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Distribution of Boissonneaua Taxa. Upper Left Birds, Left-Right: B

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Distribution of Boissonneaua Taxa. Upper Left Birds, Left-Right: B Distribution of Boissonneaua taxa. Upper left birds, left-right: B. flavescens tinochlora, male and female; upper right birds, left-right: B. f. flavescens, female and male; lower left birds, top-bottom: B. jardini, male and female; lower right birds, top-bottom: B. mathewsii, male and female. ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL ________________________________________________________________________ Volume 12 2001 No. 2 ________________________________________________________________________ ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 12: 93–108, 2001 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society BIOGEOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF THE ANDEAN HUMMINGBIRD TAXON BOISSONNEAUA REICHENBACH, 1854 (AVES, TROCHILIDAE) Karl-L. Schuchmann, André-A. Weller & Iris Heynen Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Museum of Zoology, Department of Ornithology, Research Group: Biology and Phylogeny of Tropical Birds, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Resumen. – Biogeografía y variación geográfica del taxón andino de colibríes Boissonneaua Reichenbach, 1854 (Aves, Trochilidae). – Con la utilización de datos morfológicos y de distribución obtenidos de especímenes de museo, investigamos las afinidades biogeográficas y evolutivas en colibríes del grupo Boissonneaua. Junto con Eriocnemis y Haplophaedia, estos conforman el grupo de los calzaditos, debido a que presentan plumas tibiales agrandadas. Con respecto al número de taxa, este género es menos diferenciado en comparación con otros taxa de trochílidos andinos que comprenden B. flavescens (incl. B. f. tinochlora), B. mathewsii y B. jardini. Las especies habitan principalmente las zonas tropicales y temperadas bajas, ascendiendo hasta una altura de 3000 m s.n.m. Desde el punto de vista morfológico, tienen un dicro- matismo sexual poco pronunciado y, si comparamos los caracteres medibles, todos los taxa son parecidos. En lo que se refiere a coloración, B. flavescens y B. mathewsii son mas similares entre sí que con respecto a B. jardini que posee un plumaje de colores más intensos entre el violeta y el verde-azul. Basados en evidencia biogeográfica y patrones de coloración, suponemos que el centro de origen de Boissonneaua se localiza en la pendiente oriental de los Andes (B. flavescens, B. mathewsii). Subsecuentes invasiones trans-andinas y eventos de aislamiento pueden haber disparado procesos de sub-especiación y especiación (B. f. tinochlora, B. jardini) a lo largo de la pendiente occidental de los Andes del Sur de Colombia y el Norte de Ecuador. Abstract. – Using distributional and morphological data obtained from voucher specimens, we investi- gated biogeographic and evolutionary affinites of Boissonneaua hummingbirds. Together with Eriocnemis and Haplophaedia, this group forms the assemblage of pufflegs, due to their enlarged tibial tufts. With respect to the number of taxa, Boissonneaua is less differentiated compared to other Andean trochilid taxa, comprising B. flavescens (incl. B. f. tinochlora), B. mathewsii, and B. jardini. The species chiefly inhabit the tropical to lower temperate zone, ascending to 3000 m a.s.l. Morphologically, sexual dichromatism is poor, and all taxa resemble in mensural characters. In coloration, B. flavescens and B. mathewsii are more similar to each other than to B. jardini that has a more colorful violet to bluish-green plumage. Based on biogeographic evidence and coloration patterns, we suppose the center of origin of Boissonneaua to be located on the eastern Andean slope (B. flavescens, B. mathewsii). Subsequent trans-Andean invasion and isolation events may have 93 SCHUCHMANN ET AL. triggered subspeciation and speciation processes (B. f. tinochlora, B. jardini) along the western slope of the Andes in southern Colombia and northern Ecuador. Accepted 30 November 2000. Key words: Boissonneaua, Trochilidae, Andes, biogeography, geographic variation. INTRODUCTION pufflegs, Boissonneaua species are more vari- able in coloration, possess reduced feathering Recent studies based on the biogeographic on the thighs and show conspicuous cinna- and morphological aspects of Andean tro- mon axillaries and under wing-coverts similar chilids (subfamily Trochilinae) have revealed to Aglaeactis. The bicolored tail pattern resem- that several genera apparently represent bles that of Urochroa. monophyletic lineages (review in Schuch- mann 1999). As an example, the metaltails MATERIAL AND METHODS (Metallura) and thornbills (Chalcostigma) have been identified as sister groups (Schuchmann A total of 274 Boissonneaua skins was exam- & Heindl 1997, Heindl & Schuchmann 1998). ined in the bird collections of various national Another trochiline clade that most probably and international scientific institutions (for can be derived from a common ancestor details, see Acknowledgments). Plumage col- comprises the pufflegs (Eriocnemis, Haplophae- ors were either studied under natural light dia) and supposed related taxa (Heliangelus, conditions (sun light, indirect light) or by Ocreatus, Urosticte) as they share various mor- means of a magnifying illuminated glass (x phological and ethological traits (e.g., Schuch- 10). Descriptions of non-iridescent colors mann 1987, Schuchmann et al. 2000). This (capitalized, numbers in brackets) refer to paper deals with the geographic variation and Smithe (1975) whereas iridescent (metallic) biogeography of Boissonneaua (Reichenbach, colors are given in general terms derived from 1854), which has several features in common subjective impression. As spectrophotometric with the pufflegs but also with such genera as tests on qualitative aspects of both structural Aglaeactis and Urochroa. and pigment colors in hummingbirds pro- Similarly to Eriocnemis, members of the duced intolerably high standard deviations, genus Boissonneaua exhibit a rather aggressive this method was not applied in this study. The territorial behavior (Mobbs 1972, Kattan & plumage topography follows Johnsgard Murcia 1985) and often forage by clinging to (1997). Immature birds, chiefly identified by flowers (Hilty & Brown 1986). Other etholog- cinnamon fringes in ventral plumage and cin- ical parallels with the pufflegs and the Aglaeac- namon malar stripes, were excluded from fur- tis-Urochroa sub-unit include the open wing ther morphological analysis. Mensural presentation after perching, display behavior, characters (bill length: distance from tip to and plumage morphology. The bioacoustic proximal end of operculum; wings: unflat- repertoire of Boissonneaua is most similar to tened position; tail: rectrices 1, 5 = r1, r5) that of Aglaeactis. For example, the song of were measured with a digital caliper to the both taxa consists of high, sharp pitches, pro- nearest 0.1 mm. ducing a rather metallic sound (Miller 1963, In order to test for statistical significances Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990; Schuchmann, pers. between subpopulations (n ≥ 4), specimens obs.). from adjacent collecting sites (excluding topo- Contrary to the dark greenish basic plum- graphical borders like high mountain ranges, age and enlarged tibial tufts exhibited by the mostly within 1° lat./long.) were grouped in 94 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF BOISSONNEAUA HUMMINGBIRDS TABLE 1. Mensural characters of Boissonneaua taxa based on data obtained from skins, showing mean values ± SD, ranges, and sample sizes (in parentheses). Taxon Sex Bill (mm) Wing (mm) Rectrix 1 (mm) Rectrix 5 (mm) B. flavescens flavescens M 21.1 ± 0.8 (43) 76.3 ± 2.2 (47) 39.5 ± 1.5 (45) 49.9 ± 1.5 (45) 19.5–23.2 70.6–80.6 36.1–43.3 45.9–52.8 F 20.9 ± 0.9 (29) 71.6 ± 2.0 (31) 39.3 ± 1.6 (27) 46.2 ± 1.6 (26) 18.7–23.0 67.2–75.1 34.0–42.0 42.9–48.6 tinochlora M 21.3 ± 0.7 (18) 75.4 ± 1.3 (17) 37.6 ± 1.2 (18) 48.4 ± 1.3 (18) 20.2–22.8 73.0–77.9 35.9–39.4 45.8–50.8 F 21.4 ± 0.7 (9) 71.6 ± 1.1 (9) 39.3 ± 1.6 (8) 45.1 ± 1.5 (9) 20.4–22.9 69.8–73.0 36.6–41.1 41.4–47.4 B. mathewsii M 21.0 ± 0.8 (43) 76.3 ± 1.3 (40) 39.9 ± 1.6 (45) 48.6 1.6 (42) 19.0–22.7 73.7–79.5 36.0–44.4 44.9–52.6 F 21.1 ± 1.1 (30) 71.5 ± 1.5 (28) 39.8 ± 1.6 (31) 44.6 ± 1.1 (31) 18.5–22.9 68.5–75.0 37.0–43.0 41.5–46.9 B. jardini M 22.4 ± 0.6 (26) 76.1 ± 1.4 (26) 40.3 ± 1.5 (26) 48.8 ± 1.3 (26) 20.8–23.4 73.3–78.9 37.6–42.9 46.8–51.7 F 23.0 ± 0.7 (23) 70.6 ± 1.3 (22) 39.8 ± 1.4 (23) 44.5 ± 1.2 (23) 21.7–24.8 68.4–73.1 37.6–41.9 41.9–46.3 pools (cf. Vuilleumier 1968) and compared trary to the original description by Bourcier using parametric methods (F-test, student’s (1847), the correct name of the collector is t-test; significancy level P < 0.05). For calcu- Mathews]. These are medium-sized tro- lation of statistics and for graphical imaging chilids, averaging 11–13 cm in length and 7–8 we used MS Excel 7.0 and SigmaPlot 5.0, g, somewhat larger than most members of respectively. Haplophaedia and Eriocnemis (Schuchmann et Coordinates and altitudes of collecting al. 2000). In contrast to many other trochiline sites (see Appendix 1) derived from speci- groups, sexual dimorphism is relatively slight, mens labels, unless already mentioned by the involving differences in gorget coloration and collector, were obtained from ornithological morphometry; females have on average gazetteers (Paynter 1982, 1993, 1997; slightly longer bills, shorter wings, and Stephens & Traylor 1983) or the “Interna- shorter outer rectrices than males (compare tional Travel Map, South America North Table 1, Figs 1 and 2). As a typical morpho- West” (scale: 1: 4.000.000). logical trait of the genus, both sexes exhibit conspicuous cinnamon axillaries (True Cin- RESULTS namon, 139, × Robin Rufous, 340) that may have a territorial function as signal patches Characteristics. The genus Boissonneaua com- when the wings are extended (Schuchmann, prises three species, B. flavescens, B. jardini, and pers.
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