–16. 58 The Westminster Election (Picture Library, Museum of London 152, by R. Dighton, 1788). Flying cats and cabbages appeared in crowd scenes from the mid-eighteenth well into the nineteenth century, adding power to the ‘since time immemorial’ trope in Ch. 4 above: Fig. 4.4; N. Rogers, ‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade and Independency: Popular Politics in Pre- Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973), 74; Symptoms of an Election (LWL 825.0.51, anon., 1825); A Specimen of British Elections (GL, Satirical Print Coll., Satires 1830, anon., c.1830); Election hints (LWL 834.0.17, by G. Cruikshank, 1834); Illustrated London News, 7 Aug. 1847. 59 Illustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846, 10 July 1852, 22 Jul. 1865 and 21 Nov. 1868; Fun, 21, 28 Nov. 1868; Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865, 21 Nov. 1868; Mary Evans Picture Library 10118709. 60 Illustrated London News, 14 Feb. 1874 and 5 Dec 1885. 61 Illustrated London News, 28 Nov. 1885; J. Parton, Caricature and Other Comic Art (New York, 1878), 153. The Graphic often included images of past Westminster elections just prior to an actual campaign to define ‘olden times’: The Graphic, 7 Feb. 1874, 21, 28 Nov., 5, 12 Dec. 1885. 62 Epstein, Radical Expression, 97; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 92 and n. 88. 63 A Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC 5665, by R. Lyford?, 8 May 1780). 64 [The Chairing of Fox] (BMC 6524, anon., 12 Apr. 1784, rep. 18 May 1784). 65 Patriotic Regeneration (BMC 8624, by J. Gillray, 2 Mar. 1795). Gillray bor- rowed heavily from A Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC 5665, by R. Lyford?, 8 May 1780). 66 Dorothy George’s analysis in BMC, vii. 449–50 should be augmented with Genesis 2:15–3:7, 22 and Rev. 22:2, as well as J. Reeves, Thoughts on the English Government (1795), 12–13. 67 Casting Up the Poll and Declaring the Majority, By Mr Reynard (BMC 7366, by W. Dent, 4 Aug. 1788). 68 This reading is suggested by Doctor Barnacle Driving a Load of Spittalfields Weavers to Poll for Westminster (BMC 6575, by Dent, 5 May 1784), wherein the red cap was worn by two Spitalfields weavers being taken to poll for Fox. Notes 315

69 [Imitation bank note] (BMC 10734, anon., 23 May 1807); [Frontispiece to The Satirist, Vol. I] (BMC 10764, by S. DeWilde, 1 Oct. 1807). 70 Reformers’ Dinner (BMC 11335, by S. DeWilde, 1 June 1809). 71 Western Patriots (BMC 13654, by R. Cruikshank?, Feb. 1820); Bennet the Brave (BMC 14045, by J. L. Marks, [1820]). 72 Hunt, Deﬁning John Bull, ch. 4; Rauser, Caricature Unmasked, 118–28; M. Taylor, ‘John Bull and the Iconography of Public Opinion in England c.1712–1929’, P&P 134 (1992), 96–102; R. T. Matthews, ‘The Victorians’ Biography of John Bull’, Nineteenth-Century Prose 22 (1995), 75–80. Note in Figure 1.1 that Fox is supported by Britannia. 73 Genial Rays, or John Bull enjoying the Sunshine (BMC 11563, by Williams, June 1810). 74 Cynicus (Martin Anderson), Somnia Non Mors (1890?) in S. Houfe, Dictionary of British Book Illustrators and Caricaturists, 1800–1914 (1978), 277; Taylor, ‘John Bull and Public Opinion’, 116. 75 Elements of Bacchus; or Toasts and Sentiments (1792), pl. 7, 16, pp. 13–14, 31–2. 76 Universal Suffrage, or—the Scum Uppermost!!!!! (BMC 13248, by G. Cruikshank, 17 Jul. 1819) and The Radical Ladder (BMC 13895, by G. Cruikshank, 1820, rep. 1821). 77 BMC 13001, 3 July 1818; Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (Place Coll., set 13, f. 53, anon., c.1819); The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by G. Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819); The Revolution Association (BMC 14194, by R. Cruikshank, c. June–July 1821); BrP, 36456, f. 25; Morning Chronicle, 13 Jan. 1819; R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia, 1973), 81. 78 The March of Roguery (BMC 16408, by C. J. Grant [1830]); Democracy and Aristocracy (BMC 16889, by R. Seymour, 1831); The Dissolution of Aristocratic Tyranny or Vox Populi, Vox Dei (BMC 16673, by H. Heath, [May?] 1831); Trial Between Might and Right (BM Dept of Prints & Drawings, Broadsides British 1841 Imp, by H. Paul, 1841). 79 The May Garland, (BMC 6600, by Phillips, 26 May 1784); Opposition Music or Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon. [Jul. 1788]; cf. Hunt, Deﬁning John Bull, 38–9, 193. 80 Spirit of Democracy, or the Rights of Man maintained and Spirit of Aristocracy enforcing Reform, Or, the Rights of Kings maintained (BM Dept of Prints & Drawings, BM Sat undescribed, by Dent, 23 Jan. 1792); The New Mercury Dedicated to the Free & Independent Electors of Westminster (BMC 8813, by R. Cruikshank, 1 June 1796). 81 A Phillipick to the Geese (BMC 5843, anon., 25 June 1781); The Westminster Electors Chairing Their Favorite Candidate (BMC 6211, anon., 16 Apr. 1783); Geese Triumphant or Fox in the Dumps (LWL 784.2.26.1, anon., 26 Feb. 1784); The Undecided Geese (DLC, PC3 1784, anon., [c. Feb. 1784]); The Westminster Return (LWL 785.3.10.1, by W. Dent, 10 Mar. 1785); Covent Garden, 3d March, 1819 (BMC 13219, by G. Cruikshank, 20 Apr. 1819); Punch 1 (1841), 9. 82 Sam House was featured in 29 prints on the Westminster election of 1784, the duchess of Devonshire in 75, both achieving iconic status by the end of the campaign. C. McCreery, The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in Late 316 Notes

Eighteenth-Century England (2004), 141–7 has the most contextually nuanced reading of the prints. 83 HWE, 254, 343; Morning Chronicle, 5 Apr. 1784. For a helpful critique of the clumsy applications of conceptual frameworks to political prints see E. E. C. Nicholson, ‘English Political Prints and Pictorial Political Argument c.1640–c.1832: A Study in Historiography and Methodology’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1994), ii, ch. 2. 84 A Sally from Sam’s or F—x Canvassing (BMC 6479, anon., 31 Mar. 1784). 85 BMC 6487, anon., Apr. 1784. 86 Female Inﬂuence: or, the Devon—e Canvas (BMC 6493, by S. Collings, 3 Apr. 1784). 87 Fox’s Cotillion in St James Market (BMC 6532, by W. P. Carey, 15 Apr. 1784); Falstaff in all his glory (DLC, PC 3–1784, anon., 4 June 1784). 88 A Borough Secur’d or Reynard’s Resource (LWL 784.5.24.124, anon., May 1784). 89 Morning Post, 28 Jan. 1819. 90 Fig. 6.1; PlaP, 27843, fos. 390–1; Zegger, Hobhouse,chs.4,8;D.Miles,Francis Place (Brighton, 1988), ch. 12. 91 The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by G. Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819); Francis Place,byD.Maclise,Fraser’s Magazine 13 (1836), 427. 92 For competing readings of the print see Bills, ArtofSatire, 100–2 and Donald, Age of Caricature, 140. 93 Contrast An Election in Outline. Polling-Day,byR.Doyle,Fun, 28 Nov. 1868 and The Nomination of Candidates at Westminster, Illustrated Times,21 Nov. 1868. See also ‘Election Sketches’, The Graphic, 2 Apr. 1880 and ‘Humours of Electioneering’, Illustrated London News, 28 Nov. 1885. 94 Famously in the Vanity Fair cartoons, but see also Punch, 23 and 30 Oct. 1886 or Illustrated London News, 6 Oct. 1900. 95 The General Election—Leaves From Our Artist’s Note-Book, by W. Ralston, The Graphic, 3 Apr. 1880. 96 The Ladies’ Committee, On the Music Hall Stage for This Night Only,andLady Canvassers, Illustrated London News, 21, 28 Nov. 1885. 97 Parton, Caricature and Other Comic Art, 153. This assessment failed to explain why collections of Gillray’s work continued to be reprinted by businessmen who likely knew their markets: The Genuine Works of James Gillray. Engraved by himself (1830); T. Wright and R. Harding, Historical and descriptive account of the caricatures of James Gillray (1851); J. Grego, The Works of J. G., the Caricaturist (1873). 98 Examiner, 30 Dec. 1848. 99 Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139. 100 Patten, Cruikshank, i. 172; ODNB, v. 59; George, BMC, vols. v–xi; Robson’s London Directory (1840–50); W. B. Todd, A Directory of Printers and Others in Allied Trades, London and Vicinity, 1800–1840 (1972); P. A. N. Brown, London Publishers and Printers c.1800–1870 (1982). 101 George, BMC, vol. xi. 102 Patten, Cruikshank, i. 268, 390–1; J. J. Lamb, ‘Gallery of Comicalities’, Notes and Queries, 4th ser. 5 (1870), 209; ODNB, xxiii. 296–7; George, English Political Caricature, ii. 218–19, 230, 237–8, 245, 250. 103 R. Doyle, A Journal kept by Richard Doyle in the Year 1840,ed.J.H.Pollen (1885), p. v; Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139–40. Notes 317

104 E. (pseud.), ‘The Philosophy of Punch’, WR 38 (1842), 317; G. M. Trevelyan, The Seven Years of William IV: A Reign Cartooned by John Doyle (1952), 3–4. 105 Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 141–2; George, From Hogarth to Cruikshank, 220; Miller, ‘Leech and the Victorian Cartoon’, 270, 277. 106 R. G. G. Price, A History of Punch (1857), 46–9; A. W. á Beckett, Recollections of a Humourist (1907), 394, 404–5; G. Sutherland, ‘Cruikshank and London’, in I. B. Nadel and F. S. Schwarzbach (eds.), Victorian Artists and the City (New York, 1980), 106; H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution, c.1780–c.1880 (New York, 1980), ch. 3. 107 J. Hatton, Journalistic London (1882), 24; L. E. Naylor, The Irrepressible Victorian (1965), 20. 108 Fraser’s Magazine 1 (1830), 520; cf. E. L. Bulwer, England and the English (1833), ii. 107; J. B. Osborne, ‘ “Governed by Mediocrity”: Image and Text in Vanity Fair ’s Political Caricatures, 1869–1889’, Victorian Periodicals Review 40 (2007), 308. 109 The Successful Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [116], anon., 21 Nov. 1868); Westminster, by C. Pellegrini, Vanity Fair, 2 Feb. 1878. 110 See [Robertson], ‘Caricatures’, 289–92; Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139; [J. Hannay], ‘English Political Satires’, QR 101 (1857), 436. 111 Cf. A Fine Old English Gentleman, HB’s Political Sketches 5, no. 481 (10 May 1837) and the image of Burdett in E. Alford and W. Thornberry, Old and New London (1897), iv. 277. 112 Gatrell, City of Laughter, chs. 14–18; cf. Bills, Art of Satire,ch.6. 113 George, English Political Caricature, ii. 218–19, 230; Patten, Cruikshank, I, ch. 24; D. Hill, Fashionable Contrasts: Caricatures by James Gillray (1966), 18. 114 [W. Thackeray], ‘Half-a-Crown’s Worth of Cheap Knowledge,’ Fraser’s Maga- zine 17 (1838), 281. 115 Coleridge to John Rickman, Feb. 1804, in Collected Letters of S. T. Coleridge, ed. E. A. Griggs (1971), ii. 1063.

Conclusion: The Workshop of Democracy

1 A. Trollope, The Way We Live Now (1875), chs. 35, 45, 63–4. 2 A. de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, trans. S. Gilbert (Garden City, 1955), p. vii. 3 PlaP, 27849, f. 103. 4 PlaP, 27844, fos. 272–5. 5 ‘What is a Revolution’, The Pamphleteer 14 (1819), 59. 6 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv, 1, ques. 1026. 7 Elections and Party Management in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli (1959), 226. 8 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, fos. 77–8, 44413, fos. 79–81. Smith had formed his anti-labour worldview while a lecturer for the Anti- Corn Law League. For the Liberal Smith’s collusion with the Conservative Smith in gathering support against the Reform League’s Hyde Park demon- stration in May 1867 see HP, PS 2, fos. 24–8. 318 Notes

9 Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; ‘The Upshot of the Elections’, Saint Pauls 3 (1869), 411–12; cf. G. S. Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832–1982 (1983), ch. 4; M. Roberts, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain, 1832–1914’, PH 26 (2007), 398. 10 ‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade and Independency: Popular Politics in Pre- Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973), 73. 11 D. A. Hamer, John Morley: Liberal Intellectual in Politics (Oxford, 1968), 124–5; F. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (1911), ii. 219. 12 F. W. Hirst, Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), iii. 89. Morley had made a contradictory argument in a bitter response to Mill’s defeat in 1868: ‘The Chamber of Mediocrity’, Fortnightly Review, n.s. 4 (1868), 691–2. 13 PlaP, 27809, f. 31; Morning Post, 6 May 1833; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, fos. 207–8; M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931), ii. 614–5; Mill, CW, xvi. 1142, 1480–1; Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868. 14 M. P. D’Entrèves, ‘Hannah Arendt and the Idea of Citizenship’, in C. Mouffe (ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community (1992), 152. 15 Observer, 22 Nov. 1868; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 143; Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784. 16 HP, PS2, f. 113. 17 PP 1877, xv, 1, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, p. 51, ques. 890. 18 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832–1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), ch. 3. 19 PlaP, 27849, f. 107. 20 A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Phil (University of Oxford, 1975), 62–3, 81–3, 88, 245–8. 21 The Spirit of the Laws (1748), book v, ch. 19. Select Bibliography

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George III, Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. B. Fortescue, 6 vols. (1927–8). ——, Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall, 5 vols. (Cambridge, 1966–70). George IV, Correspondence of George, Prince of Wales, 1770–1812, ed. A. Aspinall, 8 vols. (Oxford, 1963–71). Gower, F. L., Bygone Years: Recollections, 3rd edn. (1905). Gower, G. L., Lord Granville Leveson Gower, Private Correspondence, 1781–1821,ed. Countess Granville (1916). Green, M. M., Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800–1840) (Sussex, 1992). Greville, C., Greville Memoirs, ed. H. Reeve, 8 vols. (1888). Grote, G., Posthumous Papers, ed. H. Grote (1874). Ham, E., Elizabeth Ham by herself 1783–1820, ed. E. Gillett (1945). Hamilton, G., Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reﬂections, 1868 to 1885 (1916). Hanger, G., Life and Adventure of Col. George Hanger (1801). Hansard, L., Auto-biography of Luke Hansard: Printer to the House, 1752–1828,ed. R. Myers (1991). Harcourt, E. W., Harcourt Papers, ed. E. W. Harcourt, 14 vols. (1880). Hardy, G., Diary of Gathorne Hardy, ed. N. E. Johnson (Oxford, 1981). Hardy, T., Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832). Hardy,T.D.(ed.),Memoirs of Lord Langdale, 2 vols. (1852). Harrison, F., Autobiographic Memoirs, 2 vols. (1911). HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915). ——, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887). ——, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland, 4 vols. (1888–1905). ——, Manuscripts of the Earl of Carlisle (1897). ——, Manuscripts of Mrs Stopford-Sackville, 2 vols. (1904–10). Hobhouse, J. C., Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron, ed. P. W. Graham (Columbus, 1984). ——, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester, 6 vols. (1909–11). Hobhouse, L.T., Lord Hobhouse: A Memoir, ed. J. L. L. Hammond (1905). Hood, S., Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood (Viscount Hood), ed. D. Hannay (1895). Horner, F., Horner Papers, ed. K. Bourne and W. B. Taylor (Edinburgh, 1994). Hunt, H., Memoirs, 3 vols. (1820–2). Hunt, L., Correspondence of Leigh Hunt, ed. T. L. Hunt (1862). Jaffe, J. A. ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007). Jeans, W., Parliamentary Reminiscences (1912). Keppel, G. T., Earl of Albemare, Fifty Years of My Life (1876). Knight, C., Passages of a Working Life, 3 vols. (1864–5). Lamb, C., The Whole Disgraceful Truth: Selected Letters of Lady Caroline Lamb,ed.P. Douglass (New York, 2006). Lamb, C. and M. Lamb, Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. W. Marrs (1975). La Roche, S. von, Sophie in London, 1786, trans. C. Williams (1933). Late Sam House (1785). [Lawless, V. P.], Lord Conclurry, Personal Recollections (Dublin, 1849). Leader, J. T., Rough and Rambling Notes (1899). LeMarchant, D., Memoir of John Charles Viscount Althorp third Earl Spencer (1876). 324 Select Bibliography

Lever, T. (ed.), Letters of Lady Palmerston (1957). Malleson, E., Elizabeth Malleson 1828–1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters,ed. H. Malleson (1926). Memoirs of the Life of Sir Francis Burdett (1810). Montagu, E., Mrs. Montagu, ‘Queen of the Blues’, 2 vols., ed. R. Blunt [1923]. Moore, T., Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. W. S. Dowden (1984). More, H., Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Hannah More,ed. W. Roberts, 2nd edn., 4 vols. (1835). Morley, J., Early Life and Letters of John Morley, ed. F. W. Hirst (1927). Moritz, C. P., Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924). Neville, S., Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–88, ed. B. Cozens-Hardy (1950). Peel, R., Sir Robert Peel from His Private Papers, ed. C. S. Parker (1899; 1970). Pitt, W., Correspondence between the Right Hon. William Pitt and Charles, Duke of Rutland, intro. John, Duke of Rutland (1890). Place, F., Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge 1972). Quennell,P. (ed.), Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820–1826 (1937). Raikes, T., Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes, 2 vols. (1856–8). Redding, C., Fifty Years’ Recollections, 2nd edn. (1858). Ribeiro, A. (ed.), Letters of Dr. Charles Burney (Oxford, 1991). Robinson,H.C.,Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869). Robinson, J., Parliamentary Papers of John Robinson, 1774–1784,ed.W.T.Laprade (1922). Roebuck, J. A., Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, ed. R. E. Leader (1897). Romilly, S., Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons, 3rd edn. , 3 vols. (1842). ——, Romilly-Edgeworth Letters, 1813–1818, ed. S. H. Romilly (1936). Rush, R., Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 2nd edn. (Philadelphia, 1833). Russell, G., Letters to Lord G. William Russell from Various Writers, 1817–1845, 3 vols. (1915–19). Sancho, I., Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968). Scenes from My Life. By a Working Man (1858). Shelley, F., Diary of Frances Lady Shelly, ed. R. Edgcumbe, 2 vols. (1912–13). Sheridan, B., Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (1960). Sheridan, R. B., Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1966). ——, Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan,ed. J. Watkins (1817). Simond, L., Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain (1815). Sims, G. R., My Life (1917). Smalley, G. W., London Letters (New York, 1891). Smith, E. A. (ed.), Reform or Revolution: A Diary of Reform in England 1830–2 (Wolfeboro Falls, 1992). Stevens, W. B., Journal of the Rev. William Bagshaw Stevens, ed. G. Galbraith (Oxford, 1965). Temple, R., Life in Parliament (1893). Thompson, C., Autobiography of an Artisan (1847). Select Bibliography 325

Trelawny, J., Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1858–1865, ed. T. A. Jenkins (Woodbridge, 1990). Trotter, J. B., Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox (1811). Twining, L., Recollections of Life and Work (1893). Walpole, H., Journal of the Reign of King George III, ed. J. Doran (1859). ——, Last Journals of Horace Walpole, ed. A. F. Steuart (1910). ——, Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, 37 vols., ed. W. S. Lewis (1937–83). Ward, L., Forty Years of ‘Spy’ (1915). West, A., Recollections 1832 to 1886 (1899). Wilkes, J., Letters from the year 1774 to the year 1796 of J. Wilkes, Esq. to his daughter, ed. Sir W. Rough (1804). White, W., Inner Life of the House of Commons, 2 vols. (1897). Williams, R. H. (ed.), Salisbury-Balfour Correspondence (Ware, 1988). Wordsworth, W. and D. Wordsworth, Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, eds. M. Moorman and A. G. Hill, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1967–79). Wraxall, N. W., Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall, ed. H. B. Wheatley (1884).

Prints Attack on le Livre Rogue, or Champions of Liberty Reducing an Overgrown Red Book (BMC 11537, by William Heath, 1 Apr. 1810). Battle of Bow-Street (BMC 7353, by James Gillray, July 1788). Bennet the Brave (BMC 14045, by J. L. Marks, 1820). Borough Mongers Strangled in the Tower (BMC 11551, by Thomas Rowlandson, 11 Apr. 1810). A Borough Secur’d or Reynard’s Resource (LWL 784.5.24.124, anon., May 1784). Brittania Lamenting the Fate of her Favorite Son (HEH, BMX 1810 – L, anon., 11 Apr. 1810). Burdett’s Second Childhood, anon., Figaro in London, 1 Apr. 1837. Butchers of Freedom (BMC 7352, by James Gillray, 16 July 1788). Canvassing (BMC 16186, by William Heath, July 1830). Canvassing Macaroni and True British Elector (LWL 788.7.29.1, by Richard Newton?, 29 July 1788). Caricature Shop (LWL 801.9.0.1, by Piercy Roberts?., Sept. 1801). Caricaturist’s Apology (LWL 802.6.1.5, anon., 1 June 1802). Cast-Off Cloak (BMC 17304, by John Doyle, 22 Nov. 1832). Casting Up the Poll and Declaring the Majority, By Mr Reynard (BMC 7366, by William Dent, 4 Aug. 1788). Celebrated Sam House (HEH, BMX 1794, anon. [1780?]). [Chairing of Fox] (BMC 6524, anon., 12 Apr. 1784, rep. 18 May 1784). Champion of Westminster defending the People from Ministerial Imps & Reptiles (BMC 13002, by Robert Cruikshank, 7 July 1818). CITIZENS Visiting the BASTILLE,—Vide. Democratic Charities—(LWL 799.1.16.1, by James Gillray, 16 Jan. 1799). Close of the poll or John Bull in high good humour (BMC 10736, by Charles Williams, 13 May 1807). 326 Select Bibliography

Cockney Laureate Elected (BMC 14261, by Joseph Gleadah, 1821). Common Garden Orator (BMC 9549, by Isaac Cruikshank, 14 Oct. 1800). Common Sense, by Frederick Waddy, Once a Week, 19 Oct. 1872. Constitutional Club (BMC 7372, by William Dent, 26 Aug. 1788). Constitutional Society (BMC 6246, by William Dent, 27 June 1783). Contest for Westminster (BMC 17323, anon., 1 Dec. 1832). Covent Garden, 3rd March, 1819 (BMC 13219, by George Cruikshank, 20 Apr. 1819). Covent Garden Market. Westminster Election (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, Crace Portfolio, XVIII.100, by Thomas Rowlandson and A. C. Pugin, 1 July 1808). Cunning Men (BMC 16584, by Robert Seymour, 26 Feb. 1831). Democracy and Aristocracy (BMC 16889, by Robert Seymour, 1831). A Democrat,—or—Reason and Philosophy (BMC 8310, by James Gillray, 1 Mar. 1793). Devonshire Minuet, Danced to Ancient British Music Through Westminster, During the Present Election (BMC 6541, by W. P. Carey, 20 Apr. 1784). Dissolution of Aristocratic Tyranny or Vox Populi, Vox Dei (BMC 16673, by Henry Heath, May 1831). Divertions of Purley. Or Opposition attending their Private Affairs (BMC 9020, by Isaac Cruikshank, 5 June 1797). Doctor Barnacle Driving a Load of Spittalﬁelds Weavers to Poll for Westminster (BMC 6575, by William Dent, 5 May 1784). Doublûres of Characters;— or— striking Resemblances in Phisiognomy (BMC 9261, by James Gillray, 1 Nov 1798). D——ss purchasing a Brush (BMC 6633, by Robert Cruikshank, June 1784). Dutchess Canvassing for Her Favourite Member (BMC 6527, by William Dent, 13 Apr. 1784). Election—Candidates;—Or;—The Republication Goose at The Top of the PolˆLE (BMC 10732, by James Gillray, 20 May 1807). Election Compromise or a Cornish Hug in Westminster (BMC 7638, by William Dent, 30 Mar. 1790). Election hints (LWL 834.0.17, by George Cruikshank, 1834). Election in Outline. Polling-Day, by Richard Doyle, Fun, 28 Nov. 1868. Election Pandemonium (Bridgeman Art Library DRU 86944, anon., 1826). Election Tate á Tate (BMC 6487, anon.,1 Apr. 1784). English Patriots bowing at the Shrine of Despotism (BMC 9890, by Charles Williams, 8 Nov. 1802). Exact Representation of the Principal Banners and Triumphal Car which Conveyed Sir Francis Burdett to the Crown & Anchor Tavern on Monday June 29th, 1807 (DLC, PC3—1807, anon., 1 July 1807). Falstaff in all his glory (DLC, PC3—1784, anon., 4 June 1784). Fashionable Follies (BMC 7359, by James Gillray, 29 July 1788). Female Inﬂuence: or, the Devon——e Canvas (BMC 6493, by S. Collings, 3 Apr. 1784). Feminine Philosopher, by Leslie Ward, Vanity Fair, 29 Mar. 1873. Fine Old English Gentleman, HB’s Political Sketches V, no. 481, by John Doyle, 10 May 1837. First Exploit of the Modern Don Quixote (BMC 10705, by Charles Williams?, June 1807). Select Bibliography 327

Fox’s Cotillion in St James Market (BMC 6532, by W. P. Carey, 15 Apr. 1784). Francis Place, by Daniel Maclise, Fraser’s Magazine 13 (1836), 427. Freedom of Election or Hunt-ing for Popularity and Plumpers for Maxwell (BMC 12999, by Robert Cruikshank, 22 June 1818). [Frontispiece to Henry Heath, The Caricaturist’s Scrap Book] (1840). [Frontispiece to the Rising Sun, vol. II] (BMC 10703, by W. O’Keefe, 20 Feb. 1807). [Frontispiece to The Satirist, Vol. I] (BMC 10764, by Samuel De Wilde, 1 Oct. 1807). Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by George Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819). Geese Triumphant or Fox in the Dumps (LWL 784.2.26.1, anon., 26 Feb. 1784). General Election—Leaves From Our Artist’s Note-Book, by W. Ralston, The Graphic,3 Apr. 1880. General Sentiment (BMC 8999, by Richard Newton, 22 Mar. 1797). Genial Rays, or John Bull enjoying the Sunshine (BMC 11563, by Charles Williams, June 1810). Glorious Return of The Pride of Westminster and his Flunkey (BMC 16210, by William Heath, Aug. 1830). Good Humour (BMC 15859, by William Heath, 22 Sep. 1829). Guy Vaux (BMC 6007, by James Gillray, June 1782). Head of the Poll (BMC 10733, by Charles Williams, May 1807). Humours of Covent Garden or Freedom of Election (BMC 6511, anon., 8 Apr. 1784). John Bull Consulting the Oracle! (BMC 9190, by James Gillray, 20 Mar. 1798). John Cam Hobhouse, by Daniel Maclise, Fraser’s Magazine, May 1836. Jump Jim Crow! (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [159], by BH [May 1837]). Knock me down Arguments at Westminster, or RIVAL CANDIDATES (BMC 9876, by Piercy Roberts, July 1802). Ladies Advocate, by John Tenniel, Punch 52 (1867). Last & Highest Point (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298.c.16, by John Doyle, 23 May 1837). Last View of the Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox (DLC, PC3 1806, anon., Oct. 1806). Lightening the Ship, by John Proctor, Judy, 30 Sep. 1868. Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529, by Thomas Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784). Loyal Addresses and Radical Petitions (BMC 13280, by George Cruikshank, 4 Dec. 1819). Managers Last Kick, or, the Destruction of the Boroughmongers (BMC 17342, by C. J. Grant, 1832). March of Roguery (BMC 16408, by C. J. Grant, 1830). Mars and Venus, or Sir Cecil Chastised (BMC 6491, by Samuel Collings?, 2 Apr. 1784). May Garland or Triumph Without Victory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips, 26 May 1784). Messager d’ Etat (BMC 9213, by James Gillray, 21 May 1798). Mill’s Logic; or, Franchise for Females, by John Tenniel, Punch, 30 Mar. 1867. Miss Mill Joins the Ladies, by John Proctor, Judy, 25 Nov. 1868. Model for Patriots or an Independent Legislator (BMC 11540, by William Heath, 10 Apr. 1810). Modern Colossus (BMC 66601, anon., 28 May 1784). Modern St. George Attacking the Monster of Despotism (BMC 11538, by William Heath, 6 Apr. 1810). 328 Select Bibliography

Mr Fox addressing his Friends from the King’s Arms Tavern 14 Feb. 1784 (BMC 6423, anon., c.Feb 1784). Mrs. Bull at the Poll, anon., Punch, 17 July 1852. New Mercury Dedicated to the Free & Independent Electors of Westminster (BMC 8813, by Isaac Cruikshank, 1 June 1796). New Morality (LWL 798.8.1.1+, by James Gillray, 1 Aug. 1798). New Way to secure a Majority: or no Dirty Work comes amiss (BMC 6572, by Samuel Collings, 3 May 1784). Newspapers, by Leslie Ward, Vanity Fair, 9 Mar. 1872 Nomination of Candidates at Westminster, anon., Illustrated Times, 21 Nov. 1868. ‘Not for Jo’ (Hn Stuart Mill); Or, A Smith for Westminster, by Matt Morgan, Tomahawk, 7 Nov. 1868. Opposition Music Or Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon., July 1788). Order of the Procession For Chairing Sir Francis Burdett (BM, Dept. of Prints & Drawings, History 1807 IMP, 1807). Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185, by William Heath, 1830). Patriotic Regeneration (BMC 8624, by James Gillray, 2 Mar 1795). Patriots Amusing Themselves (BMC 8082, by James Gillray, 19 Apr. 1792). Peep into Friar Bacon’s Study (BMC 6436, by Thomas Rowlandson, 3 Mar. 1784). Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC 5665, by R. Lyford?, 8 May 1780). Phillipick to the Geese (BMC 5843, anon., 25 June 1781). Plumpers for Sr Judas (BMC 6502, by Isaac Cruikshank, 5 Apr.1784). Political Fair (BMC 10763, by Charles Williams, 1 Oct. 1807). Poor Blacks Going to Their Settlement (BMC 7127, by William Dent, 12 Jan. 1807). Pride of Britain (BMC 11562, by Charles Williams, June 1810). Pro Bono Publico (BMC 6627, by William Dent, 25 June 1784). Race for the Westminster stakes (JJC, Political Cartoons 6 [34], by [John Doyle], 22 May 1837). Radical Ladder (BMC 13895, by George Cruikshank, 1820, rep. 1821). Real Reformers canvassing for Sir F——s B——tt (JJC Political Cartoons 3 [179], by BH [May 1837]). Reformers’ Attack on the Old Rotten Tree (BMC 16650, by Sharpshooter, Apr. 1831?). Reformers’ Dinner (BMC 11335, by Samuel De Wilde, 1 June 1809). Representation of the Election of Members of Parliament for Westminster (BMC 13006, by George Scharf and Robert Havell, Nov. 1818). Republican-Attack (BMC 8681, by James Gillray, Nov. 1795). Re-organizing the Legion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298. c. 16, by John Doyle, 24 July 1837). Returning from Brooks’s (BMC 6528, by James Gillray, 18 Apr. 1784). Revolution Association (BMC 14194, by Robert Cruikshank, 1821). Ride for Ride or Secret Inﬂuence Rewarded (BMC 6596, anon., 25 May 1784). Right Honble Alias a Sans Culotte (BMC 8332, by Isaac Cruikshank, 20 Dec. 1792). Right Honble Democrat Dissected (BMC 8291, by William Dent, 15 Jan. 1793). Sailors Poled (BMC 7367, anon., 4 Aug. 1788). Sally from Sam’s or F-x Canvassing (BMC 6479, anon., 31 Mar. 1784). School for Scandal (BMC 10606, by Charles Williams, Nov. 1806). Second Sight. View of the Blessings of Radical Reform (BMC 11328, by Samuel De Wilde, 1 May 1809). Select Bibliography 329

Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (Place Coll., set 13, f. 53, anon., c.1819). [Sir Samuel Romilly being Chaired] (BM, Prints & Drawings, Binyon 14/8, by George Scharf [1818]). Specimen of British Elections (GL, Satirical Print Coll., Satires 1830, anon., c.1830). Spirit of Democracy, or the Rights of Man maintained (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, BM Sat undescribed, by William Dent, 23 Jan. 1792). Successful Candidate (JJC Political Cartoons 3 [116], anon., 21 Nov. 1868). Symptoms of an Election (LWL 825.0.51, anon., 1825). Tipling Dutchess Returning from Canvassing (BMC 6588, by Samuel Collings, 29 Apr. 1784). To Commemorate the Restoration of Sir Francis Burdett to Liberty (DLC, PC3—1810, anon., June 1810). Tom and Bob taking a lesson on the Constitution, by Henry Alken, in Anon., Real Life in London (1821). Tory Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [194], anon., May 1837). Tory Triumph, by Robert Seymour, Figaro in London, 20 May 1837. Tree of Corruption (BMC 11323, by Isaac Cruikshank, Apr. 1809). Tree of Liberty—with The Devil tempting John Bull (BMC 9214, by James Gillray, 23 May 1798). Tree of Liberty must be planted immediately!—(BMC 8986, by James Gillray, 16 Feb. 1797). Trial Between Might and Right (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, Broadsides British 1841 Imp, by Henry Paul, 1841). Triumph of Independence Over Majesterial Inﬂuence and Corruption (BMC 10372, by Charles Williams, 8 Mar. 1805). True Reform of Parliament, —I.E.—Patriots Lighting a Revolutionary-Bonﬁre in New Palace Yard (BMC 11338, by James Gillray, 14 June 1809). Two Pair of Portraits (BMC 9270, by James Gillray, 1 Dec. 1798). Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass (BMC 6494, by Thomas Rowlandson, 3 Apr. 1784). Uncorking Old-Sherry (BMC 10375, by James Gillray, 10 Mar. 1805). Undecided Geese (DLC, PC3 1784, anon., [c.Feb. 1784]). Universal Suffrage, or — the Scum Uppermost!!!!! (BMC 13248, by George Cruikshank, 17 Jul. 1819). View of the Hustings in Covent Garden (BMC 10619, by James Gillray, 15 Dec. 1806). Voters Going to the Poll, by William Ralston, The Graphic, 3 Apr. 1880. Vox Populi in Private. Vox Populi in Publick (BMC 6207A, anon., 9 April 1783). Western Patriots (BMC 13654, by Robert? Cruikshank, Feb. 1820). Westminster, by Carlo Pellegrini, Vanity Fair, 2 Feb. 1878. Westminster Canvass (BMC 6478, by William Dent, 31 Mar. 1784). Westminster Election (Picture Library, Museum of London 152, by Robert Dighton, 1788). Westminster Election. 1780 (BMC 5699, anon., 25 Sep. 1780). [Westminster Election, 1796] (BMC 8815, by M. N. Bate and Robert Dighton, 1796). Westminster Electors Chairing Their Favorite Candidate (BMC 6211, anon., 16 Apr. 1783). 330 Select Bibliography

Westminster Mountebank or Palace Yard Pranks (BMC 8690, by James Gillray, 20 Nov. 1795). Westminster Return (LWL 785.3.10.1, by William Dent, 10 Mar. 1785). Westminster Steeple-Chase, anon., Will-o-the Wisp, 3 Oct. 1868. Wit’s Last Stake (BMC 6548, by Thomas Rowlandson, 22 Apr. 1784). Wonderful Word Eater (BMC 7390, by William Dent, 29 Dec. 1788).

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Electronic sources Bridgeman Art Library: http://www.bridgemanart.com British Museum: britishmuseum.org John Johnson Collection of Printed Ephemera: bodley.ox.ac.uk/johnson Lewis Walpole Library: lwlimages.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb Library of Congress: lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html Mary Evans Picture Library: maryevans.com National Portrait Gallery: http://www.npg.org.uk Index

agent, 6, 23, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 47, 53, Bentham, Jeremy, 52, 78, 144, 146, 60, 64, 71, 80, 103, 132, 143, 147, 149, 154, 251, 302 n. 8 173, 181, 191, 195, 196, 199, 211, Bernard, Sir Robert, 7, 83 212, 214, 250, 307 n. 98 betrayal, 48, 53, 56, 149, 150, 171 Almon, John, 7, 83 Bickersteth, Henry, 52, 149, 151 Annual Register,19 blacks, 154, 155 anti-Catholic, 36, 94 Booth, Frederick, 6 Anti-Corn Law League, 201, 317 Borough Secur’d, A, 239 Arber, Thomas, 213 Bosville, ‘Colonel’ William, 184 Arendt, Hannah, 205, 209, 252 Bouverie, Edward, 56, 272 n. 100 Armstrong, Captain George, 195 Bowles, John, 80, 81, 88, 89, 91 Artisans and Labourers’ Dwellings Act Bradlaugh, Charles, 34, 56, 57, 242, (1875), 95 272 n. 97 Ashley, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Lord, breakfasts, 295 n. 12, 299 n. 69 later seventh earl of Shaftesbury, Brewer, Emma, 145, 214 117 ‘Britannia’, 14, 147, 175, 183, 227, Association for Preserving Liberty and 229, 236, 237, 312 n. 38, 315 Property against Republicans and n. 72 Levellers, 324 Britishness; see under national identity associational politics, 31, 33–4, 36–7, Brooks, Samuel, 73, 147, 148, 149, 121–2, 133, 151–2, 155, 161, 181, 151, 152, 297 n. 44 190–1, 194–5, 196–203, 251–2, Brougham, Henry, 8, 30, 51, 154 253 Bruce, Michael, 180 Attack on le Livre Rogue, 227 Bryceson, Nathaniel, 111, 222 buildings, 119, 128, 183, 215, 241, 244 Bagehot, Walter, 34, 55; English Crown and Anchor tavern, 47, 48, Constitution, 196 75, 136, 151, 152, 153, 155, Bamford, Samuel, 82, 118 176, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, Bates, John (or James), 106, 122, 281 190, 193, 237 n. 34 Devonshire House, 77, 136, 141, Battle of Bow Street, 103 166 Beal, James, 31–2, 36, 95, 99, 118–19, taverns, public houses, hotels, 201, 210–11, 212 coffeehouses, 14, 18, 76, 77, Bedford, Elizabeth Russell, duchess, 101, 103, 106–7, 112, 118, 129, 14, 138 145, 148, 151, 156, 164, 166, Bedford, Francis Russell, ﬁfth duke, 6, 171, 179, 180, 189, 190, 223 21, 26, 73, 129, 130, 147 Westminster Hall, 13, 18, 44, 128, Beesly, E. S., 39, 256 129, 133, 134, 135, 235 Beggs, Thomas, 34, 56 Burdett-Coutts, Angela, Baroness, 40, Bennet the Brave, 235 136, 208, 214, 302 n. 1, 309 Bennett, William, 191, 196 n. 121

348 Index 349

Burdett-Coutts, William Lehman Canvassing Macaroni, 174 Ashmead Bartlett, 39, 40, 136 caricatures, 49, 53, 81, 84–5, 86–7, 93, Burdett, Sir Francis, 1, 7–8, 9, 21–30, 98, 103, 105, 140, 141, 166, 170, 32, 36, 39, 48, 49, 50–6, 60, 62, 174, 210, 217–21, 227; see also 63–7, 71, 73, 75, 80–4, 87, 91–4, individual titles 106, 108, 113, 122, 123, 124, 133, Caricature Shop, 222 135, 136, 143, 144, 147, 148, Caricaturist’s Scrap Book, The, 224 151–4, 156, 158, 159, 161, 168, Carlile, Richard, 53 169, 171–9, 181–8, 190, 191, 193, carnivalesque, 121, 163, 170, 174, 176 201, 205–6, 226, 227–9, 235, 236, Carter, Thomas, 110 241, 246, 250, 251–2, 270 n. 49, cartoons, 217–18, 220, 221, 224, 229, 271 n. 62, 274 n. 146, 275 notes 246; see also individual titles 156, 160, 292 n. 80, 294 n. 116, Casson, Nicholas, 98, 101, 107, 126, 299 n. 79, 300 n. 85, 302 n. 1, 310 127 n. 9, 312 n. 38, 313 n. 39 Casting Up the Poll, 234 Burgess, Sir James Bland, 166 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, marquess Burke, Edmund, 45, 57, 64, 153, 155, of Londonderry and first 174, 182, 231–2; Reflections on the Viscount, 102, 122 RevolutioninFrance, 231 Catholic, 115, 155, 232 butchers, 101, 109, 116, 117, 165, 166, Catholic Relief Act, 52, 122, 232, 177, 178, 186, 198, 200, 209, 227, 253 239 n. 117, 314 n. 55 Cavendish, Lord John, 289 Butchers of Freedom, The, 103 Celebrated Sam House, The, 210 Butterfield, Herbert, 46 Chadwick, Edwin, 56, 66, 76 Buxton, Sir Thomas, 79, 95 Champion of Westminster, The,67 Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron, charivari, 109, 110, 111, 186 151, 241 Charley, William, 95 Chartist, Chartism, 29, 30, 31, 93, 137, campaign, Westminster narrative, 72, 198, 206, 212, 255, 308 n. 109 82, 84–6, 89, 112–13, 176–7, Church of England, Established 201–2, 237 Church, 8, 61, 93, 94, 95, 195, candidates, see also individual names, 253 tribunes Churchill, John, 46, 212 and crowd, 9, 28, 32, 76–81, 82, 88, Churchill, Lord Randolph, 61 102, 103, 132, 133, 180 Churchill, Winston, 40, 41, 62, 128 and election violence, 197 churchwarden, 176, 213, 308 n. 109 and illegal practices, 79, 201 civil society, 8, 188, 193, 202–7, 210, and images, 14, 37, 44, 49, 58–9, 67, 215 73, 84, 87, 98–9, 103, 117, 132, Cleary,Thomas,80 133, 134–5, 140–1, 148, 155, clubs, 39, 46, 52, 66, 72, 76, 89, 90, 159, 166, 171, 173, 175, 184, 118, 137, 146, 147, 148, 151, 155, 213, 216, 226–31, 236, 241, 306 190, 198 n. 82 Cochrane, Charles, 31, 71, 144, 225 and performance, 130, 132 Cochrane,SirThomas,35 and speech-making, 69, 75, 78, 111, Cochrane, Thomas, Lord, later tenth 119, 144, 165, 168, 181, 183, earl of Dundonald, 22, 24, 27, 84, 184, 248 109, 148, 151, 175, 184, 227, 236 Canning, George, 72, 146 Coke, Lady Mary, 137 Canvassing, 136 Cold Bath Fields prison, 48, 270 n. 40 350 Index

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 138, right-wing fear of demotic politics, 247 89–90, 128–31, 133, 161–3, 173, Collings, Samuel, 219 190, 192, 199, 201, 208, 210, committee, campaign, 20, 34, 59, 92, 237, 238, 239 143, 152, 178, 190, 214, 271 n. 62 constables, police, 29, 98, 100, 101, Comte, Auguste, 57, 96 102, 106–7, 108, 111, 112, 119, Coningham, William, 31–2, 170, 120–1, 124, 126, 127, 128, 138, 256 156, 172, 177, 234 Conservative party, Conservatism, constitution, 13, 24, 45, 49, 51–2, 66, Tory(ism), right-wing, 11, 18, 26, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83–4, 88, 90, 91, 29–30, 32–3, 34, 36–41, 42, 53, 92, 93, 95, 96, 128, 133, 158, 162, 58–62, 64, 70, 75, 77, 84, 89, 90, 169, 175, 181, 183, 192, 196, 202, 92, 93–6, 120, 131, 144, 149, 153, 206, 207, 231, 260 n. 34 154, 161, 166, 173, 189–93, 195, Constitutional Association, 90, 144 199–200, 201, 202, 206, 210, 213, Constitutional Club, 213 228, 229, 231, 236, 237, 238–9, Corn Act (1815), 30, 41, 181, 252 241, 249–50, 251, 252, 254, 296 Corrupt Practices Act (1854), 124, 200, n. 26 201 associations in Westminster, 50, Corrupt Practices Act (1883), 37, 103, 205: Constitutional Club, 10, 190 189, 213; London and Courier, The, 100, 106 Westminster Working Men’s Coutts, Thomas, 22, 136 Constitutional Association Cowper, Emily Lamb, Countess, 105 (LWWMCA), 36, 58, 61, 62, 190, 191, 192, 195–6, 305 n. 59; crowds, riots, election violence, 13, Metropolitan Working Men’s 28, 76–81, 98–127, 137, 141, Conservative Association, 94, 142–3, 158–9, 160, 161, 165, 169, 192; St. George, Hanover Square 170–1, 174, 175, 178, 180, 184, Conservative Association, 189; 194, 209, 231–4; see also heckling Strand Conservative (election rituals) Association, 189; Tory Club, assault, pelting, 29, 80, 101, 102, 189; Westminster Conservative 103, 106, 107, 108, 111–12, Association, 16, 33, 36, 58, 189, 114, 116, 122, 138, 159, 180, 195, 319; Westminster 185, 197, 200, 213, 232, 314 Conservative Registration n. 58 Association, 189; Westminster bludgeon men, 102–3, 106, 107, Conservative Society, 29, 189, 108, 112, 174 195, 199 connivance in, 101, 103, 112–13 and democracy, 8–9, 53, 54, 70, 88, destruction of hustings, other 99, 154, 190, 199–200, 229 property, 106, 107–8, 111, and female activists, 144, 300 n. 86 142–3, 171–2, 209 languages, ideology of, 40, 70, 71, and drink, 103, 112, 115, 118, 119, 76–7, 78, 86, 88–96, 190–3, 249 124, 184, 185–6 and manliness, 58, 96, 155, 166, images of, 14, 37, 49, 98–9, 105, 190 132, 133–5, 140, 158–9, 222–3, popular, working-class 231–4, 241 Conservatism, 30, 34–6, 58, intimidation, 16, 21, 91, 100, 102, 90, 93, 94–5, 190–3, 199–200, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 168, 202, 250 170–2, 210, 228 Index 351

language of, about, tropes, 112–16, Devonshire, Georgiana Cavendish, 133 duchess, 44, 84, 135, 138, and women, 102–3, 107, 108, 112, 139, 140–3, 150, 214, 232, 133, 137–8, 141, 142–3, 232 238, 243 Crown and Anchor Association, Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth 89 duke, 73, 149 Cruikshank, George, 84, 218, 237, Dickens, Charles, 187–8, 243, 244; 239, 243–5 Nicholas Nickleby, 187–8 Cruikshank, Isaac, 87, 227, 234 Dighton, Robert, 136, 219, 232 culture of elections, 1–2, 80, 118–19, Diprose, John, 153, 198, 131–2, 138, 160, 163, 178, 188, 304 n. 51 196, 200–2, 214, 225–6, 248–9, disputed election cases, 144 252, 253; see also elections, Disraeli, Benjamin, 30, 60, 61, 66, 70, political language, violence 94, 95, 130 electorate, 3–4, 7, 13, 35, 36, 41, Dolby, Thomas, 19, 244 72, 75, 156, 162, 173, 178, Doublûres of Characters, 226, 229 254 Doyle, John (HB), 102, 110, 218, 219, independence, theory of, 7, 14, 28, 229, 244, 245 31–2, 53, 66, 67, 71–6, 191–2, Doyle, Richard, 219 206 Duncannon, Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough, 232 Daily News,63 Dyott, William, 135 Daily Telegraph, 33, 273 n. 114 Davies, Scrope Bernal, 180 East India Company, 55, 63 debating society, 47, 133, 134, 139 Edgeworth, Maria, 143 Democrat, A, or, Reason & Philosophy, Edinburgh Review,89 216, 218, 221 efficiency, idea of, 82–3, 203 democracy, democrats, Election Candidates, 227, 231 democratization, 1–3, 6, 8, 9, 10, election districts, parishes, 228, 229 14, 18, 19, 28, 33, 39, 45, 47, 50, Abbey, 40, 42, 136 51, 53, 54, 57, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, St. Anne, Soho, 5, 16, 19, 39, 90, 75, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 174, 185 93–7, 113, 132, 134, 144, 153, St. Clement Danes, 5, 123, 136, 176, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161–2, 165, 214 169, 176, 188, 192–3, 194, 196, St. George, Hanover Square, 5, 30, 202–4, 205, 207, 209, 210, 215, 39, 40, 96, 117, 185, 213, 308 216, 217, 221, 226, 227, 229, 231, n. 109 237, 238, 242, 246, 252–4 St. James, 5, 30, 39, 67, 90, 91, 117, Dempsey, 115, 122 185, 211, 212 Dent, William, 73, 87, 155, 213, 234, St. John, 5, 6, 14, 97, 127, 213 237 St. Margaret, 5, 6, 14, 97, deputy high bailiff, 5, 108, 114 212, 213 Derby, Edward Smith-Stanley, St. Martin, 3, 5, 6, 16, 183 fourteenth earl, 273 n. 123 St. Mary le Strand, 5 Derry, John, 45 St. Paul, Covent Garden, 5, 6, 185 De Tocqueville, Alexis, 57, 249, Strand, 39, 40, 289 317 Westminster, 39, 40 De Vear, Thomas, 152 Election Tate-á-Tate, 239 352 Index elections, see also culture of elections, 167, 169, 190, 199; 1847, 30, election rituals, individual 31, 56, 64, 71, 144, 213, 225; candidates, symbols (election 1852, 30, 31–2, 94, 116, 124, rituals) 167, 199; 1857, 30, 199; 1859, general elections: 1774, 6, 7, 210; 30, 199; 1865, 3, 12–13, 30–1, 1780, 3, 6, 13–15, 16, 23, 29, 32–3, 34–5, 37, 41, 54, 55, 56, 43, 45, 46, 55, 73, 109, 113, 58–60, 66, 72, 76, 79, 94, 111, 123, 125, 138, 141, 170, 173, 145, 152, 153, 156, 189, 198, 176, 190, 210, 234, 238, 254, 200, 201, 214, 308 n. 109; 1868, 262 n. 38; 1784, 3, 6, 12, 16–17, 33–6, 37, 41, 54, 56, 57–8, 60, 45, 46–7, 72, 73, 86, 98–9, 101, 61, 70, 79, 94, 116, 119, 122, 103, 108, 113, 115, 116, 119, 123, 145, 156, 196, 199, 201, 126–7, 138–41, 144, 149, 150, 214, 229, 230, 231, 246, 248, 153, 166, 176, 178, 179, 182, 250–1, 252, 253, 268 n. 144, 210, 234, 236, 238, 262 n. 38, 318 n. 12; 1874, 37, 79, 95, 119, 292 n. 75; scrutiny, 16, 45, 107, 199, 250; 1880, 37, 64, 95, 146, 238; 1790, 18, 47, 72, 78, 88, 198, 201, 251; 1885, 39, 40, 103, 108, 127, 141, 151, 170, 79–80, 96, 136, 146, 249; 1886, 262 n. 38; 1796, 18, 69, 72, 78, 120 85, 111, 114, 123, 151, 166, by elections: 1770, 7, 83, 249; 1782, 182, 241; 1802, 19, 21, 46, 47, 15–16, 44, 69, 138; 1788, 3, 17, 80–1, 88, 106, 107, 109, 142–3, 44, 47, 102–3, 107, 114, 120, 162, 163, 171, 179; 1806, 6, 127, 141, 147, 154, 166, 168, 20–2, 23, 26, 41, 82, 102, 103, 173, 174, 183, 193, 212, 231–2; 105, 108, 109, 114, 120, 122, 1806 (February), 17; 1806 143, 165, 168, 170, 171–2, 173, (October), 14–20, 50; 1814, 24; 177, 178–9, 183, 211, 213, 239; 1819, 6, 24–6, 63, 106, 108, 1807, 22–3, 24, 25, 34, 41, 50, 111, 122, 143, 144, 147–8, 153, 51, 55, 108, 109, 116, 121, 133, 164, 169, 170, 173, 240, 299 162–3, 172, 174, 175, 176–8, n. 69; 1833, 29, 64, 70, 86, 106, 179, 181, 197, 213, 214, 227, 114, 116, 152, 188; 1837, 29, 236, 239, 249, 292 n. 80, 295 34, 36, 54, 66, 93, 135, 228, 298 n. 12, 297 n. 44, 299 n. 79, 306 n. 56; 1846, 30, 111, 120, 199, n. 82; 1812, 24, 83, 87, 108, 200, 253; 1882, 39; 1887, 39, 110, 148, 172; 1818, 8, 24–5, 95; 1891, 39; 1924 (Abbey), 40, 26, 29, 41, 52, 62, 63, 73, 77, 42, 62 78, 80, 102, 106, 108, 110, 122, corrupt practices at, 16, 21, 24, 27, 127, 143, 158, 166, 167, 169, 201, 207, 234–5, 238 170, 178–9, 180, 185–6, 300 cost of, financing, 15, 17, 18, 23, 27, n. 85; 1820, 6, 26, 27, 63, 97, 30, 33, 34, 79, 83, 173, 190, 105, 108, 109, 122, 124, 143, 205, 213–14, 267 n. 120, 295 166, 170, 179, 180, 201; 1826, n. 12, 299 n. 79, 306 n. 70 52, 65, 72, 108, 120, 124; 1830, primary ballot, 31 52, 122, 124, 153, 158–9, 180; subscription, 15, 22, 24, 27, 31, 83, 1831, 122; 1832, 29, 52, 105, 107, 195, 197, 205; see also cost 170, 184, 194; 1835, 29, 53, (elections) 91–2, 114, 166, 199; 1837, 30, turnout, 3, 34, 36, 41, 155, 201 41, 144, 171, 194, 313 n. 45; voting, 19–20, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 1841, 30, 41, 93, 116, 144, 153, 33, 34–6, 37, 39, 40, 41 Index 353 election meetings, 141, 143; see also 261 n. 21); politics of the culture of elections familiar place, 173–4; see also campaign meetings, 92, 143, 148, canvass; politics of the street, 300 n. 85 102, 108, 109, 164, 174–81; disruption of, 95, 203; see also see also chairings, processions heckling (election riots) heckling, disruption, rough music, public meetings, 12–13, 20, 22, 28, 28, 32, 46, 47, 52, 76, 77, 79, 29, 31, 32, 46, 47, 53, 89, 91, 101, 102, 106, 108, 109–10, 92, 95, 97, 128–30, 133, 152, 112, 114, 117, 156, 159, 165, 153, 180, 189, 193–5, 199, 201, 166, 169–71, 175, 179, 180, 205–7: women at, 12, 143, 144, 184–6, 193, 196, 198, 201 156 hustings, 9, 12, 14, 23, 28, 29, 52, venues: indoor, 12, 48, 145, 151, 61, 69, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 154, 156, 191; outdoor, 48, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107–8, 109, 128–30, 133–4, 155–6, 167, 194 110, 111, 112, 116, 120, 122, election rituals, 117, 122, 132, 158–86, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 188–201, 205, 251; see also 142–3, 144, 145, 147, 154, 155, destruction of hustings (crowds) 156, 158, 159, 164, 165, 166, address, 29, 51, 53, 55, 60, 64, 87, 96 168–72, 178, 179, 180, 186, ballads, songs, 14, 15, 87, 109, 141, 201, 204, 297 n. 44 164–6, 183, 210, 299 n. 72, 306 illumination, 91, 166, 167, 175 n. 82 music, bands, 23, 106, 108, 109, canvass, 3, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17–25, 26, 114, 116, 160, 164–5, 166, 169, 27, 28, 32, 34, 36, 41, 66, 78, 177, 178, 179, 180, 185–6, 200, 109, 135, 139, 140, 141, 143, 300 n. 85; see also ballads 145, 164, 166, 169, 173–4, 180, nomination, 13, 15, 66, 70, 108, 189, 190, 191, 201, 210, 214, 111, 119, 122, 135, 144, 147, 216, 219, 253, 289 n. 36, 292 153, 156, 169, 170, 200, 201, n. 75 215 chairing, 15, 50, 106, 108, 116, procession, parade, 23, 46, 73, 85, 140–1, 158, 166, 170, 174–8, 91, 106, 108, 109, 114, 116–17, 179–80, 185–6, 197, 200, 209, 119, 121, 136, 140, 143, 158, 227, 232, 299 n. 79 161, 166, 169, 170, 172, 175, declaration, 13, 32, 70, 72, 107, 114, 178–9, 180, 185, 197, 198, 200, 158, 163, 171 215, 225, 231, 300 n. 85 dinners, 22, 66, 75, 122, 136, 144, requisition, 65, 92 151, 153, 162, 166, 176, 181–6, symbols, objects associated with 188–93, 195, 199, 200, 209, election rituals, 80, 81, 106, 210, 235 107, 169, 171, 175, 234: bonnet drawing carriage, 149, 161, 162, rouge, 133, 234–5, 240, 241, 165, 166, 175, 179, 235 314 n. 68; cap of liberty, 67, entrée, 161, 169 166, 175, 229, 234–5, 237, 238, features of: politics as theatre, 75, 241; cockades, 18, 106, 166, 105, 110, 135, 168, 174, 175–6, 175, 178, 179, 216, 234, 237; 184, 251, 298 n. 56; political colours, 23, 103, 106, 165, 175, territoriality, 102, 108, 109, 178, 180, 200, 300 n. 85; 168–72; see also hustings; (and costume, 129, 133, 166, 170, identity, 168–70; and 177, 179, 183, 210, 234, 240, partisanship, 41, 123, 168, 170, 305 n. 86; effigies, 109, 166, 354 Index election rituals – continued 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 165, 166, 171; flags, banners, standards, 167, 170, 173, 174, 175–8, 179, 46, 50, 71, 106, 107, 114, 116, 182, 183, 190, 193, 203, 210, 212, 117, 135, 143, 160, 164, 165, 213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 226–7, 166, 169, 170, 175, 178, 300 231, 232, 234–6, 237, 238, 239, n. 85; flying cats, 234, 314 250, 252, 253, 269 n. 11, 289 n. 58; foxtails, 141, 166; laurel n. 36, 292 n. 75, 297 n. 32, 312 leaves, 140, 166, 175; loaf of n. 39, 314 notes 55, 68, 315 n. 72 bread, 161, 167, 169, 186, 198; funeral procession of, 47–8, 175–6, placards, 56, 107, 170, 172; 299 n. 79 ribbons, 103, 169, 180, 234, 300 secession from parliament, 46, 47 n. 85; white stave, wand, 164, 1798 toast of, 47, 75 177, 186, 296 n. 18 Fox–Grenville coalition, Talents toasting, 47, 75, 181, 183–6, 191, ministry, 20, 21 192 Foxite-ministerialist compromise of Ellenborough, Edward Law, first 1790, 18, 19, 20, 21, 141 Baron, 83 Fox–North coalition, 16, 46, 48, 147, Elliot, John, 79, 213, 255 148, 212 Elliot, John Lettsom, 93, 213 France, French, Francophobia, 86–7, Employers and Workmen Act 114, 116, 169, 207, 221, 234; (1875), 95 see also French Revolution engravers, caricaturists, 86–7, 218, franchise, types of, suffrage, voter, 2, 221, 227–8, 237, 240; see also 17, 60, 89, 93, 138; see also individual names Reform Acts Escott, Bickham, 35, 256 disfranchised, non-elector, 5, 32, 45, Evans, Sir George DeLacy, 28–32, 56, 72, 73, 77, 110, 134, 161, 164, 63, 65, 66, 86, 152, 170, 171, 188, 165, 167, 182, 200, 201, 241 189, 194, 229, 256 expansion of, 207 Exact Representation, 175 female, 229 excursions, 36, 199, 200 household, 46, 49, 51 Eyre, Edward John, 57, 229, 253 lodger, 36 fairs, 110, 130, 133, 163, 215, 287 scot and lot, 3, 28, 110 Farington, Joseph, 109, 129, 130, 131, £10 householder, 3, 60 133, 149, 182 universal manhood, 49, 52, 57, 88, Farrell, 115 91, 97, 202, 206, 207, 225 Fellowes, Robert, 71, 88, 110 wider suffrage, parliamentary Female Influence, 239 reform, 47, 48, 51, 55, 70, 73, Figaro in London, 228, 246 74, 78, 83–5, 107–8, 148, 181, Finnerty, Peter, 147, 184 183, 184 Fitzpatrick, Richard, 15 Fraser’s Magazine, 246 Ford, William, 274 n. 126 Freedom of Election, 77 Fores, Samuel, 310 n. 12 French Revolution, 113, 221, 216, Fox, Charles James, 6, 13–20, 24, 27, 226, 236; see also Jacobin 32, 43–8, 49, 50–1, 53, 55, 58, 62, Frend, William, 75 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, friendship, 45, 147–52, 155, 173, 185, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 101, 103, 191, 198, 292 n. 74; see also 107, 114, 117, 127, 128–30, 131, networks 132, 135, 138, 139, 140–1, 147, Fun, 233, 239, 246 Index 355

Gardner, Sir Alan, first Baron Gardner, Halévy, Elie, 99 18, 19, 21, 79, 123, 171, 182, 255 Hall, Edward, 227, 239 Gash, Norman, 110 Ham, Elizabeth, 86 Gatrell, Vic, 247 Hanet, George, 109 Gazetteer, 66 Hanger, Colonel George, fourth Baron Genial Rays, 236 Coleraine, 1, 108, 115, 117, 122, George III, 45, 216 155, 174, 232, 314 n. 55 George IV (as prince of Wales), 6, 141, Hanham, Harold, 41, 250 155 Hardman, Sir William, 60 George, Dorothy, 232, 247 Hardy, Thomas, novelist, 12, 111 Germain, Lord George, 14 Hardy, Thomas, shoemaker, 162 Gillray, James, 18, 84, 103, 132, 216, Head of the Poll, 49, 231 218, 219, 220, 221, 226, 227, 229, Heath, William (Paul Pry), 219, 231, 232, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243, 245 244, 245, 246, 247, 296 n. 26, 311 high bailiff, 5, 12, 13, 16, 24, 26, 83, n. 26, 316 n. 97 108, 114, 194, 259 n.10 Gladstone, William, 60, 80, 95, 250 Hill, Draper, 247 Glorious Return, 159 Hobart, Albinia, 140 Glossop, Francis, 23 Hobhouse, John Cam, 25–9, 56, 63–5, Going to the Country, 229 75, 78, 81, 83, 87, 91, 106, 143, Goschen, George, 39, 64, 95 144, 146–52, 154, 158, 159, 160, Gould, F. C., 219 163, 164, 170, 179–86, 188, 193, Graham, John, 19, 21, 88, 89, 147, 194, 198, 201, 212, 228–9, 240, 162, 179 241, 251, 252, 255, 274 n. 146, Grant, C. J., 245 275 n. 156, 291–2 n. 73, Graphic, The, 233 300 n. 93 Grenvilles, 91 Hogarth, William, 116 Grenville, William Wyndham, first Holland, Henry Richard Vassall-Fox, Baron, 20, 46, 263 n. 45 third Baron, 53, 87, 105, 152, 269 Grey, Charles, second Earl, 28, 52, 81, n. 11 82, 130, 241 Holland, Lionel, 212, 309 n. 113 Grey, Henry, third Earl, 7, 204, Holland, William, 310 n. 12 207 honour, 22, 26, 78, 81–2, 110, 149, Grimston, Robert, 59, 60 150, 171, 172, 239 Grojan, Francis, 5 Hood, Samuel, Admiral, first Viscount Grosvenor, Henrietta, Baroness, Hood, 15, 16, 17, 34, 47, 72, 101, 139 102–3, 107, 130, 147, 166, 168, Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, third 170, 183, 212, 287 n. 13 marquess of Westminster, 12, 32, Hood, Sir Samuel, 6, 21, 22, 108, 170, 252 173 Grosvenor, Richard, first Earl, 6 Horner, Francis, 160 Grosvenor, Robert, first Baron Ebury, House, Sam, 147, 166, 210, 227, 32, 252 238–9, 315 n. 82 Grosvenor, Robert, second Earl, 30 Howell, George, 66 Grosvenor, Captain Robert Wellesley, Howison, John, 174 later second Baron Ebury, 12, 13, Huggett, George, 212 32, 33–4, 198, 229, 252, 273 Hume, Joseph, 150 n. 125 Humours of Covent Garden, The, 105, Grote, George, 146 232 356 Index

Illustrated London News, 233, 246 Layard, Austen Henry, 32 influence, 2, 5–7, 13, 14, 27, 73, 141, Leader, John Temple, 29, 30, 31, 171, 171, 183, 189, 201 252, 256 Irish, 115, 116, 117, 123, 154–5 Lechmere, Sir E. A., 95 issues, 28, 29, 52, 65–6, 73, 78, 93, 95, Leech, John, 236, 243, 244 122–3, 138, 166, 170, 178, 181, LeMaitre, Paul, 147 184, 195, 204, 252, 253–4; see also Life in London (Pierce Egan), 148, 163 partisanship (election rituals) Liberal(s), Liberalism, 13, 30, 31–4, 36, annual elections, shorter 37, 39, 41, 53, 56, 57, 79, 95–6, parliaments, 13, 46, 51, 70, 146, 170, 189, 191, 197, 198–200, 93, 97 209–10, 304 n. 51 corruption, 18, 24, 82, 119 advanced Liberals, 56, 57, 95–6, 198 equal election districts, 46, 51, 70 ideology, language, 84 free trade, Corn Law(s), 30, 41, 80, New Reformers, New Liberals, 32, 181, 199, 252 198, 209 London government, 56, 57 Old Reformers, Old Liberals, 32, 56, manhood suffrage, 13, 202 198 redistribution of seats, 46 secret ballot, 57, 119, 120, 124, 145, organizations in Westminster, 36, 202, 205–7, 253 152: St. George’s Liberal single-day election, 51 Association, 189; Strand Liberal and Radical Association, 189; Jacobin, 51, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, Westminster Liberal 221, 226, 234, 237, 240, 241, 270 Association, 189, 199; n. 49; see also French Revolution Westminster Liberal Electors Jebb, John, 13, 46, 135 Committee, 32; Westminster Jennyns (or Jennings), Joseph Liberal Registration Society, 31, Clayton, 148, 292 189, 198, 199; Westminster ‘Jim Crow’, 171, 298 n. 56 Liberal Union, 189, 199; ‘John Bull’, 116, 227, 234 Westminster Reform Society, Johnson, Samuel, 69 28, 152, 189, 194, 195, 198, Judy, 229, 246 212, 249; Westminster Women’s Liberal Association, 146; Kean, 115, 122 Westminster Working Men’s Kenyon, Lloyd, first Baron Kenyon, 82 Liberal Association, 37, 189, King’s Bench, 24, 126 199, 304 Kinnaird, Douglas, 25, 63, 151, 185–6, and problem of labour, 36–7, 40, 255 95–6, 198–9, 200, 212, 250, 251 Knox, William, 88, 89, 110 Lieven, Dorothea von, Princess, 143 Lamb, George, 26, 27, 105, 108, 109, Lincoln, Thomas Pelham-Clinton, earl 143, 168, 170, 255 of Lincoln, later third duke of Lamb, Lady Caroline, 143, 214 Newcastle, 6, 14–15, 255 Lansdowne, William London Corresponding Society, 22, Petty-FitzMaurice, earl of 151, 162 Shelburne and first marquess of, London County Council, 309 234 n. 113 Lawrence, Jon, 110 London Courant, 138 Lawson, Edward, 273 n. 114 London Evening Post, 83 Index 357

London Municipal Society, 309 merchant, businessman, 12, 16, 32, n. 113 40, 58, 63–4, 73, 79, 92, 147, London School Board, 145 210–11, 212–13 Loughborough, Alexander Metropolitan Board of Works, 8, 32, Wedderburn, ﬁrst Baron, 128 308 n. 109 Lowenthal, David, 219 Metropolitan Municipal Association, loyalism, loyalist, 47, 78, 86–7, 89–90, 308 n. 109 91, 93, 131, 162, 164, 202, 203, Metropolitan Parliamentary Reform 227, 234, 237, 238, 311 n. 22; Association, 212 see also monarchy, Conservatism Metropolitan Police Act (1829), 120, Lushington, Charles, 56, 64, 256 124 Metropolitan Working-Men’s Mackintosh, James, 205–9 Conservative Association, 192 Macklin, Charles, 113, 115 mid-political sphere, 147, 151, 203, Maclise, Daniel, 241 212 Macnamara, John, 102, 103, 212–14, Middlesex, 8, 22, 48, 50, 101, 133, 281 n. 26 142, 173, 213 magistrates, 6, 8, 90, 101, 102, 103, Middlesex Justices Act (1792), 124 106, 107, 112, 116, 120, 214 middling, middle classes, 5, 23, 36, 37, Magna Carta, 67, 234 41, 56, 57, 58, 62, 70, 72, 76, 78, Mahon, Charles Stanhope, Lord, later 84–7, 94, 95, 123, 134, 141, third Earl Stanhope, 7, 138 147–8, 152, 156–7, 163, 182, maidservants, 138 192–3, 195, 199, 202, 224, 228, Maidstone, George James 232, 237–8, 250, 258 n. 6 Finch-Hatton, Viscount, later Mill, John Stuart, 12–13, 30–4, 42, eleventh earl of Winchilsea, 35, 54–8, 60, 62–6, 68, 69, 72–3, 76, 94, 170, 256, 273 n. 123 79, 86, 88, 111, 145, 152, 154, Malleson, Elizabeth, 214 156, 189, 191, 198, 207, 208, 211, Mandeville, William Montagu, 212, 214, 229–31, 241–2, 248, Viscount, later seventh duke of 250, 251, 252, 253, 275 n. 163, Manchester, 35, 213, 256 302 n. 8; Autobiography, 56, 57, manliness, 14, 146–53, 155, 166, 68, 272 n. 98 206 Mill’s Logic, 229 Marks, J. Lewis, 245 ministerialists, Pittites, 6, 14, 16, 17, Matthew, Colin, 94 18, 19–20, 22, 26, 41, 50, 72, 73, Mayhew, Henry, 110, 156 75, 79, 82, 87, 99, 102, 108, 113, Maxwell, Herbert, 58–9, 60, 61, 273 114, 123, 126–7, 130, 133, 138, notes 114, 119 139, 140, 166, 170, 182, 183, 212, Maxwell, Sir Murray, 26, 102, 106–7, 213, 227, 231, 232, 300 n. 86 111, 170 Miss Mill Joins the Ladies, 229 Mecham, William (T. Merry), 219 Mitchell, L. G., 45, 47 Mechanics’ Institutes, 118, 199 Modern Colossus, The,44 Melbourne, William Lamb, second Modern Reformers in Council, 237 Viscount, 26 monarchy, court, the Crown, 6, 15, melodrama, 77, 78, 98, 101, 103, 114, 16, 18, 21, 27, 46, 49, 50–1, 53, 159 66, 70, 75, 88, 92, 93, 95, 128, memory, 2, 9, 23, 73, 75, 117, 119, 183, 192, 234, 251 124, 126, 138, 141, 154–5, 171, Moore, Peter, 169 202, 205, 208, 219–21, 238, 250 Moore, Thomas, 51 358 Index

More, Hannah, 98, 292 n. 75 ‘Old Corruption’, 9, 13, 23, 66, 75, 76, Morgan, Matt, 219, 241 82, 97, 144 Morley, John, 95, 146, 212, 229, 251, Oldfield, Thomas, 14, 18 256, 268 n.144 Ossulston, Charles Augustus Bennet, Morning Chronicle, 3, 44, 46, 72, 87, Lord, later fifth earl of Tankerville, 97, 106, 110, 147, 162, 166 147 Morning Herald, 179 oligarchy, oligarchs, aristocrats, Morning Post, 27, 77, 86, 123, aristocracy, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 241 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 28, 33, Morris, Arthur, 259 n. 10 40, 45, 48, 49, 50, 61, 68, 70, 73, Mountmorres, Hervey Raymond 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83–9, 92, 93, Morres, second Viscount, 7 97, 113, 143, 147, 154, 162, 163, Mrs. Bull at the Poll, 204 178, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 192, Mundy, R., 173 193, 202, 203, 204, 210, 214, 237, Murray, Sir George, 35, 256 239, 241, 248, 249, 251, 254 neo-, popular oligarchy, 3, 4, 63, 67, Namier, Lewis, 6 188, 193, 209, 243, 246, 252, Nash, John, 244 254 nationalism, national identity, 13, 36, 44, 58, 62, 80, 81, 86–7, 88, 98, Pall Mall Gazette, 120 114, 144, 169, 209, 236 Palmerston, Henry Temple, second National Political Union, 52, 122, 151 Viscount, 151, 173 National Union of Conservative and parliament, 10, 32, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, Constitutional Associations, 191 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 66, 73, 128, Nelson, Horatio, first Viscount, 156, 129, 131, 133, 145, 191, 204, 210, 176 226, 231, 239, 242 networks, 115, 116, 117, 145, 148–9, House of Commons, 12, 16–18, 26, 151, 152, 166; see also friendship 28, 49, 52, 54, 56, 61, 62, 66, New Way to Secure a Majority, A, 173 70, 81, 88, 101, 133, 134, 144, Newcastle, Henry Pelham-Clinton, 148, 154, 166, 177, 178, 181, second duke of Duke, 6, 7, 14, 73 184, 191, 208, 225, 234, 239, newspapers, periodicals, 113, 114, 246 124, 174, 200, 203, 210, 221, 223, House of Lords, 52, 93 and see under individual titles Parliamentary Candidates Nicholson, Patrick, 98 Society, 52 Nonconformist, 71, 210 Parliamentary and Municipal North, Frederick, Lord North and Elections (Ballot) Act (1872), 119 second earl of Guilford, 14, 16, Parton, James, 243, 244 148, 155, 212 paternalism, 57, 76, 178, 191, 199 Northumberland, Hugh Percy, second Patriotic Regeneration, 234 duke, 6, 7, 14, 20, 21, 73 Patten, Robert, 247 Northumberland, Hugh Percy, Earl Paull, James, 20, 21, 22, 82, 102, 105, Percy, later third duke, 20, 21, 64 109, 162, 168, 169, 171, 178, 183, Not for Jo, 241 211, 239–40, 241 Peel, Sir Robert, 30, 159, 199, 222 Oastler, Richard, 192 Pellegrini, Carlo (Ape), 219, 245 O’Bryen, Denis, 147 Perceval, Spencer, 22, 90 Odger, George, 242 Percy, Lord Algernon, 39, 256 Old Bailey, 107, 126, 162, 319 Percy, Robert, 185 Index 359 performance, 105, 117, 161–3, 168, Portland, William Henry 171, 176, 182, 193 Cavendish-Bentinck, third duke, Perry, James, 66, 147 6, 129, 130, 177 petitions, 8, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22–3, 65, printsellers, printshops, 136, 218, 219, 129–30, 131, 133, 134, 194, 212 221, 222, 225, 244, 245, 310 n. 12 Philp, Mark, 231 Pro Bono Publico, 227 Pitt, William, the younger, 6, 15, 16, professionals, 19, 31, 86, 88, 147, 162, 17, 18, 45, 46, 47, 65, 79, 84, 133, 173, 210–11, 212, 249, 251 176, 234, 237 prostitutes, 138, 141 e D Place, Francis, 6, 14, 16, 20, 21–3, Proteus Y 2 , 226 25–8, 72, 78, 82, 83, 107, 110, Prout, Thomas, 28, 194, 211 117, 118, 136, 146–52, 155, 173, public citizen, 203, 208, 209–14, 252, 184, 185, 187, 190, 194, 197, 198, 254; see also public opinion 205, 210, 211, 212, 241, 249, 252, men, 146–53, 210–14 254, 265 n. 85, 307 n. 98 women, 137–46, 153, 214 pledges, 28, 32, 52, 152, 187, 194 public men, 8, 62–3, 65, 87, 148, 150, Plumpers of Sr Judas, 98 153, 182, 194 police, see under constables public opinion, 2, 9, 10, 72, 76, 97, Political Fair, A, 163 113, 131, 134, 159, 182, 187, 191, 194, 206, 209, 221, 225, 236 political language, 9, 14, 16, 62, public political sphere, 10, 76, 82–3, 66, 70, 75, 76, 168, 169, 89–90, 128–57, 131, 141, 154, 250, 251 161, 182, 202–14 ancient constitution, 13, 24, 49, 52, political, civic space, 131–57, 147, 83, 84, 96, 175, 181, 183, 202; 203, 250 see also constitution, Magna as used by disfranchised, 32, 72, 77, Carta 134, 161, 164, 165, 182 character, language of , 81 as used by men, 146–53; see also independence, language of, 2, 9, 14, manliness 28, 60, 66, 67, 71–6, 79, 81, 94, as used by minorities, 98, 101, 107, 96, 169, 170, 177, 178, 181, 109, 113, 115, 116, 117–18, 207, 227, 240, 297 n. 44 154–5, 204 natural rights, 51, 83, 84 as used by women, 102–3, 107, 112, Paineite, 51, 88 133, 134, 137–46, 153, 156, populism, 14, 15, 84, 94, 178, 191 181, 204, 306 n. 82; see also republican, republicanism, 7, 29, 53, women 93, 94, 96, 224, 231, 234 publicity, party propaganda, 83, 190, slavery, 14, 78, 84, 87, 164, 170 200–1, 205 Westminster, 47, 60, 66, 71, 72, 75, advertisements, 8, 16, 71, 175, 179, 81, 85, 86, 92, 94 194 Political Register, 83 broadside, broadsheet, 15, 70, 73, Political Sketches, 245 86, 106, 110, 169, 174, 180, polling-booth, 145 194, 217, 245 Poor Blacks, 155 handbills, 107, 121, 139, 175, 179 Poor Law Guardian, 191, 211, 309 pamphlets, 9, 48, 70, 76, 89 n. 121 squibs, 10, 210 popular politics, 45, 161, 162, 202, Pugh, Martin, 192 226, 238; see also populism Punch, 145, 204, 218, 224–5, 229, 236, (political language) 239, 245, 246 360 Index

Quarter Sessions, 102, 112 religion, 34, 36, 55–6, 57, 58, 61, 79, 96, 101, 118, 123, 159, 192, 211, radical(s), radicalism, radical party, 234, 236, 253, 275 n. 160 radical reformers, anti-oligarchic, Representation of the People Act 24, 25, 26, 28–9, 31–4, 64, 67, 73, (1918), 40 100, 105, 109, 114, 117, 118, 122, Right Hon alias a Sans Culotte, 87 199, 224, 227, 230, 232, 233, 235, Robinson, Henry Crabb, 111 238, 241, 243, 246, 248, 264, 265, Robinson, John, 14, 113 269, 275, 279, 281, 282, 286–7, Rodney, Sir George Brydges, first 287–8, 317, 349, 351 Baron, 14, 15, 64, 254–5 Benthamites, 24, 51, 52 Roebuck, J. A., 56 Burdettites, 24, 50, 51, 55, 91, 133, Rogers,Henry,71 153, 161, 190, 209 Rogers, Nicholas, 250 Cartwright, Major John, 24, 25, 26, Romilly, Sir Samuel, 7, 24–6, 63, 111, 83, 152, 154, 184, 255 134, 135, 143, 146, 150, 156, 168, Cobbett, William, 8, 22, 24, 69, 83, 169, 179, 184, 255 92, 165, 168, 184, 193, 203, 254 Rose, George, 18 Hunt, Henry, 24, 26, 80, 92, 112, Rous, Captain Henry, 30, 35, 36, 93, 161, 169, 170, 180, 184, 254–5 111, 199, 251, 252, 253, 256 Paine, Thomas, Paineites, 51, 69, 88, Rowlandson, Thomas, 84, 219, 244, 183, 251 246 radical organizations in Russell, Sir Charles, 37, 246, 256 Westminster; see also Russell, Lord John, later first Earl, 7, Westminster Reform Society 147, 168 (Liberal): Westminster Russell, Lord William, 7 Committee, 22–5, 27, 28, 34, Rutland, Charles Manners, fourth 50, 52–3, 55, 63, 82, 83, 133, duke, 173, 182 136, 148–50, 152, 172, 173, 175–8, 181, 185, 190, 193–4, sailors, 106–8, 116–17, 141, 166 198, 200, 203, 205, 210, Salisbury, Emily, Countess of 211,254, 263 n. 54, 270 n. 40, Salisbury, 140 292 n. 80, 297 n. 44 Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot rump, the, 32, 92, 203 Gascoyne-Cecil, third marquis, Wilkites, 7, 13, 137, 210, 212 191 Raikes, Thomas, 93 Sancho, Ignatius, 109 Redistribution of Seats Act (1885), 250 Sandwich, John Montagu, fourth Reeves, John, 89 earl, 14 Reform Act (1832), 3, 5, 8, 41, 52, 53, Sayers, James, 219 96, 100, 123, 188, 201, 204, 253, Sayre, James, 6 254 Scharf, George, 156, 219 Reform Act (1867), 2, 33, 36, 41, 57, secret ballot, 119, 120, 124, 145, 202, 156, 191, 200, 204, 229, 241, 250 205, 207–8, 234; see also voting Reform Act (1884), 204, 242 Seditious Meetings Act (1795), 89, 90, Reform League, 94, 317 n. 8 194 Reformers’ Dinner, The, 184 Seditious Meetings Act (1817), 90, 133 regimes of ritual or knowledge, 161–2, Seditious Meetings Prevention Act 168, 174, 176, 178, 186, 197, 198, (1819), 194 201, 215 Select Vestries Act (1831), 28 Index 361 separate spheres ideology, Spence, Thomas, 183 public-private, 120, 136–8, 146, Spencer, Margaret, Countess Spencer, 148–53, 155–7, 202–3, 204, 214, 66, 139 221–2, 245, 253 Stanhope, Colonel H. F. B., 174 Seymour, Robert, 93, 219, 228–9, 245 Stephen, Leslie, 94 Shelly, Sir John Villiers, 31, 66, 229, Stephenson, Simon, 6 252 St. James’s Chronicle, 144 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 20, 21, 22, streets, squares, neighbourhoods 23, 26, 75, 76, 77, 82, 102, 103, Bedford Street, 6 105, 108, 109, 113, 117, 123, 127, Belgravia, 12 130, 132, 141, 147, 150, 155, 165, Berkeley Square, 180 168, 169, 177, 183, 226, 231, 255, Bloomsbury, 67 306 n. 82 Bond Street, 180 Shipman, Charles, 174 Bow Street, 103, 112, 120 shopkeepers, 6, 7, 22, 40; see also Cannon Street, 136 printsellers Chandos Street, 180 bookseller, 31, 86, 304 n. 51, 308 Charing Cross, 6, 117, 120, 136, n. 109 151, 156, 223 grocer, 109, 118 Chancery Lane, 162 publican, 30, 90, 147, 165, 199, 210, Charles Street, 109 227, 238, 239, 248 Clerkenwell Green, 138 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first Covent Garden, 12, 23, 45, 70, 77, Viscount, 133 106, 108, 110–14, 117, 118–20, Simcox, Edith, 145 126, 134, 135, 142, 143, 146, Sinclair, Sir George, 54, 92, 93 151, 153–6, 158, 164, 168–70, Six Acts (1819), 26, 90 178, 200, 241, 248 Smith, Joshua Toulmin, 206–7, 209 Cranbourn Street, 211 Smith, Sidney, 250, 317 n. 8 Devil’s Acre, 117 Smith, William Henry, 8, 9, 12, 13, Grosvenor Place, 61 32–4, 36–7, 39, 41, 42, 57–62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79–80, 94, 95, 96, 136, Haymarket, 47 152, 190–1, 195–6, 199, 214, 218, Holborn, 117, 118, 223 229–31, 241, 248, 249, 250, 251, Hyde Park, 114, 130, 156, 185, 203, 253, 266 n. 110, 267 n. 120, 273 317 n. 8 n. 114, 274 notes 126, 133, 135, Kennington Common, 203 317 n. 8; W. H. Smith and Son, King Street, 136, 183, 281 n. 34 32, 136, 229 Knightsbridge, 86, 308 n. 109 Smith, William Frederick, 39, 61 Long Acre, 102 Society for Constitutional Ludgate Hill, 223 Information, 13, 16, 212 Mayfair, 30, 66 Society of Supporters of the Bill of Newport Market, 177 Rights, 7 Oxford Street, 106, 117 Society of the Friends of the People, 18 Palace Yard, New Palace Yard, 18, soldiers, 14, 86, 101, 103, 107, 122, 48, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 128 135, 149, 153, 155, 156, 167, sovereignty, 46, 75, 81, 202, 225, 231 194, 203 Spectator, The, 116, 196 Pall Mall, 39, 179 spectatorship, 130, 143, 163, 167, 171, Panton Street, 133 175, 215 Petty France, 17 362 Index streets, squares, theatres, 77, 79, 99, 101, 105, 110, neighbourhoods – continued 134, 135, 168, 175, 184, 205, Piccadilly, 14, 39, 86, 137, 162, 173 254 Pimlico, 12, 22, 114, 213 Thelwall, John, 18, 88 Poland Street, 106 ‘the people’, 23, 28, 45, 47, 49, 50–1, Queen Square, 55 52, 53, 65, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78–81, Regent Street, 117 83, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, Rochester Row, 136 110, 129, 133, 134, 148, 153, 158, Sanctuary, The 136 172, 179, 181, 183, 184, 192, 206, St. Giles, 91, 110, 113, 117 209, 227, 233, 234, 236, 242 St. James Street, 9, 224 Thompson, Edward, 83, 146, 214 Savoy, 103 Thompson, T. P., 62, 63 Seven Dials, 117 Times, The, 66, 80, 92, 100, 110, 119, Soho, 23, 88, 111, 117, 210, 241 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 179, 200 South Street, 46 Tomahawk, The, 230 Spitalfields, 72, 314 n. 68 Tooke, John Horne, 18, 19, 21, 22, 47, Strand, 12, 17, 28, 32, 39, 40, 58, 61, 48, 49, 61, 72, 73, 78, 79, 82, 88, 117, 118, 151, 189, 211, 214, 111, 151, 169, 183, 210, 211, 227, 222, 223, 244, 249, 257, 304 240, 255; Two Pairs of Portraits,18 n. 51 Tory Triumph, The, 228, 229 Stratton Street, 136 Town Police Clauses Act (1847), Swallow Street, 165 156 Sweeting’s Alley, 219, 244 Townshend, Lord John, 17, 18, 44, 87, Trafalgar Square, 117, 119, 146, 156, 103, 107, 108, 141, 147, 168, 174, 168, 203, 233, 244 193, 212, 232, 255 Victoria Street, 58, 117 Treason Trials, 89 Villiers Street, 183 Treasonable Practices and Seditious Vine Street, 16 Act (1795), 89 Wardour Street, 19, 66 Tree of Corruption, 227 West Street, 118 Tree of Liberty, 234, 236 Whitcomb Street, 102 tribunes, 20, 32, 37, 42–68, 75–6, Sturch, William, 63, 83, 97, 135, 174, 215, 226–31, 234, 241, 252, 181, 205, 210 268 n. 2 Successful Candidate, The, 37, 231, 251 ‘man of the people’, 7, 14, 18, 44, Sun, The, 81, 91 48, 73, 75, 139, 165, 166, 176, 177, 227, 253 Taine, Hippolyte, 209 Trollope, Anthony (The Way We Live Tarleton, Colonel Banastre, 115, 122 Now), 248, 253 Tavistock, Francis Russell, Lord, later True Reform of Parliament, 133 seventh duke of Bedford, 146, 152 Twining, Louisa, 118 Taylor, Colonel Thomas, 273 n. 114 Twining, Richard III, 214 Taylor, Harriet (later Harriet Taylor Two Pairs of Portraits, 18 Mill), 55, 208 Taylor, Helen, 57, 145–6 Vanity Fair, 229, 245, 246 Temple, George Vernon, James, 202, 209 Nugent-Temple-Grenville, earl, vestry, vestrymen, 6, 16, 34, 90, 195, later first marquess of 211 Buckingham, 108 visuality, visual culture, 10, 77, 170, Thackeray, William, 111, 219, 247 178, 216–47 Index 363 voting, votes, see also ballot Westminster Committee of duration, 124, 155 Association, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, indirect, 206, 207 44, 46, 51, 73, 129, 133, 194, polling, 14, 16, 22, 23, 70, 72, 77, 212, 249, 263 n. 54 106, 109, 119, 120, 124, 126, Whitbread, Samuel, 50 127, 155, 156, 165, 169, 179, White, Hayden, 12, 94 200, 208, 233, 285 n. 104 Wilkes, John, 7, 14, 18, 24, 45, 84, registration, revision, 3, 30, 31, 36, 128, 137, 179, 232 37, 199, 200, 201, 254, 267 William IV, 30, 183 n. 120, 304 n. 51 Williams, Charles, 219, 231, 236, 245 secret voting, 37, 119, 120, 124, Wilson, George, 118 145, 200, 202, 205–8, 253 Wilson, Sir Robert, 151 sociological explanation of, 40–1 Wishart, Thomas, 147 Vox Populi, 148 Wit’s Last Stake,84 Wonderful Word Eater, The,73 Waddy, Frederick, 219 Woodward, G. M., 219 Wakely, Thomas, 32 Wooler,Thomas,72 Wandering Minstrel for Westminster, women The, 225 and electioneering, 137–46, 153, Ward, Leslie (Spy), 219, 229 300 n. 86 Webb, Charles, 211, 212 at meetings, 141, 143, 145 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first and public politics, 84, 153, 154 duke, 159, 222 in public sphere, 113, 153, 181, 306 West End, the, 12, 40, 70, 115, 117, n. 82 118, 146, 154, 155, 211, 222 and violence, 102–3, 141, 142–3, West, John, 115 232 Westerton, Charles, 31, 32, 211, 308 working classes, artisans, tradesmen, n. 109 6, 16–17, 21, 22, 23, 41, 50, 71, Westminster Canvass, 166, 238 72, 92, 98, 102–3, 112, 113, 114, Westminster Election, 1780, 14, 115, 130, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148, 232 150, 151, 191, 211, 219, 249–50 Westminster Mountebank or Palace Yard blacksmith, 102 Pranks, 132, 133 breeches maker, 173 Westminster Review, 55 carpenter, 212, 281 n. 34 Westminster Returning Officer, 12, chairmen, 101, 116, 117, 122, 123, 199, 253, 306 n. 70 153 Westminster Steeple-Chase, The, 230 porters, 116, 178 Whig(s), Foxites, 6, 7, 8, 13–22, 24, 26, shoemaker, boot maker, 39, 102, 27, 29, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 60, 162 63, 65, 66, 72, 73, 75, 78, 81, 86, tailor, 6, 39, 109, 110, 114, 151, 239, 87, 89, 91, 92, 97, 103, 106, 108, 240–1, 249 109, 114, 122, 126–7, 129, 134, weavers, 72, 314 n. 68 138, 139, 141, 143–4, 147–52, Wray, Sir Cecil, 16, 44, 46, 72, 99, 127, 154, 160, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173, 138, 150, 166, 255 174, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, Wright, Sir Sampson, 103, 116 190, 193, 203, 205, 227, 234, 235, 239, 248, 250, 263 n. 54, Young, Admiral George, 15 300 n. 86 Young, Sir William, 88, 154