Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891 Westminster 1780 1807 George Brydges Rodney W (m) 5298 Francis Burdett R 5134 Charles James Fox W (o) 4878 Lord Cochrane R 3708 Lord Lincoln W (m) 4157 Sheridan W (o) 2615 1782 (June by-election) John Elliot m 2137 Cecil Wray W (o) nc James Paull R 269 1784 1812 nc Lord Hood m 6694 Burdett R Charles James Fox W (o) 6234 Cochrane R Cecil Wray W (m) 5998 1814 (by-election) nc Cochrane R 1788 (by-election) Lord John Townshend W (o) 6392 1818 Lord Hood m 5569 Samuel Romilly W 5339 Burdett R 5238 1790 Murray Maxwell T 4808 Fox W (o) 3516 Henry Hunt R 84 Hood m 3217 Douglas Kinnaird R 65 John Horne Tooke R 1679 Major John Cartwright R 23 1796 1819 (by-election) Fox W (o) 5160 George Lamb W 4465 Alan Gardner m 4814 John Cam Hobhouse R 3861 Tooke R 2819 Cartwright R 38 1802 1820 Fox W (o) 2671 Burdett R 5327 Alan Gardner m 2431 Hobhouse R 4882 John Graham R 1693 Lamb W 4436 1806 (by-election) nc 1826 nc Earl Percy m Burdett R 1806 Hobhouse R Sir Samuel Hood m 5478 1830 nc Richard Sheridan W (m) 4758 Burdett R James Paull R 4481 Hobhouse R 255 256 Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891 1831 nc 1857 Burdett R Evans L nc Hobhouse R Shelley L nc 1832 (by-election) 1859 Hobhouse L nc Evans L nc 1832 Shelley L nc Burdett L 3248 1865 Hobhouse L 3217 R. W. Grosvenor L 4534 Col. DeLacy Evans R 1096 John Stuart Mill L 4525 1833 (April by-election) W. H. Smith C 3824 Hobhouse L nc 1868 1833 (May by-election) Smith C 7648 Evans R 2027 Grosvenor L 6584 Hobhouse L 1835 Mill L 6284 Bickham Escott C 738 1874 1835 Smith C 9371 Burdett L 2747 Sir Charles Russell C 8681 Evans R 2588 Sir T. F. Buxton L 3749 Sir T. J. Cochrane C 1528 Sir W. J. Codrington L 3435 1837 (by-election) 1880 Burdett C 3567 Smith C 9093 John Temple Leader L 3052 Russell C 8930 1837 John Morley L 6564 Leader L 3793 Sir A. Hobhouse L 6443 Evans L 3715 Sir George Murray C 2620 1882 (by-election) nc Lord Algernon Percy C 1841 H. J. Rous C 3338 1885 Leader L 3281 W. A. B. Burdett-Coutts C 3991 Evans L 3258 Prof. E. S. Beesly L 1736 1846 (by-election) 1886 nc Evans L 3843 Burdett-Coutts C Rous C 2906 St. George, Hanover Square 1847 Evans L 3139 1885 Charles Lushington L 2831 Lord Algernon Percy C 5256 Charles Cochrane R 2810 Sir W. G. F. Phillimore L 2503 Viscount Mandeville C 1985 1886 nc 1852 Percy C Sir J. V. Shelley L 4199 Evans L 3756 1887 (by-election) Viscount Maidstone C 3373 Rt. Hon. G. J. Goschen LU 5702 William Coningham R 1716 J. Haysman L 1812 Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891 257 Strand 1885 1891 (by-election) W. H. Smith C 5645 W. F. D. Smith C 4952 E. G. Johnson L 2486 Dr. R. S. Gutteridge L 1946 1886 Smith C 5034 J. E. H. Skinner L 1508 Abbreviations: WWhig TTory R radical m ministerialist o opposition CConservative LU Liberal Unionist nc no contest Sources: Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847,2nd edn., ed. F. W. S. Craig (1844–50; 1973); McCalmont’s Parliamentary Poll Book,8th edn., eds. John Vincent and Michael Stenton (1879; Brighton, 1971). Notes Commencement: The Boundaries of Politics 1 For the thorny debate on the meaning of political culture seeR.P.Formisano, ‘The Concept of Political Culture’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (2001), 393–426; for electoral behaviour in Westminster during the first half of the era under consideration see E. Green, ‘Social Structure and Political Allegiance in Westminster, 1774–1820’, Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1992). 2 S. M. Lipset, ‘The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited’, American Sociolog- ical Review 59 (1994), 3 on the foundation of political culture for democracy; cf. P. Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994), intro., 178–9. 3 J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815– 1867 (Cambridge, 1993); F. O’Gorman, ‘The Culture of Elections in England: From the Glorious Revolution to the First World War, 1688–1914’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America (1996), 17–31; J. Lawrence, ‘The Culture of Elections in Modern Britain’, History 95 (2011), 459–76. 4 [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business-like Men of Westminster (1847), 6. 5 J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, ‘Introduction: Electoral Sociology and the Histo- rians’, in id., Party, State and Society: Electoral Behavior in Britain since 1820 (1997), 1–26; M. Roberts, Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), ch. 7. 6 ‘Middling’ includes manufacturing, retail, handicraft, capitalists and profes- sionals. Table 0.2 is a unique snapshot, for no other census provided this level of detail. For the social stability of the West End between the 1790s and 1890s see H. Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections, 1885–1910 (1967), 31, 35–6; P. J. Atkins, ‘The Spatial Configuration of Class Solidarity in London’s West End 1792–1939’, Urban History 17 (1990), 36–65; L. D. Schwartz, ‘Hanoverian London: The Making of a Service Town’, Proceedings of the British Academy 107 (2001), 93–110. 7 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, f. 784; Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784, Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office; cf. PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9. 8 Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1841; PlaP, 35150, fos. 144, 255–8; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 343; PP 1831–2, Number of Ratepayers, xliv. 90–1, 94–5; PP 1844, Registered Electors, xxxviii. 427; PP 1847, Non-Payment of Assessed Taxes, xlvi. 333. 9 88.8 per cent of Westminster MPs fell into the first three categories, com- pared with only 27.8 per cent of the 5034 eighteenth-century MPs: G. P. Judd, Members of Parliament, 1734–1832 (New Haven, 1955), 31. 258 Notes 259 10 In 1806 Arthur Morris purchased the office from his predecessor for £4000, and paid the dean and chapter a one–time fee of £2000 and £150 per annum: PP 1810–11, Report from Committee on the Office of High Bailiff of Westminster, ii. 349–50 and PP 1833, Municipal and Parochial Affairs of the City of Westminster, xxxi. 342. 11 London Courant, 7 Sep. 1780; Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, fos. 413–14; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 867–74; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 32, 35; London Chronicle, 18 Nov. 1806; Courier, 14 May 1807; Proceedings in an Action brought by Arthur Morris against Sir Francis Burdett in the Court of King’s Bench (1811), 5; Morning Chronicle, 23 June 1818; PlaP, 27843, f. 393. 12 Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortescue (1928), iii. 132, 138; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 872–4, 925–7, and see also 861, 894–5; WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth and Simon Stephenson, Acc. 36/144 and E/3349; BrP 56540, f. 56. 13 WAC, E/2422, fos. 179–80; Vestry of St. Margaret and St. John, Special and Annual Report, with notes on local government in Westminster (1889), 172–7; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 13–14. 14 See Robinson Papers, BL Add. MS 37835, f. 171; Morning Chronicle,13 Sep. 1780, 22, 26 July 1788; Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1966), i. 57; cf. T. Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain (1792), ii. 254–77; St. James’s Chronicle, 19 Feb. 1846; HO 42/13, fos. 114–25; L. Namier and J. Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90 (1964), i. 336. 15 See Foxite pamphlets and Burdettite placard in NA, TS 24/3/1–2 and TS 24/8/1; Namier and Brooke, House of Commons 1754–90, ii. 261; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/148, f. 21; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 63–4; S. Koss, TheRiseandFallofthe Political Press in Britain,i:The Nineteenth Century (1981), ch. 2. 16 Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784. 17 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/135, f. 77; Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 261, 265–71; HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), viii. 414, 417; Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1806, and 25, 30 June and 2 July 1818; PlaP, 27841, f. 124; [A. Buller], ‘Bribery and Intimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 505. 18 A. Ribeiro (ed.), Letters of Dr. Charles Burney (Oxford, 1991), i. 412; Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 562; T. D. Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 326–8; Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784, Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office, London. 19 PlaP, 27849, fos. 163–4; see also Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge 1972), 221–2. 20 L. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 2nd edn. (1965), 85–6. 21 Earl Grey, Parliamentary Government Considered with Reference to Reform,2nd edn. (1864), 164; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed.