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La Ciencia Del Médium Las Investigaciones Psíquicas En España (1888-1931)

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La Ciencia Del Médium Las Investigaciones Psíquicas En España (1888-1931) La ciencia del médium Las investigaciones psíquicas en España (1888-1931) Autora: Andrea Graus Ferrer Directora: Annette Mülberger Rogele Tesis doctoral Barcelona, Diciembre 2014 Programa de Doctorado en Historia de la Ciencia Centre d’Història de la Ciència, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona A la Flora, el Cesc i l’Alba Índice Índice de figuras……………………………………………………………IV Principales archivos consultados……………………………………….…. V Resumen…………………………………………………………………..VI Abstract……………………………………………………………………VIII Agraïments…………………………………………………………………X Introducción………………………………………………………………1 La ciencia del médium………………………………………………………4 Historiografías de la (pseudo)ciencia………………………………………..11 Niveles de análisis…………………………………………………………...19 La mediumnidad psicológica…………………………………………20 La objetivación de los fenómenos mediúmnicos……………………..22 La demarcación científica de las investigaciones psíquicas……………25 Cuestiones metodológicas………………………………………………….29 Resumen de los capítulos……………………………………………………33 I. Mediumnidad y sonambulismo Manuel Otero Acevedo y Eusapia Palladino (1888-1895)……………….35 El desafío que Lombroso rechazó………………………………………….42 Pruebas irrecusables, testimonios irrefutables…………………………………..49 Una prueba irrecusable: la fotografía espiritista………………………..50 Un testimonio irrefutable: Otero Acevedo……………………………56 Experiencias de sonambulismo clarividente………………………………..64 Mediumnidad, sonambulismo y materialismo………………………………71 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………77 I II. La patologización de la mediumnidad Victor Melcior y Teresa Esquius (1895-1905)……………………………80 La mediumnidad patológica…………………………………………………87 La Clínica Hidro-Magnética de caridad………………………………………93 Doble personalidad, doble cuerpo…………………………………………..98 El desdoblamiento de la personalidad………………………………..99 La exteriorización del doble………………………………………….103 Una médium bajo terapia hipnótica…………………………………………107 La mediumnidad terapéutica………………………………………………..110 Un médico espiritista: Dr. Bálsamo………………………………….113 Un médium curandero: Segundo Oliver……………………………..117 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………….122 III. Un laboratorio mediúmnico Josep Comas i Solà y Carmen Domínguez (1906-1914)………………….124 Se busca científico para legitimar el espiritismo……………………………..130 Comas: ¿el Flammarion catalán? …………………………………….136 Un laboratorio mediúmnico…………………………………………………139 La observación científica…………………………………………….141 Condiciones de control………………………………………………145 El médium como instrumento……………………………………….150 Autoridad científica y autoridad espiritista…………………………………..153 Leonor: ¿doble o espíritu?……………………………………………154 Desafiar a los médiums………………………………………………159 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………..162 II IV. La mediumnidad metapsíquica Humbert Torres y Marcelle Morel (1919-1931) …………………………165 La mediumnidad metapsíquica…………………………………………….173 Médiums y sensitivos………………………………………………..178 Los límites de la criptestesia…………………………………………180 Metapsíquica y espiritismo…………………………………………………184 El Instituto de Metapsiquismo de Barcelona……………………………186 La Sociedad Española de Estudios Metapsíquicos de Madrid………………190 Metapsíquica y psicología……………………………………………………194 Palmés y la revolución metapsíquica…………………………………198 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………….203 Conclusiones generales……………………………………………………206 ¿Médiums espiritistas o sujetos de investigación? .…………………………..207 ¿Expertos en investigaciones psíquicas? …………………………………….210 ¿Demarcar las investigaciones psíquicas del espiritismo? ……………………213 General conclusions…………………………………………………… 217 Spiritist mediums or study subjects? ……………………………………. 218 Experts on psychical research? ……………………………………………..221 Demarcating psychical research from spiritism? …………………………..224 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………..2 27 III Índice de figuras Figura 1. Otero Acevedo, M. (1892). “Fotografías seudo-espiritistas”. La ilustración artística, XI(529), p. 112. Figura 2. Otero Acevedo, M. (1893-95). Los espíritus (Vol. 2). Madrid: Revista Psicológica “La Irradiación”, p. 254. Figura 3. Melcior i Farré, V. (1904). Los estados subconscientes y las aberraciones de la personalidad. Barcelona: Carbonell y Esteva, pp. 308-307. Figura 4. Oliver, S. (1901a). A Mr. Bérillon. Luz y Unión, II(49), s.n. Figura 5. Fornaguera, J. (1908b). El espiritismo ante la ciencia. Sobre un juicio crítico publicado por el Sr. Comas y Solá en la revista “La Actualidad.” Orbi...!, 3(67), p. 20. Figura 6. Torres, H. (s.d.). Clasificación de la fenomenología supernormal. Documento de archivo, Fons Humbert Torres, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida. Figura 7. Anónimo (1925). Vista parcial del Sanatorio de la Institución Ballbé. La Luz del Porvenir, XIII(156), s.n. IV Principales archivos consultados Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona, Barcelona. Fons Humbert Torres, Biblioteca de la Universitat de Lleida, Lleida. Fondo Histórico, Biblioteca Central, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid. Institut Métapsychique International, París. Fonds Charles Richet, Bibliothèque de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine, París. Society for Psychical Research, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge. Frederic W. H. Myers Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge. William Crookes Papers, The Royal Institution, Londres. College for Psychic Studies, Londres V Resumen Esta tesis examina el desarrollo de las investigaciones psíquicas en España (1888- 1931) a través de cuatro casos de estudio que implicaron a un científico español y a una médium española o extranjera. La tesis muestra que en España no existió un movimiento institucionalizado en pos de las investigaciones psíquicas, por lo que la mayoría de iniciativas fueron emprendidas de forma individual, sobretodo por parte de médicos interesados por la psiquiatría y psicología modernas. Con el objetivo de traspasar la historia local, los casos de estudio se enmarcan en lo que la tesis considera como etapas y desafíos relevantes para las investigaciones psíquicas en el contexto internacional; especialmente el francés, el cual, según argumenta esta tesis, fue el más influyente en España, tanto dentro del espiritismo como en las investigaciones psíquicas. Para empezar, el caso del médico Manuel Otero Acevedo y la médium Eusapia Palladino (1888-1895) sirve para mostrar el papel de las pruebas y los testimonios en la legitimación de los fenómenos mediúmnicos dentro del ambiente positivista y materialista dominante en la ciencia del siglo XIX. Asimismo, apunta a la importancia de distinguir la mediumnidad del sonambulismo para demarcar el campo emergente de las investigaciones psíquicas. La tesis concluye que estos procesos contribuyeron a definir la mediumnidad como objeto de estudio científico y el médium como agente productor de los fenómenos. El caso del médico Victor Melcior y la médium Teresa Esquius (1895-1905) parte de la visión patológica de la mediumnidad, la cual predominó en buena parte de Europa y Estados Unidos hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial. En la tesis, la patologización de los médiums se entiende como una forma de apropiación de la mediumnidad espiritista por parte del ámbito médico-psicológico. La contraposición de esta visión con la concepción de la mediumnidad terapéutica, propia del espiritismo kardecista, permite constatar los apriorismos presentes en la patologización, así como el inconformismo de algunos líderes espiritistas españoles. Basándonos en los conflictos entre autoridades espiritistas y científicas, el caso del astrónomo Josep Comas i Solà y la médium Carmen Domínguez (1906- VI 1914) muestra los problemas que hallaron los investigadores a la hora de adaptar las sesiones con médiums a los contextos de laboratorio. Para ello, se analizan distintos problemas metodológicos: desde la dificultad de basarse en el método de la observación, hasta el problema de usar un instrumento científico humano como el médium. La tesis concluye que las autoridades científicas no gozaron de los mismos «derechos epistémicos» que las autoridades espiritistas. En la línea de definir a los expertos en investigaciones psíquicas, el caso del médico Humbert Torres y la médium Marcelle Morel (1919-1931) permite comprender el desarrollo de la «rama francesa» de este campo en España: la metapsíquica. La tesis muestra que el intento de definir una metapsíquica que no tuviera en cuenta la hipótesis espírita fracasó a nivel teórico e institucional. Para ello, se indaga en la institucionalización de la metapsíquica en España y el papel jugado por parte del movimiento espiritista. Asimismo, se analiza el porqué la metapsíquica fue percibida como una amenaza por parte de algunos psicólogos españoles interesados en legitimar la psicología experimental. En primer lugar, esta tesis concluye que los investigadores mencionados no lograron transformar las médiums en meros sujetos de investigación. Así, la distinción entre el sujeto de las investigaciones psíquicas y el médium espiritista siguió siendo muy vaga durante el período examinado (1888-1931). En segundo lugar, la tesis constata que los científicos estudiados confundieron el ser una autoridad científica con el ser un experto en investigaciones psíquicas. Asimismo, muestra que para reivindicarse como expertos se basaron en criterios sociales, como el tener contacto con autoridades extranjeras o el haber estudiado a los médiums más celebrados. Finalmente, la tesis afirma que ante la ausencia de un movimiento institucionalizado en pos de las investigaciones psíquicas, y ante la dificultad de hallar apoyos en el ámbito científico, el movimiento espiritista actuó como un aliado ocasional: publicó los trabajos de los investigadores y les proporcionó sujetos de investigación.
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