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APOL L ON IU S

Th e Pre sen t an d Fut u re o f

Psyc hi c al Re se arc h

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PA RE TRU BN ER o L TD KE UL C . GAN , T NCH, , .

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O R THE

P RE SE N T AN D FU TU RE O F P S Y CHICAL RE SEAR CH

Psychical research has in the last twenty- fi v e years lived down the o bloquy and suspicion which sur rounded its earlier days , and secured an assured position as a recognized branch i of scient fic study . In nearly every European country and in the United States of America men of acknow ledged eminence in their professions — i ph losophers , scientists , doctors , literary men—have devoted themselves t o the earnest study of those obscure and baffling phenomena which form the subj ect matter of psychical research , though this field of scientific endeavour holds at present few allurements in the [ 5 ] APOLLONIUS shape of personal advantage or reward no ap p reciable endowments exist to a facilitate such rese rch , no professorial chairs are reserved for its devotees . The patient and unselfish toil of those men , who have given to psychical research yea rs which otherwise might have brought them rich material gains , is based on their deep and abiding

interest in the subj ect , and their frank endorsement of Schopenhauer ’ s words

The p henomena under discussion are , at least from a p hilosop hical stand o i p oint , all the facts p resented to us by the whole of experience withou t comparison the most important it is therefore the duty of e v erv educated man to make himself thoroughly ” acquainted with them .

l N everthe ess , in spite of the recent emergence of p sychical research into the clea rer light of scientific tolerance u and even enco ragement , it must be admitted that its literary output has [ 6 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

within recent years , as far as the

- English sp eaking races are concerned , fa llen far behind the brill iant and yet substantial work of its earlier pioneers .

Few , if any , of our modern researchers in Great B ritain have reached the high level attained by the works of, say ,

Myers , Gurney , Podmore , Professor and Mrs Sidgwick , and Professor James N o r of Harvard . again has any ade quate progress been maintained in the experimental work which characterized the earlier history of the Society for

Psychical Research . Our main evidence for telep athy is still the careful work of the Sidgwick group at Brighton , and little has been a ccomplished in the investigation of p hysical phenomena sin ce the perplexities and disappoint ments of the Palladino experiments . In America the glory has indeed de p a rted from a movement which was formerly illumined by the sp lendid l work of Wil iam James , Hyslop ,

Hodgson , and Prince . [ 7 ] APOLLONIUS

On the other hand , if in Great Britain the earlier branches of e xp e ri ment have to some extent been neglected , a vast amount of useful work has been accomp lished since the death of Myers in the new field of

cross correspondences which , in the opinion of some , may well p rove to be the most productive of all our areas of research . On the Continent too experimental work of a high order has been develop ed during recent years , more especially in France and in

Germany , the results of which have been given to the world in the writings S c h re n c k~ of such men as Richet , Osty , D es s oi r Notzing , Tischner , , Driesch , and others . The happy selection this year of Dr Driesch as President of the

1 i t w o m e i um i i w i e a a r e d s s tt ng d ly p t , m e i m e e e i n i f e re c u ri e re c e i e so t s v n d f nt o nt s , v ’ di fi e re n t m e ssa ge s alle ge d to c om e from t h e s a m e i c a r a e e r a li W e a e e a ra e l d s n t p son ty . h n t k n s p t y s u c h m ess a ge s m a y b e obsc u re an d m e ani ngle ss w he n re a d i n conj unc ti on the y pres e nt a cle a r an d i e i i l e m e a i nt ll g b n ng . [ 8 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

F. R . S . is a tribute to the fine work of N o himself and his countrymen . better future could indeed be desired for psychical research than that it should occup y the serious attention of German scholars and be treated in accordance with the painstaking and efficient

methods of German science . But while the advance of psychical research on strictly scientific lines has to some extent fallen short of the hop es

' o f u our p ioneers , an nprecedented development has taken place in the cruder and less critical forms of what is p opularly known as Spiritu alism This increased interest in spiritualistic phenomena has been followed by a vast output of books devoted to the accep t ance of the spiritist theory and gener ally characterized by the absence of scientific spirit or critical investigation . Thousands of persons who fully admit their accep tance of the facts of spiritualism and allege that they find in the teachings of the spiritualist [ 9 J APOLLONIUS creed guidance in life and consolation in death ap p ear to be sa tisfied with a minimum of reason for the faith which is in them . Pop ular enthusiasm for occult experiences has produced no corresponding increa se in the nu mber of serious students . The valuable material accumulated with immense care in the P roc eedi n gs of the Psychical Research Society is to a large extent unknown to and unexplored by the u modern spirit alist , who p rofesses to base his claims , if called upon to do so , on uncritical data derived from pro fes s i on al clairvoyants or his own auto a u m tic script . The res lt has been a veritable flood of alleged messages from another world which , in some cases , have been sup p lied to the Sunday newsp ap ers by discarnate and obliging intelligences with the regu a la ri ty of an editoria l le der . The recog ” n i ze d u sp iritualist ch rches , Lyceums a n d similar organizations in Great 61 0 u Britain , in n mber ap art from [ I O ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

independent societies and groups , pos sess a membership of at least

and , desp ite the honourable efforts of many educated and enlightened spirit u a li s t s who are determined enemies of

mediumistic fraud , a steady increase has taken p lace in the ranks of those

pseu do - mediums who trade on the

credulity of the public . At first sight this strange develop ment might a ppear to be wholly o u t of keeping with the spirit of an age which may reasonably be described as mater i ali s ti r c . The ap p alling failure of o ga n i ze d Christianity to avert or shorten

the War , the diseased growths which

have fastened upon our music , art , and a dr ma , the waste and extravagance in

- our social life , the cruel self seeking of our international conduct—these and

other influences of the Wa r- p eriod and its afterm a th have provided a fitting insp iration for large sections of our population which appear to have little

taste for much beyond the life - p urp ose [ I I ] APOLLONIUS

’ ’ u t of Mr . Wells hero to p one s hands ” on the dibs , and have a good time . But history has demonstrated in the case of individuals and nations alike that material and even intellectual progress does not necessarily eliminate u superstition . The sceptical Juli s Caesar crawled up the steps of the Capitol to avert the j ealous wrath of the gods ; the Renaissance was responsible for

u - two cent ries of witch burning . And so we find that side by side with the weakening of moral and religious sanc tions a widespread spirit of credulous and uncritical belief pervades the com munity . The vast developments in the circulation of cheap newspapers while adding enormously to the information of the p ublic on current events , has also led our less educated citizens in general to accep t what they see in

- print . During the War fever even men of recognized position whose training u ll might , one wo ld think , have insti ed into them some measure of intellectual [ 1 2 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

c re du caution , have exhibited amazing llty . The late Bishop of Carlisle , and the Edi tor o f P un c h are typical of

our - thousands of fellow citizens , clerical and lay alike , who accep ted without question such grotesque fabrications as the German Corpse Factory or the Cruc ifi ed Canadi an Stories em bodied i n the B ry c e Report and similar publications were received without any misgi vin g or discrimination by ninety

o f . ni ne per cent . our population The nebulous story of the singularly i n efficient Angels of Mons formed the text of lay and ecclesiastical addresses . u The national mind , caref lly tutored by the fraud or stupidity of controlled j ournalism , was ready when the War ceased to exchange the material horrors o f this world for the spiritual excite ments of the next .

The most powerful impulse , however , behind the new spiritualism has come from the staggering loss of human life N in the Great War . ever before in the 1 31] APOLLONIUS

’ world s history has the cry of human bereavement been so loud and bitter , for the vast maj ority of the millions who perished in the conflict were yo ung men leaving behind them a heritage of sorrow incomparably greater tha n that which follows from the loss of the old , who in far greater numbers die every year in the ordinary course of nature . N o r has the poigna ncy of their grief for the loss of sons and brothers been lessened for those among the survivors who have reached the conviction that these vast armies of the world were u led to the sla ghter on false p retences , and that the soldiers died not , as most of them honestly believed , to p romote bu t j ustice , peace , and freedom , to subserve the same vile motives of imp erialist and commercial greed which have promoted every other modern war . In earlier ages the Christian religion did indubitably inspire in the minds of its adherents a genuine conviction of a life beyond the grave and a future [ 1 4 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

recognition of those lost awhile . But Protestantism in its violent rej ection of earlier tenets has so fa r attenuated the doctrine of a fu ture existence that its harsh interdicts on prayers for the dead and its vague and inconsistent beliefs as to the state of the departed have to a large extent cea sed either to attract or convince . At Omdurman the writer saw thousands of men advancing against the most terrific fire of the century ’ s warfare with the name of God upon their lips and real con v i c ti on of a future life in their hearts

- bu t these men were not Christians .

The carelessness , timidity , or corruption of the Churches have served to devital ize not only the ethical p recep ts of their Master but also that immortality which He brought to light . But , although the old springs of comfort t o have a large extent ceased to flow , the needs of the human heart remain , and are turned to those fresh sources o f assurance and consolation which [ 1 5 ] APOLLONIUS are so lavishly offered by modern

Spiritualism .

Those who undertake the scientific consideration of psychic phenomena must realize the existence of certain initial difficulties specially attached to N o this branch of research . form of scientific work is more exposed than this to the dangerou s influence of the

personal equation in the researcher . An astronomer might conceivably be prej udiced in his work on Mars by some a pri ori tendency to regard that planet

as the home of sentient beings , but the influence of such personal factors in scientific research may generally be

regarded as almost negligible . When ,

however , we find ourselves in contact with psychic phenomena which indi f cate intelligence , it is often di ficult to dissociate our conclusions as to the source of such intelligence from o ur

other beliefs or disbeliefs . On an occasion famous in the annals of th e [ 1 6] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH Society for Psychical Research a sealed envelope containing a written state ment by the late F W . Myers was opened in order to test the accuracy of ’ ’ Verrall s Mrs automatic Myers script , which had previously claimed to reveal the words of the sealed message . I shall never forget the look of cruel dis appointment which appeared on the faces of some of those present when the two messages were found to be n dissimilar . On the other ha d one of the party , a persistent opponent of the spiritist hypothesis , received the result with obvious satisfaction . That such preconceived hopes or opinions colour the general attitude of the devotees of popular and uncritical spiritualism is obvious Given a dark i n room , a professional medium or adequately controlled uncontrolled , and a cardboard trumpet , the voice which comes through the trumpet is , to a large extent , accepted as that of a discarnate friend because the sitters [ I 7 ] APOLLONIUS are already convinced of a survival o r a e rnestly desire to be so convinced . Even in the la ter work of psychical researchers of a higher order , men of intellectua l eminence and scientific training , a certain relaxation of critical rigidity is sometimes noticeable . In these cases the lap se from earlier st a ndards of evidence is no doubt due to the absolute conviction secured by long and critical investigations at some a previous period . When lready con v i n c e d intellectually by ea rlier e xp eri emees of the reality of the p henomena under investigation , even men of the mental calibre of a Sir William Crookes may almost insensibly deviate in sub sequent discussions from the evidential standard of the investigations from which they derived their earlier con lu i n c s o s . There exists another weakness of the human mind a ga inst which the psychica l researcher must always be on his gu ard . Those perverse tendencies which are [ 1 8 ]

APOLLONIUS armies only a very small percentage ever occur at all . Some of these stories are certainly invented by

Propaganda Departments , civil and m military , whose members , in so e instances , do not scruple to disseminate falsehoods in order to blacken the good name of an enemy people and so increase the ferocity and fi ghting efficiency of their own troops . But the bulk of these atrocity tales are due to the megalomaniac desire on the part o f soldi ers or civili ans to recount thrilling and terrible events or pose as the actual participants in some grue some episode A civilian refugee o r a wounded soldier in hospital (a normally truthful person) will sometimes invent in detail an atrocity story in order to impress an interrogator or a nu rse and so secure for himself an amount of megalomaniac satisfaction . It is pre s um ably the same curious impulse which brings to famous crim inals in the dock offers of marriage from [ 20 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH ordinarily decent and respectable women , or leads an obscure tourist to carve his initials on the Parthenon , or stimulates people to frenzied social effort in order to shake the hand of a royal personage , however commonplace his character or feeble his achievement . But if this form of mental perversion finds so many outlets in the course of t o everyday life , we may well expect it flourish even more abundantly in the environment of psychic happenings .

After all , what ordinary experience , v i e u however desirable , could in val e and interest wi th the power to receive or convey actual messages from the dead What ordinary scientific achieve ment could equal the exercise o f a power which could secure the passage of matter through matter , bring about the levitation of a table without personal contact in defiance o f the laws of gravitation , or cause the appear a nce o f a materialized hand or even a full- lengt h figure ? [ 2 I APOLLONIUS The professional mediums who every

Sunday , sometimes more frequently , conduct the spirituali st services in our tow ns are obviously regarded as persons of great imp ortance and au thority by their large audiences , and the conscious ness of this , apart altogether from the o f fact their fees , may stimulate them u to supp lement , if need be , the outp t of possibly genuine p henomena by an ever - ready supply of pseudo - messages a n d haphazard delineations The u humbler medi ms , usually unpaid , who form the centre of thousands of

circles in our working - class homes are invested with an importance and feel a mental exaltation quite foreign to the drabness of their ordinary u s rroundings and occupations . And here again if genuine powers of clairvoyance are inadequate o r non existent , this special form of spiritual pride will still provide a satisfactory flow of messages from the deceased

[ 2 2 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH buccaneer or Indian chief who acts as the control It is difficult indeed to assign any limits to the intrusion of this singular influence in the domain of psychi cal research . In one remarkable instance a London barri ster of recognized standing and enj oying a large income from his profession posed for some time in u private circles as a physical medi m . He claimed i n ter a li a the power of causing the partial levitation of a table by p lacing his hands on the top . Yet at a sitting conducted by members of F R the S . . . this gentleman was easily detected in the childish trick of having inserted inside his cuffs two small pieces of wood , which were thus introduced under the table ’ s edge On another occasion I found during the investigation of a case in Hamp shire that a maidservant , possibly in collusion lum i n with her mistress , was p roducing ous crosses by rubbing moistened

[ 23 ] APOLLON IUS matches on the furniture and walls

- there being no conceivable motive for this transparent deception beyond the desire to be rega rded as a su ccessfu l u medium M ch , if not all of the ’ story of the Rev . Stainton Moses career can p robably best be explained as an amazing example of Sp iritual megalo o f i n mania . Such a theory course volves the disagreeable conclusion that

- a clergyman and a p ublic school master , endowed with a kindly and generous o a dispositi n , must have spent ye rs of his life in the systematic deception of his most intimate friends and , later N on , of the p ublic at large . evertheless , all said and done , the moral miracle in this astonishing case is , as Mr u Podmore s ggested , more easy than the p hysical one . The extraordinary poltergeist cases — cases by no means infrequ ent and — widely distributed i n which furniture i s violently moved , windows and crockery smashed , and pictures thrown [ 24 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

down , can usually be traced to the furtive trickery of little boys , or more commonly little girls , who do not ’ scrup le to destroy their p arents pro p erty and peace of mind in order to secure for themselves the secret satis o i faction some megalomaniac impulse .

Apart from the deliberate imposture , due more often than we suspect to the megalomania c imp ulses referred to beli ev above , there is some ground for i n g in the existence of a still more su btle form of app arent fraud . It is frequ ently asserted by mediums of repu te that they are unable to do j u stice to themselves or exercise their gifts to good p urpose because of the unsatisfactory influence of one or more sitters of an aggressively scep tical type , — a curious p arallel be it said in all reverence— to the strange remark of the Evangelist that the miracles of Our Lord were sometimes actually p revented by the disbelief of His hearers . [ 2 5 ] APOLLON IUS

But may the disbelieving sitters , in u some instances , go f rther than a mere hindrance of genuine p henomena and actually cause the production of trick ery and fra ud on the p art of the medium Given a mediu m suscep tible to telepathic suggestion , and one or more sitters suspecting or convinced in advance that all they will witness at ’ the s ee mc e will be an exhibition of r tricke y , it is easy to see that tele u pathic suggestion of fra d , conscious or unconscious , from the minds of these sceptics may result in trickery which is p rimarily due not to the medium but to themselves . This risk is obviously accentuated when the medium falls (as , for examp le , in Mrs ’ Piper s case) into a catalep tic condition or some form of ordinary hypnosis . In any case it is confidently asserted by psychical researchers of capacity and experience tha t the sa me medium may be fraudulent at one moment and genuine at another . Such a thesis is [ 2 6 1

APOLLONIUS times produced valid phenomena of amazing interest under the strictest

- test conditions . We need not devote much time to the deliberate fraud and trickery which have always been admittedly associated with certain manifestations of medium ship and have frequently inspired such disgu st and contemp t in the minds of would- be investigators that they have abandoned the quest altogether . Those who have persevered in spite of dis c ouragem en t know what it is to find oneself in uncomfortable and ill ventilated rooms , holding the hands of unknown persons in the dark , tortured by the metallic music of a cheap gramo phone , or compelled to j oin in dis cordant renderings of revivalist hymns or dreadful ditties like Where is now the prophet Daniel ? And one realizes all the time that the music is meant to drown the noise caused by a fraudulent medium in wrapping himself in muslin or adjusting a false beard , and [ 2 8 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH further that one will have to pay a guinea for this wretched exhibition '

What researcher , again , has not ex p eri en c ed the boredom of public or private sittings for delineations when a medium , after a few spasmodic twitchings , passes under control and proceeds to describe the ap pear ance of the deceased relatives and friends of the members of a credulous audience , which will subsequently con tribute to the silver collection

Who , too , has not reflected with amazement upon the staggering credulity of men and women who accept the delineated old gentleman with white hair or the old lady with grey hair parted in the middle as unquestionably their late father or S ean c e mother ; or , in a materializing , believe that the same piece of butter muslin waved in one direction is a lost grandparent and waved in another direction is a little child ? Such weari some and sordid experiences form the [ 2 9 ] APOLLON IUS vi a doloros a a re of researchers , who prepared to seek for gold even in the muddiest streams , and sometimes find

- fi v e er . it ; for , even if ninety p cent of the alleged phenomena are exp licable by trickery or deception , the remaining

five may defy all such explanations . The student of psychical research is confronted at the outset by a consider able volume o f reasoned and unreasoned op p osition . Persons who in other directions are entirely opposed to each other ’ s points of View combine for a common assault ! uncompromising materialists and devout evangelical Christians form a strange a lliance against what they vaguely describe as spiritu alism An even more curious dislike comes from large masses u of our population who , witho t any deep convictions or reasoned arg uments for their hostility , are irritated by a movement which appears to upset the even tenour of their mental conserva i t s m . Even cultured people are not [ 3 0 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

proof against this prej u dice a t many dinner tables any susta ined reference to the alleged phenomena of mediumship would be regarded as bad form and

thoroughly obj ectionable . When the writer entered the House of Commons he was i nformed by the chairman of his Liberal Association that his member ship o i the Psychical Research Society “ would do h im harm in the con s ti tuen c y This unintelligent aversion

to sp iritual novelties , which almost wrecke d the Salvation Army in its

infancy , secured the triumph of the

Dayton fundamentalists and now ,

though happily with diminishing force , assails the stu dy of clairvoyance or u telepathy , seems analogo s to that primitive instinct which i mpels wild birds to combine for the destruction of an exotic parrot which has escaped

from its cage . Even as regards the more ser ious a of his opponents , the pologist of psychical research is entitled t o obj ect [ 3 1 ] APOLLON IUS a t the start that comparatively few of these are adequately equipp ed for their

task . It is lamentable that our hostile critics have for the most p art scarcely taken the trouble to understand our position or furnish themselves with more than a quite superficial knowledge h of the facts . W at a sorry figure would be cut by most of our lay and ecclesiasti cal opponents were they set a n examin a tion paper on the evidences a c c um u

lated by the Psychical Research Society , to go no further ! One of the best known opponents of the phenomena of mediumship has adm itted that he has never made any p ersonal investiga tion a rom i n en t m edi um of the claims of any p , broc h ure British or foreign , and a dis tributed to his audience exhibits a n - amazing ignorance of the subj ect matter ’ against which his p latform diatribes

are directed . There is another reason u for p op ular hostility . M ch of the fraud which admittedly exists is of a u pec liarly heartless character , for its [ 3 2 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH exponents derive their resources largely from bereaved men and women w h o fly to spiritualism for tidings of their lost ones and for solace in their grief . The natural indignation felt against such traffickers in human sorrow un doubtedly predisposes many superficial critics to assume in their haste that all public mediumship is fraudulent . Apart from the more or less n u intelligent prej udices o f the public o f generally , the scientific investigation the phenomena of medi umship is hampered by the professional a n a on i sm s t g of the Church and the Law . o f The menace legal proceedings , while a terror to the fraudulent , is also a deterrent to the supply of genuine phenomena . Mediums are usually p ersons of a very sensitive and nervous temperament , and the fact that at any moment a Mrs Leonard is liable to the same legal procedure and the same conviction as the most insignificant fortune - teller is not conducive t o the [ 33 ] APOLLONIUS regular supp ly of those supern ormal

' fa cts which form the subject - matter o i scientific psychical research . From time to time , and apparently by con c ert e d action , legal proceedings are set on foot by the a uthorities a gainst p ublic mediums . The requisite evidence is furnished by detectives or j ournalists who have secured sittings with the defendants , and the prosecution takes IV p lace under an Act of George , directed a gainst vagabonds and

fortu ne - tellers Our magistrates usua lly maintain on these occasions that the essential part of the lega l offence is the medi um ’ s claim to foretell the future and this is ap parently accentuated and aggravated by the intention to deceive ” or the accep tance of money or reward . During an epidemic of legal medium - baiting in 1 1 9 7, men and women were sentenced 0 i to heavy fines , up to £5 , or mprison ment , because of their claims to foretell i the future . Yet a l ttle reflection might [ 34 ]

APOLLONIUS anybody indeed appears to be con s i dere d competent to dogmatize about theological or p sychic matters without any credentials in the shap e of adequ ate

study or experience . The following extract from the well known Brock way case serves to illustrate the mental equipment of a magistrate for a trial of this character :

Th e R e v G H S t i l m a a e . . . . J ohn M d y st t d tha t h e h a d h ad t w o si tti ngs w i th t h e de fe nd a nt a n d w as a m a ze d tha t s h e c ou ld t ell h i m n a m e s tha t h e ' h a d w ri tte n i n a pa pe r w hi ch w a s the n folde d u p an d he ld i n h e r h and h e w as c i c e a s h e w as e r e c l e ui e onv n d th t p f t y g n n .

a i s tra te Yo u a e u e e e M g h v , I s ppos , s n con ’ j u ro rs ta ki ng c a rds o u t of pe ople s ai r a n d u c h i L a u hter h s h t ngs ( g ) . Wi tn es s : The re w as nothi ng re se m bli ng “ th at . A subsequent reference by one of the witnesses to the possible influence of lyin g Spirits was followed by this edifying dialogue '

M r B a rker (pros ec u ti n g C o u n s e l) I obj e c t to u c ri i c ul u u e i s h d o s q st ons . M r Wi ld (for th e defe n c e) aske d t h e m a gi stra te ru e w e e r u c a ue i w as ri i u u to l h th s h q st on d c lo s . [ 36] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

Th e Ma gi s tra te ( w i th e m ph a s i s ) : I ce rtai nly i i t i s ri i u u th nk d c lo s . — M r Wi ld the n s ai d - w i th j usti c e tha t i t w as e i e l w a e i m e an d e t h e v d nt y st of t to go on , l ft u r Co t .

The antagonism of the Christian u dam n os a h eredi tas Ch rches , a from the

unspeakable records of past centuries ,

is now a waning force , chiefly confined to the ranks of what the late Dean Ra sh dall rather roughl y called the inferior clergy There are some

exceptions . The distinguished Dean ’ t of St Paul s , a devoted s udent of the obsolete fantasies of Neoplatonic phil

osophy , seems quite unable to dissociate the serious study of psychic phenomena from the fraudulent bangin g of tam

bo uri n es or the wearing of false wigs . He is ready to consider the unsupported

assertions of Plotinus , that that third century mystic on one occasion enj oyed some form of beatifi c vision in the contemplation of the One but on the other hand the more recent and [ 37 ] APOLLONIUS infinitely better supported testimony of a Lombroso , Crookes , or William James as to the occurrence of a physical or clairvoyant p henomenon is c on t em p t u o us l N w y ignored . o and again sincere representatives of medieval Christianity like Lord Hugh Cecil are to be found

’ who ban the s ean c e - room because they a re convinced tha t clairvoyance is a form of necromancy and controls ’ like Mrs Pip er s Ph i n ui t or Mrs ’ Leonard s Feda demoniacal agencies totally unfit for Christian intercourse . The more general and more enlightened attitude of a t any rate the Anglican Church is embodied in the R ep ort of the bishops at the Lambeth Conference of 1 92 0

We s a y w i thout h es i ta ti on tha t w e w e lco m e s c i e nti fi c i nve sti gati on : w e re c ogni se t h e pati e nc e a n d t h e ski ll w i th w hi c h m e m be rs of t h e Psyc hi c a l R e se a rch S oc i e ty e xa m i ne t h e m a e i e c e all i u m i e e m ss of v d n of k nds s b tt d to th , a n d a bove a ll t h e un m i st a ka ble de si re to s a fe PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

u a r t h e i u i r a ai i llu i o r ra u g d nq y g nst s on f d , to a rri e at ru an d i e r re c i e i fi a c v t ths , to nt p t s nt c f ts rre c l co t y .

Yet side by side with this moderate and reasonable resolution we find that the Conference regi stered a very strong warning against the habit of recourse

’ to s ea n c es and mediums Here again is revealed once more the ignorance of many well - meanin g and able critics who pos sess a merely sup erficial a c qua i n tance with the subj ect . How , for i l example , can we study scient fical y the phenomena of clairvoyance without recourse to clairvoyant mediums Such an embargo would—“ to go no further have robbed us of the profoundly interesti ng records of Mrs Piper ’ s trance r mediumship , or the st iking results ’ s t s contained in Dr O y volumes . One might almost as well ap prove of the scientific study of anatomy and forbid

- recour se to the dissecting room .

[ 3 9 ] APOLLONIUS

At this point , and in view of the admitted imperfections which mark the course of our inquiry into supernormal — phenomena the fraud and credulity and malobservation which so easily beset our work- the question m a y fairly be asked : Has psychical research really any future ? To such a query I have no hesitation in gi vin g an emphatic Yes One may go further and say that at no period since the subj ect was seriously studied have we had better reasons for s such an answer . Within the la t few years a veritable revolution has occurred in the general attitude of science towards the phenomena of the universe . ’ In the li ght o f Ein stein s discoveries the dogmatism of the materialist has become obsolete . The old scientific outlook has been undermined and supe rseded by scientists themselves . Atoms and electrons are no longer regarded as ultimate realities . Accord in t o i g Professor Edd ngton , there is [ 4 0 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH nothing t o prevent the assemblage of atoms formin g the brain from being itself a thinking machine in virtue of that nature whi ch physics leaves u n N ot determined and undeterminable . only the ‘ laws of N ature but space and time and the great globe itself may conceivably be mental phenomena , themselves the creations o f mind . And so it has come to pass that such an utterance as Professor Clifford ’ s The Universe is made of ether and atoms and there is no room for ghosts remains only as a fragm ent o f an outworn scientific creed . The division of the external world into a material world and a spiritual world is now held N o by scientists to be superficial . inherent impossibi lity rul es out o f court the po ssible manifestations o f other minds than ours , functioning apart from our own brain s and bodies . We may doubt says Professor

Eddington , whether there is any branch of knowledge from which exact r4 x ] APOLLONIUS science is excluded there i s room for ghosts and room for other super normal phenomena hitherto ignored or denied by scientists in general . The fact of telepathy indicates the existence of other methods of mental communion outside the recognized channels of sense , and for that reason is rej ected a pri ori by some of the more conserva tive rep resentatives of science . Such a direct transmission of ideas from one mind to another writes Dr Jodl , without any perceptible physica l method of communication would i n di c a t e the presence of a crack in the very foundations of all our views on a n ture , and , if proved , would lead us to a complete revision of fundamental ” a principles . Dr Henning declares th t

- psycho physics , yes , even p sychology , as a science , must be utterly wrecked before we have recourse to telepathy How different in tone is the statement of one of the most acute among our younger thinkers , Professor Broad of [ 4 2 ]

APOLLONIUS In the discovery of new material we are , of course , faced by the irritating and disapp ointing character of the phenomena with which we deal . They are often spasmodic , sporadic , irregular . They do not occur in any fixed sequence nor can they be predicted . Even when our experiments yield obvious success , we are ignorant of what the conditions of su ch success may be no satisfactory experimental control of these wa yward phenomena seems at present feasible . If they are reached through the channels of mediumship , we are again exposed to the varying and uncertain influences exercised by the physical or mental condition of the medium at the moment . It is quite clear that these sensitives are in almost all cases persons of a definitely neurotic or hysterica l tem eram e n t p indeed , if we can ever establish the actual connection between these pathological conditions and the production of supernormal phe nomena we shall have gone a long way in [ 44 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH unravelling the tangled skeins of psychi cal research . The discovery and classification of fresh psychic facts may mean the expenditure of long and tedious hours , but without the renewed rec h erc he len te ers everan te exercise of , p , ’ obsti n ee we cannot hope to convince ou rselves or to speak with our enemies in the gate . In this department of research more than all others our facts o r soon become more or less obsolete , at any rate lose their compelling force . No one now alludes to the careful mechanical safeguards against fraud devised by Sir William Crooks in the eighties . Our generation has almost forgotten the convincing experiments in telepathy carried out by the Si dg wicks and Professor Barrett , and no longer quotes the Stainton Moses phenomena which Myers accep ted . The call is for the production of fresh data collected by our own contemporaries . Without therefore troubling ourselves unduly for the time being with explana [ 4S ] APOLLON IUS

tions and theories about the facts , without intruding into the work the

will to believe or disbelieve , let us devote ourselves to exp eriment and

empirical facts . Surely among the thousand members of the Society for u Psychical Research , to go no f rther , enough recruits could be found to supplement adequately by their own unselfish efforts the splendid work of o ur own pioneers in Great Britain and

America . a c c um ula Further , in the process of t ing a n d systema tizing our fa cts we must accept as an axiom of u n questioned validity that natural and normal causes must be eliminated before we have recourse to the sup er

natural o r supernormal . In other ri m a words , we must regard it as p f ac i e more probable that the medi um is consciou sly or unconsciously fraudulent or that the sitters are the victims of credulity or malobservation than that men and women possess a capacity for [ 46] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH acquiring knowledge o r , influencing matter which transcends the recognized facts of ordinary experience . Our course then as p sychical researchers is clear . We must exercise such drastic and complete control over the whole course of our experiments as to render deception an unthinkable hypothesis . That such methods of control exist and can be applied is indubitable : that they are occasionally absent from ’ s ean c es conducted by scientific and educated persons must equally be admitted . Podmore revealed several defects in the alleged safeguards against fraud accepted in certain experiments With

Florence Cook and even D . D . Home and quotes a serious instance of care less description i n the record of the famous experience of the London Dia lec ti c al Society with th e latter medium where the statement that “the room was illumined by moonlight is shewn from the calendar (as in the parallel [ 47 ] APOLLONIUS of Sir John Moore ’ s burial) to have been incorrect . In more recent times the conditions observed in Warsaw and in Paris with the mediums K luski and Guj i k have been sometimes u m satisfactory Nor can any impartial critic , in View of the surprisingly lax conditions which prevailed , necessarily accept the widely recorded successes of Professor Gilbert Murray in thought transference as manifestations of any r thing abnormal o unusual . In the case of any less distinguished per former i t would have been difficult to ab regard such experiments , in the sence of any repetition of them under test conditions , as worth the serious consideration of a scientific body .

The collection of fresh facts is , to a large extent , conditioned by the supply of sensitives and by the p rovision of adequate funds for such research . Apart from the existing opportunities pro v i ded by University chairs of Mental

Science , Mental Philosophy and the [ 48 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

like , which have already contributed largely to this study when held by men Mc D o u all like g , James , Schiller , and

Broad in Great Britain and America , private generosity will always a p p aren tly be ready to assist in some measure the experimental work of u psychical research . The most serio s obstacle arises not from the a bsence of monetary assistance bu t from the fact that the feelings entertained towards one another by the warring sects of religion are reflected in the rivalries and disputes of the societies engaged in

the study of psychic phenomena . That regular supply of sensitives which is required for an adequate collection of empirical facts is seriously hindered by the violent animosities of leaders who

fight over the bodies of well - known

mediums and sometimes tempt them , a like football profession ls , by the

dangerous offer of a higher fee .

>l< If we accept the View that psychical [ 49 ] APOLLON IUS research holds ample promise of a useful future , we may next consider the various lines of our a dvance . Any seriou s study of psychical re search demands as its first essential a knowledge of the results secured from a careful consideration of telepathic phenomena . Many researchers would , indeed , maintain that their investiga tions need not extend beyond these limits . They regard telepathy , once scientifically established , as a working hypothesis which will cover the whole field of those abnormal phenomena

- which form our subj ect matter . From c lai rv o this point of View , apparitions , y

- ance , crystal visions , even the physical ’ — phenomena of the s ea uc e - room these and other abnormal happenings can be exp lained by the exercise in one shape or another of the transference of human thought and volition outside the ordinary channels of sense . Those w h o hold that thought - trans ference is the solvent of all our [ 5 0 ]

APOLLONIUS questioned and criticized at every turn by certain scientists who deny that telepathy is either proven or indeed possible . Professor Jodl (quoted by Tischner) goes so far as to say Such a direct transmission of ideas from one mind to another , without any per c ep tible physical method of c om m un i c a e tion , would indicate the p resenc of a crack in the very foundations of all our ” N - views on ature . Psycho physics writes Dr Henning , yes , even psycho logy as a science must be utterly wrecked before we have recourse to telep athy . It is , however , useless to a ri ori indulge in mere p refutations or , in the case of telepathic experiments , to concentrate on the failures and ignore the successes It is of course impossible within the very narrow Space - lim its of this little book to furnish any detailed reference to such experiments . Suffice u it to say that evidence varied , cum la tive and irresistible now exists which has established telepathy as a scientific fact . [ 5 2 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

The study of telepathic phenomena suggests the interesting qu estion whether telepathy is a psychic factor of permanent and regu lar character or whether it represents merely the dying embers of a once more active force . Can the transference o f human thought apart from physical media be developed and systematized on such a scale as to suggest immense possibilities in the human relationships of the future ? Or will such development be inevitably retarded by the fact that telepathy is a dyi ng sense to be classed with various obscu re eccentricities of the human body which serve merely as vestigi al landmarks in the long history of the race Despite the alluring possibilities of the first suggestion , indications certainly exist which lend colour to the pathetic belief that research has only discovered this force in the evening of its existence . This view of telepathy as a rudi mentary survival seems t o be [ 5 3 ] APOLLONIUS strengthened by the admitted fact that manifestations of telep athy are far more certain and more striking w h e n the percipient is under hypnotic s ugge s u tion ; for , if it be the s bliminal self which rises above the threshold in hypnotic slumber and obeys the ’ suggestion of the agent s mind , this is itself in all p robability a manifestation of race - experience rather than that of the individual . The everyday self , the i n product of normal exp erience , is fluen c ed to a much slighter degree by hypnotic suggestion than that m ys t e ri n ous entity , the secondary self , traili g r arn its clouds of p e c at e existence . In the dim recesses of our race history our pithecoid ancestors in de fault o i language may well have possessed telep athic powers for the communication of their simple ideas , which p owers have gradually been rendered less necessary as language u developed , and may ultimately , nless m sti ulated and exercised , finally perish [ 5 4 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

from atrophy . Such a theory would be illustrated by those stories which are furnished by reliable travellers and missionaries with reference to the amaz ing transmission of news which at times ap p ears to take pla ce amongst native races of a low level of civilization under circumstances which preclude any op p ortunity for normal methods of communication . N or , again , is it easy to avoid the conclusion that some form of telepathy exists among various forms of animal life . The homing instinct of the cat and the pigeon , and bewildering facts connected with th e flight of birds of passage , inexplicable from any ordinary laws of experience , may con c e i v ably be examples o f a form of telepathy infinitely more regular and efficient than the fi tful manifestations on the part of h om o s api en s which engage the attention of psychical t e It searchers . is not easy to find any ordinary explanation for the immedi ate [ 5 5 ] APOLLON IUS rush of a scattered herd of cattle to any available shelter , when one of their number has been struck by the

- fl noiseless warble y . Or when I watch the curving fli ght of the beautiful ruffs and reeves round a N orwegi an lake the absolutely simultaneous rise , the instant a neou s wheel of the whole flock a —o r in the fraction of second , again , when I see hundr eds of starlings rise together and a fterwards return to their trees in complete unison , I find it difficu lt to regard these charming incidents as due to normal or even abnormal sight or hearing , and wonder whether here again some rudimentary but efficient form of telepathy may not be at work . u Can we go further , and s ggest that some of the baffling p henomena of heredity and instinct may ultima tely find their origin in the telepathic transference of thought ? We accep t ‘ the word instinct as an adequate explanation of the habits of sentient [ 5 6] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

creatures , but it explains nothing . Every manifestation of instinct is obviously due to volition , however — rudimentary is , in other words , a mental as distinct (so far as such distinction goes) from a physical phenomenon It is difficult to trace an instinctive movement to material

- spermatozoa or germ cells . The burnt child dreads the fire as the result of bu t its own exp erience , no exp erience taught the baby how to use its lips at its first meal , any more than it taught the chicken how to escape from the eggshell . The collective experience of the race the alleged source of these phenomena , may sooner or later be recognized as the telepathic trans ference from the mind of the parents of concepts derived from the previous telepathy of successive generations . It may appear at first sight fantastic to suggest that the mechanically exact habits of a mother—wasp may be the result of mental telepathy , but after [ 5 7 ] APOLLONIUS all this seems a better vera c ausa than ’ - the wasp s egg , a minute fraction of matter which can explain nothing in the realms of thought or of volition . Charcot ’ s telepathic suggestion of a hot iron by the ap p lication of a wooden ruler elicited a cry of agony , and produced a blister filled with lymph on ’ the percip ient s arm ; other e xp eri ments at the Salp étri é re and elsewhere raised weals and other stigmata on

human bodies . Can it be that this same mysterious and p owerful force may come to be accep ted as at any rate a p artial solution of the vexed question of heredity ? A baby is born with marked physica l characteristics of its

father or mother . During its prenatal existence you have two main factors the minds of the parents on the one

side , on the other the mind of the

unborn child . The future of the little being lying under her heart forms the constant thought of the expectant

mother . She thinks of it as reproducing [ 5 8 ]

APOLLON IUS conventional twitchings and contortions which herald the ingress of the Red

- Indian or other sp irit control , did not ap pear to be in complete possession of u his or her normal conscio sness . But the p rolonged and careful investiga tions of Mrs Piper ’ s mediumship and those more recently undertaken with continental clairvoyants by Drs

Tischner , Osty , and others , stand on a very di fferent footing . In the face of the accumulated evidence furnished by such research , those who rely on telepathy as the universal solvent of psychic difficulties must often falter where they firmly stood . Leaving for the moment all the concrete evidence derived from exp eriments with the British Mrs Leonard or continental mediums like Mrs van or l Mademoisel e de Berly , the records of the Piper s éa n c es form a rich store of evidential facts . Amid all the various deceptions and failures of the quaint Dr Ph i n ui t or the more precise [ 60 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH George Pelham detailed and accurate messages are found , some of wh ich appear inexplicable by any con c ei v able exercise o f telepathy between living persons . Nor again can the agency o f living minds always furnish a satisfactory explanation in the rare but indubitable cases of prevision or precognition ex h ibi t ed by clairvoyants . From what source come those p recise statements made from time to time by trustworthy

- mediums , under strict test conditions , with respect to certain articles placed in their hands ? Clairvoyance of this

type , often called psychometry , might ahn os t suggest the validity of Fech ’ ner s theory of odylic influences , which may appear less fantastic in an age when the dividing line between matter and mind is becoming th e ore ti l cal y obsolete . Moreover , to psycho

metry , once accepted as a scientific

fact , an interesting corollary would

attach for , if mere contact with a [ 61 ] APOLLONIUS man ’ s cravat can produce from the medium a detailed and accurate account of the suicide of an unhapp y p risoner who had worn the cravat , masonry and woodwork might i n the same insera t able fashion be resp onsible for suggest ing the auditory and Vi sual phenomena of a haunted house Some well attested cases exist in which alteration of structure in a house has been followed by the cessation of the hauntings If telepathy from the living breaks down when called upon to expla in all the facts of clairvoyance , there exists another explanation which has received the enthusiastic support of those i n v e s ti at ors g who , while they rej ect transference between normal minds , point enthusiastically to the alleged efficiency of the secondary or

subliminal self . Fascinating des c rip ti on s are gi ven of this mysteriou s Mr Hyde which lurks in each of us this subconscious mind working in the [ 62 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

inner sanctum , as director and con

- a - troller , while the normal work day self transacts the conventional business of life in the open shop . The amazing performances of a “ calculating boy the sudden conversion of a Bunyan o r u a Pa l , the supreme genius of a Shake speare or a Handel , are alike referred to that comprehensive source of a ll things supernormal , the secondary self This subliminal self can , we are i n assured , furnish a sensitive with formation which otherwise could not possibly be possessed by any other living person . It can not only explore the dim recesses of past experience but foretell with accuracy the events of the u fut re . Driven from the outer trenches of telepathic defence , some modern protagonists of psychical research find , as they think , an impregnable strong hold i n the limitless efficiency of the

s oi - di subliminal self . The sa n t George Pelham may convince his friends that he t o is what he claims be , but he is only [ 63 ] APOLLONIUS a manifestation of Mrs Piper ’ s sub —i n conscious self other words , George

Pelham is Mrs Pip er . If a medium announces in England the dea th in battle of an officer hours before the bad news has even reached his ’ battalion s base , this (if not a hap p y shot is merely a striking instance of those abnorma l powers of cognition possessed by the medium ’ s subliminal consciousness . Can this hypothesis bear the heavy strain put upon it ? After all the phrase subliminal self un c o n — scious mind c all it what you will embodies nothing at all beyond a

hypothesis . N obody has yet demon s trat ed the existence of such a division of the mind attached to ea ch living a personality , or defined its qu lities or

capacities . There are indubitably certain depths in the human mind which may be reached by the processes

- of psycho analysis , but in these cases there appears to be no compelling [ 64 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH reason for any bewildering thesis of two o r more distinct minds attached to the same human organism . There may be diversities of mental operation ,

‘ but the same mind the 0669 and Onplov can form a composite mentality capable r of mo al excellence on the one hand , and on the other exposing to the Freudian probe the lower levels o f a non - moral animal existence N o t only have we failed t o prove conclusively the existence or determine the activities of an entity so improbable a ri ori o u p as a second self, but this p p lar hypothesis cannot always j ustify itself by fitting the facts , unless indeed we are prepared to assign t o such an additional human mind a considerable u meas re of omniscience . How much further do we get by declaring that Ph i n ui t such intelligences as , George

Pelham , or Feda are mere manifesta tions of a medium ’ s secondary self The messages which we receive from c lai rv o an t exp eri m e n t s with entranced y _ [ 65 ] APOLLONIUS

or controlled mediums , table tiltings , i planchette , ou j a boards , etc . , present a bewildering congeries of good sense i rrelev and stupidity , relevancy and ancy , truth and falsehood , sobriety fli an and p p c y . Such communications s posse s two marked characteristics .

They display intelligence , however low the level of that intelligence may sink and they invariably claim to p roceed from the surviving minds of dead men and women , or at any rate from dis carnate beings or spirits These messages fall into two classes in the first place , the most important of them , those which offer evidential matter either s p on tan e ouslv or in compliance with a sitter ’ s request In such dark and unaccustomed paths the thoughtful researcher must walk warily and form his judgments dispassionately . Suffice it to say that persons of real ability and calm judgment are to be found who are intellectually convinced [ 66]

APOLLONIUS

’ a a a e rthly knowledge on nyone s p rt , tha t i t qui te astounds as well as deep ly u If u e to ches me . the s bj ct of the message h ad been concei vably i n my — ’ i - i n a i i t u a s ster l w s m nd, wo ld h ve been an i ntere sting but not i nfrequent case of te lep a thy ; bu t as I s ay i t u i a e an d co ld not p oss bly h ve b en , she onl y transmi ts i t to me afte r the fact u a i i t not even nderst nd ng .

The second grou p of messages possess little or no evidential value with regard to the personal survival of individuals , though they too always claim to proceed from Spirits of

. un some kind Trivial , vulgar , and worthy as they often are , these com m un i c a ti on s cannot be ignored by the student of psychical research . When we have eliminated trickery , collusion and self- deception from these ex e ri m en t s p , there remains a residuum o f communications more or less i n t elligen t which obviously do not proceed from the normal consciousness of either [ 68 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

or sitter medium ; in most cases , n i deed , there is no medium employed , for the messages are spelt out through movements of a table o r an instrument o f the planchette type . Many of these messages are of a i n perplexing character . Some show di c ati on s of a rather colourless goodwill , others are freakish and deceptive with a flavour of feeble practical j oking . Occasionally they are blasphemous o r indecent . A very common feature is the giving of addresses connected with the sitter or with the former life of

- the alleg ed spirit communicator . Full o f names individuals , the names of streets and the numbers of houses are

i . freely g ven Nevertheless , in nearly every instance it is found that the facts as given are partially or entirely inaccurate . The whole procedure is n on e baffling and obscure . If o the hand the false information is due to the conscious action of any of the [ 69 ] APOLLONIUS

sitters , why does not the person in question take the trouble to p rovide a more comp lete deception How easy it would be for such devotees of trickery to equip themselves with a stock - i n - trade of really accurate names and addresses from any list of obituary notices contemporary or of older date . If these tiresome and misleadi ng state ments proceed from the subliminal consciousness of the sitter or medium , it is obvious that this entity is u nable to secure various simple items of current information and in that case , again , what is the motive of such transparent deception N or , indeed , if the subliminal con s c i ous n e s s be accepted as the source of such perplexing messages , can we feel altogether happy in the p ossession of a secondary self o r subconscious mi nd which is admittedly guilty in many instances of trickery , evasion , fli an c p p y, deliberate and often cruel [ 70 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

deception . Any clouds of glory that such a self may have trailed behind it l are at times sad y tarnished , nor is the conviction either agreeable or inspiring that we harbour within us a force capable o f p raet ern atural knowledge and amazing achievement and yet characterized at times by conduct which the ordinary mind of any decent person would utterly condemn ; for such a secondary self is frequently x e hibited as repressed , conative , n infantile , unreasoning , predomi antly ” u sex al and , one may add , sometimes

- S o fraudulent and usually non moral . many difficulties , indeed , appear to be involved in connecting these messages with any conscious activity that some investigators take refuge in the View that they consist only of the stu ff that dreams are made of proceed~ ing from the lumber - room of the n o mind , and more fraudulent or immoral than the elusive vagaries [ 71 ] APOLLONIUS and incongruities of some fantastic dream . One other source of the perplexing messages under discussion remains for our consideration . There is , as we have said , a feature common to them all : they invariably claim to proceed from disembodied personalities . If the devotees of the subliminal self ’ hypothesis persist in bringing these agencies also within the broad compass of the human mind , conscious or unconscious , it may , I suppose , be urged that the claim to di scarnate existence put forward by these

’ am m ulae va ulae blarulula e g , , is a delusion which is built upon the accumulated mental experience of the a s tri v human race , lways believing , or ing to believe in a life beyond the grave . From the dim recesses of our racial history this pathetic protest i against ann hilation has , as it were , become a stereotyped portion of the [ 72 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

m t o hu an mind , and so it comes pass that whi le the normal self may rej ect i a personal surv val , faint and fleeting echoes o f the primaeval faith still rise

from the depths of the unconscious self .

If it really be the case , however , as n o i o f suggested above , that activ ty l o r the human mind , whether norma n sublimi al , can furnish an adequate explanation of the communications in t o question , we are left face the facts

and ask ourselves whether , after all , the claim put forward by the agencies

v iz . involved may not be a valid one , , that they are what they invariably

allege themselves to be , the product a of discarnate intelligences . It is e sy for those unacquai nted with the accumulated phenomena o f automatic

writing , the planchette and ouij a o b ards , and so on , to sneer at such an i nterpretation of the facts . But sneers have often dogged the earlier footsteps o f in scientific enterprise , and any case [ 73 ] APOLLON IUS —sneers or no sneers—the scientific s c re ear her must , if he can , provide a solution of the phenomena which in thi s department of his work are so abundant and so easily repeated , that nothing else is needed beyond a careful sifting of the material , and above all , a mind as free as p ossible from any conscious bias towards either a normal or supernormal explanation . Once it is accepted that modern science does not necessarily preclude the existence o f intelligences independent of those associated with the functions of the n m human brai , we may frankly ad it that the theory of spirit - agencies in the case of these erratic messages does at least fit the facts . The existence would seem to be suggested of those alleged unseen entities , sometimes described as

elementals an order of low - grade spirits , able and apparently eager to communicate with us . The presence of such beings around us has , in earlier [ 74 ]

APOLLONIUS

o f one year from the day death , (c) that of the veridical cases the vast majority coincided more or less accurately with the moment of death . Modern research has also revealed a fact never before established , that phantasms of the livin g are far more frequent and gener ally far better attested than those of the dead . In summary, it may be claimed that men and women with sound minds in sound bodies do occasionally see phantasms of both living and dead persons under circumstances which entirely preclude malobservation or deception No fact could , indeed , be better established than that ghosts are seen now as they have been seen all down the ages . What , however , is new in respect to this interestin g p h en om e non is the modem explanation that a ghost is a subj ective impression con v eye d to the mind of A by a conscious o r unconscious suggestion from the mind of B . Deeply interesting as are [ 76] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH the well - established and comparatively numerous telepathic images conveyed do from the living to the living , these not lead us outside the range of ordinary telepathic activity !

There needs no ghost , my lord , come from the grave To shew us this .

But what are we t o say t o similar phantasms when the person they represent has passed through the gates of Death ? With the special sign i fi c an c e of these cases we shall deal later .

It seems clear , then , that the student o f psychic phenomena will find many promising lines of research in the ample field covered by telepathy , r clai voyance , and the varied activities of motor automatism . Fresh facts must be accumulated and Sifted , fresh efforts made to c o - ordinate such facts and discover the laws through which [ 77 ] APOLLONIUS

re they work . Nevertheless , there mains another area o i supernorm al activities which cannot be neglected — the p hysical phenomena alleged to i n occur from time to time , almost variably i n the presence and apparently through the mediumship of certain individuals . In this obscure region , however , the opportunities for fraud have been so great , the detection of trickery so frequent , and the general character of the mediums often so indifferent , that , even with the ex p eri en c es of a quarter of a century behind them , many careful and able researchers find it difficult to give any definite opinion either for or against the existence of such startling phenomena as materializ ation ectoplastic extrusions from the body, or the movement of material obj ects without physical contact

(telekinesis) . The only excuse for offering my own personal views is the [ 78 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH fact that I have over a long period (i f years had sittings with some of the ’ world s best known physical mediums including Mrs Corner (n é e Florence

Cook) , Eusapia Palladino , Eva C . B éraud li (Marthe ) and Wil Schneider , and a considerable number of less known t o sensitives , and I am unable endorse the opinion recently suggested by a body of able and experien—ced German investigators , Drs Gulat Wellenburg Kli n c kow and Rosenbusch and Graf v . s t roen , that no scientific evidence exists for the occurrence of physical phenom ena . On one occasion I have witnessed the production of a complete , visible and tangible figure which certainly was not the medium herself : that it was — a confederate the only other normal possibility—was ruled out by elaborate and convincing precautions . Despite the open readiness of Eusapia Palladino to cheat when left without control , many of the positive results secured [ 79 ] APOLLONIUS through the mediumship of this Nea politan peasant - woman under test - con di ti on s appear to defy any normal explanation . The sceptic has still to explain how after a searching examina w tion , medical and other ise , Eva C . under stringent conditions of control and observation was able to exude from her body solid and fluid masses of s o called ectoplasm , the existence of which was duly recorded by photography . No reliable evidence exists to disprove the claim made on behalf of D . D .

Home , that he was never detected in any kind of mediumistic fraud , and much of the evidence resulting from the personal experiences of cultured and educated persons with this medium is staggering in its completeness . On that very hearthrug where you are standing said the late Sir William

Crooks , F . R . S to me , I saw Home raised eighteen inches from the ground in broad daylight and verified th e [ 8 0 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

phenomenon vi s u et tac tu I do not say remarked this same great o n scientist another occ—asion , that these things are possible I only say

they happened . Telekinesis (the movement of material objects without personal contact) in full light has been attested by men o f unimpeachable hones ty and acknow ledged ability—like Professors William

James , Lombroso , Schiaparelli , and t w o Richet . Mr Dingwall quotes axioms — o f the professional conjurer N ever tell y our a udi en c e bef oreh an d w hat y ou

‘ a re oi n to do N ever er orm th e g g , and p f s am e tri c k t s am e n w i c e on the even i g . But Mdlle Tomezyk of Warsaw re p e a te d the same form o f teleki nesis more o r less continuously for six I years . S it conceivable that through out that period various groups o f educated and experienced investi gators should have utterly failed t o d of or etect the use , say , threads [ 8 1 ] APOLLONIUS filaments however fine ? It is childish and unscientific to ignore sound testimony and regard every account which comes to hand of supernormal physical phenomena as little else than the tale of an idiot signi fying nothi ng . There is indeed ample work i n this dark and dubious region for those who have time , patience , and opportunity for the investigation o f the rare cases o f well attested physical mediumship . i m In view , however , of the more medi ate results o f real value which may be secured from a study of the sub j ec ti v e phenomena of psychi cal research it is obvious that , unless a physical medium is wi llin g sooner o r later t o submit himself frankly and honestly to every reasonable test proposed by the best scientific minds , it is com p arati v ely useless for a researcher t o spend his limited time in inconclusive

[ 8 2 ]

APOLLONIUS

un m i st ak medieval magic , have their able counterparts i n the experiences of modern mediumship . The appalling records of the most devi lish machinery

a ever devised for the torture of m nkind , the witchcraft persecutions (not of the

Dark Ages but of the Renaissance) , possess an added horror when one realizes that the offences alleged against the nine million persons burnt to death in two centuries were to a large extent the outcome o f psychic forces and conditions whose character was totally unknown to either the victims or their tormentors . The sacred books of Christianity and other religions speak o f visible and audible phenomena of supe rnormal character which have their obvious analogues in the psychic experiences o f s al our ow n days . The mes ages reve ed in the shining Urim and Thummim , ’ the quaint telepathy o f Jacob s sheep in farm g , the phantasm and the voice [ 84 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH at Endor — these things appear no longer as the isolated happ enings of a remote and dissimilar past or of a special dispensation . In the pages of the New Testament , too , the heal ing touch for the sick , the rescue of the possessed , the experiences of the first Eastertide on the way to

Emmaus or on the Galilean beach , the testimony of the five hundred brethren at once the sudden con version on the Damascus road—such records are indeed worthier of all men to be believed because they are no longer relegated to a far- off age of miracles but are repeated and ex em p lifi e d in the phenomena o f modern research .

Apart , however , from the question of historical interest , is it too much to h0pe that we may sooner or later succeed in controlli n g and uti lizing t o a vastly greater degree than at present those new forces which our researches [ 85 ] APOLLONIUS

have brought to light Mr H . G . Wells , in a prophetic page of Wh en th e S leeper Aw akes pictures a Harley Street of the future occupied by the consulting rooms of telepathic specialists , and there can be little doubt that the valuable work even now accomp lished in cases of nervous derangements and mental pathology by suggestion , hyp n oti c or otherwise , is capable of still further exp ansion as fuller informa tion accumulates and earlier prejudices subside . The employment of suggestion in the education of the young is a field at p resent almost unexp lored , although suggestion is so obvious a factor in the

endless imitation of childhood . The increased application of psycho analytic methods m ay in the future not only relieve to an infinitely greater extent the maladies and distresses of rev olu the ordinary individual , but ti on i ze our attitude towards the [ 86] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

criminal . Just as the treatment of hysteria has already advance d far beyond the beatin gs and cold douches ’ o u r o ur of grandparents days , so do methods o f handling the c ri rn i n a become ever more curative than p enal ; nor is it p robable that fifty years hence civilized nations will still regard the rope or the electric chair as the only possible fate even for the murderer . In another direction psychical re search may stretch out a helping hand t o reinvigorate the failing forces of religion The structure of organized

Christianity to - day exhibits all the signs of gradual but inevitable decay . Even of those who may be willing to render lip - service to the formulae of orthodoxy few ever enter a church or chapel . The forces of Christianity appear to exercise little control over domestic politics , and none at all over the international conduct of the nations , [ 87 ] APOLLONIUS which so often displays a complete contempt for the p recepts of either

religion or morality . While the organized religion of Christ has still a message for the individual and can still guide His faithful followers in li fe and cheer them in the hour of death , the despair ing cry of the Saxon chronicler might well be uttered over the masses of Christian mankind

- to day : Christ and His saints sleep .

Faced with such hard facts , thoughtful men are beginning to reali ze that some reconsideration and restatement of the

Christian p osition is inevitable . In su ch enterprise valu able data would be p rovided by the results of scientific psychical research . One of our best known psychologists has indeed gone so far as to declare that no other power than p sychic research can hop e to arrest the advancing forces of material ism . The acceptance of the fact that

[ 88 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH communica tions and influences can reach us which are manifestly not the product o f human minds nor conveyed through the ordinary channels of sense would stultify any a p ri ori denial of the possibility of that spiritual com munion which is an essential feature o f religion .

In the second place , psychical research o f is , in the view many , already able t o endow with a measure o f precision and certainty those vague and t rem u louS promises of a future life which are

‘ f n o fered by the Churches . Ow i g t o the rapid deca y o f religious forces in the western world this vital doctrine of a personal survival has for the vast maj ority even o f s o - called Christians lost any real Sign ificance . In answer t o the query D o you desire a future li fe whatever the conditions may be ? which appeared in a questionnaire circulated by the American Branch o f

[ 89 ] APOLLONIUS

P R . 1 00 the S . . in 9 , the noes num 8 o f bered no less than 7 per cent . the — total replies received (33 2 1 ) many taking the form of not at all not in the least never think about it And although the results o f an investigation within such narrow limits cannot be regarded as decisive , it is probable that the note of scepticism or indifference which runs th rough the maj ority o f the replies reflects t o a large extent the attitude towards a per sonal survival adopted by the average man or woman of the present day . Against the advancing tide of um belief or indifference the modern presentation of religion seems wellnigh helpless . Nevertheless , if this Spirit of blank negation or complete indifference continues to make headway , it is difficult t o see how either moral or religious sanctions can retain their i authority . If annih lation be our fate , any moral guidance of the Universe [ 90 ]

APOLLONIUS phenomena indicate the existence of l discarnate intel igences .

(2) Telepathy proves that thought can be conveyed apart from the ordinary channels of sense , and , if telepathy be accepted as the cause of ap paritions of the living , it would seem that the dead whose p hantasmal forms appear to us are also capable of volition . The apparition (seen simultaneously by two witnesses) of a dead mother bending over the cot of her dying child with a look of infinite love and tenderness is deeply significant . Of even greater evidential value are the well - attested accounts of apparitions seen by dying children or their young brothers and sisters who were present at the deathbed .

(3) Many of the communications which reach us from tried and tested mediums , like Mrs Piper , appear to [ 92 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH

t o be what they claim be , actual messages from deceased persons .

(4) It is virtually impossible t o attribute some of the cross - corres ’ R S . F. pondences recorded by the . to any other agency but the conscious and detailed activity of a discarnate personality .

o ur And so patient work continues . The men and women w h o forty years ago served faithfully as the pioneers of modern psychical research have nearly a ll passed away . There can be little doubt that they had pitched their hopes too high . So deep was the devotion inspired by these new labours , so large the mass of facts offered by a veritable cloud of contempo rary witnesses , that leaders like Myers and Sidgwick and Gurney hope d with con fi den c e tha t i n their ow n days the [ 93 ] APOLLONIUS compelli ng force of the facts they had gathered would bring intellectual con v i c ti on and change the whole outlook of mankind . Such clear certainty came to few men in the ranks of these pioneers themselves and most of them di ed seeing the promises from afar but not having attained unto them But fresh recruits have filled the gaps o ur o f in line , fresh channels research have been opened up , and fresh facts recorded modern science tends rather t o clear our path than to close it , and the light of that earlier hope still Shines im brightly . Amid the l itless possi — bili ti es o f the next fifty years great

- developments in surgery , bio chemistry , —i t television , lighting , and transport may be that not the least of the dis c ov eri es which glorify the new age wi ll come from the scientific results of l psychical research . Hard y as yet sa id William James a year before he h as of died , the surface the facts [ 94 ] PSYCHICAL RESEARCH called psychi c begun t o be scratched for scientific purposes It is through

following these facts , I am persuaded that the greates t scientific conquests of the coming generation will be hi Kuhn i s t da s ti n . he ac eved M , he rrli c h der L oh n

[ 95 ]

TO - D AY AN D TO M O RROW

Ea c h all 8 00 boa rds n et , t , ,

o s THIS series of bo k , by some of the i ti i e i i most d s ngu sh d Eng l sh th nkers , i i il i i sc ent sts , p h osop hers , doctors , cr t cs , an d i w as a t e n i art sts , once r cog zed as a noteworthy event Written from i u i s o n e o u var o s p o nt of view , b ok freq ently i a u a op p os ng the rg ment of nother , they p rovi de the re a de r with a sti mul a tin g survey of the most mode rn thought i n an i al m y dep artme nts of l fe . Sever vol umes are devoted to the future tre nd i li a i as a of C vi z tion , conce ved whole ; whi le others de al wi th p arti cul ar p ro i i e i v nces . It i s nteres ti ng to s e n these a i m i ue a t a ri ne t l ttle volu es , ss d low p ce , e v i a a i a u th e the r v l of form of l ter t re , a i h as e i n i u f or P mp hlet , wh ch b en d s se a m ny years .

Publi s h ed by

KEG L RE TR B O L TD . U U N ER C . AN PA , T NCH , ,

B - 4 r a w a u e 68 74 a r e r L a e L E . C . o d y Ho s ; C t n , ondon, . TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

FROM THE RE VIEWS

Ti m e s L i te ra ry S upp lem en t : An e nte rtai n i ng ” e r1 e s s . S ec ta tor S c i i ll a i m ra p nt t ng onog phs . Obs erv er : The re se e m s no rea son w h y t h e bri lli ant T0 - da y a n d To - m orrow Se ri e s should

m e a n e n d f o r a e ur - m rr w co to c nt y of to o o s . At fi rst i t se e m e d i m possi ble f o r t h e pu bli she rs e e u t h e r r u a e lum e to k p p spo t th o gh doz n vo s , b u t t h e se ri e s alre a dy r u ns to m ore tha n t w o c re A r e m a rka ble e ri e s o . s s N a ti on : We a re a ble to pe e r i nto th e f uture by m e a ns of tha t bri lli ant se ri e s [w hi c h] w i ll c onsti tu te a —pre c i ou s doc um e nt u pon t h e re e i m e T S Eu o r . p s nt t . . . M a n c h e s ter Di s p a tc h Th e m ore o n e re a ds of e e a m l e t h e m re a i e c m e t h e th s p ph ts , o v d b o s a e i e We e t h e li s i s e les pp t t . hop t nd s . Iri s h S ta tes m a n ull li e l c r e r F of v y ont ov sy . D a i ly Hera ld Th i s s e ri e s h as gi ve n us m a ny m ra ri lli a c e a n d i e r m e onog phs of b n d sc n nt . Th e styli sti c e xcell e nces of thi s provoc a ti ve e ri e s s . Fi eld : W e ha ve long de si re d to e xpre ss t h e de e p a dm i rati on fe lt by e ve ry thi nki ng s c hola r a n d w orke r a t t h e pres e nt d a y f o r thi s We m u a r i u e t h e i se ri es . st p y t b t to h gh sta nda rd of thought a n d e xpres si on the y

ai m a i - a u e re l e m ai . t nt n As s ll g ft books , st y y re i l r u c e e re m a i u e u alle p tt y p od d , th y n n q d e i r i We c an i e b ut t h e ri e e of th k nd . g v b f st u e i e i r alu e t h e u e s gg st ons of th v to st d nt ,

t h e li i c i a a n d t h e e r . po t n , vot j a p a n Ch ron i c le Whi le c he ap prophe c y i s a u i le i w i m c i la r e l 1 n l f t th ng , sdo ons sts g y ook n rw a r c e u e c e i s i a i g fo d to ons q n s . It th s th t ” c i e ra le i e re m a kes the se books of ons d b nt st . N ew York World : Holds t h e palm i n t h e S pe c ula ti ve a n d i nte rp re ta ti ve thou ght of t h e a e g . [ 2 ]

TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

T a n t a u s u ur Man l , or the F t e of . By

L L E D . Sc . . e F . C S SCHI R , F llow of u ri i S ec on d Corp s Ch st College , Oxford . m res s i n i p o . “ e a re a ll a eda lu s c a ru s a n d Th y ( D , I , a n ta lu s ri lli an l c le e r a n d e u le T ) b t y v , th y s pp ” m e o r rre o n e a e r - ea n In e i n nt co ct noth . D g , n i n s t m m e e l alu a le an d Mor g Po . I ns y v b ” “ i i e l re a a e - a i l ew s Th e nfin t y d bl . D y N . ” — th e w e e S ec ta tor . book of k . p

a s s a n d r th e u u C a , or F t re of the Bri ti sh

i r . . . L L E Em e . D . S c . By F C S SCHI R , e c—om m e nd i t to t h e c om pla c e nt of a ll ar i e S a tu rda Revi ew . Th e i p t s . y book s m all bu t e r e r w e i ri i a l s , v y , v y ghty ; b ll nt y w ri e i t u be re a all a e tt n , o ght to d by sh d s of ” — li i c i a an d u e li i Yor k po t ns st d nts of po t cs . hi s t Y e t a e r a i i a s re Po . noth dd t on to th t ! — ri c e a i am hl e S ec ta tor b ght onst ll t on of p p ts . p .

u o Va di m u s ? th e ure ! Glimp ses of Fut . E By E . E . FOURNI R ” i um th e M t c e e e . of S l n , oon Element , w e r u V i i t h e u ure A ond f l s on of —f t . A book a w i ll b e al e a u a i l ra hi c th t t k d bo t . D y G p . A re m a rka ble contri bu ti on to a re m arka ble ” e ri e — a n c he s ter i s a tc h e re i s s . M D p . Int st ng ” d i lar la u i e — a i a h an u D l ele r . s ng ly p s bl . y T g p

h u u M a Th r a s m a c s u o . y , the F t re of r ls “ E M a u By C . . . JOAD , thor of The ” i a n t S ec on d i m res s i on . a W rre e c . B bb tt , p ”— Hi s r a i e ra hi c p ovoc t v book . p . G ” Wri e i n a e eli e ra e ri lli a c e tt n styl of d b t b n . — i e le m en t u e Ti m e s L t ra ry S u pp . As o tspok n a n d u ne qui voc al a contri bu ti on as could w e ll b e m a i e E e e re a e r w h o i e i g n d . v n thos d s d ss nt w i ll be force d to re cogni ze t h e a dm i ra ble a hi h e a e h i s a e cl ri ty w i th w ch st t s c s . A book ”— a w i ll ar e a i l hron i c le . th t st tl . D y C [ 4 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

’ L s i s t r a t a a u u a y , or Wom n s F t re n d

u u e a . Y M F t r Wom n By ANTHON . a e e LUDOVICI , uthor of A D fenc of S d I a ec on m res s i on . Aristocr cy , etc . p m ula V lu m e w u A sti ti ng book . o s o ld be ee e e a i n t h e u ll e hi s w r ro n d d to d l , f n ss o k p ” e w i all t h e r le m s rai e - S u n da vok s , th ob s d . y p ” s Pro - e m i n i e b ut a i - e m i i i m e . i T f n , nt f n st c .

i i a m m - c ts m a n . u r e e S—o F ll of b ll nt co on s ns . Obs erver .

i a a a n d K Hyp a t , or Wom n nowledge . By E R EL L a MRS B RT AN D RUSS . Wi th h rd i m i i T i res s i on . front sp ece . p a w e r L si stra ta a i a e An ns to y . A p ss on t ” i i a i th e ri w m e v nd c t on of ghts of o n . “ a ua rdi a n S a a u m e r M n c hes ter G . ys n b of thi n gs tha t se nsi ble w om e n ha ve be e n w a nti ng li c a i o r a i m e — a a u f . i l er ld p b ly s d long t D y H .

He h a e s u s u Ma i p t , the So l of the ch ne . ’ E L B D E . Sc . By E . E . FOURNI R D A , A w orthy contri bu ti on to thi s i nte re sti ng

e ri e e i u a n d u - r i s s . A d l ghtf l tho ght p ovok ng e a —B i rm i n ha m o s t e re i s a ss y . g P . Th spe c i a l ple a su re i n m e e ti ng w i th a book li ke He h a es tu s Th e a u r h a s t h e m e ri re all p . tho t of y u e r a i w a h e i s al i a u —nd st nd ng h t t k ng bo t . n n e e e i l e e r E gi n eeri g . An xc d ng y cl v ” ’ a i r —A c hi t c u e e e m e . r e ts rn a l d f nc of ch n y j o . Th e P a s s i n g o f t h e P h a n to m s a Study u i a n of Evol t onary Psychology d Morals . E e a By C . J . PATT N , Prof ssor of An tomy , i i v i f e . i a She f eld Un rs ty W th 4 Pl tes . R e a e r a eda lu s c a ru s a n d a n ta lu s d s of D , I T , w i ll be gra te ful f o r a n exc e ll e nt pre se nta ti on e a e r i i e w —Yo rks hi re of y t noth po nt of v . ” i ri an d ra i i e os t . P . Th s b ght b c ng l ttl book d re i a n d ri i a L a r ui e . t e —i ter y G In st ng o g n l . Medi c a l Ti m es . [ 5 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

Th e M o n gol i n o u r M i d s t : a Study of Ma n a n d h i s e a Thr e F ces . By F . G . M D i 2 8 CROOKSHANK , . W th S d Ed i d a e . ec on i t on revi s e Pl t s , . ri lli a i e c e e a e i uc i A b nt p of sp cul ti v nd t on . —S a tu rda Revi ew e re m e l i e re y . An xt y nt st i n a n d u e i e w i c w i re w ar g s gg st v book , h h ll d ” a re ul re a i - S u n da i m e s Th e c f d ng . y T . ! i c ure c a rr e ar ul c i i — a i l p t s y f f onv ct on . D y

Th e C o n u e s t o C a n c f e r . . . q By H . W S M i G S . F u WRI HT , . , . R . C . S Introd ct on

by F . G . CROOKSHANK , M . D . Em i e l ui a le o e e ra l re a i n nt y s t b f r g n d ng . Th e r le m i s ai rl a n d lu c i re e e p ob f y dly p s nt d . ’ On e m e ri t of Mr W ri ght s pla n i s tha t h e tells e le w a i n hi s u m e e c an e p op h t , —j dg nt , th y b st h ere a n d n o w r m t h e n troduc ti on . do , . F o I

P m i o n u u a th e . yg l , or Doctor of the F t re M L M E N . . By R . C AIR WI SON , D r Wi lson h a s a dde d a brilli a nt e ssa y ”— i e ri e i m es L i tera r S u lem en t . to th s s s . T y pp i i s a e r i le b u t e re i s m uc Th s v y l tt book , th h ” Wi m i n - a N o i t E ven i n S ta n d rd . sdo . g doctor w orth hi s salt w ould ve ntu re to s ay tha t Wi l ”— d D r w a s a i l era l . son w rong . D y H Pr o m e h e u s an d Ad t , or Biology the a e Man E G v ncem nt of . By H . S . J NNIN S , e Of ! Ho n s Prof ssor oology , Johns k i Un ve rsi ty . Thi s volu m e i s o n e of t h e m ost re m arka ble a h a n e e r ai l th t as ye t ppe are d i thi s se ri s . C t n y t h e i nform a ti on i t c ontai ns w i ll be n e w to m ost e u a e la m e i s e e i a a i c u i d c t d y n . It ss nt lly d s ss on e re i an d e i r m e a n d i t of h d ty nv on nt , c le arly e sta bli she s t h e fa ct tha t t h e cu rre nt u s e of the se t e rm s h a s no sci e nti fic “— us ti fi c a ti o n i m es L i tera r S u le m en t . j . T y pp “ — e e e i l ri i a N ew L ea der . An xc d ng y b ll nt book . [ 6]

TO - DAY AND TO - MO RROW

Pa r i s th e u ure War a ai n , or F t of . By C p t D EL L B . H . LID HART . A c o m pa ni on volum e to Calli n i c u s A e m i n u i —g of c lose th nki ng a d ded ct on . 0beerv er A e w r c ri u i . not o thy ont b t on to a pr oble m of conc e rn to e ve ry ci ti ze n i n th i s ” u — i l h r n i c le e re i s m e c tr . a o o n y D y C . Th so li ve ly thi nki ng a bou t t h e future of w ar i n P a ri s u a e i s e t i e - w i re , j st dd d to th s of l v ” a m le b i u e M a n c he ster p ph ts on g s bj cts . ua rdi a n G .

Wi re le s s s i b i i ti s e r P o s l e . By Prof sso L i h i a a . M ow m . A . . W t 4 d gr s As m i ght be e xpecte d from a n i nve ntor w h o i s a lw a ys so fr esh h e h as m a ny i nter — d e i t i sa Even i n S ta n da r . st ng h ngs to y . g Th e m a ntle of B la ke h as fa lle n u pon th e i c i t e m w e fo r i i an d phys s s . To th look v s ons , ” fi n d i n i — s m a n w e e m N ew Sta te . th th s book .

Pe r s e u s a S c o r ‘r of Dr gons . By H . F .

E i 2 i u a i . STOK S . W th ll str t ons

- A i e r i i le u i ea . d v t ng l tt book , chock f ll of d s ’ Mr S toke s dra gon - lore i s both qu a in t a n d ! ari u - or n i n oe Ve r a m u i l v o s . M g P t . y s ng y w ri e an d a m i e u ri u w le e for tt n , n of c o s kno dg w hi ch th e di sc erni ng re a d e r w i ll find m a ny

- u e . Gla e ow era ld s s g H .

L c ur us u u L aw y g , or the F t re of . By Y E au i E . S . P . HA N S , thor of Concern ng i i ” e tc . l , So“ c tors i e re a n d e l w ri e An nt sti ng conci s y tt n book . - Yo rkc hi re s t He r u e lare t a Po . o ndly d c s h t Engli sh cri m i nal la w i s a ble nd of barbari c i le e m e i e a l re u i e an d m e r v o nc , d v p j d c s , od n a la i e A u m a e an d i e i u f l c s . h n consc nt o s i v e ti a i Weekl A u n s g t on . y . tho ght f u l —e e a i —L a w book d s rve s care ful re d ng . i m e T s . [ 8 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW f Eu e r e th e u e O . t p , or F tur Art By EL Mc COLVIN a u LION R . , thor of The

- e i The ory of Book Sel ct on . i u e ri e l b ut e r u es i e D sc ss s b f y , v y s gg t v ly , th e proble m of th e future of art i n re la ti on to ” - th e u i S a tu rda Revi e w . e r p bl c . y Anoth i ndi ctm e nt of m ac hi ne ry a s a soul - de stroye r Mr Colvi n h as th e cou ra ge to su gge st —We s tm i n s ter a e hi i s lu i ett . so t ons . G z T s ” al e e r a m u - e e e - N ew tog th ch n d d book .

L ea der .

P e a s u s e s . g , or Probl ms of Tran p ort L L E au By Colonel J . F . C . FU R , thor of i ” i a War . The Reform t on of , etc W th

8 Pla te s . Th e fore m ost m i li ta ry prophe t of t h e da y pro pou nds a sol uti on f o r i nd ustri al a n d u e m m e r le m i s a e a n ploy nt p ob s . It bold ss y a n d calls f o r t h e a tte nti on of a ll con e r e w i i m e ri a r e m — a i l c n d th p l p obl s . D y l a h ra c i m e l i e r e e r . a i e r T g p P t c l , t y , v y nt

e i an d er i m r a - L o e . S t . st ng v y po t nt J . S ra e i n S ec ta tor t ch y, p . t a n i s e i a an u e A l t , or Am r c d the F tur . L LE By Colonel J . F . C . FU R . n i — a a i a d au 0bs erve r . C nd d c st c . M ny a r i a e e e ai a u m e ri c a h d th ngs h v b n s d bo t A , ” b u t f e w ui e i t e r an d a u i c as e e q t so b t c st th s . - a i l S ketc h He c an ure u i D y . conj p poss ” bi li ti e s a n e w a i — la ri on of Atl nt s . C . M i d a s th e i e a a n d , or Un t d St tes the

u u . E E a u F t re By C . H . BR TH RTON , thor

of The Rea l Ire land etc . m a i u m e la n ti s ul A co p n on vol to At . F l of astute Obse rva ti ons a n d a cu te re fle c ti ons i w i e a n d Wi a m e a r c a i th s s tty p phl t , p ovo t on t h e u a i s re a i e — orn i n to tho ght th t c t v . M g o s t u i n e e r a ra ra n e u P . A p nch v y p g ph . O co ld ’ - a r a s k f o r m re m e a S e c ta tor . h dly o t . p

[ 9 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

N u n t i u s i i a n d i t u u , or Advert s ng s F t re . L B E E L L By GI RT RUSS . Expre sse s t h e phi losophy of a dve rti si ng i n d ll —bs er r i u c e a w e O ve . s con s ly . It do bt f ul i f a m ore strai ghtforw a rd e xposi ti on of t h e pa rt a dve rti si ng pla ys i n o ur pu bli c a n d “ ri a e i e h a s e e w ri e — a n c h es ter p v t l f b n tt n . M ua rdi a n G . B i r t h C o n t r o l a n d t h e S t a t e : a Plea a n d a e a L E For c st . By . C . P . B ACK R , M C . . , M . A ” A e r are ul u m m ar i m es L i te ra r v y c f s y . T y S u le m en t e m e ra e a n d lar pp . A t p t scho ly surve y of t h e a rgu m e nts f o r a n d a gai nst th e ! e ura e m e h e ra c i c e i r c r l —nco g nt of t p t of b th ont o . L a n c et He w ri e lu c i m era e l . t s dly , od t y , a n d from w i de know le dge hi s book u n dou bte dly gi ve s a be tte r u nde rsta ndi n g of t h e u e a an e r ri e a c c u w e w s bj ct th n y oth b —f o nt kno . al u e a i c S a t u rda Revi e w . It so s gg sts pol y . y

O u r o r o s th e Me a i a e i ob , or ch n c l Ext ns on

Ma i E E . of nk nd . By GAR T GARR TT i ri i a a n d r e —Th s b ll nt p ovoki ng li ttl book . o bs erver i i a a n d u u l . A s gn fic nt tho ghtf e a c al u la e i n a r m a e o u r fl e ss y, c t d p ts to k sh ”— Mr re e S e c ta tor ri l i a w ri e r . c p . p . A b l nt t , a rre i s a re m a r a le m a n He e la i G tt k b . xp ns som e thi ng of t h e e norm ou s c hange t h e m a chine ” h as m a e i n li e - a i l E x s res . d f . D y p f i r t i e u u a h . A x , or the F t re of Craftsm ns p L G a u o f i m By JOHN G OA , thor T e ,

a e an d u i u . T st , F rn t re An a ble a n d i nte re sti ng s u m m ary of t h e hi r ra m a hi i n t h e a a i re sto y of c fts ns p p st, d ct ri i c i m t h e re e an d a t t h e e n d h i s c t s of p s nt , ’ e f o r t h e u u re Mr Glo a s re al c on hop s f t . g tri buti o n to t h e future of c raftsm a nshi p i s ! h i s i e r di scussi on of th e u se s of m a ch n y . - i m e s L i t a u lem n t T er ry S pp e . I O ]

TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

L u c ul us f l , or the Food O the Future . By L G L EY MRS E L a n d . L YE O A HART C F . , ’ a u thors of The Gentle Art of Cookery . Th i s i s a cle ve r a n d w i tty li ttle volu m e i n an e e r ai i e ri es a n d i t m a e e c a nt t n ng s , k s n h nt i n r a i — e i m es L i tera r S u le m en t . g d ng . T y pp O pe ns w i th a bri lli a nt pi ctu re of m ode rn

m an i i i n a a u um - c le a e e a m , l v ng v c n d , st

e a e re i - ur i e u ur an m a i h t d , c d t f n sh d s b —b ns on w i th a w olf i n t h e ba se m e nt t h e w olf of ” u e r h i a u e e i ra m h ng . T s b nq t of p g s . S ec ta tor p . P r o c r u s te s i h , or the Fu tur e of Engl s u i E a M L . Ed c t on . By . A D RTON PINK U —ndoubte dly h e m ake s o u t a very good a e . a i l era ld hi i e re i c s D y H . T s nt st ng a i i t h e e ri e —i m es Educ a ti on a l dd t on to s s . T S u le m e n t e b e alle i an d p p . Int nds to ch ng ng u c e e i n e i Al l re a er w i ll s c ds b ng so . fit d s find ” i t i m u a i n — orth ern E c h o st l t g . N .

Th e u t u r e o f t i m F Fu u r s . By JOHN ROD K ER .

M r R o dke r i s u - - th e - m i u e an d h e . p to n t , h as a m li e a i e ra le e a i n w ri i cco p sh d cons d b f t t ng , u a a u e u e 9 2 e re m e l i e r on s ch v g s bj ct , xt y nt ” e i a n a ti on e S Eli i . st ng p g s . T . . ot , N The re a re a good m any thi ngs i n thi s book w i a re Of i e re i m e s L i terar h ch nt st . T y S u le m en t p p . P o m o n a u i , or the F ture of Engl sh . By L D E EL a u BASI S INCOURT , thor of The i e e e t c Engl sh S cr t . Th e future of Engli sh i s i scusse d fully d ” a n d w i a i a i i e re —orn i n th f sc n t ng nt st . M g

o s t Has a re re i ai r t h e u e e c e . P . f sh ng of n xp t d r Full of Wi se thou ghts a n d ha ppy w o ds . — m e a le m n e re i s Ti e s L i t r ry S upp e t . H u e i e u ui e di fl e re n t r m s gg st v tho ght, q t f o m ost spe cula ti ons on t h e de sti ny of o ur ” l a a — E duc a i o n u e ourn a l o t . ng g . j f [ 1 2 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

B alb u s u hi u e , or the F ture of Arc tect r . i Th e By CHRISTIAN BARMAN , ed tor of ' Archi tect s Journal A re a lly bri lli a nt a ddi ti on to thi s a lre a dy i i ui e e ri e Th e re a i B a lbus d st ng sh d s s . d ng of w il l i e m u a a f o r i e lli e r e g v ch d t nt g nt p oph cy , a n d i i e a l a n ur o r e e lle nc d nt ly, ho so of xc nt i m e — e e r a . ec ta tor re ad a e nt t n nt S p . Most bl a n d re a a le We c an re c m m e i t son b . o nd ” w a rm l - N ew S ta te s m a n is i ri ui n y . . Th nt g g i le ” on n oi s s eu r l tt book . C . J US T P UBLIS HED A e lla u u p , or th e F t re of th e Jew s . By L Y E EWE A ! UARTE R R VI R . e e a u e re i a n d a m a i Cog nt , b c s of b v ty gn fi c e n t r e le i w i o u r u i e p os sty , th s book ns q t rai e i s a fi n e a m le a i t h e p s . It p ph t , dd ng to ! al u e e ri n d be m i e t h e e a ul . v of s s , sho d not ss d —S ec a tor a le a i i i s p t . A not b dd t on to th e c e lle e ri e Hi s a r u m e a re a r a x nt s s . g nts p ovoc i r u i ul i i — orn i n o s t t on to f tf th nk ng . M g P . ’ T h e a n c e o f i a i n i n d D Gv . or L fe s U ty a

. L L Rh ythm By CO UM . h as u a e a n d u i n i t Th e It s bst nc tho ght . a u thor i s ve ry m u c h a li ve a n d re sponsi ve to t h e m ove m e nts of to - d a y w hi c h s e e k to u ni te t h e e u E a a n d We an d di s b st tho ght of st st , cuss e s Mussoli ni a n d J a ga di s B ose w i th i a c i — ec a tor e r c S t . p sp ty . p a r P o r e n a u u Sw ean n L s s , or th e F t re of g B ERT an d Improp e r Lan guage . By RO A E GR V S . — a m u i i le D ai l i rr or . An s ng l tt book . y M r a Mr It i s to thi s su bj e ct [of sw e a i ng] th t . G ra ve s bri ngs m uc h e ru di ti on a n d not a li ttle ’ ' — W ekl N ot f o r i r o h n O L on don s e . ony . ] y ” u re a de r 4 ecta tor o u t sq e a m i sh s . p . Too e Th e w ri e r a i l e r e a r t h e w i spok n . t s s v y n nd , b ut all t h e sa m e h as som e sou nd constru cti ve

- M n h a tc h a a c es ter Di s . thi ngs to s y . p [ I 3 ] TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

S oc r at e s th e a i f Man , or Em nc pation o L LL ki nd . By H . F . CAR I . S e o ut t h e n e w i e w t h e a u re m an ts v of n t of , w i t h e re m e r c l to h ch t nd of od n psy ho ogy , a r l a n d e lu i a r e r h as nth opo ogy , vo t on y th o y le d S w t h e i m r a c e u e c e , ho s po t nt ons q n s to hu m a n be ha vi ou r a n d e fli c i e n c y w hi c h a re u ll w a n d m ai a i a m a n i s bo nd to fo o , nt ns th t a t last c onsc i ou s Of h i s pow e r to control hi s i l i a l e ri a e b o og c i nh t nc .

D e h o s u lp , or the Fut re of Interna ti onal

n ua e . YL H La g g By E . S VIA PANK URST. An i nq ui r y i nto t h e possi bi li ty of a m e di um

i e r - c m m u i c a i a u i i a r t h e of nt o n t on , x l y to m e r u e u r e a a e m oth tong s . A s v y of p st tt pts from t h e si xte e nth c e ntu r y to t h e pr es e nt d a r e c t h e c m i i e r y . A p oph y of o ng nt la ua e i ts r m i t s c i al a n d c ul u ra l ng g , fo , so t u i li a n d u e e w rl e a c e i ts i fl . t ty, n nc on o d p

i o a G a i . ll , or th e Tyr nny of Sc ence By N L L au . W . . SU IVAN , thor of A J ” Hi story of Ma thema ti cs . Is t h e sc i e nti fic u ni ve rse t h e re al u ni ve rse ? Wha t Is t h e cha ra c te r of t h e u ni ve rse re ve ale d by m ode rn sc i e n c e ? Are val ue s i nhe re nt i n re ali ty ? Wha t i s t h e fu nc ti on of t h e a rts ? a i i a w e ri e e u e i t h e In dd t on to ns ng th s q st ons , a uthor a tta cks t h e noti on tha t s c i e n c e i s m a e ri a li i t st c .

A o o n i u r u u i a p ll s . O the F t re of Psych c l

N . E E u a E . Rese rch . By B NN TT, a thor ”

Vill a i . of Problems of ge L fe , etc An a tte m pt to su m m ari ze t h e re su lts se c u re d by t h e S c i e nti fic tre atm e nt of psyc hi c al phe no m e a re c as t h e u u re e e l m e n , to fo t f t d v op nts of u c r e e a r c a n d a w e r t h e a m i li a r s h s h , to ns f q u esti on Wha t Is t h e good of i t a ll ? [ I 4 ]

TO - DAY AND TO - MORROW

S t e n t o r u u h , or the F t re of t e Press . By

DAVID OCKHAM . S how s h ow si nce th e War t h e cont rol of t h e Press h as pass e d i nto t h e ha nds of onl y fi v e m e n Th e la w i s w e rle e e i f w i i e c po ss , v n ll ng , to ch k i u i a i o w a i e e e th s j st fic t on . N th t nd p nd nt r a i i a re a lm e li mi a e t h e o g ns of op n on ost n t d , a u thor di sc usse s t h e d a nge r to t h e c om m u ni ty u nle ss t h e Pu bli c i s m a de a w a re of t h e pe rsonal i i e an d i i e e i t h e ru t s pol c s b h nd T sts .

IN PREPARATION

Th e utu re of In di a . L E F By T . EAR EL B Y W . An a nalysi s of th e spi ri tu a l a n d pol i ti c a l futu re of 32 0 m i lli on pe rsons i n th e l i ght of re e e e c i e p s nt t nd n s .

M c u r i u s i . e r , or the World on W ngs P L E By C . THOM SON WA K R . A pi c ture of t h e ai r - vehi c le a n d t h e a i r - port

- m rr w an d t h e i fl u e e ai r ra w i ll of to o o , n nc c ft r e h a ve on o u li v s .

u f i m E T h e F tur e o F l s . By ERN ST E B TTS .

u c a n a u —D a an d V l , or L bo r To y To

r E L L . Mor ow. By C CI CHISHO M

[ I 6]