The Realist and Revolutionist Traditions in Explaining Islamic Fundamentalism: the Case of Al Shabaab

CEU eTD Collection

THE REALIST AND REVOLUTION ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM: THE CASE OF AL SHABAAB Department of InternationalDepartment and Relations European of Studies In partial MasterInternational and of European Studies Relations Supervisor: ProfessorAstrov Alexander fulfillment of the requirements forfulfillment ofthe thedegree of Central European University Word Count: 12,780 Count: Word Budapest, Hungary Brian Tabarovsky Submitted to Submitted 2014 By

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al ShabaabInternational theory Relations through and understanding better the specifically the English School‟s three specifically theEnglish School‟s traditions. This research providereviewThis will a literatureexisting of onal Shabaab the simplistic simplistic the

research s Realist and Revolutionist intersection.s Realist andRevolutionist ersectionRealist andRevolutionist between traditionsthe theof dearth anddearth complexity ,

which followed by empiricalfollowed identify by which chapters will al Shabaab labeling would provide invaluablewould provide knowledgealand Shabaab on Abstract

al ShabaabIslamic organization,alradical this as a i

of information on al Shabaab,of information onalthebroad ni cal order. ew worldorder Revolutionist toexplain b‟s placement within International placementb‟s within ng

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This research isastarting Due tothe deficiency of

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and vague he CEU eTD Collection and identifying thedifferen analy Iwould like tothank Professor hisconstant Astrov for zing my thesis my zing

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especially t forms whichthesis. ofpoliticalcentral this order were to for helping meunderstand Acknowledgments ii

support and help structuring with

the English School‟s threethe English School‟s traditions

and CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Concluding theEnglishalwithin Remarks Shabaab‟s School‟sTraditions on Placement IdeologicalIntersection4. TheIR intheof EnglishWorldview School inalShabaab‟s 3. AlShabaab‟s Islamic2. AHistory Salafi alandEmergence Somalia‟s Roots Shabaab‟s of through Past the English School 1. AReview of Literature Existing and within Conceptualization Theoretical theFramework of IntroductionAn toalShabaab Acknowledgments Abstract 4.3. Al Shabaab‟s Legitimization of4.3. AlShabaab‟sPowerthLegitimization International4.2.Al Shabaab‟s on Perspective Society 4.1.Ideology regar Roots2.2. Somalia‟s Muslim andal Shabaab‟s Emergence 2. I 1.2.The Schoolof English Pragmatic Research Literature:1.1.Review inmodern ofal Shabaab The Dearth of TheoryinContrast to 1. Salafi FundamentalistDoctrineThought in alShabaab‟s

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“Who are Somalia‟s al Shabaab,” Shabaab,” al Somalia‟s “Whoare In anarchyhas Somalia reigned.Since - 20 orce against theTransitionalorce against Federal Government(TGF). th

century,country despotic therule,from clan sufferedand has warfare, Western zation notonlywagingzation violencealso concerned withthe establishing with of a but terrorist tradition

that has yielded stability that has little andIn peace the people. Somali for void, this

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Somalia‟s independence from Somalia‟s from independence

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onal relations onal colonial authority in ower inmost - CEU eTD Collection lackingasIn well Revolutionist/Realist asaddition, this research. scholarly em understanding theorganization. intersection andRevolutionism thus between Realism offering approach a to novel alloweSomalia andbetween provide andRevolutionism anthe landscape understanding Realism ofhow in provide the backboneunderstanding for al intersectional thebirthplaceShabaab‟s ofview start inSoma their world revolution taken and thecountry introduced holdin forces asal such Shabaab follow withaIslamic historical atpast trace look Somalia‟s to radical fundamentalism how intersection andRevolutionism and between Realism inopposition traditions.A delineation then will system International main traditions in relations will and showthat nopr paradox inunderstanding howviolence toestablishpeaceful be can order. used Islamicidentification of calling it r with apeaceful,worldviewbe needs cosmopolitan examinedfurther thesimplistic to past organization such as alShabaabattempts Realist toblend state violence of“anarchy” that ina theorybetween andRevolutionist the Realist explain to pastIslamic theideology radicalism. of pirical tofind definitive dataonthefirst group, hand source ishard and materialis thus then This paper wil –

formal orinformal formal propo se my theoretical own framework; d for groupgain this power. to evious theoreticalgroup‟sevious onexplainingI been theworldviews. work has l begi n with -

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This paper will makearguments the these that premise under be made how toshow al Shabaab i a adicalism with the with adicalism goal ofuniversality;certain There isalsoa

lia, a majority Muslim country.lia, a majorityMuslim literature the onal previous Shabaab toencapsulate literature

This paper will placealThis paper at Shabaab the intersection will bewill done the toshow prismthrough which

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group‟s worldview and goals. An the Realist, Rationalist andGrotian Rationalist the Realist, theoretical discussion of thethreetheoretical discussion ,

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ed because of the CEU eTD Collection 2 worked create or to Islamic together fought a allowedgroups landscape likeal that Shabaab to ethnic origins in her article Islam, violence informal networkShabaab like al impact can thelandsca international the group has heed received no from goals practices. and al Shabaab‟s oforder, ideology, political view order,its world impacts and international order and can howthe organization be No defeated. theoretical been work has originswith its Salafi in fundamentalism or andSomalia pragmatically, ofanatomy its interms org al Shabaab stage ontheworld and toalQaeda, link showed deadliest their ofthe one terrorist which thirty killed investigate theNa nowwith until 2006, thegroupthat only to hasseemingly deemed been toriseinnot began important ResearchPragmatic 1.1

1. 1. A Review Existingof Lite Jeffrey Gettleman, “Gunmen Kill Dozens in Terror Attack at Kenyan Mall,” Attack KenyanMall,” at Terror in Kill Dozens “Gunmen JeffreyGettleman, . anizations in theworld. in anizations work What has has currently done been either onaldealt Shabaab Review of al Shabaab in modern Liter Review in modern ofalShabaab its organizational anatomy, organizationaland onhow theits opinion group be can defeated. There and threemainstrandsal been have Somalia Shabaab: ofliterature origins on its in There been scholarly has onal little phenomenona literatureShabaab. written recent As .

Somalia: Whose anyway Country isit, Somalia: –

discussing its history of oppression and historyoppression tyranny its discussing c of and how - nine As an important entityAs an ininternational relations

people and wounded more than150 and more people wounded the Framework oftheEnglish School

irobi Westgate Mall shootingsin S inKenyairobi Westgate rature and Theoretical Conceptualization

IRwhen iscritical it howan understand to scholars ature: The Dear 4

provided a distinct look at the country‟sprovided a look distinct th ofTheory C th in . 2

This deadlyefficientattack and put New York Times New York –

pe through ideological a terrorist organization a terrorist

done tounderstanddone how lans have lans either ontrast to to ontrast eptember of 2013 , September 21, 2013. 21, September , Mary Harper,Mary

within within –

CEU eTD Collection Economics 6 5 4 3 through affiliation; clan would be better because stateless off oft entities thatwanted toestablish differentorders. political Shabaab‟s beunderstood could inacountry worldview soethnically heterogeneo ethnic tensionsandthebut provided emergenceinsight noanalytic ofal howal into Shabaab federal governments natureethnic inability ofSomalia‟s populationandits of Somali with thecorruption tojive interven in Somalia the country. not going political orders thevarious into different that wer these entities she discussedforIslam thechallenges dealing thecountry radical withintervention did and but attempt toloca history, notheoretical was fo framework provided nation the proud andways individualistic of enter and hold. take whoseCountryis “Somalia: Harper, Mary Peter T. Leeson, “Better off stateless: Somalia befor Somalia stateless: off “Better Leeson, T. Peter in Somalia,” ofthe Marginalized Struggle the Matter: that “Differences ChristianWebersik, “Somalia.” Harper, . 4

LeesonPeter a Somalia‟s T. also lookinto provided historyarguing country thatthe Inarticle Webersik‟s Christian government.

tion. tion. While HarpergoodWhile givea account did historicaland colonial ethnic its ofSomalia

35 (2007). 35

he also dealt withthe ethnic ten

Webersik argued that –

te the group Somalia‟sPragmatically, ethnicand within te the interventionist tensions. mainly Siyad

3 5

Webersik‟s likeHarper‟s, analysis an ofSomalia, insight provided into Foreign discussed being inthe senseit intervention also of was antithesis to

hegovernment notedthecorruptnessal ineptitude and andhow ofthe Barre‟s despotic regime andthe transitional theineptitude of

there was civil strife in Somalia because ofthestrife because egalitarianthere inSomalia civil was it, anyway,” it, Somal Differences that Matter:Differences that oftheMarginalized The Struggle he ability oftheability populationto he sion within thecountrysion within thathad is who did notwantis whodid external e and after government collapse,” collapse,” government after and e The Fletcher Forum of WorldAffairs of Forum Fletcher The 5

r al Shabaab

an part absent

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e tryinge on toimpose inter Journal of Comparative Comparative of Journal

arisen because of ference intheir

Africa Africa of inher her paper 37 (Winter 2013). (Winter 37 us and fullof 74 (2004). 74 s a‟s

CEU eTD Collection (2014). 9 8 (2008). 7 defeatinggroup withnotheoretical the backgr could bekickedextremists outofSomalia. revenue capabilities andoffensive streams experience how bedefeated detailed al could inSomalia, Shabaab thr apragmatic Roitsch, former Ali. approach UnitedStates special of commanderwith forces wrotethe threatand articles explaininghowitcouldbe ofAlcurbed echoing Shabaab the Shabaab‟s PaulERoitsch Somalia. goals structureand and andsuccesses their Dav in anatomy, nottheoreticallyAli did explain their structure, h trying al Shabaab‟s toexplain worldview. othercalling thansimplisticallygroup, radial for thema jihadist aexplanation typical Islamic notheoretical but provided which their state tounderstand i avenue through ofexplanation al Shabaab typologically use of dataand notheoretical explanations. argued and anarchyethnic reliedcountry for cohesion the inSomalia onbenefit the to through political worldor country view was wasn‟ta constan for a solution in Shabaab howalcountry entered explain Shabaab‟s the butmadeattemptto notheoretical Unpu June2010. Shabaab,” al of Anatomy “The Ali, Abdirahman Paul E Roitsch, “The next step in Somalia: exploiting victory,post in Somalia:exploiting step next “The Roitsch, E Paul Groups,” ofJihadi Hybridization Ideological “The Thomas Hegghammer,

InAbdirahmanarticle Ali‟s onalan he Shabaab, of provided explanation their anatomy Lastly, ThomasHegghammer interms ofwrote origins, an articleonhowto

explain thevariousIslamist ideology.Inexplain strains ofprovided anpiece, he his ierarchy and fighting ierarchy force.

as aninternationalgroup seeking fight andcreate to an the West

al Shabaab, instead focusing

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his most important goal was to show how Islamic goal important showhowhis most was to While While ound. Lastly, alsofocusedound. Shinn David on the 6

providing blished paper. blished - Mogadishu,” Mogadishu,”

a thorough explanation ofexplanation theira thorough Current Trends in Islamist Ideology Ideology Islamist in Trends Current

African Security Review Security African t strife. Leeson t strife. basically ough cutting ough downits

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CEU eTD Collection 10 upending orderexisting and the establishinga univ interesting al into Shabaab‟sgovernance perspectives goal system.AlShabaab‟s ofviolently framework capture thata able and varietysometimes is contradictory offer to constellations of their theoretical a threesensea in broad loose but The offer traditions base; able accommodate anbecause ofal available understanding the options Shabaab range of in of governance.achieving goal its ofuniversal a group notonly thatis inreligious soaked ferocitybutalso anatomyClassical al Shabaab. of framework thatcertainno due reliesjustice tounderstandi onwould conditions broad toconflicting and and ideas. open assumptions of prescriptions The 1.2 to canit be interestingly astheories seen anamalgamation which of represent ahistorical analogy International ha scholarship relations mainlyIslamic and theavenues on groupbe radicalism defeated. through whichcan the background very its past Again, S threat detailing ofal toSomalia draconian Shabaab withalQaedaits connection its and tactics.

David Shinn, “Al Shabaab‟s Foreign Threat to Somalia,” to ForeignThreat “Al Shabaab‟s Shinn, David

the . The English School The English of IR:

religious past. of the wars By usi To understand a paradoxicalframework al isneeded world Shabaab‟s thatis outlook, Overall, beenal inthe scholarly Shabaab has done all work focused on world that has hinn only a provided empirical ng the English School of international relations and its three traditions Ing Schoolofinternational English andthree its the relations traditions be will

simplistic origins in Islamic originssimplistic in radicalism.

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CEU eTD Collection 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 contrast which attempts torealize Revolutionism the„ideal,‟ to Realis states are of a part zero backward “rivalry strifeform andamong of nation some warfare; isthemainand only the state actor. state dealings; significant in inherent Conflict is of systemanarchy inastate is ofregulatory withwarfare isthe asname politics the practice; power idea traditioncanRevolutionist be describeda as missionary havingcharacter that seeks propel to the inmankindmoral andthat transcends it andcultural The ofstatehood. the idea whole political third condition or nonbeliever isto universal because system order theycurrent is believethatthe again.” “denies Revolutionism it past, try to scratch, tostartfrom outof tojump attempts of mankind mankind.

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knowledge superior to sensory valuedknowledge is perception; above Reason an to superior avenue all as through h toobtain true knowledge . 31 s ethical prescriptive. and more thespectrumThe pointin tradition middle theRationalist is the Three Traditions Three the Three the Traditions Three the Traditions Three the Three the

In contrast to Realists, it can it In about be are saidthatRationalists Realists, contrastto more optimistic international tional order isinastate citetional of order natural anarchyNatural law assumes isto law. thatall onalists believeonalists can it avoided through be internationalintercourse although they T T radition raditions

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a universal utopia. , 8 , , 9.

Calvin in his edict inhis Calvin that allme -

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CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 34 and Realist violence. means achieve to world their new order I ruthless terror. ideacombined theRationalist with utopian doctrines and m ofjustwar theRealist the reprobate there thosea thefaith willing wasdivide between toaccept believed supernaturalmoralityand inthe idea t of name of God.” eloquently theocracyspeak “rulethose to stated was whoclaim that „i inpractice the of disobey

Wight, Wight, Wight, Wight, believedCalvin wasgoodand naturally destined however, thatmankind for salvation; the T the Traditions Three the Traditions Three the Traditions Three the and depose king and said hree Traditions hree – 35

who needed tobeexterminated becausewho needed infidel of their status. n this sense,n this Cal

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To encapsulate strict theocratic Calvin‟s Martin belief, Wight vinists were whofavoredvinists Revolutionists hard violenceas a –

at the intersection between Revolutionist utopianism utopianism at the intersection between Revolutionist 14 he doctrinegrace of

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CEU eTD Collection 39 38 distinguish Reformation. Wight‟s depiction fundamentalistsorder ofCalvinist intheofMartin sense during theProtestant of dissidents. doctrine of be traced back totheir Salafi conquer infidels these abodeIslam,and of Dar law whichmother of istheideological al Shabaab. influenced IslamicShabaab‟scan law law be doctrinal constitutional found in intersectionRealist andRevolutionist between traditions. the newworldorderthis ofCalvinist worldaemerge and clear orderrepresentation as its to order, in Islamica clearcan illustration history, al be between Shabaab‟s made theorigins of of view Fundamentalistal Doctrine2.1. Salafi in Shabaab’s Thought

2. 2. Wight, Wight, both A History of Byat looking alShabaab‟sorigins andthrough Salafi in fundamentalism Somalia‟s the Three Three the Three the

this form religious, andSomalia‟s history tounderstand formthis how religious, thelandscape created for condoned aggression

es Salafi fundamentalism fundamentalism Salafi Islam forcalls strictadherence tothe Quranand that theconversi

39 themselves typologicallythemselves from Al Shabaab‟sgoal, movement,global i asa Jihadist

Under this revolutionaryUnder appr this Traditions, 9 Traditions, 223 Traditions, a Shabaab’sl Salafi Roots andEmergence through Somalia’s through Jihad. - al - - Hab, the abode of war; it wasabode it Hab,Islamicwar; thegoal followers the of of to 12. - - IslamicIslam, roots.Salafigeneral isthemore a sense, extremist in 224.

–

Islamic law didthis

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a and conservative strict interpretationalIslam strand of 38 Al Shabaab‟sgoalestablishinga universal of can caliphate Is lamic Past

the oach of global of oach jihadi Calvi 15

other four main strands of militant militant four of mainother strands

nist nist

by Dar into dividing theworld

religious lawand In t comparison

s to revolutionize theworlds torevolutionize - Salafism –

a doctrine that directly

Islamic constitutional ,

al Shabaab on o Calvinism, Al o Calvinism,

or extermination Islam - al - Islam, the : CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 41 40 Islamicsuccessors, which theCaliphs,continued throughoutexpansion empires formed the fueled the Protestantagains religious wars Islamquest his in of Islamic Caliphate an open battlefieldMuhammad‟s and between followers non Law. modernize oradapt to law, al a Shabaab taken strictinterpretation which notattemptto has dictates will that the state act should Ulama Underall including providesforMuslims framework Sharia a how politics. interpretations. interpretation whichwiggle leaves for ormodern room more ofthe document little modest mankind under God‟s providence. of Muhammad‟sSalafis followers. alsoprescribe tothe Wahhabiemphasizes creed theunity which orientation.” Ashley and G Elliot to betogether religious ina universal ideology state; this Salafi isthebackbone of andcitizenship natio irredentist, pan 16. Shabaab,” al of Anatomy “The Ali, Abdirahman 28. Groups,” ofJihadi Hybridization Ideological “The Hegghammer, Ali, “The Anatomy of al Shabaab,” 34. Shabaab,” Anatomyal of “The Ali, Michael Shank, 16. Shabaab,” Anatomyal of “The Ali, God aboveall else 43

denotes theimportanceThegoal viewing SalafiJihad a theentireworld Global of as of the Quran,Within theSharia,comprehensive a 41

The term Salafi denoted those whofollow - ”Understanding political Islam in Somalia,” Cont Islam Cont in Somalia,” Islam political ”Understanding

Islamist, vigilantis . 44 The prophet Muhammad ledhisarmies thee inperson against -

nalIt ofmankind borders. are children thatall believes the ofAllah, meant S Holzer define Holzer S establishing the Islamic the Order World establishing .

contemporary norms but instead abidecontemporary values by of normsbutinstead thetraditional Sharia Like Calvinism, alLikeadheres Shabaab Calvinism, totheprinciple

t andsectarian

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al Shabaab as a“populistal groupwithaSal Shabaab t

the infidel Catholics the infidel

16 . 40

Al Shabaab tothe does ideas prescribe not of body of rules established in historyrulesbody established of byin the ed

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of a universalof af - nemies of ist ist Jihadism. Jihadism.

death his CEU eTD Collection 48 47 46 45 purposes. Even non against unbelievers order Intradition. sense, itacceptsas theRealist violencepreferred away its toestablish sense, Wahhabism, theideal behindSal warWahhabism, allowedinfidels against is for the interchangeably todescribe theultra the needIslamic strictLaw. adherence for to version of astheofficial Hanbalism Thecame ofthe term faith state. tosymbolize Wahhabism Arabian, utopian ideasconvinced tookholdofHanbal‟s andArabia of theruler totake Saudi his concede tothe modern world. in aliteralleft room fashion for whichlittle any type or ofinterpretation, willingness adaption to that al Shabaab which humanswould live. kingdoms ofoldwhich thatGodmade believed,law inavery strictfashion, ofthe the landunder which interestingl conservative ofalfundamentalism Shabaab and EastMiddle adhered thatstrictlyQuran. tothe

Wight, “Wahh Lang, 2003. 10, March Jihad,” and “Wahhabism Lang, Jihad,” and “Wahhabism Lang, Patrick , merging bases its theories on thepertinenceinterbases theories its on ofwarin To accept modeofviolence, this To traceal ideology Shabaab‟s back the Three Traditions, 9. Traditions, Three the y

abism and Jihad,” March 10, 2003. 10, March Jihad,” and abism in this group‟s case,theintersectioncanfound group‟s atin this bewit

with it the idealwith it mankind (Revolutionist). ofa stateof moral

currently abides by is the Ibnabides bycurrently isthe , which began , which - Wahhabi Muslims, under these Muslims, principlesWahhabi

In the early years,In theearly schoolsdeveloped four ofreligious law

In 18 the

in the first centuries of Islamin the first centuriesof America Magazine America - conservative ideology sects.conservative Muslim Sunni ofthese afi Fundamentalis afi

th Wahhabism cites the Quran citesWahhabism made statingthatwar

century,Muhammad Abdal , one can look at the laws of the Sunni Islamic at can the laws, one ofthe look Sunni

The terms W The terms Hanbal school(780 45 17

its adherenceits toRevolution This warp back clearly inhistory illustratesthe

, March 10, 2003. ,10, March moralIslam pursuance ofa true - state dealings. m blends the Realist and Revolutionist m blends the Realist andRevolutionist ahhabi can andSalafi be used , ,

must be brought under the guise be themust brought under is a historic legitimationis ahistoric of its -

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48 ist philosophy,ist which

a Saudi . 47

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Under CEU eTD Collection 51 50 49 goalits current order. ofoverthrowing the Shabaab ideology tointroduce revolutionist its history ofMod interventionist forces, importantly most and this for Arab world attempting ofa nation which totake is control building,Into peacekeepingdisaster and relief.have hole this actors stepped numerous Itgovernment. forum international fortheform hasbeenthe in multiple interventions ofstate Roots Muslim alShabaab’s2.2. Somalia’s Emergence and reachgoal utopian this keenIslamic interplay ideaaCaliphate and between peaceful ofviolentjihad of the to theuse o prominent such radicalIslamists Laden as Osama Salafi bin whospreadcreed his to leading uptothe 20 eventually led topeaceful cohesion. has neverChristianitychanged, in unlike thesplit between which and Catholics Protestants, relof orthodox rganizations such as al Shabaab.rganizations suchas al

Harper, “Somalia,” 161. Harper, 2003. 10, March Jihad,” and “Wahhabism Lang, 2003. 10, March Jihad,” and “Wahhabism Lang, Since thelate has 1980sSomalia aanarchy been landof –

these actors have included warlords, actors Somali these forces, Western peacekeeping African ern Somalia, I Somalia, ern showhowwill anarchy andway al instability the for paved igious th

practice or face death century, by 1925 it had established century,itself inSaudiArabia and had by 1925it established influenced

Al Shabaabpropels now theWahhabi While Wahhabism faced Wahhabism While Islamic inthe backlash

. 49 Wahhabi Islam‟sWahhabi non strategically ofAfrica placed inthe Horn and the 18 legitimize violenceand inthe country tocondone

study,al Shabaab

with no stable central with nostable - tolerance towardstolerance other sects . 51

By processBy the tracing

Jihadist mission Jihadist

world

with a - CEU eTD Collection 55 54 53 52 conqueringpowers ofEuropean inthe17 the 16 o Islamicgolden AD, had age Somalia a become in1400 majority country.fall the Muslim After shoresCentral ofthe tothe vast AtlanticOcean By Asia plainsofinthe east. the theend of the tenth century,was which one grea wasWightwhat themoral termed part whichspread Martin imperialword of of indoctrination teach and theQuran tothe people ensure loyalty to AricaIslamic Damascus, Umayyadconquerorsholders when from ofa Caliphate, vast came to Muhammad. existence under former President Siyad traced alUnion Forces Shabaab, (ANISOM), and theAfrican for theWest are control be vying can again political ploy to in fromestablishe Turkey, has which Somalia‟s dependent current is government recently,aid most onforeign from theand West traditionally toforeign hostile polit militarypresenceand f the Umayyad Empire,

Wight, “Under Shanks, “Somalia,” 165. Harper, “Somalia,” 162. Harper,

th back to Somalia‟s Islamic upbringingeventually toSomalia‟s back colonial anddespotic history,its its IslamIt belief ofpopular entered is that region Somali thet in the As Mary i argues, HarperSomalia the Three Traditions, 43. Traditions, Three the centuryIslamiccontinued andthe of Somalia. indoctrination t power tothe world t power In thelate seven standing Political Islam,” 92. Islam,” Political standing

ternational acclaim a new Islamicnew theAudalempire, ruledthe Kingdom end called until of .

the height of the Islamic empireIslamic the height when ofthe stretched from it the western 55 th century, Islamization stronglyth century, theHorn into propelled of itself

Muslim migrationMuslim continued toSomalia at pace asteady upuntil d a effort largehumanitarian inthe country what for somesee

Barrewhich ledtothecurrent anarchical statesituation. th s alan

century, retained it Somalia . 53

The where current inSomalia, unstable situation 19 d of “proud and independent people whod of“proud and are independent people

the Umayyad Empire ical interference.” Even afterEvencolonial the s Islamics heritageand . ime of the prophetime ofthe 54 52

This indoctrination

However,

CEU eTD Collection 58 57 56 detentiontorture, squalidconditions, in rape, crippling constraints of movement and onfreedom and nomads threat t to government people theSomali slaughtering whichbrutalized who posed any innocent civilians did military dictatorship. of Because Italian andSomaliland the Republic ofSomalia came Somalia, of the under an rule oppressive conversionaggression. or Calvin‟s creed whose whethercalled Protestant indoctrination, was for it through peaceful take cont system harmonious governancestructure. and amore install politics would leadIslami tothe United mention Barre‟s regime year reignofcorruption, humanrights“or and abuse, under the despotic of rule Islamic state Europeancolonialism andUS/African inter Islamicempires always thenegatives ofoldhad the people. inthe minds been Somali With of remained revolutionist ideology ofthe fun a vestige of Leeson, “Better Off Stateless,” 692. Stateless,” Off “Better Leeson, 690. Stateless,” Off “Better Leeson, Shanks, “Understanding Political Islam,” 92 Islam,” Political “Understanding Shanks,

not abide byIslamic teachings yearsAftergovernance eightdemocratic of stable after After reached worst Somalia independencegovernance period in1961,their of came would sparkideology the a revolutionist wouldseek corrupt tooverthrow Somali that rol of major parts ofSomalia androl ofindoctrinate majorpeople parts its he governmenthe

living in the countrysideliving inthewere tosummary subjected arbitrary arrest, killings, –

which is what alShabaabwaswhich iswilling tooffer.

as a precursor to radical Islam in Somalia? aprecursorIslam t inSomalia? as Well, toradical . 58

Siyad According Committee“bothWatch tothe Africaurban population

c Courts and eventuallycentrance and Courts alSomalia into Shabaab‟s

Barre influence from theSoviet Union influence from -

B arre

from 1969to1991. from - 93.

was totransform able vention combined, the Somali people yearned combined, people theSomali vention an for 20

ganized thuggery.” damentalist Islamdamentalist His Through violence,al would Shabaab

military launched coup a twenty the independence of Britishthe independence of

his dictatorship into a into socialist his dictatorship – -

in clear comparison in clear to an atheist worldpoweran atheist that . 57 56 Why importan isit he instability that The glory ofthe days t to t to - CEU eTD Collection 60 59 tradition ofestablishing state for a wouldneed all Somalis tobeac the corruptIngovernment toachieve Somalia transitional sense in this theRevolutionist power. stable InternationalIf message: theory Relations Somalia butclear wanted inasimple theof a people UIC,Shabaab,forerunner traditions al thecombinedandRevolutionist of theRealist of Islamican option provided Courts warfare. wasSomalia of theproductprevious degradation instability and Barre under and revolutionist ideology inSomalia. whichCourts, wouldeventually breed aradical calledal more wing thetrue Shabaab, bearer of the emergence aIslamic organization,fundamentalist moderateIslamic of called United the However, establishment by ofa 2006,theattempted government new Western by powers governanceSomali mostly was andalthough peaceful clan stable sporadic violence. therewas Somaliland practices. northern peopleoutin Byenoughcivil hadwar hadandbroke 1988,theSomali government debt wasbecause andfacing financial insevere ofitscorrupt major inflation on military and polic the inherentIslamismthe people. of from historical inany whichunlikeits aSocialist government, didnot predecessors, appease way andexpression aof pattern psychological intimidation” Leeson, “Better Off State Off “Better Leeson, 692. Stateless,” Off “Better Leeson, and peaceful life under Islamicand governance, life they peaceful use violence under first need wouldto against Aftercorrupt faced governance theandUnited since inefficient thatSomalia 1969, Fewresources public investmentthe for after revenues were government left spentmost

. In. 1991, a Januarycoup of e expenditureBy toquellresistancee and 1990,the maintainpower.

less,” 695 less,”

96. 60

for a majority Sunni Muslim nation Muslim forto liveSunni a majority peacefulThe life.

The initial popular support d‟état overthrew Barre‟s overthrewregime.d‟état that After period 21

which furtherS drove lyIslamicfor fundamentalism in hieved in Hobbesianhieved fashion, in omalis awayomalis violent clan led to CEU eTD Collection 62 61 from externalfight threats, there “to until the enemy persecution”, to“protect isno and violence.this From were theQuranwas it allowed stated that themselves Muslims toprotect violence toeventually l government. were Thus,Somalis thelead willing they ofthewhen tofollow called UIC for achievewhen successfully Ethiopia theUS and invaded and a Somalia transitional established galvanized populationthrough theSomali anti who form disparate ofthea foundrefuge; clans manifestation culture was“b it of MichaelIslam apply putit Shank behind when saidthat“political which he theshield was used andCatholicism supported a order changingdoctrine. world based onProtestant ofthe not those of other faiths their ide be a their threatto securityofand lands and becausetheir Somali livelihood penetration into ofEthiopia opposition Christian and theUnitedperceived States. Somalis external these forces to overthrow a Western calledIslamic forthrough governance peaceful ofrevolutionary theuse inSomalia violenceto preachforglobal toestablish a jihad a differencedistinct beand must made thefutureUICal betweenShabaab the through violence in ananarchicalnotrue systemsuperior inthe thatregion. saw

Shank, “Understanding Political Islam,” 96. Islam,” Political “Understanding Shank, Islam,”96. Political “Understanding Shank,

Islam unite Somalia‟s to Muslim majority as apolitical tool against external intervention. To even caserevolutionary in2006the boostIslam further Somalia, the ofin USandUK Perhaps,Islamicgo the of biggest propellant ological differen ed

a wide to“hedge network againstofnaturala a host andsociologicaluncer - supported transitional government. supported

ead toapeaceful,ead state. The stable U – ces

a whoopposed clear comparisontoCalvin thedoctrines of . 61

In providence eyes, Somali onl God‟s

universal itwas caliphate, more moderate;instead, only it - I 22 slamic rhetoric slamic

vernance inmodern Somaliathe was

IC j Ashgar used .

Somalis saw what saw could violence Somalis yIslamic befitted believers rothers, cousins and I” cousinsrothers, and – ihad

the UIC didnot However, aHowever,

to legitimate tainties.” The UIC Islam an 62 - d

CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 63 going ther toattest Islam;soaked in government.a popularly supported Muslim as people, amajority would Muslim only be be fairegoverness post ofwelfareaftershow theprogressiveness rule Barre the intheof country despotic lasses and the government, Government Collapse do Catholic speecheswhich aProtestantism arguedworld under thatwouldn‟tbe for new unfair order like through religious was a doctrines not historical precedent pursuance their revolutionar of transform al whowould under Shabaab call goals and ofsociety facilitation of inexp assistance, assistance, housing low Islampolitical wouldcontinueSomalis to instinctively livesfight through for their th community ag from harm.”Muslims Leeson, Leeson, Shank, “Understanding Political Islam,” 97. Islam,” Political “Understanding Shank, 96 Islam,” Political “Understanding Shank, 97. Islam,” Political “Understanding Shank, InLeeson‟s aptly T. article Peter titled “Better Off Stateless,” 690. Stateless,” Off “Better ctrine. would beof better anarchy stateless under according to18key . ainst non 65

Bywelfaregovernanceand offeringeducational stable programs such as any governmentany

ensive mass marriage ceremonies - remain popular politically.remain reign 63 eligious wants of its people. TheUICeligious wantspeople. introduction of ofits and the al Shabaab , he makes due theargument that Somalia, tothe incompe

- This lesser jihad Muslims . 66

However, Leeson‟s However, thatSomalis, argumentpoint outonthe misses

y/realist approach.

. , 64

especially one sponsored by the Soviet Union, was neverespecially oneby theSoviet Union, sponsored - As long was threat as aperceived Somalia, external there to cost medication, and most importantly for Islam andcost importantly most medication, for -

97. was focused on defending the Somali Muslim Muslim ondefendingwas focused theSomali

As previously stated, thehistory for a more a radicalfor mission Better off Stateless: Somalia before and after Somalia beforeBetter Stateless: off The UIC‟sThe message lesserjihad wouldlater of tter off statelesstter 23

However, thisability tocoerce Somalis

the UIC was able to meetthe UICable the primary wasto –

Calvin alsoCalvin achieved it if they were not underif they weretherule of e mechanis expedient

of global jihad inthe

indicators which of is Somalia tence of

in his in his

the m of - CEU eTD Collection 68 Quarterly 67 Europeanand Unite Union After UIC,attempted ofthe the UnitedStates, thePresident toreconcile Sheikh Sharif,with had establishingorder. world a new for Calvin wholeestablish worldauniversalIslamic and caliphate. radicalglobalcontrol landsbutalsothe ideologytake ofSomali which jihadist soughtto notonly Alliance Re for the leadersal ofShabaab boycottedconference openly the and with the newly disagreedformed incapa Asmara,an been allianceuptothat point amonginsurgent toform thevarious factions whohad government. Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmedcall ineptstrategic its exposed planning. ofU.S. militaryinflux monetary and UIC supportquickly pushedoutofMogadishu and the the country underauspicesofprotecting the theunstable transitional government‟s capitalwhohadmanned wasentered troops by Baidoa;it Ethiopian theranks,within al formed. Shabaab UICgoing radical never most in toblend coherently was this Due wing. to withits groupingAs a moderate seek thatdidnot toestablisharadical ofSharia interpretation law, the supported e waspeoplegovernance becausepeaceful possible thepreferred structure,notaWestern a stable Gartenstein DaveedGartenstein ble of wresting oftheble of country control theW from The formatio (Fall 2009). (Fall - - like violence terrorist curre toupendthe stablishment that would not do justice to its Islamic dojustice thatstablishment wouldnot toits culture. Ross, “Strategic Challenge of al Shabaab.” ofal Challenge “Strategic Ross, In theUIC lateattendeda 2007, conferencecapital offactionsthe in ofEritrea, - Ross, “The Strategic Challenge of Somalia‟s al ofSomalia‟s StrategicChallenge “The Ross,

- liberation of(ARS) over Somalia liberation ideology. AlShabaabpreferred n of al Shabaabn of entrance withthepolitics began UIC‟s Somali in2006. into

d Nations; Sharif alsothe joined Khartoum theTFG talkswith peace

The c The ed for aned for insurgency tofightthe 67 In theUI late 2006,

onference was thelasts onference was Because ofthis 24

nt international order with the goalnt international with order of ,

the UIC‟sexecutive council, head ofthe This ideologyclearly need blended the estern backed forces

C controlled exc ofSomalia most C transitional However, government. the - Shabaab: Dimensions of Jihad,” ofJihad,” Dimensions Shabaab: trawIslamic forradicals; these Ethiopian

. and U.S.backed 68

The future stability

Middle East East Middle a more ept the

CEU eTD Collection 70 69 from faction. thus cementing asa moderate hisposition Gartenstein Ali, “Anatomy,” 31. “Anatomy,” Ali,

abroadand implementingofSharia began law a inth strictversion

This new named faction, The and Shabaab),recruited Youth(al inSomalia fighters - Ross , “Strategic Challenge of al Shabaab.” ofal Challenge “Strategic ,

–

far far 25 from the radicalfrom itsright ideology of wing

e areas controlled it . 70

CEU eTD Collection Shabaab‟s has ofthe threecomposed topleadership(qiyadah), organization leaders foreig executives andhierarchy an chains established withvarious certain thatperform Al duties. andRealistRevolutionist traditions? And lastly puzzle. and Thisquestion theattempt this be toestablishpeaceful will further toexplain life? into looked abilitylogistical other and various imperatives? Howgoabout does achieving terms alShabaab aimsin ofideology, its governance structure, replacing withauniver it andRealismof Revolutionism security forcesIdeologically, thatthe isatthe TGF‟scurrently intersection employs. al Shabaab well forces trainedANISOM thathave as thecount theinvaded manpower that rivaled ideology,and hierarchical theabilityp external structure, funding torecruit world order„cleansing‟ bycurrent system the international ofopposition. ideology, recognizescomparison Calvinism, which to in in establishing God‟s providence a new Shabaab.InIs Godane, to and Somali foreign theother addition follow this leaders such asseen Abdi AhmedGodane, intersection clearly this as is anideologyal thatdrives baseeffo oftheir Structurally, Al Shabaab‟sgrowth a into ma Al Shabaab‟sand organization leadership rts touse Realist violence a tocreate new worldorder.In Revolutionist leaders , how do these machinations show a theseat machinationsworldview, howdo the of show intersection the al Shabaab‟s hierarchycanIt compared toacorporation. be has

armies in the region. It intheregion.armies becan current stated thatalas Shabaab‟s force is 3. 3. Al Shabaab’s Structural Composition sal alternative,comes This withquestions. goal, however, theCaliphate. -

an entity toviolently thatattempts current upend world the order

jor terrorist force in Somalia wajor terroristforce inSomalia 26

Isn‟t there between a„terrorist paradox al

structure isthebackboneideological and the ry and better thanry theunreliable and better s due to their cohes due totheir

rofessional lamic a board of ‟ violence sive n CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 71 Abdullah Ma‟alin Abu HusseinAli AliNahar securityformer chief,and „Uteyba, aSheikh controls regions the Northwestern Aden Somaliland; of Hashi country. whoseeclanIslamicall Somalis Youth as dogmaappease The an and represe received inalShabaabshowingrepresentation thus fair the leadership representinganrepresentation equal thepower in ofclans division. Shaba Qaeda enormousaccessdictating have inAfghanistan influenceand resources to p thus radicals have al previously mainlyforeignjihadis who in Shabaab, experience fightingfor al foreigners; the former and 42of 43of t Sudan. The eighty Mujajir these Americancome fighters chieflyfrom the Soma Hammami charge isin financing of chiefly foreignfighters, fromStates ofAmerica; theUnited ethnicity; training The Director Mombasa,Omar of whoisfrom isAbuMusa Pakistan; Saudi Arabia.main advisor isAbuSuleiman Godane‟sal the Horn2009; TheAbu financesbyfrom Faid of Africa Sheikh areMohamed handled since Islands,Abdullah Mohamed, the from Comoro al commanderQaeda‟schiefand leader in the in strongly influenced by external ties “al fighters (muhajirin) fighters and(ansar). Somali local

Ali, “Anatomy,” 20. “Anatomy,” Ali, 19. “Anatomy,” Ali, 209. “ForeignThreat,” Shinn, 18. “Anatomy,” Ali, - Afghani”, Ahmed Abdi Godane,Abdi andAfghani”, Ahmed ab

is in chargeis in recruitment ofthe suicideheisanother from bombers; foreign member, 74 . 72 Godane and his close deputyGodane and close al his Importantly, leaders Somali of the from alclans come Shabaab thus Somali -

five almost executiveconsists equally member and Somalis council of

–

chiefly to al Qaeda.chiefly toal chairman of The he latter. AccordingInternational Group,the Crisis he latter. tothe - Fuad Afghani aremembersDir/Isaaq of clan thewhich

Mohamad 27

li diasporali inMinnesota. 71

TheIbrahim top leaders include Jama

- Khalaf Ba nadiri, a Somali ofYemeninadiri, a Somali

Ayrow, the Ayrow,

“Shongole.” The“Shongole.” leadership is 73 Minority haveclans group's

former Amirand

the board isFazul the

ntation ofthe ability to Mohamoud olicy inal look past

CEU eTD Collection 76 75 tolaunch globextremists interpretationLaw, has areadvertised immoral. abase ofSharia Godane Somalia as for listening dancing even tomusic, orfootball watching that defiededicts hisbeen have metwithst oppressed inthe ranks controlledterritories. anyits and dissension throughout his reignas have moderateorsidelinedgroup rivals either been ashas killed thebrutally widergoal world creatingInternal the in universal of stri the Caliphate. controlledItwellIslamist territory.hisbrand expert knownthat goalis to of his violence is tothe prodigy hise for of Realist violence toachievegoal this inGodane. embodied is overturn order. The religious theworld intersection Revolutionist between ideology use and the establishingIslamic an theocracy; also they will Godane‟s al Qaeda,notbehappy will strong ties with only andSomalia retaining instability. asal themaincharacterShabaabgroup, Hisemergence because of in showsthatthe service ofand inside hasal caused Shabaab‟sleadership rifts leadin between universality. and violence Revolutionist Realist order by overthrowing violently current interna the North South Mukhtar Fidow, chief thecurrent comefrom theHawiye Mogadishu; political who hail clanfrom

Colin Freeman, “Ahmed Abdi Godane: the new „Mad Mullah‟ bent on Jihad,” Jihad,” on bent Mullah‟ „Mad the new Godane: Abdi “Ahmed ColinFreeman, 21. “Anatomy,” Ali, - - Eastern Puntland Western Somalia; lastly, Fuad Mohamed The important person most Godane ofnote theintelligence isAhmed Abdi whocontrols

Roobow Ali AbuMansoor,Roobow a isfrom topcommander, theRahan xcellence in Islamic inaxcellence Taliban school, hasimposed

. 75 al jihad; his previousal his jihad; experience infinanceaccountantan as for an Thegoala leadership of new al universal Shabaab‟s toestablish is

onings andonings amputations for such doing as things 28 Khalaf want to continueglobal to awant campaign jihadist to

tional system, an intersection ideological –

Shangole hails from the DaaroodclanShangole in hails from activities, which under Godane‟s strict

Godane, considered a once child - g to assassinationsg and to Telegraph style regimealstyle Shabaab in fe been has a of hallmark weyn clan,weyn which isin , September 28 September , 76

Any Somalis Any Somalis , 2013. ,

CEU eTD Collection 80 79 78 77 Shabaab garner has ablefunds through been and to seaports theuse airports oflanding through money benefactors.longerport ofcontrol a Kismayo ofthe no numberAlthough from in of combat supportpurpose acquire weapons theyIslamicareable toattract the donors,Qaeda. namelygroupfunds allow al Monetary to Shabaab‟s ANISOM tofight ability and Because forces. theirglobal TFG adherence of jihad, to networks, grasp its and toexpand install ideology, fundingsources, various ideological al similar needs from including Shabaab the Just like ProtestantSomalia. that Wars neededto befunded bytospread kings theCalvinist and Chechnya, already thus ofglobal inthe art indoctrinated jihad. members of bodyare this mainly foreigners experience with battlefield Kashmir inAfghanistan, a tenmember Council Shura Qiyadah structureground are theleadership composed onthe ofhundreds offield commanders; whichthe outputofANISOM, iscurrently in soldiers which haveranged incapacityfrom 7,000 effort o to Shabaab. airline hasrecruit himto enabled who have righters foreign theranksofal swelled Roitsch, “Next Step in Somalia,” 11. in Somalia,” Step “Next Roitsch, Ali, “Anatomy,” 18 “Anatomy,” Ali, 18. “Anatomy,” Ali, “Godane.” Freeman, Financingal it enables through Shabaab which isthetool Below powerconstitutethemajority theleadership structure, local offoot Somalis 77 verturn the current world order and replace it with their brand of Islamic and worldgovernance. thecurrent withtheirverturn order brand it replace of Godane issymbolicallygoalof al theembodiment Shabaab‟s wage violenceinan to , equipment, manpower,fuel,, food -

19.

s . 80 Funding exalso include sources ,

which istheconsultative body

its new order.its world the rangethe of8,000 men 29

- , 10,000 men total; a viable force 10,000 mentotal;aviable

and intelligence for combat information and - , patriot communities who collect

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. 78

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CEU eTD Collection 85 84 83 82 81 their don‟tnecessarilystrict practiceswith moderateIslamic that jive Somalis. sharia manyand theopposition lawinto an have insightSomalis Shabaab towards al because of eyes are covered” world have aland Shabaab, against theyBaraweresidents want ofpeople the who tobe people from staying informed sayingwas thatTVnot residents such as were to ordered Islamicbanned because their from the television townspeople itharmed principles; watching e control, mai LawSharia through thedirect ofviolence. threat through andpopulations arecoerced violence,propaganda, ideology. Targeted abiding into by law ofthe land arecomparison Calvinism, onthedoctrine istheultimate to religiouswill thatGod‟s andbased which rules are legitimized, created, andof maintained. al Theseand Shabaab, interms rules continue campaign. global its jihadist steep i October al 2012denied Shabaabupto$35million funds of and docking fees.th also AlShabaab taxes ntertainment were thus enforced.ntertainment were thus Jibril, “Al Shabaab uses Islam to justify television ban in Barawe.” ban justify to television Islam uses “Al Shabaab Jibril, in Barawe.” ban justify to television Islam uses “Al Shabaab Jibril, Dahir 11. in Somalia,” Step “Next Roitsch, 11. in Somalia,” Step “Next Roitsch, loss for al Shabaab, external financing and taxation has external for helpedloss financing al tokeep and Shabaab, taxation thegroup alive and

Jibril, “Al Shabaab uses Islam to justify television ban in ban justifyIslam uses television to “Al Shabaab Jibril, As previously thetheoretical government in through thetool outlined is framework, nly in Southern Somalia,nly Sh inSouthern – hand over theirhand dishestoalShabaabofficials. over televisions and satellite Prominent

Mursal tyrannical and kings above other rules. 85

he said,a direct contradict

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Yarisow

–

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InBarawe,a people southeasternportinSomalia, town were

aria Theofmany law installed. was banning forms of e regions it rulese it regions ion to whation to alShabaabunder established strict had . 84 30

Yarisow sawas the aprete ban In the areas where al had Shabaab seized

Barawe,” Barawe,” Gov

. 81 n annual income. ernment legitimation is achieved is ernment legitimation

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CEU eTD Collection Qutb. “Milestone.” CrethPlethi, Omar, Feisal. “Al attacks Shabaab at parliament, least Somali dead.” 10 Leeson,“Betteroff Peter stateless: before T. Somalia collapse.”government and after Lang,"Wahhabism andJihad." Patrick. Nicholas.Kulish, “Kenya MallCarnage ShabaabResilience.” Shows Dahir. “Al ShabJibril, Dahir. “Al ShabaabJibril, ratchets inBarawe raid.”scare up tactics following US Hegghammer,I "The Thomas. Harper, Mary.“Somalia: whose Country anyway.” isit, Gettleman, Terror Killin Dozens “Gunmen Attack Jeffrey. at KenyanMall.” Gartenstein Freeman, AbdiGodane: “Ahmed Colin. Mullah‟ „Mad bent the new onJihad.” AlShabaabCamphausen, inSomalia: “Sharia the R.C. rules like Afghan Taliban.” just Bull, Hedley. 2010.Unpu AnatomyAli, Abdirahman. alJune “The Shabaab.” of News, Comparative Economics 2013. 2013. October 15,2013. Ideology 2013):161(Winter September 21, 2013. Middle EastQuarterly 28, 2013. Augus University 1995. Press, - Ross, Daveed. “the Strategic Daveed. Ross, ChallengeSomalia‟s al of i. “Al ShabaabLaw Movementstrict imposes Somalia.” formacross ofSharia

t 21,2010. World Society:OrderThe Anarchical in aStudyPolitics of September 6,2011.

9: 26

SIME JournalSIME (2005): - aabIslam uses ban justify to inBarawe.” television 45. (accessed May 12,2014).45. (accessed

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