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Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of -
Shankar Ias Academy Test 18 - Geography - Full Test - Answer Key
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY TEST 18 - GEOGRAPHY - FULL TEST - ANSWER KEY 1. Ans (a) Explanation: Soil found in Tropical deciduous forest rich in nutrients. 2. Ans (b) Explanation: Sea breeze is caused due to the heating of land and it occurs in the day time 3. Ans (c) Explanation: • Days are hot, and during the hot season, noon temperatures of over 100°F. are quite frequent. When night falls the clear sky which promotes intense heating during the day also causes rapid radiation in the night. Temperatures drop to well below 50°F. and night frosts are not uncommon at this time of the year. This extreme diurnal range of temperature is another characteristic feature of the Sudan type of climate. • The savanna, particularly in Africa, is the home of wild animals. It is known as the ‘big game country. • The leaf and grass-eating animals include the zebra, antelope, giraffe, deer, gazelle, elephant and okapi. • Many are well camouflaged species and their presence amongst the tall greenish-brown grass cannot be easily detected. The giraffe with such a long neck can locate its enemies a great distance away, while the elephant is so huge and strong that few animals will venture to come near it. It is well equipped will tusks and trunk for defence. • The carnivorous animals like the lion, tiger, leopard, hyaena, panther, jaguar, jackal, lynx and puma have powerful jaws and teeth for attacking other animals. 4. Ans (b) Explanation: Rivers of Tamilnadu • The Thamirabarani River (Porunai) is a perennial river that originates from the famous Agastyarkoodam peak of Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats, above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. -
Birth of Tajikistan : National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN i THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN ii THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN For Suzanne Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Paul Bergne The right of Paul Bergne to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Central Asian Studies 1 ISBN: 978 1 84511 283 7 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN v CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Transliteration ix Acknowledgements xi Maps. Central Asia c 1929 xii Central Asia c 1919 xiv Introduction 1 1. Central Asian Identities before 1917 3 2. The Turkic Ascendancy 15 3. The Revolution and After 20 4. The Road to Soviet Power 28 5. -
The Socio Linguistic Situation and Language Policy of the Autonomous Region of Mountainous Badakhshan: the Case of the Tajik Language*
THE SOCIO LINGUISTIC SITUATION AND LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MOUNTAINOUS BADAKHSHAN: THE CASE OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE* Leila Dodykhudoeva Institute Of Linguistics, Russian Academy Of Sciences The paper deals with the problem of closely related languages of the Eastern and Western Iranian origin that coexist in a close neighbourhood in a rather compact area of one region of Republic Tajikistan. These are a group of "minor" Pamir languages and state language of Tajikistan - Tajik. The population of the Autonomous Region of Mountainous Badakhshan speaks different Pamir languages. They are: Shughni, Rushani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sariqoli; Yazghulami; Wakhi; Ishkashimi. These languages have no script and written tradition and are used only as spoken languages in the region. The status of these languages and many other local linguemes is still discussed in Iranology. Nearly all Pamir languages to a certain extent can be called "endangered". Some of these languages, like Yazghulami, Roshorvi, Ishkashimi are included into "The Red Book " (UNESCO 1995) as "endangered". Some of them are extinct. Information on other idioms up to now is not available. These languages live in close cooperation and interaction with the state language of Tajikistan - Tajik. Almost all population of Badakhshan is multilingual or bilingual. The second language is official language of the state - Tajik. This language is used in Badakhshan as the language of education, press, media, and culture. This is the reason why this paper is focused on the status of Tajik language in Republic Tajikistan and particularly in Badakhshan. The Tajik literary language (its oral and written forms) has a long history and rich written traditions. -
Sgp National Strategy Global Environment Facility (Gef Sgp) in the Republic of Tajikistan (2015-2018)
SGP NATIONAL STRATEGY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF SGP) IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN (2015-2018) SGP NATIONAL STRATEGY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF SGP) IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN (2015-2018) Country: Tajikistan Funds for the sixth Operational Phase ($) ??? USD a. Funds of the GEF Small Grants Programme ??? USD b. Residual balance (for the fivth Operational Phase): ??? USD c. STAR funds: ??? USD d. Other funds which should be involved: ??? USD (project co –financing ) This strategy serves as a fundamental document for the Small Grants Programme of the Global Environment Facility in Tajikistan (hereinafter - the GEF SGP), determining the thematic and geographical scope of work of the GEF SGP in the country, as well as governing the rules and procedures of programme work. The National Strategy has been developed in accordance with the guidelines and strategic priorities of the GEF on the GEF-VI operational period (2015-2018), as well as the strategic priorities for the environmental preservation in the Republic of Tajikistan and the guidance documents of the GEF SGP for all participating countries. The National Programme Strategy to be reviewed for the next GEF–VII operational period. Table of Contents Acronyms 6 1. General information on the GEF SGP results in the framework of OP5 7 1.1. Brief summary of the GEF SGP Strategy in Tajikistan 9 1.2. Base terms for the GEF SGP in Tajikistan 11 Socio-economic context 11 Geographical context 11 Biodiversity context 13 Protected areas 13 Existing legal terms 13 Institutional context 15 2. Programme niche of the GEF SGP Country Strategy 16 Setting priorities 18 POPs / chemicals 22 Environmental management and economic benefits 25 Geographical and thematic coverage 27 2.1. -
Kampf Um Wort Und Schrift
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Kampf um Wort Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz Beiheft 90 und Schrift Russifizierung in Osteuropa Nach den Teilungen Polens und der Eroberung des Kaukasus im 19.–20. Jahrhundert und Zentralasiens im 18./19. Jahrhundert erhielt das Zarenreich Kontrolle über alte Kulturräume, die es im Zuge der Koloniali- sierung zu assimilieren versuchte. Diese Versuche erfolgten nicht Herausgegeben von Zaur Gasimov zuletzt mittels der Sprachpolitik. Russisch sollte im Bildungs- und Behördenwesen im gesamten Imperium Verbreitung finden, andere Sprachen sollten verdrängt werden. Diese Russifizierung lässt sich Schrift und Wort um Kampf von einer kurzen Phase der »Verwurzelung« unter Lenin bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert nachverfolgen. Erst im Zuge der Perestrojka wurde die sowjetische Sprachpolitik öffentlich kritisiert: Die einzelnen Republiken konnten durch neue Sprachgesetze ein Aussterben der lokalen Sprachen verhindern. Der Herausgeber Dr. Zaur Gasimov ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte in Mainz. Zaur Gasimov (Hg.) (Hg.) Gasimov Zaur Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht www.v-r.de 9 783525 101223 V UUMS_Gasimov_VIEG_v2MS_Gasimov_VIEG_v2 1 005.03.125.03.12 115:095:09 Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz Abteilung für Universalgeschichte Herausgegeben von Johannes Paulmann Beiheft 90 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Kampf um Wort und Schrift Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.–20. Jahrhundert Herausgegeben von Zaur Gasimov Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN (Print) 978-3-525-10122-3 ISBN (OA) 978-3-666-10122-9 https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666101229 © 2012, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. -
Usage of Urdu As the Language of Elitism Among the Muslims of the Northern and the Deccan Parts of India: a Socio-Cultural Review
Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences (MEJRESS) Website: http://bcsdjournals.com/index.php/mejrhss ISSN 2709-0140 (Print) and ISSN 2709-152X (Online) Vol.1, Issue 2, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v1i2.28 Usage of Urdu as the Language of Elitism among the Muslims of the Northern and the Deccan parts of India: A Socio-Cultural Review Arshi Siddiqui, 1 Ismail Siddiqui 2 1 PhD, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P), India. 2 Integrated Masters, Development Studies, IIT Madras, Chennai, (T.N), India Abstract Article Info Purpose: The paper examines how Urdu evolved from the language of the Article history: rulers to the lingua franca of Muslims in the modern times. The paper Received: 02 September 2020 attempts to highlight how Urdu is still being used as an identity marker for Revised: 08 October 2020 Muslims with respect to the other communities and is a source of Accepted: 18 October 2020 ascendancy, an achieved elitist status within the Muslims of the North and Deccan. Keywords: Approach/Methodology/Design: Socio-cultural analysis. Findings: The usage of Urdu as a political instrument by the Muslim Sociolinguistics, League and the cultural influence the language has exerted on the Muslim Urdu, community led to its usage as a source of elitism within the community in the South Asia, modern times. The analysis indicates that there is harking back to the highly Indian Muslims, Persianised, nastaliq form of Urdu, which was manifested in its literature in Elitism the twentieth century as the pure, hegemonic and the aspired language, true to the identity of the community. -
Adivasis of India ASIS of INDIA the ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR an MRG INTERNA
Minority Rights Group International R E P O R T The Adivasis of India ASIS OF INDIA THE ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR AN MRG INTERNA BY RATNAKER BHENGRA, C.R. BIJOY and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI THE ADIVASIS OF INDIA © Minority Rights Group 1998. Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowl- Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- edges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- Affairs (Danida), Hivos, the Irish Foreign Ministry (Irish mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. Aid) and of all the organizations and individuals who gave For further information please contact MRG. financial and other assistance for this Report. A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 897693 32 X This Report has been commissioned and is published by ISSN 0305 6252 MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the Published January 1999 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the Typeset by Texture. authors do not necessarily represent, in every detail and Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. in all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. THE AUTHORS RATNAKER BHENGRA M. Phil. is an advocate and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI has been an active member consultant engaged in indigenous struggles, particularly of the Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Rights in Jharkhand. He is convenor of the Jharkhandis Organi- (NPMHR). She has worked on indigenous peoples’ issues sation for Human Rights (JOHAR), Ranchi unit and co- within The Other Media (an organization of grassroots- founder member of the Delhi Domestic Working based mass movements, academics and media of India), Women Forum. -
De-Russianisation of Internationalisms in the Tajik Language
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portal Czasopism Naukowych (E-Journals) Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 131 (2014): 149–160 doi:10.4467/20834624SL.14.008.2016 www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica TOMASZ GACEK Jagiellonian University in Krakow [email protected] DE-RUSSIANISATION OF INTERNATIONALISMS IN THE TAJIK LANGUAGE Keywords: Tajik, Persian, Russian, loanword, internationalisms Abstract During the period of Russian and Soviet domination over Tajikistan there was extensive Russian influence on the Tajik language, which is attested, among other features, by the great number of lexical borrowings. Interestingly, in the case of most of these forms Rus- sian served only as a vehicular language and many are internationalisms, often known well to speakers of various European languages. These words were russianised on their introduction into Russian, before being transmitted on to other languages of Russia / the Soviet Union, Tajik being an example. Thus they often reveal specific Russian features in their morphology, phonology or semantics. The present article deals with a tendency noticeable in the Tajik of today, namely to remove these specific Russian features. 1. Introduction The terms ‘internationalism’ and ‘international word’ are often used both in pro- fessional and non-professional language. The understanding of these terms may be different in various cases, and a precise definition would be of use. Paul Wexler provides what we may call a core of the various existing definitions, noting that an internationalism is “a word attested in a number of unrelated languages or lan- guage families, sharing a similar orthographic or phonetic shape and a partial or identical semantic field” (Wexler 2009: 77). -
Agricultural Public Expenditure Review
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TAJIKISTAN AGRIFOOD SECTOR AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized TAJIKISTAN AGRIFOOD SECTOR AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW Europe and Central Asia Region © 2020 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyrighted. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution Cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2021. “Tajikistan: Agrifood Sector and Public Expenditure Review,” World Bank, Washington, D.C. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank Group, 1818 H -
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic Arabic alphabet ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻩ ﻭ ﻱ • History • Transliteration • Diacritics (ء) Hamza • • Numerals • Numeration Different approaches and methods for the romanization of Arabic exist. They vary in the way that they address the inherent problems of rendering written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic phonemes that do not exist in English or other European languages; the means of representing the Arabic definite article, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually i u or e o, accounting for variations such as Muslim / Moslem or Mohammed / Muhammad / Mohamed ). Method Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language. As an example, the above rendering is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ :munāẓarat al-ḥurūf al-ʻarabīyah of the Arabic example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ. Romanization standards and systems This list is sorted chronologically. Bold face indicates column headlines as they appear in the table below. • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (1886) • Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4). -
Mountains of Asia a Regional Inventory
International Centre for Integrated Asia Pacific Mountain Mountain Development Network Mountains of Asia A Regional Inventory Harka Gurung Copyright © 1999 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development All rights reserved ISBN: 92 9115 936 0 Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development GPO Box 3226 Kathmandu, Nepal Photo Credits Snow in Kabul - Madhukar Rana (top) Transport by mule, Solukhumbu, Nepal - Hilary Lucas (right) Taoist monastry, Sichuan, China - Author (bottom) Banaue terraces, The Philippines - Author (left) The Everest panorama - Hilary Lucas (across cover) All map legends are as per Figure 1 and as below. Mountain Range Mountain Peak River Lake Layout by Sushil Man Joshi Typesetting at ICIMOD Publications' Unit The views and interpretations in this paper are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Preface ountains have impressed and fascinated men by their majesty and mystery. They also constitute the frontier of human occupancy as the home of ethnic minorities. Of all the Mcontinents, it is Asia that has a profusion of stupendous mountain ranges – including their hill extensions. It would be an immense task to grasp and synthesise such a vast physiographic personality. Thus, what this monograph has attempted to produce is a mere prolegomena towards providing an overview of the regional setting along with physical, cultural, and economic aspects. The text is supplemented with regional maps and photographs produced by the author, and with additional photographs contributed by different individuals working in these regions.