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SY 560 (2.Painos).Pdf 560 Sisältö Esipuhe .............................................................................................3 OSA I ...............................................................................................7 1 Johdanto ................................................................................. 9 1.1 Sammalet ovat mielenkiintoinen eliöryhmä .............................................. 9 1.2 Suomen sammalten levinneisyyden tuntemus......................................... 12 1.3 Sammaltietojen kokoaminen........................................................................ 16 2 Sammalten ekologiaa ...........................................................22 2.1 Sammalten elämänkierto, lisääntyminen ja levintä ................................ 22 2.2 Sammalten levinneisyys ................................................................................ 25 2.3 Sammalten elinympäristöt ja esimerkkejä uhanalaisista lajeista ........ 37 2.3.1 Metsät................................................................................................................. 37 Kangasmetsät ................................................................................................... 40 Kantopaanusammal (Calypogeia suecica) ................................................... 41 Haapariippusammal (Neckera pennata) ...................................................... 43 Lehtometsät ...................................................................................................... 44 Idänlehväsammal (Plagiomnium drummondii) ......................................... 45 2.3.2 Suot ..................................................................................................................... 47 Kiiltosirppisammal (Hamatocaulis vernicosus) ......................................... 51 2.3.3 Vesiympäristöt ................................................................................................. 53 Lähteiköt ........................................................................................................... 54 Harsosammal (Trichocolea tomentella) ........................................................ 55 Virtavedet .......................................................................................................... 57 Purolaakasammal (Plagiothecium platyphyllum) ..................................... 58 Järvet ja lammet ............................................................................................... 60 2.3.4 Rannat ................................................................................................................ 61 2.3.5 Kalliot................................................................................................................. 63 Silikaattikalliot ................................................................................................ 66 Vuoripussisammal (Marsupella sparsifolia) ............................................... 69 Isotorasammal (Cynodontium suecicum) ..................................................... 71 Kalkkikalliot .................................................................................................... 73 2.3.6 Tunturit .............................................................................................................. 76 Lapinpahtasammal (Orthothecium lapponicum) ....................................... 78 2.3.7 Kulttuuriympäristöt ........................................................................................ 80 3 Sammalten uhanalaisuus .....................................................84 3.1 Sammalten uhanalaisuustarkastelut ........................................................... 84 3.2 Suomen sammallajisto vuoden 2000 uhanalaisuusarvioinnissa........... 86 3.3 Muita luonnonsuojelun kannalta tärkeitä lajiluetteloita ....................... 98 3.4 Alueelliset ympäristökeskukset ja luonnonsuojelulainsäädäntö ....... 102 3.5 Elinympäristöjen ennallistamisen ja hoidon merkitys sammalille ... 107 3.6 Sammalten suojelutilanne ja -tarve........................................................... 109 Kirjallisuus ....................................................................................113 Suomen ympäristö 560 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 5 Liitteet Liite 1. Kasvimuseoiden yhteystiedot..................................................................... 124 Liite 2. Uhanalaisten sammalten maastolomake ................................................. 125 Liite 3. Suomen kansainväliset vastuusammallajit ............................................. 127 Liite 4. Sammaltyöryhmän jäsenten yhteystiedot ............................................... 128 Liite 5. Kuvia sammalten elinympäristöistä .......................................................... 129 OSA II ...........................................................................................137 1 Sammalten taksonomia ja nimistö .....................................139 2 Alueellisen uhanalaisuustarkastelun aluejaot.....................146 3 Lehti- ja maksasammalten levinneisyystaulukot.................151 3.1 Lehtisammalten levinneisyystaulukko .................................................... 153 3.2 Maksasammalten levinneisyystaulukko ................................................. 173 4 Lehti- ja maksasammalten ekologiataulukot .....................180 4.1 Lehtisammalten ekologiataulukko............................................................ 184 4.2 Maksasammalten ekologiataulukko ......................................................... 280 Liitteet Liite 1. Lehtisammalten tieteellisten nimien ja synonyymien luettelo........... 313 Liite 2. Maksa- ja sarvisammalten tieteellisten nimien ja synonyymien luettelo ............................................................................................................. 325 Liite 3. Suomessa esiintyvien lehtisammalten systemaattinen luokittelu ..... 329 Liite 4. Suomessa esiintyvien maksa- ja sarvisammalten systemaattinen luokittelu ............................................................................ 334 Liite 5. Lehtisammalten ekologiataulukon kirjallisuusviitteet......................... 337 Liite 6. Maksa- ja sarvisammalten ekologiataulukon kirjallisuusviitteet ...... 344 Liite 7. Lehtisammalten suomenkieliset nimet .................................................... 346 Liite 8. Maksa- ja sarvisammalten suomenkieliset nimet.................................. 350 Kuvailulehdet................................................................................352 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 6 ○○○○ Suomen ympäristö 560 OSA I Suomen ympäristö 560 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 7 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 8 ○○○○ Suomen ympäristö 560 Johdanto ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 1 1.1 Sammalet ovat mielenkiintoinen eliöryhmä Kimmo Syrjänen Sammalet ovat kooltaan vähäisiä, mutta suurin joukoin esiintyessään laajalti pin- taa peittäviä ja siten näkymään merkittävästi vaikuttavia kasveja. Ne saavat tar- vitsemansa kosteuden ja ravinteet pääasiassa varren ja lehtien pinnan läpi. Sam- malet ottavat ravinteita tehokkaasti suoraan sadevedestä, valumasta ja ilmassa olevasta pölystä (Proctor 2000). Sammalilla ei ole juuria ravinteiden kulkeutu- mista varten, ja niiden kuljetussolukot ovat heikosti kehittyneitä verrattuna kook- kaampiin maakasveihin, mikä tekee niistä alttiita erilaisille elinympäristön muu- toksille kuten kuivumiselle. Monet maalla kasvavat sammalet ovat sopeutuneet ajoittaiseen kuivahtamiseen ja ne pystyvät jatkamaan kasvua nopeasti kosteus- olosuhteiden muuttuessa suotuisiksi. Veden- ja ravinteidenotoltaan sammalet muistuttavat jäkäliä. Jäkälien tapaan useimmat sammalet ovat herkkiä ilman- saasteille (Farmer ym. 1992) ja tehokkaalle maankäytölle (Mäkinen 1996). Sam- malten kasvupaikkojen kirjo on suurempi kuin jäkälien, jotka keskittyvät sel- vemmin koville ja ainakin ajoittain kuivahtaville kasvualustoille. Sammalet ovat paremmin sopeutuneita valo-, lämpö- ja kosteusolosuhteiltaan erilaisiin elinym- päristöihin kuin jäkälät ja putkilokasvit. Ravinnonottotapansa ja juurettomuu- tensa ansiosta ne menestyvät putkilokasveja paremmin kuivilla, kovilla ja ravin- neköyhillä kasvualustoilla kuten kallioilla ja kivillä. Sammalia kasvaa myös tuu- lelle, auringolle ja pakkaselle alttiissa ympäristöissä kuten kallioseinillä, ranta- törmillä sekä tunturipaljakoiden tuulen paljaaksi pieksämillä kankailla ja lohka- reilla. Kuvassa 1 esitetään Suomen sammalten jakautuminen erilaisiin elinym- päristöihin ja kuvassa 2 niiden jakautuminen erilaisille kasvualustoille. Kuva 3 esittelee sammalten kosteusvaatimuksia ja kuva 4 sammalten jakautumista va- laistusolosuhteiltaan erilaisiin elinympäristöihin. Niin lajimäärältään kuin biomassaltaan sammalet ovat kuitenkin runsaim- millaan erilaisissa tuoreissa ja kosteissa elinympäristöissä. Elinympäristön laji- lukumäärä on tavallisesti sitä suurempi mitä ravinteisempi elinympäristö on ja mitä enemmän siihen kuuluu erilaisia pienelinympäristöjä. Osa sammalista on yleisiä ja runsaita kuten monet metsänpohjan sammalet. Metsässä kulkija tallaa yhtenäistä metsäkerrossammalmattoa (Hylocomium splendens) tuoreissa kangas- metsissä Euroopassa, Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa, vaikka päällä huojuvat havupuut kuuluvat eri lajeihin. Hieman kuivemmilla kankailla jää jalkojen alle massoittain seinäsammalta (Pleurozium schreberi). Suot ovat todellista sammal- ten valtakuntaa, jossa etenkin rahkasammalet (Sphagnum spp.) peittävät laajoja alueita ja kasvattavat turvekerrosta.
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