Antiproliferative Illudalane Sesquiterpenes from the Marine Sediment Ascomycete Aspergillus Oryzae
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marine drugs Article Antiproliferative Illudalane Sesquiterpenes from the Marine Sediment Ascomycete Aspergillus oryzae Raha Orfali 1,*, Shagufta Perveen 1,* , Muhammad Farooq Khan 2 , Atallah F. Ahmed 1,3 , Mohammad A. Wadaan 2, Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel 1, Ali S. Alqahtani 1,4 , Fahd A. Nasr 4 , Sobia Tabassum 5, Paolo Luciano 6, Giuseppina Chianese 6 , Jyh-Horng Sheu 7,8 and Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati 6,* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (A.F.A.); [email protected] (A.M.A.-T.); [email protected] (A.S.A.) 2 Bio-Products Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (M.F.K.); [email protected] (M.A.W.) 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt 4 Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; [email protected] 6 Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (G.C.) 7 Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Citation: Orfali, R.; Perveen, S.; Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; [email protected] 8 Khan, M.F.; Ahmed, A.F.; Wadaan, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, M.A.; Al-Taweel, A.M.; Alqahtani, Taichung 40447, Taiwan A.S.; Nasr, F.A.; Tabassum, S.; * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.O.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (O.T.-S.) Luciano, P.; et al. Antiproliferative Illudalane Sesquiterpenes from the Abstract: The new asperorlactone (1), along with the known illudalane sesquiterpene echinolactone Marine Sediment Ascomycete D(2), two known pyrones, 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one (3) and its acetate 4, and Aspergillus oryzae. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), were isolated from a culture of Aspergillus oryzae, collected from Red 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Sea marine sediments. The structure of asperorlactone (1) was elucidated by HR-ESIMS, 1D, and md19060333 2D NMR, and a comparison between experimental and DFT calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. This is the first report of illudalane sesquiterpenoids from Aspergillus fungi and, more Academic Editors: in general, from ascomycetes. Asperorlactone (1) exhibited antiproliferative activity against human RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel, lung, liver, and breast carcinoma cell lines, with IC50 values < 100 µM. All the isolated compounds Chang-Yun Wang and Bin-Gui Wang were also evaluated for their toxicity using the zebrafish embryo model. Received: 20 May 2021 Keywords: Aspergillus oryzae Accepted: 7 June 2021 ; marine fungus; illudalane sesquiterpenes; antiproliferative activity; Published: 10 June 2021 zebrafish toxicity Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction iations. The marine environment is an unsurpassed casket of chemodiversity and a prolific source of biologically active compounds with potential medicinal applications [1]. In the last 50 years, scientists all over the world have dedicated their efforts to uncover the po- tential of marine metabolites, succeeding in the isolation of thousands of natural products Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. with peculiar architectures and interesting bioactivities [2]. As per April 2021, the marine Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. pharmacology arsenal [3] includes 15 approved drugs (mainly for cancer treatment), seven This article is an open access article compounds in phase I, 12 compounds in phase II, and 5 compounds in phase III clinical distributed under the terms and trials, the latter including plitidepsin, recently proposed for COVID-19 symptomatic treat- conditions of the Creative Commons ment [4,5]. Sponges and tunicates are undoubtedly the most intensely studied marine Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// organisms, but it is now clear that marine microbes, isolated from sediments or from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ symbiotic plants or invertebrates, constitute a rich source for secondary metabolites. In this 4.0/). Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060333 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 9 Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 333 2 of 9 In this context, although terrestrial fungi are more explored, in comparison to their marine counterparts, a surprisingcontext, although number of terrestrial structurally fungi unique are more compounds explored, have in comparison been isolated to their marine coun- from fungi livingterparts, in marine asurprising habitats [6]. number The peculiar of structurally properties unique of the compounds marine environ- have been isolated from ment with regardfungi to nutrients, living in temperature marine habitats, and [6 competition,]. The peculiar are properties likely crucial of the factors marine in environment with improving the abilityregard of tomarine nutrients, fungi temperature, to elaborate andcompounds competition, with arepromising likely crucial bioactivi- factors in improving ties, especially suitedthe ability for antibiotic of marine and fungi anticancer to elaborate applications compounds [7]. with promising bioactivities, especially The genus Aspergillussuited for is antibiotic one of the and most anticancer abundant applications among marine [7]. ascomycetes, char- acterized by high salt tolerance,The genus fastAspergillus growth rateis one, and of the capacity most abundant to adapt among to diverse marine hab- ascomycetes, char- itats. Marine Aspergillusacterized fungi by produce high salt a tolerance, wide range fast of growthsecondary rate, metabolites and the capacity belonging to adapt to diverse to different classeshabitats. and are MarineendowedAspergillus with a broadfungi array produce of biological a wide rangeactivities of secondaryof indus- metabolites be- trial and pharmaceuticallonging interest to different [8,9]. classesAs a part and of areour endowed ongoing research with a broad activity array aimed of biologicalat activities of industrial and pharmaceutical interest [8,9]. As a part of our ongoing research activity the isolation of bioactive compounds from terrestrial and marine fungi [10–13], A. oryzae aimed at the isolation of bioactive compounds from terrestrial and marine fungi [10–13], samples obtained from the sediments of the Red Sea, along the coasts of Saudi Arabia, A. oryzae samples obtained from the sediments of the Red Sea, along the coasts of Saudi were chemically investigated. This study resulted in the isolation of two illudalane ses- Arabia, were chemically investigated. This study resulted in the isolation of two illudalane quiterpenes, the new asperorlactone (1) and the known echinolactone D (2), along with sesquiterpenes, the new asperorlactone (1) and the known echinolactone D (2), along with two rare pyrone derivatives (3–4) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5). These compounds two rare pyrone derivatives (3–4) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5). These compounds were were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against three human carcinomas (lung, evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against three human carcinomas (lung, liver, liver, and breast) cell lines. Chemotherapeutics used in cancer treatment are often charac- and breast) cell lines. Chemotherapeutics used in cancer treatment are often characterized terized by marked toxic effects on normal cells. Less than 2% of compounds emerging by marked toxic effects on normal cells. Less than 2% of compounds emerging from in vitro from in vitro drug screening could enter clinical trials since the majority of the newly de- drug screening could enter clinical trials since the majority of the newly developed leads veloped leads failfail in preclinical in preclinical testing testing due due to their to their toxicity toxicity in experimental in experimental animal animal models models [14]. In vitro [14]. In vitro drugdrug screening screening methods methods are areprevalently prevalently used used in inorder order to tocharacterize characterize the the bioactivity and bioactivity and thethe toxicity toxicity of of new new compounds, compounds, while while testing theirtheir safetysafety in in suitable suitable animal ani- models prior to mal models priorclinical to clinical trials trials would would save save time time and and money. money. Since Since a high a high throughput throughput screening approach is screening approachnot is feasible not feasible in higher in higher animals, animals, zebrafish zebrafish constitute constitute a valid optiona valid for option preclinical testing and for preclinical testinghave and shown have quite show reproduciblen quite reproducible results. It results. is predicted It is predicted that, following that, fol- further development lowing further developmentof technologies, of technologies, zebrafish will zebrafish play a will key roleplay ina key speeding role in up speeding the emergence up of precision the emergence of medicineprecision [medicine15,16]. On [15,16]. these bases,On these the bases,