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UK Somali Diaspora Perspectives on Peace Education As Means Of Peace Education as means of Conflict Resolution in Intractable Clan Conflict Context: An Exploratory Case Study of the National Reconciliation Process in Somalia from the Perspectives of UK- Somali Diaspora Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Northampton The year 2020 YAHYA IBRAHIM MOALIN © [Yahya Ibrahim Moalin [2020 PhD] This thesis is copyright material, and no quotation from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. Acknowledgements This study would not have been completed without the continuous support of a number of people in different parts of the world. My forever encouraging, loving, and always enthusiastic late mother Amina Ali: I will always miss your big smile and screams of joy whenever a remarkable moment was achieved (Allah Yarhamak). I am grateful to the endless and unwavering support and motivation from my Director of Studies and first supervisor, Dr Jane Murray, my second supervisor Dr Emel Thomas, and my previous second supervisor Professor Philip Garner. I would like to thank all the people who have supported me throughout this journey, including those who participated in this study. I am grateful for sharing their experiences and stories with me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dear wife, Fatima Omar, for her moral support, resilience, and encouragement. I would like to thank all my family and relatives, brothers and sisters, friends, my children, and my beloved father for their motivation and prayers. A very special amount of gratitude goes out to my friends Dr Lucy Atkinson, Dr Agom David, and my dear brother and a friend Abdulaziz, for their endless support and motivation throughout this journey. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. i Table of Contents .................................................................................................... ii List of figures.......................................................................................................... xi List of tables .......................................................................................................... xii List of acronyms ................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the thesis ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research aims and Research questions ......................................................... 5 1.3 The motivation for the study ............................................................................. 8 1.4 Research Focus ............................................................................................... 9 1.5 Defining Key Terms ....................................................................................... 11 1.6 The concept of peace education .................................................................... 12 1.7 The organisation of the thesis ........................................................................ 13 Chapter 2: Background of the study ............................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Factors underpinning the Somali Conflict ...................................................... 17 2.2.1 Clan, Warlordism and the Power struggle ................................................. 18 2.3 Traditional elders and means of conflict resolution ........................................ 22 2.4 The Scramble for Somalia ............................................................................. 25 2.5 The politicisation of education, Islam, and privatisation ................................. 26 Chapter 3: Selected literature review .............................................................. 32 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 32 ii 3.2 Conceptualisation of Education ...................................................................... 33 3.3 Definition of peace education ......................................................................... 35 3.4 Educating for reconciliation ............................................................................ 36 3.5 Characteristics of intractable conflicts ............................................................ 40 3.6 Challenges of peace education in intractable conflicts ................................... 42 3.6.1 Collective narratives and historical memories ........................................... 42 3.7 Conceptual models of peace education ......................................................... 44 3.7.1 Concepts and values of peace education ................................................. 44 3.7.2 Reflective thinking ..................................................................................... 45 3.8 Pedagogy of peace education ........................................................................ 52 3.9 Contemporary trends ..................................................................................... 54 3.10 Geographic comparison of peace education ................................................ 58 3.10.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina ......................................................................... 58 3.10.2 Rwanda ................................................................................................... 60 3.10.3 Kenya ...................................................................................................... 60 3.10.4 Northern Ireland ...................................................................................... 61 3.10.5 Sierra Leone ........................................................................................... 62 3.11 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4: Methodology ................................................................................... 68 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Research aim, research questions, and research problem ............................ 68 4.2.1 Research problem ..................................................................................... 69 iii 4.2.2 Positionality ............................................................................................... 71 4.3 The constructivist paradigm ........................................................................... 73 4.4 Constructed realities ...................................................................................... 74 4.5 Constructed knowledge ................................................................................. 76 4.6 The interpretive approach .............................................................................. 76 4.7 Research Design ........................................................................................... 79 4.7.1 Exploratory case study .............................................................................. 79 4.8 Selecting participants ..................................................................................... 83 4.8.1 Criteria for selecting participants ............................................................... 85 4.8.2 Teachers ................................................................................................... 85 4.8.3 Traditional peacemakers (Nabadoons) ..................................................... 86 4.9 The rationale for conducting the study in the UK ........................................... 87 4.10 Trustworthiness and authenticity .................................................................. 88 4.10.1 Dependability .......................................................................................... 89 4.10.2 Confirmability .......................................................................................... 89 4.10.3 Transferability ......................................................................................... 90 4.11 Pilot study .................................................................................................... 90 4.12 Data collection ............................................................................................. 96 4.12.1 Participants ............................................................................................. 96 4.12.2 Interviews phase 1 .................................................................................. 98 4.12.3 Interviews phase 2 .................................................................................. 99 iv 4.12.4 The rationale for using semi-structured Interviews .................................. 99 4.12.5 The nature of semi-structured interviews .............................................. 100 4.12.6 Limitations of semi-structured interviews .............................................. 100 4.12.7 Power dynamics in interviews ............................................................... 101 4.13 Data analysis ............................................................................................
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