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Mosses of Pakistan

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Mosses of Pakistan J Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 93: 273- 291 (Jan. 2003) MOSSES OF PAKISTAN 1 2 MASANOBU HIGUCHI AND NAOKl NISHIMURA ABSTRACT. The mosses of Pakistan are enumerated by the literature published up to 2001. The moss flora of Pakistan comprises 339 taxa in 124 genera and 33 families. The southern and southwestern Pakistan (Sindh and Balochistan) has not been bryologically well explored. The mosses of Pakistan are largely circumboreal, although the Eurasian element is also prominent. It has 43 endemic taxa (ca. 13%) and a rich representation of the family Pottiaceae including 23 genera and 63 species. The floristic relationships of mosses between Pakistan and the neighboring areas are discussed. KEy WORDs: mosses, distribution, Pakistan, East India, Afghanistan INTRODUCTION Pakistan stretches from the Arabian Sea in the West to the high mountains of central Asia, and geographically falls into three main regions: (I) northern mountainous region, (2) Balochistan plateau region, and (3) Punjab and Sindh plain region. The average rainfall varies from less than 75 mm a year to 1650 mm and, beginning at sea level, the country rises to 7063 m at K-2 in the Karakorum Mts. (Stewart 1982). Pakistan is divided into four provinces: Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and the North-West Frontier Province (usually re­ ferred to as N. W F. P.) (Fig. 1). There are two other regions, Baltistan (or the Northern Areas) and Azad Kashmir. The moss flora of Pakistan is still insufficiently known. Early bryological researches of Pakistan were made by Brotherus (1898a, b), Dixon (1926,1929) and Herzog (1938). In the 1950's, some local floras were published by Stoermer (1954), Bartram (1955) and Noguchi (1956, 1959, 1964). The first list of Pakistan mosses was presented by Asghar in 1957. Subsequently several authors have contributed additions to the moss flora of Pakistan such as Froehlich (1964), Robinson (1965), Karczmarz (1980), Higuchi (1992), Nishimura et a1. (1993a, b), Townsend (1993, 1994), and Nishimura & Higuchi (2001). The main floristic studies of the mosses in Pakistan are compiled in Table 1. The moss flora of south­ ern and southwestern Pakistan (Sindh and Balochistan) is almost unknown, except for Nishimura & Higuchi (2001). This article aims to synthesize present knowledge of the moss flora of Pakistan and to discuss its characteristics and affinity. Moss FLORA OF PAKISTAN The moss flora of Pakistan has been compiled by Asghar (1957) and Nishimura & 1 Department of Botany, National Science Museum, 4-1- 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken 305-0005, Japan. 2 Hiruzen Branch, Botanical Garden, Okayama University of Science, Kawakami-son, Maniwa­ gun, Okayama-ken 717-0602, Japan. 274 1. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 93 200 3 I PAKISTAN I AFGHANISTAN Balochistan i I INDIA \ , i 100, 200, km Fig. l. Outline map of Pakistan. Higuchi (1993) who enumerated 136 taxa in 67 genera and 23 families and 324 taxa in 121 genera and 32 families respectively. Subsequently floristic studies were made by Townsend (1993,1994) and Nishimura & Higuchi (2001). The updated moss flora of Pakistan com­ prises 339 taxa (307 species and 32 infraspecific taxa) in 124 genera and 33 families. In the number of species, the largest family is Pottiaceae (63 spp.), and the next is Bryaceae (34 spp.) FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE Moss FLORA OF PAKISTAN The floristic elements of the moss flora of Pakistan are shown on Table 2. The moss flora of Pakistan is largely circumboreal (ca. 45%), although the Eurasian element is also prominent (ca. 32%). The Eurasian element (l08 taxa) is divided into six sub-elements: (1) endemic to Pakistan (43 taxa), (2) East Asian (30 taxa), (3) European- Pakistan (13 taxa), (4) Himalayan (11 taxa), (5) Eurasian (6 taxa), and (6) Indian (5 taxa). At present 43 taxa can be recognized as endemic taxa to Pakistan, accounting for ca. 13% endemism. The per­ centage of endemic taxa is rather high, since that of Vietnam (showing the highest percent­ age of endemic taxa in the Indochinese countries) is ca. 7% (Tan & Iwatsuki 1993). Revi­ sionary studies are needed for these endemic taxa. Probably the high endemism in Pakistan will be reduced. M. HIGUCHI & N . NISHIMURA: Mosses of Pakistan 275 Table 1. Floristic studies of the mosses in Pakistan. Author(s) Collector( s) and year( s) Area(s) Brotherus (1898a) 1. F. Duthie, 1892-93, etc. N. W Himalaya Brotherus (1898b) Surg.-Lt. Harriss, 1895 Chitral Relief Mathur (1925) S. R. Kashyap, 1922 Lahore Dixon (1926) 1. Garrett & W Lillie, 1924 Gilgit, etc. Dixon (1929) J. Femandez, 1927 Waziristan Blatter & Femandez (1931)1 E. Blatter, 1. Femandez, 1927, 1930 Waziristan Herzog (1938) Deutschen Hindukush Expedition, 1935 Hindukush Dixon (1942) R. R. Stewart, 1922-32, etc. N.W Himalaya Stoermer (1954) P. Wendelbo, F. Joerstad, 1950 Chitral Bartram (1955) R. R. Stewart, 1933-46 N.W Himalaya Noguchi (1956) S. Ahmad, 1952- 54 Changla Gali, etc. Asghar (1957) (Herb. Panjab Univ.) Lahore, etc. Noguchi (1959) S. Ahmad et aI., 1952- 56 Changla Gali, etc. Noguchi (1964) F. Schmid, 1953-54 N.WF.P. , etc. Froehlich (1964) K. H. Rechinger, 1962 Swat, etc. Robinson (1965) G. L. Webster, E. Nasir, 1955 Baltistan, etc. Karczmarz (1980) K. Karczmarz, 1974 Kashmir Higuchi (1992) M. Higuchi, 1990 Swat, Kaghan, etc. Nishimura et al. (1993a, b) N. Nishimura, 1991 Azad Kashmir, etc. Townsend (1993) C. C. Townsend, 1973 Rawalpindi District Townsend (1994) U. Schickhoff, 1990 Kaghan Nishimura & Higuchi (2001) T. Nakaike, 1992 Baltistan, Sindh, etc. 1 Determined by H. N. Dixon. Table 2. Floristic element of mosses of Pakistan. Floristic element Number of taxa Percentage (%) Circumboreal 152 44.8% Eurasian 108 31.9% Cosmopolitan 43 12.7% Palaeotropical 23 6.8% East Asian-N.American 9 2.6% Pantropical 4 1.2% Total 339 100% FLORISTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MOSSES OF PAKISTAN The moss flora of Pakistan was compared with those of East India (1042 taxa, Appen- dix. 1.) and Afghanistan (211 taxa, Appendix 2.) based on Gangulee (1969-1980) and Frey 276 1. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 93 200 3 & Kiirschner (1991). The moss flora of East India is evidently richer than that of Pakistan. As compared with that of East India, Pakistan lacks several groups such as Sphagnaceae, Andreaeaceae, Leucobryaceae, Calymperaceae, and almost all members of Leucodontales and Hookeriales. It is notable that these groups are usually rare in limestone areas as well as in dry habitats. On the other hand, the moss flora of Afghanistan is poorer than that of Pakistan. All families recorded in Afghanistan are recognized in Pakistan except for the Fontinalaceae. Comparatively the moss flora of Pakistan is more similar to that of Afghanistan than that of East India. A total of 92 taxa are common to Pakistan and Afghanistan, which is ca. 27% of the Pakistani and ca. 44% of the Afghanistan moss floras. In Pakistan there remain areas in almost every district that have not been visited in the search for bryophytes. Much more thorough collecting and revisionary studies need to be done. AN ENUMERATION OF THE MOSSES OF PAKISTAN BUXBAUMIACEAE Buxbaumia minakatae S.Okamura (Higuchi 1992) DIPHYSCIACEAE Theriotia kashmirensis H.Rob. (Robinson 1965 as sp. nov.; Deguchi 1984) T. lorifolia Cardot (Robinson 1965) POLYTRICHACEAE Atrichum obtusulum (MiilI.Hal.) A.Jaeger (Noguchi, 1956, 1959) A. subserratum (Harv.) Mitt. (Nishimura & Higuchi 2001) A. undulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. (Noguchi 1956; Karczmarz 1980; Nishimura et al. 1993a) A. undulatum var. gracilisetum Besch. (Noguchi 1956, 1959, 1964, all as Atrichum undulatum var. haussknechtii) Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. (Nishimura et al. 1993a; Townsend 1994) Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L.Sm. (Noguchi 1956; Karczmarz 1980, both as Polytrichum alpinum) Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. (Brotherus 1898b; Dixon 1926; Stoermer 1954; Bartram 1955; Noguchi 1956, 1964; Robinson 1965; Nishimura et al. 1993a; Townsend 1994) P. xanthopilum Wilson ex Mitt. (Nishimura et al. 1993a) FISSIDENTACEAE Fissidens brevidorsus Dixon (Dixon 1942 as sp. nov.) F. bryoides Hedw. (Bartram 1955; Karczmarz 1980; Townsend 1994) F. bryoides Hedw. var. schmidii (MiilI.Hal.) R.S.Chopra & S.S.Kumar (Stoermer 1954 as Fissidens schmidii; Higuchi 1992; Nishimura et al. 1993a; Townsend 1993) F. chitralensis P'de la Varde (Stoermer 1954 as sp. nov.) F. curvato-involutus Dixon (Nishimura et al. 1993a) F. diversifolius Mitt. (Asghar 1957; Nishimura et al. 1993a; Townsend 1993) F. dubius P.Beauv. (Noguchi 1964 as Fissidens cristatus; Nishimura et al. 1993a) F. grandifrons Brid. (Dixon 1926, 1929; Blatter & Femandez 1931; Noguchi 1956, 1959, 1964; Froehlich 1964; Higuchi 1992; Nishimura et al. 1993a) M. HIGUCHI & N . NISHIMURA: Mosses of Pakistan 277 F gymnogynus Mitt. (Townsend 1993) F. involutus Wilson ex Mitt. (Dixon 1929; Blatter & Fernandez 1931) F. perplexans Dixon (Dixon 1926 as sp. nov.) F. strictulus Mull.Ha!. (Higuchi 1992; Nishimura et a!. 1993a) F. taxifolius Hedw. (Karczmarz 1980; Higuchi 1992; Nishimura et a!. 1993a; Townsend 1993) DITRlCHACEAE Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. (Townsend 1994) C. purpureus fo. densus (Breidl.) Podp. (Stoermer 1954 as Ceratodon purpureus var. densus) Distichium capillaceum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. (Brotherus 1898b; Dixon 1926; Stoermer 1954; Robinson 1965; Higuchi 1992; Nishimura et a!. 1993a; Townsend 1994) D. capillaceum var. compactum (Huebener) Dixon (Stoermer 1954) D. inclinatum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. (Stoermer 1954; Bartram 1955; Higuchi 1992) Ditrichum crispatissimum (Mull.Ha!.) Paris (Higuchi 1992) Saelania glaucescens (Hedw.) Broth. (Brotherus 1898b as Ditrichum glaucescens; Nishimura et a!. 1993a) SELIGERIACEAE Blindiaperminuta Nog. (Noguchi 1956 as sp. nov.) DICRANACEAE Brothera leana (Sull.) Miil!.Ha!. (Noguchi 1959; Nishimura et a!. 1993a) Dichodontium pellucidum (Hedw.) Schimp. (Noguchi 1956) Diranella howei Renau1d & Cardot (Townsend 1993) D. mollicula (Mitt.) A.Jaeger (Karczmarz 1980 as Anisothecium molliculum) D. varia (Hedw.) Schimp. (Bartram 1955; Noguchi 1956 as Dicranella rubra; Higuchi, 1992; Townsend 1993) D. varia var. tenuifolia (Bruch & Schimp.) Schimp. (Froehlich 1964 as Anisothecium tenuifolium) Dicranoweisia cirrata (Hedw.) Lindb. (Brotherus 1898b; Noguchi 1959; Robinson, 1965) Dicranum kashmirense Broth.
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