PART-A Background Information:

State Profile ORISSA A BACKGROUND INFORMATION – PROFILE OF ORISSA

CONTENTS

SL. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO. NO.

A.1 STATE PROFILE A ­ 4

A.1.1 Geographic Details A ­ 4

A.1.2 Demographic Details A ­ 9

A.1.3 Socio economic Profile A – 11

A.1.4 Administrative Divisons A – 16

A.1.5 Economy, Land Use pattern A – 17

A.1.6 Administrative Arrangement A – 23

A.1.7 Multi­Hazard Map A – 25

A.1.8 Hierarchy of Towns and Settlements A – 29

A.1.9 Economic indicators of the State A – 29

A.2 ECOLOGY

A.2.1 Location of Creek, Estuary, Lagoon, Island A – 30

A.2.2 Soil Type A – 32

A.2.3 Vegetation composition A – 35

A.2.4 Flora and Fauna A – 35

A.3 CYCLONE HAZARD, VULNERABILITY & RISK ASSESSMENT

A.3.1 Hazard Assessment A – 37

A.3.2 Vulnerability Assessment A – 58

A.3.3 Risk Assessment A – 63

A.4 EXISTING DISASTER MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

A.4.1 State DM Policy/ DM Act/ Institutional Framework A – 64

A.4.2 Financing of disaster management in the State A – 64

A.4.3 State DM Plans A – 65

A.4.4 Committees at different levels A – 65

A ­ 1 A.4.5 Mechanism for receiving Cyclone Early Warning A – 65

A.4.6 Warning dissemination protocols A – 66

A.4.7 Existing infrastructure for warning dissemination A – 66

A.4.8 Availability of Cyclone Shelters and other cyclone­resistant A – 67 buildings

A.4.9 Shelterbelt Plantations/ Mangroves and their impact on mitigating A – 67 cyclone risks

A.4.10 Other measures for cyclone risk mitigation A – 67

A.5 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES BEING TAKEN UP

A.5.1 Change of Orientation in relation to Disaster Management A – 69

A.5.2 On­going DM projects A – 70

A.5.3 Major initiatives for multi­hazard mitigation A –70

A.6 SECTORAL GAPS/ NEEDS AND PRIORITIES FOR CYCLONE RISK MITIGATION

A.6.1 Construction of Cyclone Shelters A – 77

A.6.2 Construction/ Renovation of Embankments and Canals A – 79

A.6.3 Shelterbelt Plantations and Regeneration of Mangroves A – 80

A.6.4 Connectivity to Cyclone Shelters and served villages A – 83

A.6.5 Multi­purpose Shelter cum Communication Buildings for Marine A – 84 Fishermen Communities

A.6.6 Documentation and IEC activities A – 86

A.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

A.7.1 Project Implementation Unit A – 88

A.7.2 State Steering Committee A – 88

A.7.3 Prioritization of Cyclone Risk Mitigation investment A – 89

A.7.4 Linkages with other sectoral area implementation untis A – 89

A.7.5 Third Party Quality Assurance and Monitoring A – 91

A.7.6 Environmental and Social Impact A – 92

A.7.7 Beneficiary Consultation Process A – 93

A.7.8 Sustainability A – 93

A.7.9 Project Monitroing A – 96

A ­ 2 A.8 PROJECT BUDGETS

A.8.1 Sectoral Budget Summary A – 97

A.8.2 Budgetary provision of the State Govt. A – 98

Annexure Annexure Details Ref. No. Page No.

A/01 Details of Damage due to natural calamities in the last 10 A – 54 years

A/02 PIU structure A – 88

A/03 Budget break­up for Monitoring of Project A – 97

A ­ 3 A.1 State Profile

A.1.1 Geographic details

Orissa extends from 17 o 49’N to 22 o 36’N latitude and from 81 o 36’ E to 87 o 18’E longitude on the eastern coast of India with an area of 155,707 Sq km. The state is broadly divided into four geographically regions viz. the northern plateau, central river basins, eastern hills and coastal plains. The northern plateau region comprises mainly, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Sundergarh districts. The central river basins lie between the northern plateau and eastern hills and include Bolangir, Sonepur, Sambalpur, Deogarh, Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Dhenkanal and Angul districts, and a part of Cuttack district. The eastern hills which constitute the last portion of the eastern ghats, lie to the south and southwest of central river basins stretching for about 250 km in northeast – southwest direction through the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Nawarangpur, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nuapara, Gajapati and a part of Ganjam district. The eastern hills are elevated and are generally 900 m above sea level. The coastal plains comprise mostly of Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, Puri, Khurdha, Nayagarh and a portion of Ganjam and Cuttack districts. The areas of the state north of latitude 20oN have elevation of up to 500m above sea level, in general and in the south western districts, they rise to 1500­1600m above sea level. INDIA ORISSA

A ­ 4 Climate: The climate of the state is characterized by hot summer and cold winter in the interior. The climate of the coastal region near the Bay of Bengal is moist equable. The State can be divided into ten agro­climatic zones on the basis of soil, weather and other relevant characteristics. Its land can be classified into three categories, low (25.6%), medium (33.6%) and up­lands (40.8%) with various types of soil like red, yellow, red­loamy, alluvial, coastal alluvial, laterite and black soil etc. with low and medium texture. Characteristics of different agro­climatic zones in Orissa are presented in Table 1. Table­1: Agro­climatic Zones in Orissa

The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season from December to February is followed by the pre­monsoon or hot weather season from March to May. The period from June to September constitutes the southwest monsoon season and the period of October and November is the post­monsoon season. During the period from December to February, generally low temperatures prevail over the state except in the coastal belt. In the hot weather season from March to May, weather is generally dry and uncomfortable in the interior, while due to lower temperatures, the plateau regions are, comparatively less uncomfortable. Weather tends to be oppressive during July due to high humidity and high temperature. The rest of the period of the monsoon is fairly comfortable due to reduced day temperatures, although humidity continues to be high.

A ­ 5 Districtwise Rain Fall average (2005)

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i i r k t r r r k h r h a a r a a i e h i h al a h a u am anj ndi gul r ar j pur pur ar ar pur put or ac ha dh an P t n s amal par r epu gar gar apa aj gud gpu gad al ang oud k j nj ang bh an ag A a ut a J u a a k B ora aha l ar ol r ar had eog ngh y uap dh ho on i s ur an al C G eo a K a B B G al B D s K y N ay S hen B K amb ar an K M a N R D at end und har S K M J K S aw ag N J Series1 Series2 District

Districtwise Rain Fall average (2006) 2500.0

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l i l i t i r l r r r r r r h k ti r a h h a a a r h i h e a n u i a r d u r r m u a r a u r u r r ck u u a a d h u g d d a g g n a r n p a a a p a p a o p p p a ja jp m jh d n u u h P l n n g d a a s g tta g p r g p e g h g a n a a n o r r g b a r ka ja a A a l h a o n u o a n a g r J l o h o a r a B b n ya h o a h o e lk a u n ya C l a e su d d K r d B e Ga a B B Ga r a yu m K S a D a N n B n K n a h tsi N a a a a K M R e u a w D S M K K S g Jh a a N J Actual Normal District

Districtwise Rain Fall average (2007)

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i l j i r r k h h a e a h h di ul r ur ur ut r r ur r r ar ur r r c at ak ur am p p o h a uda pur l j ada ngi udh ana j dha ngi P han t an ng ap ga ap ga a a o a b adr oga ghp aga apa anj A as ut hama apa or nep r J ug ng ag ba k aj B or ah ar ol h e u n h o u i al enk eon C G dr K al m dar ay B B G B al D K N ay S h B K a ars ara and K M ay N R D en un h S K M gats J K S aw a N J Series1 Series2 District

River and the Drainage System: All the rivers of Orissa are primarily peninsular rivers and have originated from (a) the Chhota Nagpur plateau in Bihar, (b) the Amarkantak plateau in Chattisgarh, or (c) the Eastern Ghats within Orissa. All these rivers are non­perennial in character.

The main rivers in the state include:

• Rivers originating from Chhota Nagpur plateau: These include Subarnarekha and Brahmani. While Subarnarekha’s stretch within Orissa

A ­ 6 is small, Brahmani and its tributaries form an important drainage sub­ system in Orissa.

• Rivers from the Amarkantak plateau: The Mahanadi and its tributaries (25 on the right bank and 2 on the left bank, more important among which are the Tel, the Jira and the Jhaun) form the largest drainage sub­ system on the central eastern coast of India. The Mahanadi is divided into a series of distributaries and sub­distributaries.

• Rivers originating in the Mahanadi delta: There are seven such rivers (the Samolia, the Gobari, the Prachi, the Kadua, the Dhanua, the Ratnachira and the Nuna).

• Rivers from Keonjhar: The Baitrani, which has a total length of 344 km, with the tributaries, such as the Deo and the Indrani, forms a major drainage sub­system in Orissa. A peculiar feature of Baitarani is that in its lower reaches, it drains into the distributaries of the Brahmani, and has a common mouth to the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra.

A ­ 7 • Rivers from the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats: These rivers include the Burhabalanga, the Salandi, the Rushikulya and several other smaller streams.

Tidal Sections of the Rivers: The tidal sections of rives and their distributaries are confined to the lower reaches of the rivers in the coastal plain. The tidal sections vary as per the shape of the river mouth, depth of the channel, and extension of the sand bars in the river mouths. The tidal channels vary from a maximum of 90 km in the case of Brahmani to a minimum of 5 km in the case of Baghuni from their respective mouths. The Mahanadi is tidal for about 35 km, whereas the Devi, a distributary of the Mahanadi is tidal for 45 km.

Coastline: The Orissa coast which is 480 km long and 10 – 100 km wide, forms a part of east coast of India, The coastal territory is drained by a number of rivers like Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Devi, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha Rushikulya and some other smaller ones. These rivers carry a large volume of sediments which have formed the above huge single delta. Hence the Orissa coast is under uninterrupted influence of freshwater flow and delta building processes. The coast line is in general oblique to the global wind system which generates strong littoral currents and represents one of the world’s largest littoral drift area, with 1 million cubic meters of drift at Paradip. The average spring tide in the Orissa coast varies from 1 m. to 4 m. The average significant wave height is within 2 mts. In the northern Orissa coast i.e. north of Dhamra coast, the tidal range increases and wave energy diminishes resulting in formation of mudflats. The brackish water coastal lagoon i.e. Chilika lagoon has been formed because of formation and growth of barrier spit from Paluru. The other important features of Orissa coast are mangroves, estuaries and other related sedimentary as well as sandy environments like sand dunes.

A ­ 8 A.1.2 Demographic details

As per 2001 census, Orissa has a total population of 3,67,06,920 (male­ 1,86,12,340, female­1,80,94,580), out of which 3,12,10,602 live in rural Orissa. The density of population per sq km is 236. Orissa has a sex ratio of 972 (Rural­ 986, Urban­895). The sex ratio of child population is 950 (Rural­ 954, Urban­927). The literacy rate is 63.61% (60.44 in rural areas and 80.95 in urban areas). The decadal growth rate is 15.94 as against 21.34% for all India, and indeed this has been the third lowest growth rate of population among the major Indian states, higher than only Kerala (9.42%) and Tamil Nadu (11.94%). This has occurred not because of a normal process of demographic transition (as in the case of Kerala and Tamil Nadu but due to a peculiar demographic regime, namely, a relatively faster decline in the birth rate from a relatively low level on the one hand and a relatively slower decline in the death rate from a relatively higher level on the other. Thus, particularly in comparison to the other low income states, Orissa’s birth rate has been much slower and it has declined the most between 1986­88 and 1996­98. On the other hand, the death rate of Orissa has declined much less than the other low income states compared to its relatively high level such that, by 1996­98, Orissa’s death rate has become very nearly the highest among the major states of India.

A ­ 9 Table ­2: District­wise demographic details of the programmed districts Sl. District Population Population decadal Sex ratio Population No. growth rate density per (1991­2001) sq.km 1 Balasore 2,024,508 19.33 953 532 2 Bhadrak 1,333,749 20.61 974 532 3 Jagatsinghpur 1,057,629 13.26 963 634 4 Kendrapara 1,302,005 13.27 1,014 492 5 Puri 1,502,682 15.12 968 432 6 Ganjam 3,160,635 16.88 998 385 7 Cuttack 2,341,094 14.02 938 595 8 Jajpur 1624341 17.18 972 560

A ­ 10 A.1.3 Socio­Economic profile

Nearly 85% of Orissa’s population (3,12,10,602) live in the rural areas and depend mostly on agriculture for their livelihood.

The State has abundant mineral resources including precious and semi­ precious stones. It has also plentiful water resources. Planned exploitation and optimum utilization of rich natural resources like mineral, land, water and others including human resources holds the key to rapid economic development of the State.

The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant prices of Orissa has increased from Rs.42,909 crore in 1999­00 to Rs.67675 crore (quick estimate) in 2006­07. Similarly, the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) commonly known as State Income increased from Rs.38200 crore in 1999­00 to Rs.59240 crore (quick estimate) in 2006­07 at 1999­00 prices. The per capita income at constant prices (1999­00) has been estimated at Rs.15,096.00 in 2006­07 against Rs. 10567.00 in 1999­00. However, during 2000­01, the per capita income at constant prices registered a decline to

A ­ 11 Rs.10,211.00 due to the impact of Super Cyclone of 1999. As against the Tenth Plan target growth rate of 6.2%, the growth rates during 2002­03 and 2003­04 were respectively 0.52 percent and 10.63 percent. The tables below show the details of growth from the year 1999­2000 to 2007­08. Table ­ 3: Gross State Domestic Product (1999­00 to 2007­08) (Rupees in Crore) Year Current Price Constant Price 1999­00 42909 42909 2000­01 43492 42422 2001­02 46946 45071 2002­03 50223 45046 2003­04 61422 51675 2004­05 71428 58192 2005­06 78535 61887 2006­07 91150 67675 2007­08 103303 73542 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa

Table ­ 4: Net State Domestic Product (1999­00 to 2007­08) (Rupees in Crore) Year Current Price Constant Price 1999­00 38200 38200 2000­01 38278 37395 2001­02 41065 39677 2002­03 44207 39657 2003­04 54047 45318 2004­05 62496 51086 2005­06 68295 54167 2006­07 79429 59240 2007­08 89867 64309 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa

A ­ 12 Gross State Domestic Product

120000

100000

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60000 n i

. s

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20000

0 1999­00 2000­01 2001­02 2002­03 2003­04 2004­05 2005­06 2006­07 2007­08 Rs. in Crores

Current Price Constant Price

Table ­ 5: Annual Growth (%) of NSDP (Rupees in Crore) Year Current Price Constant Price 1999­00 10.33 5.91 2000­01 0.21 ­2.11 2001­02 7.28 6.10 2002­03 7.65 ­0.05 2003­04 22.26 14.27 2004­05 15.63 12.73 2005­06 9.28 6.03 2006­07 16.30 9.37 2007­08 13.14 8.56 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa

A ­ 13 Table ­ 6: Per­capita Income (in Rs.) Orissa India Difference Constant Constant Constant Year Current Constant Current (1999­00) (1999­00) (1999­ Price Price Price Price Price 00) Price 1999­00 10567 10567 15881 15881 5314 5314 2000­01 10452 10211 16688 16172 6236 5961 2001­02 11075 10701 17782 16764 6707 6063 2002­03 11788 10575 18885 17101 7097 6526 2003­04 14252 11951 20895 18317 6643 6366 2004­05 16306 13329 23199 19325 6893 5996 2005­06 17610 13967 25956 20858 8346 6891 (P) 2006­07 20240 15096 29642 22553 9402 7457 (Q) 2007­08 22630 16195 33131 24256 10501 8061 (A) Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa

Education is an indispensable input for development of human resources. While the overall literacy rate in 1951 was 15.8%, it was only 4.5% among females. The overall literacy rate in Orissa has increased to 63.6% and that for males to 75.9% and that for females to 51.0% as per 2001 Census. A major factor responsible for low educational level among females and persons belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes is the high drop­ out rate at primary school level, especially in the tribal and inaccessible areas.

By the end of 2006­07, there are 46,722 Primary Schools in the formal stream with 1.14 lakh teachers and enrolment of 44.85 lakh students. There are 16403 Upper Primary Schools with 18.17 lakh children enrolled and taught by 0.36 lakh teachers. There are 7408 High Schools with 13.52 lakh enrolment and 0.62 lakh teachers. Thus during 2006­07 there was one School in every 3.3 Sq km area with the teacher pupil ration of 1:36. The non­formal stream has been abolished with effect from 01.04.2001 and Government of India has introduced Education Guarantee Schemes (EGS)

A ­ 14 and Alternative and Innovative Education (AIE) Scheme in place of non­ formal Education. In the event of any disaster, the students are the worst sufferers.

One of the major concerns of the State has been to accelerate the all round development of scheduled tribes and scheduled castes who together constitute 38.6% (STs 22.1% and SCs 16.5%) of the total population of the State as per the 2001 Census. For historical reasons, this segment of the society has remained socially and economically backward. Therefore concerted efforts have been made under different Plans to bring them into the mainstream of development. The State Government is committed to the development of these communities. Accordingly various special programmes and welfare measures have been launched for their benefit, which include legal aid, rehabilitation of victimized STs and SCs, housing facilities, establishment of special employment exchanges, reservation in employment etc.

Several welfare programmes are being implemented in the State for development of women which include setting up of women's training centres, provision of short stay homes for women, rehabilitative services for women in distress, provision of old age pension etc. The female literacy rate in the State has increased from 4.5% in 1951 to 51.0% in 2001. The proportion of women to total employees in the organized sector has increased from 8.77% in 1990 to 13.38% in 2002. To increase the number of women in public services, 1/3rd of the vacancies in the State Government Departments in Group B, Group C and Group D services / posts required to be filled up through direct recruitment, have been reserved for women.

As per the latest estimates of Planning Commission available for the State, the percentage of population below the poverty line was 48.01 in rural areas and 42.83 in urban areas in 1999­00. This gives the State the dubious distinction of being the poorest State in the country. Several anti­poverty and wage employment programmes are being implemented in the State since 1980­81 to create income generating assets and employment on daily wage

A ­ 15 basis for identified beneficiaries of target groups so as to enable them to cross the poverty line. These anti poverty programmes like Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Development of Women and Children in Rural Area (DWCRA), Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY) and Million Well Scheme (MWS) have been merged into a single new scheme called “Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozagar Yojana” (SGSY) with effect from 1.4.1999. During 2002­03, 48,925 families have been assisted with income generating assets under SGSY with an investment of Rs.109.57 crore. A centrally sponsored scheme called “Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) has been constituted w.e.f. 25.09.01 by merging two wage employment generating schemes, namely JSGY and EAS. The main objective of the scheme is to provide additional wage employment in rural areas, ensure food security, create durable community assets and develop rural infrastructure.

A.1.4 Administrative divisions:

Orissa is divided into 30 districts for administrative convenience. These are again regrouped into 3 revenue divisions (Central, Southern and Northern). • Central Division comprising of Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, Jajpur, Balasore, Bhadrak, Puri, Khordha, Nayagarh, and Mayurbhanj districts. • Southern Division comprising Ganjam, Gajapati, Koraput, Nowrangpur, Rayagada, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nuapara, Kandhamal, and Boudh districts. • Northern Division comprising Sambalpur, Deogarh, Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Bolangir, Sonepur, Sundergarh, Dhenkanal, Angul, and Keonjhar districts.

The 30 districts have been subdivided into 58 sub­divisions. Orissa has 316 tahasils and 314 blocks. These 314 blocks comprise 51,349 villages (47, 529 inhabited and 3820 un­inhabited).

A ­ 16 A.1.5 Economy, Land use pattern, health infrastructures, industry, transportation, communication and trade, etc.:

Contribution of primary sector viz., Agri333333culture and Animal Husbandry sector continues to be the mainstay of the State’s economy with a contribution of about 29.64% to NSDP during 2007­08 at constant prices and 31.98 at current prices. The Tables 7, 8 and 9 below indicate the details of contribution from the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Table – 7: Contribution of primary sector to NSDP Share to Growth Share to Growth NSDP Rate NSDP Rate Primary Sector 2007­08 at (%) 2007­08 at (%) constant current prices prices I. Agriculture & AH 20.09 2.20 21.52 8.57 II. Forestry & Logging 1.88 ­3.09 1.92 1.46 III. Fishery 1.01 1.92 1.18 9.26 IV. Mining & Quarrying 6.66 3.44 7.36 3.94 Total 29.64 2.11 31.98 7.05 Source: Statistical Outline of Orissa, 2007

A ­ 17 Table – 8: Contribution of secondary sector to NSDP Share to Growth Share to Growth NSDP Rate NSDP Rate Secondary Sector 2007­08 at (%) 2007­08 at (%) constant current prices prices I. Manufacturing (Regd. & 15.13 18.73 14.39 22.41 Un­Regd.) II. Electricity, Gas and 0.63 ­7.88 1.01 ­9.31 Water supply III. Construction 4.58 4.22 5.31 7.77 Total 20.34 14.13 20.71 16.37 Source: Statistical Outline of Orissa, 2007

Table – 9: Contribution of tertiary sector to NSDP Share to Growth Share to Growth NSDP Rate NSDP Rate Tertiary Sector 2007­08 at (%) 2007­08 at (%) constant current prices prices I. Trade hotel & 13.80 14.92 14.25 18.58 Restaurant II. Transport Storage 9.92 14.43 8.24 21.11 & Communication Total 23.72 14.71 22.49 19.50 Source: Statistical Outline of Orissa, 2007

According to Agricultural Census 2000­01, there are 40.67 lakh operational holdings in Orissa with 50.81 lakh hectares of area of which small and marginal holdings accounted for 83.8% while the remaining 16.2% came under the category of semi­medium, medium and large holdings. As much as

A ­ 18 53.12% of the total operated area was owned by small and marginal farmers and the remaining 46.88% by the semi­medium, medium and large farmers.

Out of the total geographical area of 15571000 hectares, 5813000 hectares come under forest area, 443000 hectares are permanent pasture land, 393000 hectares are culturable waste land and 482000 hectares come under miscellaneous trees and grooves (Statistical Abstract of Orissa, 2002). Pattern of land utilization in Orissa during the year 2000­2001 is indicated below: Table­10: Land Use pattern

Category Areas in 1000 hectares

Non­Agricultural use 999

Barren & Unculturable land 843

Current fallow 430

Other fallow 340

Net area sown 5829

District­wise Land­Use Maps have been furnished below

A ­ 19 A ­ 20 A ­ 21 By the end of 2002­03, there were 180 Hospitals, 158 Community Health Centres, 184 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 1,166 PHCs (New) and 13 Mobile Health Units in the State providing curative health services. Apart from these, 80 more mobile health units are also operating in KBK districts with assistance from Government of India, of which 44 are in tribal and 36 in non­ tribal areas. In addition there were 5 Ayurvedic Hospitals, 519 Ayurvedic Dispensaries, 9 Unani Dispensaries, 6 Homoeopathic Hospitals and 460 Homoeopathic Dispensaries by the end of 2002. Health care and population control were the two main objectives of the Ninth Plan. The death rate per thousand has been brought down from 21.6 in 1951 to 9.8 in 2002 and the infant mortality rate has been reduced from 97 per thousand live births in 1999 to 87 per thousand live births in 2002.

With vast mineral resources, abundance of raw materials, comfortable power situation and sufficient skilled manpower, the State has an immense potential for industrialization. Large industries like Rourkela Steel Plant, National Aluminum Company, Indian Charge Chrome Ltd., Paradeep Phosphate and coal based power plants at Talcher, Kaniha and Banharpal have been set up in the State during different Plan periods. By the end of 2002­03, Orissa had 358 large and medium industries with an investment of Rs.3,584.71 crore and employment potential for 85,777 persons.

By the end of 2002­03, 74,133 small scale industries with an investment of Rs.1,869.57 crore were operating in the State providing employment to 4.68 lakh persons. Besides, 15.84 lakh cottage industries have been set up in the State with an investment of Rs.720.02 crore

Orissa has railway routes of 2384 kms with 274 stations. Lengths of different types of roads are indicated below (As on 2000­01):

A ­ 22 Table­11: Road length in Orissa Types of Roads Road Lengths (in km.) National Highways 2752 State Highways 4970 Major district roads 3727 Other district roads 4445 Classified village roads 4670 Village roads 24843 Forest roads 7317 P.S. roads 20372 G.P. roads 139973 Municipal roads 17480

A.1.6 Administrative arrangement: The Department of Revenue and Disaster Management is the administrative department for management of disasters. Special Relief Commissioner (SRC) is in charge of response phase of disasters, whereas, Orissa State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) deals with preparedness and mitigation aspects. OSDMA provides support to SRC during response phase. At the district level, Collector is the District Relief Officer and Disaster Manager. Block is the lowest unit of relief administration. Block Development Officer and Tahasildars jointly manage relief administration at the lowest level. A State level National Calamity Committee has been formed under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister for overall supervision and monitoring at the state level. At the district level, District Natural Calamity Committees have been constituted with representation from district level officers and peoples’ representatives under the chairmanship of the district Collectors for supervision and monitoring. District Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the concerned Collectors), Block Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the Chairperson, Panchayat Samiti), G.P. Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the Sarpanch) and Village level Task Force Committees have been constituted in the programmed areas (16 districts) under GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk

A ­ 23 Management programme for day­to­day management of disasters and risk reduction measures. Existing Administrative Arrangement

Revenue and Disaster Management

State Level l Department, Govt. of Orissa e v

Natural e L

Calamity te Committee Sta OSDMA Special Relief For Preparedness and Commissioner for Mitigation Activities response activities • Accounts

District Natural

l Zilla Parisad District Collector ct

Calamity e v tri s e i L

Committee D

l

Block Development Tahasildar e

Panchayat Samitee v

Officer e L Block

Gram Panchayat

e g a ll Village Disaster Cyclone Shelter i

Management Committee Management and V l nd e a

Maintenance Committee v e t L a y ha nc a P

A ­ 24 A.1.7 Multi­Hazard Maps:

Orissa is prone to multiple natural hazards like floods, cyclones, earthquakes and droughts. There are 11 major river systems in the State which have the potential to cause very high floods. The Mahanadi, one of the major rivers flowing in peninsular area and its tributaries cause major floods in around 40% of the State’s geographical area. In the past, cyclones and associated storm surges have inundated vast areas of land along coastal Orissa. A high percentage of land area are also prone to earthquakes (zone­III) The coast line of Orissa is also prone to tsunami. Maps showing vulnerability of the state to floods, wind & cyclones and earthquakes and maps showing areas affected by super cyclone in 1999 and floods in 2001 and 2003 have been provided in section A.3.

Vulnerability of Orissa to cyclones: Even though its coastal line represents roughly 17% of the east coast, nearly 35% of cyclonic and severe cyclonic storms with core of hurricane winds have crossed along this stretch.

A ­ 25 Between the years 1877 and 1990, the state has experienced a very large number of cyclonic storms, and as many as 50 of these can be classified as severe cyclonic storms. The possible maximum wind speed all along the coastal line of Orissa has been estimated as 78m/s which are substantially higher than that given in the wind map part. Cyclones are often associated with heavy down pour and storm surges. In areas where the country is flat, the storm surge advances to a few kilometers inland. Storm surges in excess of 3m above concurrent sea level are encountered all along the coast of Orissa. Many of the past cyclones that have affected Orissa in combination with storm surge have inundated very large extent of land area. Mention may be made of (i) the September 1885 and May 1887 cyclones which crossed near False point and had storm surge heights of over 6m above the concurrent sea level, (ii) October 1967 cyclone that crossed near Paradeep and had an estimated maximum wind speed of 150 kmph, and (iii) October 1971 cyclone that crossed near Paradeep with an estimated maximum speed of 170 kmph.

A ­ 26 With improved early warning system presently available with IMD, and the awareness among the public on cyclonic disasters, the loss of life has been reduced significantly over the years. However the loss to buildings and structures both in terms of numbers, and in terms of economic value has shown an increasing trend. A number of factors including increased density of houses, construction of houses in vulnerable areas, use of poor quality materials as substitutes for reasons of economy, failure to understand the aerodynamics of flow around buildings, non­availability of trained labour in construction industry, haphazard use of certain low cost construction techniques which have in­built low performance attributes etc., are responsible for such a scenario.

A ­ 27 A ­ 28 A.1.8 Hierarchy of towns and settlements: 43 urban local bodies (ULBs) are located within 10 km zone of the coast. As per the surveys done by IIT, Kharagpur, 21,87,600 people living in 3170 villages within 10 km zone of the coastline are vulnerable to cyclones and storm surge. Besides, 7 blocks around Chilika lake are also prone to cyclone. Apart from the 6 coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Puri and Ganjam, people of another 8 districts namely Mayurbhanj, Jajpur, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Khurda, Nayagarh, Keonjhar and Gajapati are also prone to impact of cyclones.

A.1.9 Economic indicators of the State There has been steady decline in the poverty ratio in Orissa between 1977­78 and 1993­94. In the second half of 1980s poverty ratio has remained almost stationary. Poverty in Orissa is overwhelmingly a rural phenomenon and there were very significant differences in incidence of poverty within Orissa as well. In rural Orissa there has been negligible decline in the share of workers engaged in agriculture. However, a greater percentage of female workers in rural Orissa are engaged in manufacturing. In urban Orissa, the tertiary sector provides the bulk of employment. The per capita income of Orissa, at 1993­94 prices is 5187 as against national per capita income of 10254 and it is 8547, at current prices (2000­01) as against national per capita income of 16487, which is around 52% of all Indian per capita income.

A ­ 29 A.2 Ecology

A.2.1 Location of Creek, Estuary, Lagoon, Island

Springs and Hot Springs: There are a number of springs and a few hot springs in Orissa. There are 3 hot springs at Deulijharna, Atri and Taptapani.

The Lakes, Lagoons and Marshes: Among the artificial freshwater lakes, only 2 (in the upper catchment of the Rushikulya in Ganjam district, at Saroda and Bhanjanagar) existed before 1950. Later, artificial freshwater reservoirs were formed in Cuttack (by construction of anicuts over the Mahanadi at Naraj, Jobra and Birupa). Major irrigation projects created a number of such reservoirs, which include Hirakud (on the Mahanadi in Sambalpur), Machhakund, Balimela (on the Sileru), Rengali (on the Brahmani), Mandira (on the Sankh), and Upper Indravati (on the Indravati). Apart from these, there are scores of reservoirs created by medium­scale irrigation projects, such as at Hadagarh (on the Salandi) and the Poteru (on the Potteru).

A ­ 30 Among the natural lakes, the Chilika, a tourist destination, and a bird sanctuary, is the largest. Its area varies between 1,165 sq. km during annual floods and 891 sq. km during dry seasons. Anusupa is another freshwater lake on the left bank of the Mahanadi (in Cuttack district). There is a marsh, Udyanakhanda, on the coast at Ichhapur on the border of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (at Ganjam district), where water is brackish. The Sar Pata, the Samagra Pata, and the Tampara are 3 old lagoons (in Puri district) initially cut­off from the Bay of Bengal. They have now been silted up to a large extent, and dry up in summer.

A ­ 31 A.2.2 Soil:

Broadly, the soil of Orissa may be classified as transported and residual soil on the basis of its mode of formation. The catchment basins of the different drainage systems in Orissa are dominated by granite and gneissic rocks, which have resulted in a sandy soil. Clayey soils predominate the middle and lower reaches of the drainage channels.

Erosion: Annually 365 millions tones of soil are eroded in Orissa. The erosion is increasing over the years due to (a) land redemption for road construction, temporary fair weather roads, industrial and township growths, (b) large scale deforestation and soil degradation, (c) inappropriate land management practices, (d) quick siltation of gully control structures and silt retention dams, and (e) lack of maintenance of the different soil conservation measures.

District­wise Geo­morphological Maps have been furnished below

A ­ 32 A ­ 33 A ­ 34 A.2.3 Vegetation Composition:

In 1990, the state had only 57,183 sqkm of forests, which constituted 36.7% of the total geographical area of the state. However, as per remote sensing data, the actual forest cover was only 30.3% of the total geographical area. The break up of the forest area is as under: • Dense forest (ecologically sound) – 27,349 sqkm • Sparse dense forest (ecologically sensitive forest) – 19,661 sqkm • Tidal forest – 195 sqkm • Almost devoid of trees and fallow forest land – 9,978 sqkm

However, as per the remote sensing data given by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), the actual forest area (47,137 sq. km.) is still being reduced. Koraput district alone lost about 7229 sq. km. of forests since 1972 due to shifting cultivation. The Govt. of Orissa also reported that by 1993, the dense forest cover has further reduced to 18,000 sqkm (16.9% of the total area of the state).

The coastal districts of Balasore, Cuttack, Puri and the coastal parts of Ganjam are remarkably devoid of forests. On the whole, the forests of Orissa are concentrated on the central, extreme north and southern parts of the state.

A.2.4 Flora and Fauna:

The forests of Orissa house many useful plants such as, various timber species, orchids, medicinal plants and aromatic plants. About 33% of the total forest cover is predominated by sal (Shorea robusta), while the remaining is characterized by species such as teak (Tectona grandis), piasal (Prerocarpus marsupium), bandhan (Ougeinia oojeinensis), kangada(Xylia xylocarpa), kasi (Bridelia retusa), sisu (Dalbergia sisoo), asana (Terminalia alata), karuma (Adina cordifolia) and dheura (Anogeissus acuminata). Various types of bamboos (Bambusa spp.), sandalwood (Santalum album), sal

A ­ 35 seeds and resins (Jhuna), kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves, canes (Calamus app.) myriobalans (Terminalia spp.), salap (Caryota urens) are some of the important minor forest products.

Orchids are fairly common in different ecological habitats throughout the state. About 120 species of orchids, including several rare ones are found. Similipal, Mahendragiri and Singharoj are orchid rich forests.

As many as 220 medicinal and quasi­medicinal plants are reported in the Gandhamardan Hills alone. Similipal is another known source of medicinal plants. The important medicinal plants include Sarpagandga (Rauvolfia serpentine), Swasamari (Tylophora asthamatica), kochila (Strychonos nux­ vomica), Koruan (Holarrhena antidysneterica) and Thalkudi (centella asiatica) are some of the widely available medicinal plants in the state.

The coastal mangroves also house a number of rare and endangered species. Some of the mangrove species, including 38 angiospermic taxa have been identified to have medicinal values. Mangrove forests comprise taxonomically diverse, salt tolerant trees and other plant species, which thrive in inter­tidal zones of sheltered tropical source, estuaries and over­wash islands. Mangrove forest, which once dominated, have depleted due to over­ harvesting, fresh water diversion, urban growth pressures, charcoal and timber industries and mounting pollution. Rapid depletion of mangrove forest has made Orissa coast vulnerable to cyclones.

A ­ 36 A.3 Cyclone Hazard, Vulnerability & Risk Assessment A.3.1 Hazard Assessment: The geographical location and physical environment make Orissa Coastal Zone vulnerable to frequent cyclonic disturbances (depressions and cyclones). The high wind speed together with torrential rain and storm surges associated with the cyclonic disturbances bring damage to the coastal settlements. The frequent recurrence of the cyclonic hazards stymies the growth of the economy of the state. Cyclonic disturbances during the period 1901­2000 which had a landfall and affected the state of Orissa are shown in Table­4.

Table­12: Magnitude and Frequency of Cyclonic Disturbances along Orissa Coast in Comparison to other Coastal States of Eastern India Low Number of Disturbances having landfall Total Cyclones Grand Pressure Orissa Bengal A.P. T.N. Other cyclones having Total System coast coast coast coast Areas having no landfall landfall Depression 180 78 56 21 66 401 110 511 (35) (15) (11) (4) (13) (88) (22) (100) Storm 57 21 32 17 56 183 41 224 (25) (9) (14) (8) (25) (81) (19) (100) Severe 23 21 23 25 41 133 22 155 Storm (15) (14) (15) (16) (26) (86) (14) (100) Total 260 120 111 63 163 717 173 890 (29) (14) (13) (7) (18) (81) (19) (100) (The Figures within brackets indicate percentage(%) to the total of that category). Source: Indian Meteorological Department, Met Centre, Bhubaneswar

In the last century, the Indian subcontinent has experienced 1019 cyclonic disturbances, of which 890 were along the eastern coast and 129 were along the western coast and 260 cyclonic disturbances had their landfall along the Orissa coast. Out of the 260 disturbances there were 180 depressions (69%), 57 storms (22%) and 23 severe storms (9%) (Table – 13). In comparison to all the coastal states of India, the Orissa coast has the highest vulnerability in terms of landfall. In analyzing these data it can be observed that the highest number of depressions occurred (7) in the year 1927, the highest number of storms (4) in the year 1934 and the highest number of severe storms (3) in the year 1973. The highest number of cyclonic disturbances (8) was in the year 1934.

A ­ 37 Table­13: Cyclonic Disturbances which have affected Orissa Coastal Zone during the Last Century, 1901­2000

Sl. No. Nature of Disturbances Frequency % of Total Disturbances 1 Depressions 180 69 2 Storm 57 22 3 Severe Storm 23 9 Total 260 100

Major Tropical Cyclone tracks near Orissa Coast (1999­2008)

Oct 15­18, 1999 Oct 26­31, 1999 Nov 11­14, 2002 Oct 02­03, 2005

Sept 28­29, 2006 June 28­29, 2007 Nov 11­16, 2007 Sept 16­18, 2008

Source: http://www.solar.ifa.hawai.edu

Nearly one third of the cyclones of the east coast of India visit Orissa coast. Out of the total severe storms of the Bay of Bengal region, 15% of them i.e., one in every six affect Orissa coast. The severe storms of 1909, 1910, 1912,

A ­ 38 1914, 1967, 1971 and super cyclone of 1999 are known for their damage and devastation. The Orissa cyclone of 1971 has made a history of itself in terms of damage. But the super cyclone of 29th October 1999 was the incident of the highest magnitude in terms of the wind speed, loss of life, devastation and human misery exceeding any such event of the century.

With 29% of the total disturbances affecting Orissa coast (Table ­ 4) the vulnerability of the Orissa Coastal Zone is relatively high in comparison to other states like West Bengal (14%), Andhra Pradesh (13%) and Tamil Nadu (7%). Although the total number of cyclonic disturbances is more along the Orissa coast but however, as a natural hazard the severe storms are of greater public concern in view of their large scale damage potentiality, loss of life and property. As regards storms it is much more than that of the other eastern states. By taking together the figures of the storms and severe storms which mostly create havoc and incur greater amount of damage, the Orissa Coastal Zone is twice more vulnerable in comparison to the other eastern states. The landfall of cyclonic disturbances along the Orissa coast is given in the Table­5. It reveals that the landfall gradually declines to the south from the Balasore coast to the Ganjam coast.

Recurrence Interval and Probability of Occurrence: As regards the spatial variation in the vulnerability of the different sections of the Orissa Coastal Zone, it is observed that it varies from Balasore to Ganjam (from north to south) in a decreasing order (Table­14). The Table­15 gives an estimation of the recurrence interval or probable revisit time of a cyclonic disturbance of the given magnitude. It is calculated by dividing the frequency of the event with the calculated time span.

A ­ 39 Table­14: Number of Disturbances which had Affected Different Coastal Sections of Orissa

Cyclonic Balasore Cuttack Puri Ganjam Total disturbances Coast Coast Coast Coast Depression 66 62 30 22 180 Storm 23 16 12 06 57 Severe 08 04 05 06 23 Storm Total 97 82 47 34 260 The probability of occurrence of cyclones at different magnitude along different sectors of the coast has been calculated as percentage equivalent of the ratio between number of incidents of a particular magnitude of a particular area and the total time span of occurrence of the total incidents. It brings out the variation in the probability of occurrence of an incident in different parts of Orissa (Table­15). The result shows that the revisit or recurrence time of a severe storm to the Orissa coast is around four years; for West Bengal coast it is 5 years. As far as cyclones are concerned, the revisit time for the Orissa coast is nearly 2 years which is much shorter than that of the other states indicating that Orissa is the most frequently cyclone affected coastal state in the country. Table­15: Variation in the Recurrence Interval of Storms & Severe storms along the East Coast of India Sl. Coastal Recurrence Interval Probability in percentage No. Sections (%) Storms S. Storms Storms S. Storms Storms & S.S. Storms & S.S. 1. Orissa coast 1.8 4.3 1.3 57 23 80 2. WEB. Coast 4.8 4.8 2.4 21 21 42 3. Andhra Coast 3.1 04 1.8 32 23 42 4. T.N. Coast 5.9 04 2.4 17 25 42 5. Balasore Coast 4.3 12.5 3.2 23 08 31 6. Cuttack Coast 6.3 25.4 5.9 16 04 20 7. Puri Coast 8.3 20 5.9 12 05 17 8. Ganjam Coast 12.5 09 5.3 06 06 12 Taking together the storms and severe storms, the recurrence time is 1.3 years for Orissa followed by 1.8 years for A.P. and 2.4 years for West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. For the Orissa coast the recurrence interval for

A ­ 40 storms is 4 years for Balasore coast, 6 years for Cuttack coast, 8 years for Puri and 13 years for Ganjam coast. For severe storms the recurrence interval is 13 years for Balasore coast, 20 years for Puri coast, 25years for Cuttack coast. But However, Ganjam coast has a recurrence time of 9 years. This is because Ganjam coast gets affected by the cyclones of the Andhra coast also. Similarly the probability of occurrence of a cyclone in the magnitude of a storm or more is 80% for the Orissa coast followed by 55% for A.P., 42% for West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Similarly for the Orissa section the probability is the highest for the Balasore coast followed by Cuttack, Puri and the Ganjam coast (Table­ 15).

Periodicity of occurrence: Although the cyclonic disturbances are found distributed through out the year, the month wise frequency distribution of these disturbances reveal that those are found more concentrated in a specific period. This indicates that the probability of occurrence of cyclonic disturbances of different magnitude seems to be high in a definite period. Table­16: Monthly Distribution of Cyclonic Disturbances affecting Orissa Coastal Zone

Nature of Jan May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Total Disturbance Depression ­ 1 17 50 60 45 7 ­ 180 ­ ­ (10) (28) (33) (25) (4) ­ (100) Storm 1(1) ­­ 15(26) 13(24) 14(25) 10(18) 3(5) 1(1) 57(100)

Severe ­ 2 1 3 1 4 9 3 23 Storm ­ (9) (4) (13) (4) (18) (39) (13) (100) Total 1 3 33 66 75 59 19 4 260 ­ (1) (13) (26) (29) (23) (7) (1) (100) (The Figures within brackets indicate probability of occurrence in the month in percentage (%))

A ­ 41 The Table­16 shows the distribution of the cyclonic disturbances of different magnitude originating from the Bay of Bengal and affecting the Orissa Coastal Zone in percentage to their total for a period of 100 years from 1901 to 2000. It is seen that more number of depressions have affected the Orissa Coast in the month of July and August, more number of storms in the month of June

A ­ 42 and July and severe storms in the month of May and October. If the disturbances are grouped in terms of pre­ and post­ monsoon season, they are more in the post­monsoon season (Table­8). The 1999 Super cyclone of Orissa has its origin in October 29 which has also occurred in the time of maximum occurrence or the highest probability for the occurrence of a severe storm. NO. OF CYCLONES CROSSED INDIAN COASTS(1900­2005)

80

70

60

S

50

UMBER 40 N L A

T 30 O T

20

10

0 TAM ILNADU ANDHRA ORISSA WEST BENGAL KERAL KARNATAKA KONKAN & GOA GUJURAT PRADES STATE

FORMATION OF DEPRESSIONS & CYCLONIC STORMS IN BAY OF BENGAL(1891­2005) DEP­637 CS/SCS­483

160

140

120

100

R DEP BE 80 M CS/SCS NU

60

40

20

0 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec MONTH

A ­ 43 Table­17: Seasonal Distribution of Cyclonic Disturbances which had affected Orissa Coastal Zone

Nature of Pre­ Summer Post North East Total Disturbance Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Depression 1 127 52 0 180 (71) (29) (100) Storm 0 42 14 1 57 (74) (26) (100) S.Storm 2 5 16 0 23 (9) (22) (69) (100) All Disturbances 3 174 82 1 260 (1) (67) (32) (100) (Figures within brackets indicate probability of occurrence of the incidents in their respective season.)

The distribution of the cyclonic disturbances is confined between the months of May and November. But their frequency increases from May till September and then decreases till December. The depressions are evenly distributed between June to September, i.e. in the pre­monsoon and monsoon period but in the post monsoon season their frequency decreases up to December. The disturbances which develop in the pre and post monsoon period intensify into severe storms of devastating nature. The probability of occurrence of the storms is the highest in the month of June, July and August. This reveals that the most vulnerable months for the occurrence of a severe cyclone is October followed by the month of September.

Source Area of Origin: The source area of origin of the cyclonic disturbances in the Bay of Bengal extends over the entire sea surface. But however the area to the west of Andaman coast lying between 6 0 N to 10 0 N and 85 0 E to 88 0 E is a high probability source area of origin for the severe storms. The second in the importance will be the eastern part of the Andaman Islands and the third is an area close to the Ganges delta.

With regard to storms, the source area of origin in the Bay of Bengal remains confined to two important locations, one to the 400 to 500 km east of the Gopalpur and Vishakhapatnam and the other patch is 500 to 600 km east of

A ­ 44 Chennai and Rameswaram. As regards the severe storms which had affected Orissa coast, their source area of origin is located about 500 km. south of Paradip and east of Vishakhapatnam.

The cyclones which had affected Orissa coast are normally originate in the sea and dissipate in the land. The cyclones of land origin and land dissipation or sea dissipation are negligible. There are some cyclones which originate in the sea adjacent to the Orissa coast and dissipate in the sea. Such events had not much impact on the Orissa Coastal Zone.

A ­ 45 Table­18: History of Cyclones in Orissa (1823­2002)

Sl. Year Date/ Calamity Affected Loss/Damage Reported Any other No. Month District/Area relevant Human Cattle Public information Utility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1823 May Cyclone Balasore 2 1831 October Do Do 20566 83566 Storm Surge 3 1832 Do Do Balasore, Balasore Cuttack & maximum Puri 4 1833 May Do Balasore/ Bhograi 5 1840 April Do Balasore, Puri maximum Cuttack & Puri 6 1842 October Do Cuttack & Puri maximum Puri 7 1848 13/14, Do Balasore, Kujang, Kaniha Oct Cuttack & & Pattamundai Puri 8 1850 April Do Balasore/ Bhograi 9 1851 October Do Cuttack & Balasore 10 1864 October Do Cuttack & Storm Surge Balasore 11 1867 31 st Do Balasore, October Cuttack & Puri 12 1872 July Do Balasore(10 Mahanadi miles stretch) flood due to heavy rain 13 1874 15 th Do Balasore / Storm Surge October Baliapal, at Jaleswar Chandanbadi & Ships destroyed 14 1885 21 st Sept. Do Balasore, Devastating Cuttack, Puri Cyclone. Kaniha most affected 15 1887 26 th May Do Balasore 776 Ship A ship namely (False point (Sir SJL going to sagar john from Calcutta island) Lawre to Chandabali nce) capsized near Sagar on 25 th

A ­ 46 Sl. Year Date/ Calamity Affected Loss/Damage Reported Any other No. Month District/Area relevant Human Cattle Public information Utility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 May, 1887 killing 735 passengers and 41 crew members Worst marine disaster in India 16 1888 Sept. Do Balasore 17 1889 Nov. Do Balasore 18 1890 1 st July Do Puri Heavy rain but limited damage 19 1891 Nov. Do Balasore, Sloops Cuttack, Puri and & Dhenkanal Steam ers 20 1892 10 th Do Balasore & June Sagar ls. 21 1893 May Do Balasore, Cuttack, Puri & Keonjhar 22 1900 6 th Do Puri Brought October heavy flood in Gop, Pipili and Puri PS areas 23 1901 Nov. Do North Balasore 24 1909 26­27 th Do Ganjam, Puri 22 Few Rs.5000/­ October & Balasore ‘005 sanctioned by Madras Govt. for relief 25 1923 17­18 th Do Ganjam 20 Few Many Immense Nov. ‘005 public destruction to and Railway lines private & irrigation prop­ works erties 26 1924 19 th Do Ganjam Nov. 27 1936 October Do Balasore, Many Considerable Cuttack & Country damage to Dhenkanal Boats & Houses, Trees Steam­ & Crops ers

A ­ 47 Sl. Year Date/ Calamity Affected Loss/Damage Reported Any other No. Month District/Area relevant Human Cattle Public information Utility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 1938 9­10 th Do Ganjam & Maximum October Puri damage in Chhatrapur & Krushnaprasad 29 1942 16 th Oct Do Balasore, & 15­ Ganjam, Puri, 16 th Nov Cuttack & Mayurbhanj 30 1943 30­31 Do Ganjam & Moderate October Puri intensity 31 1959 29 th Do Balasore, Bala­ A storm surge Sept. ­ Cuttack & sore ­ over vast 1 st Oct Mayurbhanj 1510 areas of 83 Chandbali, ac; Bhograi, Cuttack Baliapal, ­32287 Basudevpur & ac. Basta Mayur­ bhanj – 3000 ac. 32 1967 October Do Cuttack Localized (Kendrapara Storm but & Paradip extensive area) damage to Houses, Trees and Animals 33 1971 October Do Cuttack, Puri, 10000 Very severe Balasore & approx. storm Dhenkanal 34 1976 Do Balasore 35 1979 Do Kendrapara, Jajpur & Jagatsinghpur 36 1982 June Do Dhenkanal, Sambalpur & Mayurbhanj 37 1986 Sept. – Do Cuttack, Puri, 3 Nov. Ganjam, Balasore & Mayurbhanj. 38 1995 Nov Do Ganjam 39 1999 16­17 th Do Ganjam October

A ­ 48 Sl. Year Date/ Calamity Affected Loss/Damage Reported Any other No. Month District/Area relevant Human Cattle Public information Utility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1999 29­30 th Super 13 Districts­ 8519 It was termed October Cyclone Cuttack, Puri, as Super Khordha, Cyclone due Kendrapara, to its Jagatsinghpur, unprecedente Jajpur, d intensity Bhadrak, and Balasore, devastation in Nayagarh, almost half of Dhenkanal, the area of Angul, the State. The Mayurbhanj people are yet and Keonjhar to recover from the trauma.

The Super cyclone of 1999: On 29th October, 1999, Orissa experienced a cyclone with a wind speed of more than 300 Kmph. probably the greatest cyclonic disaster ever recorded in the last century. It centered over coastal Orissa for three days with a torrential downpour and a tidal surge of about 6 metres which swept coastal low lying areas for a distance of 40 to 50km. inland. The magnitude of the cyclonic devastation was such that its echo could be heard from all over the world to carry a special nomenclature as “Super cyclone”. The magnitude of the devastations was so much that it exceeded all limits of tolerance and coping and left its marks to be remembered in the history of natural hazards in Orissa as a tragic event more dreadful than the Latur earthquake or Bhopal gas tragedy.

The Super cyclone originated as a “depression” on 25th October, 550km. east of Portblair. It moved northwest wards and intensified into a “cyclonic storm” on 26th October morning and moving further northwest wards, intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on 27th morning when it was 750 km. from Paradip. The system moved further northwest wards and deepened into a super cyclonic storm on 28th October with a wind velocity of 260km. per hour. IMD predicted its landfall between Puri and Balasore. It crossed Orissa

A ­ 49 coast on 29th October near Paradip, remained centered around it for nearly 36 hrs. and further weakened moving northwards towards Balasore coast.

28t h Oct 99 29­Oct­99 30­Oct­99 31­Oct­99

The speed of the wind was so much that it was beyond the limits of the anemometers of Bhubaneswar or Paradip to record. The violent wind was accompanied with incessant rainfall ranging from 45 to 95 cm. in a continuous spell of three days. The storm surge was about 6 metres. It entered through the creeks, river mouths and low lying areas sweeping many villages in the wee hours of the fateful 29th night. Table­19: Main Characteristics of the Super Cyclone of 29th October, 1999

Sl. Themes Characteristics No. 1. Place of Origin Depression 550 km. east of Andaman Sea as a Depression 2. Direction of movement N­W wards from the site of origin 3. Landfall point Near Ersama, Jagatsinghpur District 200 2’N X 860 0’E 4. Eye of the Super Cyclone Paradip 5. Wind Speed 250­300 km./hr. 6. Central pressure of the Super 912 mb. (taken from IMD documents) Cyclone 7. Storm intensity 6.5 in Beaufort scale 8. Duration of the Super Cyclone Remained stationery for 3 days 9. Time of landfall 10.30 am of 29 th October 1999 10 Diameter of the Super Cyclone around 200 km. 11. Amount of rainfall during the 45 to 95 cm. Super Cyclone Source: Orissa Super Cyclone, 99, NCDM, New Delhi

A ­ 50 The super cyclone affected 1.89 crore people in 128 blocks, 46 urban local bodies, 2399 gram Panchayats and 17993 villages in 14 districts including the two major cities i.e., Bhubaneswar and Cuttack, the administrative and commercial hubs of the state. 8913 human lives were lost, 4.45 lakh live stock perished. Crops in 18.43 lakh hectare damaged. The fishing industry was severely affected with loss of boats and nets. It also uprooted and broke 75% of the standing trees from the coastal area out of which the fruit trees like coconut, mango, guava, arecanut and jack fruit were very important. The cyclone disrupted the entire network of telecommunication and transmission towers, poles, lines, exchanges and supply of electricity. It washed away rural roads, damaged bridges and government and private buildings. The essential services like water, electric supply and telecommunication, etc. were disrupted to such an extent that it took about 7 to 10 days for restoring it in the state capital and Cuttack city and it took months in the rural areas. The damage to tangible assets includes damage to the houses and settlements, damages to public property like power supply, irrigation, agriculture and plantations, roads, educational and medical institutions, telecommunication, tourism sector and damage to forests. But the intangible damages include loss of human life, loss of domestic animals and social disruptions.

A ­ 51 The aftermath of the cyclone presented three types of damages. The severest were the vast area that suffered from the saline inundation. It was in 10 blocks in the coastal districts ranging from Kendrapara to Puri to a distance of 0 to 15km. inland from the coast. It is the area where 100% people and all the villages were affected with the wind speed of 260 to 320 kmph. and the tidal surge of about 6 metres. The cyclonic wind and the flooded rivers affected the districts of Bhadrak, Cuttack and Jajpur within the range of 16 to 40 km. from the coast. It affected 85% of the area and people with wind speed of 180 to 260 kmph. The other areas beyond 40km. from the coast were only affected by the high­speed wind of 180 to 320 kmph. In this zone 60% of the people and area was affected. The social disruptions were more in the cyclone affected area in terms of children being orphaned or losing either of their parents, adults are separated from their spouses and the aged people losing their earning family members. Loss of parents, spouses, children and aged members, relatives and near and dear people wiped away their hope and aspirations. Many were mentally shocked while quite a number of people suffered from fatal diseases and met their ultimate without getting medical attention.

A ­ 52 The impact of the super cyclone on the coastal environment was extensive. It destroyed 90% of the coastal vegetation and the mangroves of Kendrapara and Jagatsinghpur.250sq.km. of coastal shelter belt plantation was also destroyed. The casuarina and mangrove forest in the coast starting from

A ­ 53 Paradip to Konark vanished after the super cyclone. It also brought damage to the Nandankanan zoo to such an extent that while many animals died, the biggest post­cyclone problem was the traumatic stage of many carnivorous animals. The emerging issues of the coastal environment are greater vulnerability due to the lack of the shelter belts, siltation of the river beds and mouths and crop land management due to salinization and loss of top soil.

Table­20: Major Natural Calamities striking Orissa during the last 10 years Natural Calamities and Financial Loss (Amount Rs. in crore)

Year Major Calamity Total Loss

1998 Drought 464.10

1999 Super Cyclone 6243.96

2000 Drought 445.23

2001 Floods 1530.88

2002 Drought 871.40

2003 Floods 2141.83

2004 Floods 74.62

2005 Floods 243.35

2006 Floods 2382.43

2007 Floods 1400.23

2008 Floods 2687.43

Total 18485.46

The Details of damage and loss due to the above calamities have been provided in Annexure A/01. The maps have been given below.

A ­ 54 AREAS IN ORISSA AFFECTED BY FLOODS IN 2006, 2007 & 2008

A ­ 55 A ­ 56 The Inundation Maps for the Floods of 2007 in the districts of Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapara have been furnished below.

A ­ 57 A.3.2 Vulnerability Assessment: Vulnerability of Houses: The census of India provides data on houses based on materials of the roof, wall and flooring. But from the point of view of vulnerability to wind storms or floods, the roof types and wall types can be grouped together and vulnerability of each sub group could be defined separately for any given intensity of wind or flood hazard. For damage risk to buildings from wind storms, there appears no universally accepted scale like the seismic intensity scale. The damage risk scale developed by an expert group at the Ministry of Urban Affairs, Govt. of India (Arya, 1999) has been used for developing house vulnerability tables for wind storms.

The physical manifestation of the different levels of risk to the housing is given in the Table­10. Now co­relating the house types, the hazard intensities on the maps and the damage risk levels; the housing damage risk tables have been generated. The tables carry at the top of each column, the hazard intensities, the % of the total area of the district lying under various hazard intensities (Table­11 to 14) with respect to total number of houses under different physical characteristics.

The tables indicate that 90% of the houses are made up of mud walls, bamboo, thatch, grass and leaves which remain under high damage risk group in Balasore district followed by Cuttack district (80%), Puri (73%) and Ganjam (60%) with reference to cyclonic storms and high speed cyclonic winds. This high risk housing categories in coastal Orissa are being closely associated with peasant society, predominantly primary economy, low urbanisation, high dependence on nature for housing materials and a constant struggle for bearing the loss and coping with the hazards.

A ­ 58 Table­21: Housing Damage Risk Level and their Characteristics

Risk Levels Characteristics Very High Damage Risk (VH) Building, Roof and Wall Collapse

High Damage Risk (H) Wall Over Turn, Roof Fly or Float, Partial Collapse, Towers Suffer Damage, Tilt Moderate Damage Risk (M) Moderate Damage to Roof, Wall, Tower, Loss of Belongings, Wall Building Low Damage Risk (L) Cracks and Removal of Plaster, Damage to Hoarding Very Low Damage Risk (VL) Fine Cracks and Plaster Removal

Source: Census of India, 1991

Table­22: Level of Damage Risk to Housing in Balasore and Bhadrak District Census Houses Level of Risk Under Urban + Rural Wind Velocity (m/s) Sl. 43 Wall and Roof Combination 55 to 49 to 38 to No. to No % 50 44 33 39 Area in % 80 13 ­ 7 1. Mud wall with all sloping roof 491940 79.59 VH H ­ L 2. Unburnt brick wall with flat & 3160 0.51 VH H ­ L sloping roof 3. Stone wall with sloping and flat 1605 0.26 VH H ­ L roof 4. Burnt brick wall with sloping and 36040 7.77 H L ­ VL flat roof 5. Concrete wall with flat roof 1760 0.28 L VL ­ VL 6. Concrete wall with slopping roof 1130 0.18 H M ­ VL 7. Wood wall with all roof 6865 1.12 VH H ­ L 8. GI and other metal sheet wall 2640 0.43 VH H ­ L with all roof 9. Bamboo, thatch, grass and leaves 60945 9.86 VH H ­ L wall all roofs Grand Total 618085 100.00 Source : Census of India, 1991 (More severe damage under failure of protection work and heavy rain in outside area)

A ­ 59 Table 23 : Distribution of Houses by Predominant Materials of Roof and Wall and Level of Damage Risk in the districts of Jajpur, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur & Cuttack Census Houses Level of Risk Under Urban + Rural Wind Velocity (m/s) Sl. Wall and Roof combination 55 to 49 to 43 to 38 to No. No % 50 44 39 33 Area in % 70 12 10 8 1. Mud wall with all sloping Roof 743180 62.76 VH H M L Unburnt brick wall with flat & 2. 5210 0.44 VH H VH L sloping roof Stone wall with sloping and 3. 62010 5.24 VH H M L flat roof Burnt brick wall with sloping 4. 138880 20.17 H M L VL and flat roof 5. Concrete wall with sloping roof 1125 0.10 H M L VL 6. Concrete wall with flat roof 2270 0.19 L VL VL VL 7. Wood wall with all roof 26710 2.25 VH H M L GI and other metal sheet wall 8. 2210 0.19 VH H M L with all roof Bamboo, thatch, grass and 9. 102570 8.66 VH H H M leaves, wall with all roofs Grand Total 1184165 100 Source: Census of India, 1991 (More severe damage under failure of protection work and heavy rain in outside area).

Table­24: Distribution of Houses by Predominant Materials of Roof, Wall and Levels of Damage Risk in the District of Puri and Khurda Census Houses Level of Risk Under Rural + Urban Wind Velocity (m/s) Sl. 43 Wall and Roof combination 49 to 38 to No 55 to 50 to No % 44 33 39 Area in % 60 25 9 6 1. Mud wall with all sloping Roof 341955 46.66 VH H M L Unburnt brick wall with flat & 2. 4580 0.62 VH H M L sloping roof Stone wall with sloping and flat 3. 85115 11.61 VH H M L roof Burnt brick wall with sloping and 4. 196155 26.76 H M L VL flat roof 5. Concrete wall with sloping roof 840 0.11 H M L VL 6. Concrete wall with flat roof 1110 0.15 L L VL VL 7. Wood wall with all roof 24125 3.29 VH H M L GI and other metal sheet wall 8. 3305 0.45 VH H M L with all roof Bamboo, thatch, grass and 9. 75675 10.33 VH H H L leaves wall with all roofs Grand Total 732855 100 Source: Census of India, 1991 (More severe damage under failure of protection work and heavy rain in outside area).

A ­ 60 Table­25: Distribution of Houses by Predominant Materials of Roof, Wall and Level of Damage Risk, Ganjam and Gajapati District Census Houses Level of Risk Under Urban + Rural Wind Velocity (m/s) Sl. Wall and Roof combination 55 to 49 to 43 to 38 to No No % 50 44 39 33 Area in % 40 ­ 25 35 1. Mud wall with all sloping Roof 338805 38.64 VH ­ M L 2. Unburnt brick wall with flat & 11820 1.34 VH ­ M L sloping roof 3. Stone wall with sloping and flat 19005 2.17 VH ­ M L roof 4. Burnt brick wall with sloping and 360780 41.14 H ­ L VL flat roof 5. Concrete wall with sloping roof 1070 0.12 H ­ L VL 6. Concrete wall with flat roof 1710 0.20 L ­ VL VL 7. Wood wall with all roof 40210 4.59 VH ­ M L 8. GI and other metal sheet wall 1365 0.15 VH ­ M L with all roof 9. Bamboo, thatch, grass and 102130 11.65 VH ­ M L leaves wall with all roof Grand Total 876895 100 Source: Census of India, 1991 (More severe damage under failure of protection work and heavy rain in outside area).

A ­ 61 Socio–Economic Vulnerability: Besides estimation of the housing damage risk, the other socio economic vulnerability factors also need attention from the disaster managers. It is seen that the people below poverty line, the fisherman families who are mostly coastal inhabitants, the primary workers, single women families, disabled persons, the children in the age group of 0­6 years and the aged are some of the most vulnerable population to be affected by cyclones. They have neither the minimum capacities to withstand the damage nor they have the economic support to recover from the losses incurred in the hazards and come to normalcy as far as the securities of the basic living needs are concerned.

Per­capita Income and Poverty

The per­capita annual income of Orissa is Rs. 16,195/­ as per 2007­08(A) estimate as against the national per capita income of Rs. 24,256/­ AT CONSTANT (1990­00) prices. About 39.8% of rural population and 40.3% of urban population live below the poverty line which is much higher than the national average of 21.8% in rural and 21.7% in urban areas (Planning Commission estimation 2004­05).

Table­26: Socio­Economic Indicators of Orissa and India Name of the Income and Expenditure State/ Country Percentage of population below Percapita Net State Domestic poverty line, 1999­2000 Product 2003­04 Rural Urban Combined At current At constant Prices (1993­94) (in Rs) Prices (in Rs.) ORISSA 48.0 42.8 47.2 12645 6640 INDIA 27.1 23.6 26.1 20989 11799 Source: Statistical Outline of Orissa, 2007

Sex Ratio

The sex ratio of Orissa is 972 females per 1000 males in 2001 which is much higher than the all India figures 933. The sex ratio among SC and ST population was 979 and 1003 respectively as against 936 and 978 at the all­ India level.

A ­ 62 Literacy

The literacy rate of Orissa is 63.08% in 2001 census against the national figure 65.38%. The literacy rate among male is 75.35% and that of female is 50.51%.

All the above aspects project the extent of socio­economic vulnerability presently prevailing in the State. It has been time and again found that this intensity of vulnerability cripples the State immensely after every successive recurring disaster.

A.3.3 Risk Assessment:

Thus taking into account the intensity and frequency of Hazards storming the State of Orissa and the prevailing socio­economic Vulnerabilities, Risk to natural calamities in the coastal areas of Orissa is extremely high.

Apart from the socio­economic and housing vulnerabilities discussed before, the grass root level institutional infrastructure at the community and panchayat level such as dispensaries, primary schools, village road, orchards and plantation area, standing kharif crops (which constitute the backbone of the rural economy) and community support system continue to be weak and vulnerable. Very often the village road networks get affected in the slightest calamity, which deprive the communication and linkage in the aftermath of the hazards and render the communities isolated from the supply and linkage network. Due to saline ingress, large tracts of agricultural lands get saline – affected and are rendered unstuitable for cultivation. The limited community and panchayat level resources can hardly be sufficient for restoration and the problem continues as a vicious cycle.

A ­ 63 A.4 Existing Disaster Management Arrangements

A.4.1 State DM Policy/DM Act/ Institutional frame­work:

The State Government has formulated a disaster management policy with a proactive role for the government and other stakeholders, changing the focus of the disaster management policy to total risk management and vulnerability reduction, to strengthen physical infrastructure and bio­physical, psychological, social and economic status of the people to reduce vulnerability. The policy spells out the roles assigned to different agencies.

Revenue and Disaster Management Department is the administrative department for disaster management with OSDMA playing a coordinating role in pre­disaster and post­disaster phases, while Special Relief Organization plays the lead role during the response phase. OSDMA assists the Special Relief Organization during the response phase. Other stake holders will perform task assigned to them during any or all three phases.

The State Government may also designate specific departments to be the nodal departments in respect of specific disasters (e.g. Health Department in the event of epidemic break). The office of the Collectors acts as the nodal agency for prevention, response and recovery in the event of all types of disasters occurring within the district.

The State Government is actively considering adopting the Disaster Management Act 2005. A State Disaster Management Plan has also been prepared.

A.4.2 Financing of disaster management in State: Relief and mitigation expenditures on account of different calamities are met out of Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) at the state level. The corpus for this fund is shared by State Government and Government of India at the ratio of 25:75. The fund is administered by a Committee headed by the Chief Secretary of the state as per the norms prescribed by the Government of India.

A ­ 64 In the event of occurrence of a calamity of rare severity, the Government of India sanctions fund out of NCCF according to the gravity of impact of the calamity.

A.4.3 State DM Plans/ Codes/ Manuals:

The Orissa Relief Code (ORC) provides the guidelines for undertaking preparatory measures prior to occurrence of disasters and relief measures to be undertaken soon thereafter. The ORC prescribes specific assessment procedures for damage assessment, starvation death, submission of reports and norms for administration of relief and rehabilitation measures. Framing of rules under the Disaster Management Act 2005 is in progress.

A.4.4 Committees at different levels:

A State level Natural Calamity Committee has been formed under the chairmanship of Chief Minister for overall supervision and monitoring at the state level. At the district levels, District Natural Calamity Committees have been constituted with representation from district level officers and peoples’ representatives under the chairmanship of the Collector for district level supervision and monitoring. District Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the concerned Collector), Block Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the Chairperson, Panchayat Samiti), G.P. Disaster Management Committees (under the chairmanship of the Sarpanch) and Village level Task Force Committees have been constituted in the programmed areas under GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management programme for day­to­day management of disasters and risk reduction measures.

A.4.5 Mechanism for receiving cyclone early warning: Warnings on cyclones are received from IMD, Bhubaneswar and Cyclone Warning Centre, Chennai. Govt. of India (Ministry of Home Affairs) also provides timely early warnings. The warnings are received by the Revenue Department, Special Relief Commissioner and OSDMA at the state level.

A ­ 65 A.4.6 Warning dissemination protocols:

The warnings received at the state level are communicated to the district Collectors through telephone / fax / Wireless / E­mail. They in turn communicate the same to the G.Ps and Villages through Tahsildars and Block Development Officers by means of telephones, VHF and by person.

A four stage warning system for tropical cyclones is followed by IMD since, 1999. Firstly, a special bulletin known as “Pre­Cyclone Watch” is issued containing early information about the development of a cyclonic disturbance in the North Indian Ocean, its likely development into a tropical cyclone and coastal belt likely to experience adverse weather. Secondly, “Cyclone Alert” is issued at least 48 hours in advance of the expected commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. Thirdly, “Cyclone Warning” is issued at least 24 hours in advance. These warnings continue to be issued at 3 hours interval giving the latest position of the cyclone, its intensity (maximum sustained surface wind speed) and likely time and point of landfall together with storm surge height and type of damage expected. Fourthly, “Post Landfall Scenario” is issued to cover the devastating impacts of the cyclones of inland areas. This commences about 12 hours before landfall and continues till such time, as the cyclone­force winds are expected to prevail in the interior areas. At this stage, the district Collectors of all interior districts besides the coastal areas likely to be affected are included in the bulletin. After the weakening of the cyclone into a depression stage, a final message on de­warning is issued.

A.4.7 Existing infrastructure for warning dissemination:

State Emergency Operation Centre is functioning in the Office of Special Relief Commissioner. District Emergency Operation Centres (EOC) are functioning in the office of the Collectors under the supervision of a responsible officer. These EOCs have been provided with fax / telephone and wireless connectivity. Warning messages received at the districts EOCs are communicated to field level through telephones, civil and police VHF

A ­ 66 networks. Satellites phones have also been provided to Collectors of the cyclone prone districts. Optical fibre telephone lines have been laid down in the coastal areas.

A.4.8 Availability of Cyclone shelters and other cyclone resistant buildings:

Prior to 1999, only 23 cyclone shelters constructed by German Red Cross existed. In the post 1999 period, 97 Multipurpose Cyclones Shelters (MCS) have been constructed by the state government in the 10 km band of sea coast line through World Bank and CMRF support. 10,042 school buildings have also been constructed which can be utilized as shelter places. Further, 41 Cyclone Shelters buildings are being constructed by OSDMA through PMNRF. Indian Red Cross has built 42 more Cyclone Shelters here. The total number of Cyclone Shelters available is 204.

A.4.9 Shelterbelt plantation/mangroves and their impact on mitigating cyclone risks:

The shelterbelt plantations and mangroves were severely damaged due to severe cyclones in 1971 and super cyclone in 1999. The Cyclone Distress Mitigation Committee appointed by the GoI. in 1971 recommended afforestation along the coast up to 1km deep to protect to hinter land against the high winds and prevents soil erosion. Basing on the above recommendations coastal shelterbelt plantations to a depth 1km were raised between 1972 and 1986. But these plantations were uprooted and damaged due to the severe cyclone on 17 th October 1999 and Super Cyclone of 29 th October 1999.

A.4.10 Other measures for cyclone risk reduction:

Govt. of Orissa is implementing the GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management programme in the cyclone prone blocks. Preparation of multi­hazard disaster management plans capacity building of stake holders, formation of disaster

A ­ 67 management teams at the village level are some of the components of the programme.

Govt. have constituted 5 units of Orissa Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) and stationed at Jharsuguda, Balasore, Cuttack, Chhatrapur and Koraput. These specialized forces have been trained and equipped to move cyclone prone areas on receipt of warning before the land fall of the cyclones. Heavy equipments have been procured and placed with ODRAF for use during disaster management.

Extensive trainings have been conducted for officers at different levels, Panchayati Raj Institutions, PRI members and other stake­holders. Specialized training in Search & Rescue techniques and psychological first aid have been provided to block level trainers in collaboration with Civil Defence organization, St. John Ambulance and Red Cross Society respectively.

VHF network has been established linking District Collectors, Block Development Officers, Tahasildars and some strategic locations aimed at strengthening emergency communications systems.

A website containing database on resources available with different agencies has been developed under India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN).

A ­ 68 A.5 Major Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives being taken

A.5.1 Change of orientation in relation to Disaster Management Institutional/ Policy changes:

Creation of OSDMA: The Government of Orissa constituted Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority (OSDMA) after the October 1999 super cyclone, to have a systematic and planned approach to disaster mitigation management in the State. As a Government owned autonomous body, OSDMA combines flexibility of operations with the reach of Government. OSDMA strives to promote a culture of disaster prevention, planning, and preparedness in the state of Orissa. With the objective of making the people of the State more disaster resilient, OSDMA coordinates various types of disaster mitigation activities including capacity building of the community and the disaster managers, strengthening of infrastructure, etc. OSDMA works in close coordination with Government of India and its agencies, Government of Orissa, its various departments and agencies, the administration of all 30 districts of the State, local self government, communities, non­governmental organizations (NGOs), community­based organizations (CBOs), bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, U.N. agencies, governments of other states in the country, specialized disaster management organizations and institutions. It seeks to forge a stronger alliance with all of them with a view to making Orissa disaster resilient.

State Disaster Management Policy: The Government of Orissa has framed the State Disaster Management Policy which focuses on total risk management and vulnerability reduction by strengthening physical infrastructure as well as psychological, social and economic status of people in order to make them disaster resilient. It lays emphasis on adopting a pro­ active approach to disaster management and promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness among individuals and institutions. The policy adopts a strategy of coordinating the efforts of all the stakeholders including

A ­ 69 Government agencies, non­governmental organizations, local self government institutions, community based organizations and UN agencies. It aims at promoting a spirit volunteerism to develop a cadre of volunteers, whose services will be utilized during emergencies. It accords priority to the creation of durable infrastructures and an inventory of resources, imparting training to the people, developing failsafe communication, transfer of risk by way of insurance coverage, the application of information and communication technology in warning, evacuation, planning and damage assessment and the documentation of disaster events highlighting the lessons learnt.

Steps taken for mainstreaming of disaster management in other sectors: OSDMA has brought out two reference books namely, “Understanding Hazards, Dealing With Disasters” in English and “Bipatti, Biparjyaya O Surakshya” in Oriya in collaboration with UNICEF for school children. Board of Secondary Education, Orissa has already included Disaster Management related matters in the curricula of Class­VIII. Gopabandhu Academy of Administration has already included disaster management aspects in the training curricula of State Civil Service officers.

A.5.2 On­going Disaster Management projects:

The Government of Orissa, through OSDMA is implementing GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme in 16 districts (145 blocks, 3005 GPs). Preparation of Disaster Management Plans at village, Gram Panchayat, Block, and district, constitution and training of Disaster Management Committees and Disaster Management Teams, training and involvement of Panchayati Raj representatives, Civil Society Organization and other stake holders, awareness activities are some of the important components of this programme.

A.5.3 Major initiatives for multi hazard mitigation:

A Committee has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Development Commissioner­cum­Additional Chief Secretary to examine the recommendations of the National Expert Committee on building byelaws etc.

A ­ 70 A Legal Sub­Group has also been formed to go into the details of the legal aspects of the recommendations. A Technical Sub­ Group under the chairmanship of the Works Secretary has also been formed to examine the technical details of the report.

State level Steering Committees have been constituted for monitoring training of engineers and architects under National programme for Capacity Building of Engineers in Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBEERM) and National programme for Capacity Building of Architects in Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBAERM) programmes.

Four State Resource Institutes have been selected for implementation of NPCBEERM. Similarly, two State Resource Institutes have been identified for implementation of NPCBAERM. The State Resource Institutes identified have been asked to prepare training curricula for the engineers and architects to be trained in earthquake resistant designs and construction practices.

The districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, Puri and Ganjam districts are prone to Tsunamis. Collectors of these districts have been directed to open Emergency Operation Centres (Control Rooms) round the clock. In respect of other 24 districts, Emergency Operation Centres are functioning as per the provisions of the Orissa Relief Code.

Emergency Operations Centres are being constructed at the district headquarters of the 16 districts of Angul, Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Ganjam, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, Keonjhar, Khordha, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Nuapada, Puri, Rayagada and Sambalpur, where the GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme is being implemented, with assistance form GoI(MHA) and UNDP. Construction of the State Emergency Operation Centre has already started at Rajiv Bhawan, Bhubaneswar. As per communications received from Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, the State EOC would be provided with V­SAT facility shortly.

The Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI has formulated the National Emergency Communication Plan (NECP) for data, audio and video connectivity with triple redundancy to connect national, state and district emergency operation

A ­ 71 centres. POLNET and Virtual private Network (VPN) for disaster management would be extended under the programme.

Disaster Management initiatives taken up by OSDMA Reconstruction

In the aftermath of the Super Cyclone, OSDMA supervised reconstruction activities taken up with assistance of the World Bank. These are in addition to the reconstruction activities taken by the Line Departments with funds from various sources.

1. Embankment Sector: Flood embankment for a length of about 877 km and canal embankment of 332 km has been raised/ strengthened with World Bank assistance. 82 spurs and 19 sluices have been renovated/ reconstructed. 72.47 km of irrigation embankment have been strengthened under Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) assistance. A few km length of irrigation embankment which could not be completed with World Bank assistance in the stipulated project closure period have been completed with CRF assistance

2. Road sector: 275 km of road have been repaired and renovated under Works Department, 448 km of road under Rural Development Department and about 85 km of urban road under Housing & Urban Development Department have also been reconstructed with World Bank assistance. About 5 km of urban road and 28.46 km of road under Works Department have been reconstructed with assistance from CRF. 10 km of road is under construction with CRF assistance. 8.2 km of road works under Works Department, 66.6 km of road under R.D. Department which could not be completed with World Bank assistance in the stipulated project closure period have been completed with CRF assistance

3. Water Supply: Works in respect of installation of pump sets, construction of bore wells and tube wells and laying of pipe lines were undertaken in 20 urban locations in the cyclone­affected districts. Similar works were also undertaken in 64 rural locations with World Bank assistance.

A ­ 72 4. Agro Service Centres: 500 Agro Service Centres have been set up with World Bank assistance.

5. Education Sector:

5758 primary schools and 1152 high school buildings have been constructed with assistance from PMNRF, CMRF, MPLAD, NFCR, OBB, other State Governments and NGOs. 3132 primary School buildings have been constructed and handed over under DFID scheme.

6. Health Sector: 216 health institutions have been improved with assistance from CMRF. 7. Lift Irrigation Sector: 2555 Lift Irrigation points have been revived with DFID support.

Preparedness 1. 97 Multi purpose cyclone shelters have been constructed by OSDMA in six coastal districts. 2. Shelters have been handed over to Cyclone Shelter Management and Maintenance Committees (CSMMC) constituted at the village level. 3. Training has been given on Shelter Management to the CSMMC members and on First Aid and Search & Rescue technique to shelter based Disaster Management Teams (25 volunteers in each category per shelter). 4. Basic search & rescue equipment have been provided to all Cyclone shelters.

A ­ 73 5. 41 more shelters are under construction in the districts of Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapada with assistance from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund out of which 19 have been completed. 6. 65 more cyclone shelters have been constructed by Red Cross. 7. The school buildings will also be used as cyclone / flood shelters in emergency. 8. 5 Orissa Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) units set up at Jharsuguda, Koraput, Cuttack, Chatrapur and Balasore. Emergency equipment provided to ODRAF units. It has been decided to set up some more ODRAF Units in the State. Each ODRAF unit has been provided with 66 types sophisticated equipment required for disaster management including road clearing equipment, branch cutter, tree pruner, concrete cutter, RCC cutter, boat, inflatable tower light, generator, forklift, hydraulic rescue kit, collapse structure search & rescue (CSSR) kit and medical first responder (MFR) kit, ambulance, manikin, high discharge submersible pump, flexi tent, flexi water tank, mountaineering equipment, commando search light, diving equipment set, breathing apparatus with gas mask & chemical cartridge, etc. 9. Fire Service units have been strengthened with modern search & rescue equipment including inflatable rubber boats with OBM. 10. Civil Defence Units in the State have been strengthened and training equipment have been provided. 11. A dedicated civil VHF network has been set up at 414 locations covering all District & Blocks HQs, some Tahasils, GPs and other locations. 12. 22 satellite phones have provided to 17 districts and other senior officers

A ­ 74 at State level. 13 more satellite phones are being procured for providing to the remaining districts. 13. It has been decided to create a cadre of trained HAM volunteers in the State. 291 volunteers from different districts have been trained in five batches during 2007­08. 14. Multi­hazard resistant Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) buildings have been constructed at 16 District headquarters and the State level EOC has been set up in the Cell Office of SRC at Rajiv Bhawan. Construction of such buildings in the remaining 14 Districts have been taken up. 15. Communication and other EOC equipment have been supplied to State EOC and District EOCs of 30 districts. Equipment like inflatable tower light, branch cutter, etc. have been provided to District & Sub­divisional EOCs and Cyclone Shelters. 16. Toll free numbers 1077 and 1070 installed in District Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) and State EOC respectively 17. It has been decided to develop database on GIS platform to act as decision support system for disaster management. An MOU will be signed between OSDMA and ORSAC for development of the GIS based Orissa Disaster Management Information System (ODMIS). 18. Tsunami vulnerability mapping of 6 coastal districts initiated on GIS platform. 19. Two V­SAT based earthquake observatories are being set up in Rayagada and Jharsuguda by IMD. The buildings have already been constructed and IMD is in the process of procurement of the equipment. 20. ISRO has approved setting up of 300 Automated Weather Stations in the State. Locations for such stations are being finalized in consultation with the District Collectors.

A ­ 75 21. The GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Programme is being implemented in 23,208 villages under 3,202 GPs of 155 blocks and 58 Urban Local Bodies under 16 districts. Disaster Management Committees (DMCs) have been formed in all the 16 districts, 155 blocks, 3130 Gram Panchayats and 21995 villages. DMCs have been formed in 57 ULBs. Trainings have been imparted to 446 DMC members in 16 districts, 4518 members in 155 blocks, 50722 members in 2966 Panchayats, 268517 members in 21995 villages and 1043 in 55 ULBs. Disaster Management Plans (DMPs) have been prepared in 16 districts, 155 blocks, 2892 panchayats and 21895 villages. Programmes were taken up for capacity building of PRIs (315 PRIs at state, 664 at district and 9501 at block level), NSS Programme Officers and volunteers (563 at state level and 4992 at district level), NYKS Officers and volunteers (60 at state level and 1231 at district level), and NCC & Scouts Guides (4918). 22. Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Programme is being implemented in Cuttack, Bhubaneswar and Sambalpur towns. The City level Disaster Management Committees, City Preparedness Committees and City Enforcement Committees have been constituted. Sensitization programmes for Corporators and Councilors have been conducted. Civil engineers of Cuttack and Sambalpur have been sensitized in earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. 23. Training on earthquake resistant design and construction practices have been organized for Masons in Cuttack, Bhubaneswar and Sambalpur towns. 24. Training on earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings have been organized for the civil engineers in all the districts.

A ­ 76 A.6 Sectoral Gaps/Needs and Priorities For Cyclone Risk Mitigation A.6.1 Construction of Cyclone Shelters:

Construction of cyclone shelters is an important component of the State Disaster Management Policy. Actual needs for cyclone shelters basing on vulnerability of the population and socio­economic condition of the locality have been assessed by independent and impartial studies conducted through a reputed institution like IIT, Kharagpur. With the objective to identify the villages within 10 Km belt of coastline and to suggest exact locations, IIT Kharagpur was engaged in the year 2000 to conduct a study and submit its report. The team of experts of IIT, Kharagpur mapped the entire area and suggested 512 vulnerable locations keeping in view the storm surge, where the cyclone shelter could be setup. In the meanwhile, a number of school buildings and other private and public buildings have been constructed in the vulnerable areas.

Three type Designs have been prepared by IIT, Kharagpur, 2 for Cyclone Shelters and 1 for Cyclone Shelter cum Godown. The 2 designs of the Cyclone Shelters are of approx. 3000 sft. and 2000 sft. effective built­up area and hence of capacities 1275 and 850 persons (assuming 2 sft. of carpet area per person). The design for Shelter cum Godown is a two­storied structure of 2873 sft. per floor. The Plinth levels of all these buildings have been kept above the HFL. All the Cyclone Shelters have been proposed to be located within the premises of a school and hence will function on a day­ today basis as a school. Besides, during normal times, the building will be used as a social hub, community centre and for other purposes.

Under this Component within NCRMP, 150 shelters and 6 shelters­ cum­ Godowns in strategic locations are proposed for construction. In the present proposal provision has been made for 36,000 sqm. built up area for Cyclone Shelters and 3,200 sqm. for Shelter­cum­godown, with estimated cost of Rs 130.00 crore only which will provide safe shelter to around 1,80,000

A ­ 77 vulnerable population. The balance population will be covered subsequently on arranging further funds.

Table­27: Proposed activities and costing Sl. Description of Items Total No. Need assessment study in 6 coastal districts and around Chilika lake 1 (work completed and paid to IIT Kharagpur as per actual ) 1148300 Expenses towards engagement of shelter coordinator @ Rs.28,000/­ 2 per month incl. travel and other expenses for 3years (Rs.28,000X36=) 1008000 Selection of sites in consultation with District Administration, other line Dept. officials, stake holders, local villagers, collection of land 3 particulars and other parameters, orientation programme with villagers for formation of CSMMC, etc. @ 5000/­ per shelter X 156 nos. 780000 2 nd meeting for formation of CSMMC, Orientation & Awareness 4 seminars, formation of task force, roles of various members of CSMMC identification @ 5000/­ per shelter X 156nos. 780000 Construction of Cyclone Shelters of two categories 5 (a) Having plinth area of 300sqm @94,94,226X60=56,96,53,560 569653560 (b) Having plinth area of 200sqm @ 69,96,055X90= 62,96,44,950 629644950 Construction of 6 nos. shelters cum godown at strategic locations for 6 quick movement of man & materials to and from different cyclone 46057500 affected areas @ 76,76,250/­X6 Providing Site development and landscaping works to 150 CS @ 50,000 7 for each 7500000 8 Shelter Equipments for MCS @ 2,00,000/­ per shelter X150 nos. 30000000 Supply of Equipments for search and rescue and First­Aid kits and for 9 resource mobilization @ 35,000/­ per shelter X150 nos. 5250000 10 Development of IEC materials, booklet, leaflets and films etc 1000000 Shelters stationeries like cash book, resolution book etc @ 1000 per 11 shelter X150 nos. 150000 District level workshop on management and maintenance of MCS involving all MCS, the local administrations in district & block level, 12 health officials, PRIs and NGOs @ 40,000 per workshop in 6 districts and around Chilika 40,000X7 280000 Shelter level Training & capacity building of CSMMC members for 2 13 days twice every year for 3 years @ Rs.5,000/­ per Shelter per day = 9000000 150 Cyclone Shelters X 3 (years) x 2 (twice in a year) x 2 days X 5000 Shelter level coordination among CSMMC members, Taskforce and 14 other stake holders with involvement of enlightened members of community for 2 days twice a year for 3 year @ 1500 x 2 x 150 x 3 1350000 TOTAL 1303602310

A ­ 78 A.6.2 Construction/ renovation of embankments and coastal canals (including Sluices) for improved drainage: Saline embankments existing in the coastal districts of Orissa cannot presently protect the countryside from high tidal surges. To make the existing saline embankments effective against cyclone surge of 50 years return period, raising of these embankments is necessary. Due to saline inundation there is loss of life and damage to property. After construction and raising and strengthening of the saline embankments, tidal surge can be prevented from entering the coastal area, except for the very high tidal surge situation. The embankments also protect the area from river floods. The sluices would help in evacuating the storm water from the cultivated fields. There will be much benefit to the coastal area by providing protection to the agricultural property, from damage due to saline inundation, providing alternative communication facility over the saline embankments and saving the life of the people of the locality to a great extent by way of movement of rescue/relief & emergency aid. The proposed Saline embankments will protect the coastal areas of Orissa from Saline inundation to a great extent after implementation of this project.

Under the NCRMP, 23 numbers of saline embankments have been proposed to be raised and strengthened for a length of 143.88 Km along with gap filling of 13.10 Km. Further, renovation of 56 numbers of sluices and construction of 71 numbers of new sluices and 3 numbers of new spurs will be accomplished. For better connectivity including ease of inspection of the embankment, the embankment top has been provided with WBM crust as per specification of MORT & H. The details are as below: Table­28: Phasing and costing Embankment Sluices/Spur Total Phase Km Nos. cost (in Cost Cost (Ren.+Gap) (Ren.+New) Cr.) 93.30 69.02 75 5.98 I 75.00 (83.20+10.10) (62.21+6.81) (35+40) (2.47+3.51) 33.63 31.94 27 5.56 II 37.50 (30.63+3) (26.94+5) (11+16) (1.60+3.96) 30.05 28 8.67 III 28.83 37.50 (30.5+0) (10+18) (2.51+6.16) 156.98 129.79 130 20.21 Total 150.00 (143.88+13.10) (117.98+11.81) (56+74) (6.58+13.63)

A ­ 79 A.6.3 Shelterbelt Plantation/ Regeneration of Mangroves:

Shelter­belt Plantation: One conspicuous feature of vegetation of Orissa coast is the presence casuarinas, which has been planted through out the Orissa coast as a barrier to the cyclonic storm and to prevent beach erosion. These plantations were severely damaged due to the severe cyclone 1971. Government of Orissa created a coastal shelter belt afforestation division during 1972 for extensive afforestation work. Government of Orissa also constituted high power task force committee to discuss various short comings in the afforestation programme and suggest measures for streamlining and expediting rapid implementation of the scheme. A total area of 18538.81 ha. of Government land is available in the 1 km wide coastal strip of undivided Cuttack, Puri and Balasore. Only a portion of entire Government land has been taken up in the coastal shelterbelt afforestation scheme. After creation of coastal shelterbelt afforestation division, an area of 817.56 acres has been planted to create shelterbelt plantations. Besides, about 4000 ha. of old casuarina plantations have been raised in the areas adjoining Puri, Balukhand and Konark­Puri district. Most of these areas have been notified as PRF under Section­IV of Orissa Forest Act 1972. These coastal shelterbelt plantation area was very badly affected during the super cyclone of October 1999. Thereafter, a plan was formulated for planting casurina species over 8000 ha. of the affected area under Integrated Afforestation and Eco Development Project with 100% financial assistance from Government of India. The same is in operation since 2001 and 7611 ha. have been planted by 2002­03. The said plantations are presently under the maintenance of the respective Divisional Forest Officers. It is proposed to take up shelterbelt plantation over an area of 50 ha in the programmed districts.

Plantation/ Regeneration of Mangroves: Mangrove forests comprise taxonomically diverse, salt­tolerant trees and other plant species, which thrive in inter­tidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, estuaries and over wash islands. Acting as the interface between land and sea, mangroves help protect coastlines from erosion, storm damage and the impact of waves. The

A ­ 80 mangrove forest, which once dominated the tropical and sub­tropical coast line have disappeared at a faster rate. Human activities such as over harvesting, fresh water diversion, urban growth pressures, charcoal and timber industries and mounting pollution have contributed to the depletion of mangroves. Production of large quantities of export oriented shrimp or prawn is the one of the most recent and significant causes of mangrove forest loss in the past few decades. Vast tracks of mangrove forests have been cleared to make way for the establishment of coastal shrimp farms. A century ago, mangroves covered the entire Mahanadi delta. In the 1940s, the Zamindar of Burdwan after obtaining the Kujang estate, made nearly 12000 ha of mangrove forests available to the people for cultivation. In the 1960s, a large part of the mangrove forest in the Paradeep­Dhamra belt disappeared. Encroachment by refugees for paddy cultivation also contributed to the deterioration of the eco­system. Today, Batighar, Hukitola, Jambu, Jogidhankur, and Kharanasi Islands wear a denuded look. A survey conducted by Botanical Survey of India a few years ago indicated that the state had only 225.75 sqkm of mangrove forests. As per the state of forest report of FSI, 2001, 219 sqkm mangrove forests exist in Orissa. It is proposed under the project to take up regeneration of mangroves over an area of 2000 ha spread over different wild life divisions of the coastal districts.

A ­ 81 Table­29: Proposed activities and costing (Rs. in lakh) Sl. No. Item of Work Rate Cost 1 (i) Habitat Restoration Mangrove Plantation in Kujang Range of Jagatsinghpur District ­ 300 Ha. Rajnagar & Mahakalpada Range of Kendrapara District ­ 1700 Ha . Total:2000 Ha. (a) Mangrove Plantation over 1250 Ha. (With Rs.64,894.00 Rs.811.18 seedlings + fishbone channel) with spacement of 1.5 mtr. X 1.5 mtr. (b) Mangrove Plantation over 750 Ha. (with Rs.54,880.00 Rs.411.60 hypocotyles + fishbone channel) (ii) Casuarina plantation in Rajnagar & Mahakalpada Rs,43,985 Rs.22.00 Range of Kendrapara district over ­ 25 Ha. Kujang Range of Jagatsinghpur dist 25 Ha. Total ­ 50 Ha. (iii) Development of land over 1350 ha. in Rs.3,000.00 Rs.40.50 Kendrapara and Jagatsinghpur districts (iv) Habitat Improvement such as creation of ­ Rs.100.00 mounds, creek renovation, digging of fresh water ponds, creation of water body, construction of landing jetties, eradication of weeds (v) Free distribution of seedlings to the villagers of 4/Seedling Rs.60.00 the fringe villages for planting to reduce dependency on forests and enhancement of forest cover in Jagatsinghpur & Kendrapara districts – 15, 00,000 seedlings. (vi) • Protection measures of Mangrove and ­ Rs.120.00 Casuarina forests. • Engagement of watcher, purchase of speed boat, provisions of POL, annual maintenance, construction of camp sheds and camping equipment. • Provision for patrol boat – 6 Nos including fuel, crew and maintenance. 2 GIS Map (Land use and Land cover) ­ Rs.20.00 3 Survey, pillar posting, reservation and ­ Rs.20.00 consolidation of forest areas in Kendrapara & Jagatsinghpur districts. 4 Construction of Watch Towers 10,00,000 Rs.180.00 Kujang Range ­ 4 Nos. Rajnagar Range ­ 6 Nos. Mahakalpada Range ­ 8 Nos. Total ­ 18 Nos. Each 5 Administrative Cost & Entry Point activities ­ Rs.214.73 to be executed through V.S.S. and EDCs Total Rs.2,000.00 Or Rs. 20.00 crores.

A ­ 82 A.6.4 Connectivity to cyclone shelters and served villages:

Roads are the important infrastructure elements in any disaster mitigation project as they are responsible for safe and fast movement of men, materials and machineries to the safe places from the affected areas and vice versa as situations demand. Therefore developed road net work connecting the cyclone shelters with different served villages is of prime importance because of the fact that the villagers can transport their immediate need of luggage and move to the cyclone shelters after getting warning of any disaster within quickest possible time. This will also help in transporting the other materials to be distributed to the occupants of the cyclone shelters at the time of cyclone, flood or any such emergency.

It is proposed to provide all weather connectivity to the cyclone shelters, not only the villagers will be able to move easily to the cyclone shelters during emergency, but also relief materials can be transported to the cyclone shelters and distributed to the occupants. Unless these cyclone shelters are well connected, their functioning will not be beneficial and effective.

It is proposed under NCRMP to provide all weather roads (Link Road) to the 150 cyclone shelters proposed to be constructed under NCRMP and 23 road links to 23 existing cyclone shelters, totaling 173 road links and 321 CD works, amounting to Rs. 120 crores. Table­30: Proposed activities and costing Sl. No. of Length of No. of C.D. Approximate cost of No. CS to be Proposed Road works Construction/ connected (in Km) Improvement ( Rs. in crores) A 130 150.450 278 100.00 B 20 20.000 20 14.00 C 23 8.515 23 6.00 (existing) Total 173 178.965 321 120.00

A ­ 83 A.6.5 Multipurpose Shelter­cum­Communication Buildings for Marine Fishermen Community Coastal Orissa is very densely populated including a substantial presence by the fishermen community dependant on Marine and Brackish water fishing activities. The entire length of 480 km coast line supports 589 fishermen villages having 53255 households which are mostly situated extremely close to the shore. The fishermen villages mostly consist of thatched houses with very little civic amenities like good roads, street lights and piped water supply. Taking into account the vulnerability of Orissa coast to cyclonic disturbances, the marine fishermen community is the most vulnerable due to its close proximity to the shore line. The marine fishing community is used to keep their fishing equipment like traditional crafts, catamarans, boats, nets, buoys and others very close to the sea for operational convenience. In most of the fish landing centers and fishermen villages, the boats etc. are kept on the beach without any protective mechanism to prevent its damage and loss due to high wind, storm surges etc. Despite social and economic backwardness, the marine fishing community gives substantial contribution to the state’s economy through their traditional profession.

It is understood that natural disasters break the socio­economic backbone of the affected people in general. The economically weaker sections of the society are more severely affected by natural disasters like tropical cyclones. The marine fishermen community could be strengthened through structural and non­structural interventions like multipurpose shelter cum communication cum community buildings to withstand the effects of natural hazards like cyclones. The State Government is committed to reducing the exposure of the marine fishermen community and their assets to the effects of the disasters and gives emphasis on making the shelter, early warning system and community preparedness an integral part of disaster management and risk reduction measures. Under NCRMP, 32 Multipurpose shelter­cum­Communication Buildings along with VHF communication equipments for Marine Fishermen Community are proposed. The proposed multipurpose shelter buildings are designed to provide shelter space to the

A ­ 84 members of the marine fishing community operating from marine fish landing centers situated on the coastal belt. The buildings will also hold state of art early warning communication system for dissemination of warning communication to the fishermen going into the sea for fishing. The building will also house the digital display boards giving information on potential fishing zones for better catch. Besides, life­jackets to these fishermen communtites have been proposed. Table­31: Proposed activities and costing

Unit cost No. Cost in Rupees Sl Work in of Phase ­ No. Total Phase ­ I Phase ­ II Rupees Units III Shelter­cum­ Communication building on stilts 1 3500000 32 112000000 42000000 49000000 21000000 at the Fish Landing Centre (FLC). VHF communication equipment, power supply 2 60000 32 1920000 720000 840000 360000 unit, antenna, antenna pole with stay and battery Two life jackets to each non­ 3 mechanized 2500 8440 21100000 21100000 traditional craft (4220) Total 135020000 42720000 70940000 21360000 Rs.13.50 Rs.4.27 Rs.7.09 Rs.2.136 Rounded off to crore crore crore crore

A ­ 85 A.6.6 Investment Proposal for Documentation and IEC activities

One of the important aspects of sustainability of any mitigation measure is the ownership of the project out­come by the people. The community must be prepared to take over the project after its completion and involve itself with it for long term sustainability of the project. With a view to accomplishing it, the level of awareness of the general public regarding the benefits of the initiatives in reducing the disaster vulnerability needs to be raised through high visibility media campaigns and developing mechanism for involvement of the stakeholders. In addition to this, the monitoring of the process of implementation of the project components would not only help in maintaining the quality of the work but also create the base for the subsequent interventions. In view of this, documentation of the activities of the project components has been proposed as an important aspect of implementation.

The training and capacity building of different stakeholders has been dealt with in the component­C of the project. However, since projects like the multi purpose shelter­cum­communication building for strengthening the marine fishing community are new in concept and implementation, it has been felt necessary to take up certain activities relating to generation of awareness of the marine fishing community before, during and after the implementation of the project. The vulnerability of the community in the coastal areas of the state will be effectively reduced by raising the level of awareness through well­structured awareness programmes. The periodical advertisement campaigns in the electronic and print media will reiterate the conceptual profile of the community regarding preparedness for disaster mitigation. The confidence generated in the people will consolidate them so that the community feeling will be strengthened. The wall paintings in vernacular language and eye catching colours and designs will constantly draw the attention the local population and make them aware of the do’s and don’ts in case of a disaster. The hoardings containing information on disaster management and the

A ­ 86 available structural interventions like cyclone shelters, embankments will empower the people in terms of preparedness. The project components with a mandate of reducing the vulnerability of a local population during different stages of implementation will be continuously brought to the notice of the local people who will remain conscious about such interventions. This will help in quality monitoring and social audit of the construction process.

Table­32: Budget for Documentation and IEC activities component Sl. Activity Coverage No of Unit Total No. units cost 1 Generation of public Half page ad 4 times 120 80000 9600000 awareness on project per annum for 3 years components in the print in 10 Newspapers media in State level English & Vernacular Newspapers 2 Coverage of project Half page ad 2 times 18 800000 14400000 components in the print per annum for 3 years media in National level in 3 Newspapers English Newspapers 3 Production of documentary 20 documentary films 20 200000 4000000 films for public awareness of 20­30 minute duration 4 Production of jingles for 50 jingles of 30 50 30000 1500000 public awareness second duration 5 Telecast of documentary 20­30 minute slot once 144 100000 14400000 films in Door Darshan and a month in 4 channels local TV channels for 3 years 6 Telecast of jingles in the 30 second slot per day 480 30000 14400000 electronic media including for 10 days every Doordarshan, All India quarter in 4 channels Radio, Regional & Local in 3 years Television Channels 7 Awareness generation 2 campaigns every 192 30000 5760000 campaign in the Fish year in each FLC for 3 Landing Centres years in 32 FLCs 8 Process documentation in covering 150 cyclone 205 3000 615000 videography and still shelter sites, 32 FLCs photography of the projects and 23 embankment sites 9 Preparation of reports on covering 150 cyclone 205 lump 1000000 process documentation of shelter sites, 32 FLCs sum the projects and 23 embankment sites 10 Poster campaign for public 1E+06 5 5000000 awareness generation in strategic locations in project areas 11 Setting up hoardings at 100 30000 3000000 strategic locations including the FLCs 12 Wall paintings 500 3000 1500000 75175000

A ­ 87 A. 7 Project Implementation and monitoring

A.7.1 Project Implementation Unit: OSDMA has been decided as the Nodal Agency for NCRMP. A Project Implementation Unit has been set up in OSDMA to implement the project. The PIU structure has been provided in Annexure A/02.

A.7.2 State Steering Committee:

A State Project Steering Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of the Chief Secretary vide office Memorandum No­12/OSDMA dated 01.01.2005. The committee consists of the following members.

Table­33: Composition of the State Steering Committee

1. Chief Secretary ­ Chairperson 2. Commissioner­cum­Secretary to Govt., ­ Member Revenue Department 3. Principal Secretary to Govt., Forest & ­ Member Environment Department 4. Commissioner­cum­Secretary to Govt., Rural ­ Member Development Department 5. Principal Secretary to Govt., Water ­ Member Resources Department 6. Special Relief Commissioner, Orissa ­ Member 7. Commissioner­cum­Secretary to Govt., ­ Member Panchayati Raj Department 8. Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Orissa ­ Member

9. Secretary to Govt., Works Department ­ Member 10. Engineer­in­Chief, Water Resources ­ Member Department 11. Honorary Secretary, Red Cross Society, ­ Member Orissa State Branch, Bhubaneswar 12. Managing Director, OSDMA ­ Member Convener

A ­ 88 A.7.3 Prioritization of Cyclone Risk Mitigation investment: As per the decisions of the project steering committee meeting held on 31.01.2005, the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project will be implemented in the coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri & Ganjam and parts or Khurda adjoining the Chilika lake. Projects would be taken up within 15 km band of sea cost.

The Project Steering Committee in its meeting dated 24.11.2008 approved the following component wise allocation for different components under NCRMP along with prioritization for Phase I.

Table­34: Component­wise Allocation

Sl. Components Proposed Phase­I No. allocation (in cr.) (about 30%) 1 Construction of multi purpose Cyclone 130.00 40.00 Shelters 2 Raising and strengthening of Saline 150.00 75.00 Embankment 3 Shelter belt plantation & regeneration 20.00 6.00 of Mangroves 4 Shelter connectivity 120.00 35.00 5 Strengthening Fishing Communities 13.50 4.00 and other marginalized communities 6 Awareness Generation & IEC activities 7.50 1.00 Total 441.00 161.00 7 Project detailing and implementation & (Rs.30.00Cr quality monitoring with ERP and GIS Component D)

The prioritization of works for the 1 st phase of implementation has been made on the basis of need assessment, vulnerability and keeping an eye on quick implementation during the 1s t year of the project.

A.7.4 Linkages with other sectoral area implementation units:

The Projects relating to saline embankments & road connectivity would be taken up through Water Resource Department & Rural Development Department under the supervision of the Secretaries to the Governments

A ­ 89 respective departments. Nodal officers of concerned departments would liaise with OSDMA. The Engineers of OSDMA looking after the different projects would coordinate with concerned departments and field level officers for kindly execution of the projects. All the departments would submit fortnightly/monthly progress report which would be constantly and closely monitored by OSDMA and the Project steering Committee to ensure accountability Commissioner­cum­Secretary to Govt. Water Resource Department & Rural Development Department have been opted as members of the State Project Steering Committee.

Table­35: Executing Departments for various components

Sl. Component Name of Executing No. Departments 1. Construction & Strengthening of Department of Water Saline Embankments Resources, Govt. of Orissa 2. Construction of Cyclone Shelters Rural Development and Shelters cum Godowns Department, Govt. of Orissa 3 Shelterbelt plantation and Forest & Environment regeneration of mangroves Department, Govt. of Orissa 4. Construction of rural roads Rural Development connecting cyclone shelters Department, Govt. of Orissa 5. Construction of Multipurpose Fisheries and Rural shelter­cum­Communication Development Departments, Buildings for Marine Fishermen Govt. of Orissa Community 6. Documentation and IEC activities OSDMA

A ­ 90 A.7.5 Third Party Quality Assurance and Monitoring:

The Project will be implemented by the Line Departments, Govt. of Orissa and executed through contractors engaged as per World Bank guidelines. The Nodal Officers/ Engineers in Rural Development (RD) Dept./ Water Resources (WR) Dept./ Forest and Environment Dept./ Fisheries Dept. and OSDMA will monitor the day­today progress of the project and forward periodical reports to OSDMA. OSDMA, which is the Nodal Agency will ensure quality control and assurance of the project as a whole. The project will be implemented under the overall supervision of the Project Steering Committee in close coordination with the Government Departments concerned and the Collectors of the coastal districts. For all construction works, the Executive Engineer of RD Dept. / Engineer of WR Dept. will function as the “Engineer”. He, as well as his subordinate technical staff will look to the day­today supervision of the quality and quantity, as was done for the World Bank funded OWRCP works. Necessary field tests as per the specification are to be conducted by the Engineer through the contractor and the results entered in the register. The supervising staff of line department will check the register and they may also conduct some of the tests themselves to satisfy about the correctness.

Individual Quality Monitoring Consultants will be engaged by the OSDMA, who will be senior Engineers having experience in such type of work. As done for the last WB project, QMC firms will also be engaged for better Quality Assurance and Quality Control. These consultants will visit the site and check the quality themselves from time to time. They will also test check themselves the materials, compaction and other tests with the help of the Technical Assistants provided to them. Engineers and consultants of OSDMA will conduct quality audit check. They will also visit the sites from time to time and ensure that proper quality checking is being done by the Quality Monitoring Consultants and records are properly maintained by the agencies. Before any payment is released on the works measured, quality is to be ascertained through consultants of OSDMA. Managing Director, OSDMA will sanction any deviation, extra items, extension of time, etc. if required. The

A ­ 91 National Council for Cement and Building Material, Ballavgarh with their Mobile Quality Control Van may be engaged to have further surprise checks of quality execution, wherever MD, OSDMA, feels it necessary. Besides normal tests will be conducted by the State Laboratories/ Technical Institutes like Engineering colleges, etc.

The arrangement followed earlier for the World Bank funded cyclone reconstruction project shall be adopted for this project.

A.7.6 Environmental and Social Impact: Assessment of Environments and Social impact will be taken up before undertaking of Projects through Environmental screening. Most of the construction projects are beyond the CRZ line. No project is very close to any religious and historic site, archaeological monuments, scenic areas, hill/ beach/ health resorts or breeding grounds of specific species so that it will result in adverse impact on the environment of the locality. There will be no known adverse impact on the flora and fauna in the locality. The project component “Construction of Multipurpose shelter­cum­ Communication Buildings for Marine Fishermen Community” will be taken up at Fish Landing Centres which are very close to the sea. These projects are very much essential due to the peculiarity of vulnerability of the marine fishermen community. The need for the above has been expressed to NDMA and help sought from them regarding environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Govt. of India. The implementation of NCRMP will have positive impact on the society. There will be no acquisition of any private land or displacement of people. No inundation of agricultural or homestead lands will occur due to the project. Instead, the project will result in boundless positive social impacts. For example, during normal times the Multi­purpose Cyclone Shelters will function as hub of socio­cultural activities with the connecting roads providing all weather access to these Shelters. These rural roads will open up new economic vistas for these economically challenged people for augmentation of their incomes. The embankments will protect large tracts of agricultural fields

A ­ 92 from saline water ingress. The sluices in­built with the embankments will drain out the excess water. Besides, the top of embankments will act as roads, providing connectivity to the remote areas of the coast. During emergencies, the Cyclone Shelters and their connecting roads will protect thousands of lives by providing shelter as well as relief supply.

A.7.7 Beneficiary Consultation process:

The vulnerable communities will be involved in all stages of implementation of the project. They are being involved in selection of sites, in assessment of vulnerability and in prioritization of projects. Community­based Committees will be constituted during implementation of the project for maintenance of the infrastructure developed. For example, Cyclone Shelter Maintenance and Management Committees (CSMMCs) will own the buildings and use it on a day­today basis for their own specific needs during normal times. Community­ based Eco Development Committees for safeguarding the Plantation areas, Embankment Protection Committees to protect the embankments will be formed for the purpose.

A.7.8 Sustainability:

The assets created under the project would be managed through communities and other agencies to make them sustainable. Communities would be involved in upkeep and maintenance of shelterbelt plantation and mangroves regenerated, Cyclone Shelter Maintenance and Management Committees (CSMMCs).

Saline embankments to be constructed under this project would be affected by tidal waves and river flood necessitating regular maintenance. The embankments would require regular inspection and repaired after cyclones/ floods. State Government would provide required funds for maintenance of proposed embankments and sluices. Village Disaster Management Committees constituted under GoI­UNDP Disaster Risk Management and local PRI members for watch and ward of the embankments during disasters.

A ­ 93 Multipurpose Cyclone shelters would be properly designed and constructed with assured quality to sustain disaster mitigation process. It will give support, service for a long period provided normal maintenance as suggested above is undertaken regularly. The shelters during normal period will be put to use as schools, hospitals, community centers, social gathering centers by collecting suitable user fee and these funds can be used for maintaining these shelters. Community involvement will be ensured to own the programme and for maintenance of the assets. To provide strength and sustainability in capacity building the CSMMCs and the community at large will be oriented, trained and involved regularly. The project would facilitate communities and Forest Department to adopt participatory conservation and management of mangroves and shelterbelt plantations. The protection for mangrove forest areas/ shelterbelt plantations would be ensured through active involvement of community­based Committees. Participatory conservation and management of mangroves/ shelterbelt plantations by local people, Forest Department and Civil Society organizations would be tried under this project to ensure sustainability. The link roads will be constructed as per MoRT&H specification, properly design considering traffic intensity soil condition and requirement of additional crust etc. Execution of these works will be taken up through Government Department, who will supervise the works. Quality of the works will also be assured by adopting three­tier quality monitoring system as suggested above. Therefore roads constructed will be sustainable for adequate period with proper annual maintenance. The finance for annual maintenance will be borne by Government of Orissa.

Cost Benefit Analysis of the Project: The structural and non structural measures to be taken under the project will play an important role in reducing the vulnerability of the State to cyclone risks. The cost­benefit analysis was done by the Economic and technical mission of World Bank under Mr. Da Zhu, Economist during his visit to the State from 5th May to 12th May 2008. Christoph Pusch, Team Leader,

A ­ 94 Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project of World Bank intimated vide his letter dated 22nd May 2008 that “ In general, the study in Kendrapara District shows significant economic benefit from the proposed saline embankment, cyclone shelter belt forest plantation, cyclone shelter, and connecting road sub­components”. According to the version of Mr. Da Zhu, in the wrap up interaction with OSDMA, the benefit will be at least six times the cost involved in implementation of the project. The noted economist summarized his findings through the graphs provided below.

A ­ 95 A.7.9 Project Monitoring: Implementation of the project would be monitored by the state level Project Steering Committee constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, Orissa. Sectoral projects would be monitored by the respective Line Departments and overall by Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority. Monthly review meetings would be held on the basis of fortnightly progress reports to be submitted by the Line Depts. Technical personnel of OSDMA would conduct adequate tours to monitor physical progress and quality of the works. Third party quality monitoring units would be engaged to ensure assured quality. The finance wing of OSDMA will monitor timely flow and utilization of funds and submission of Utilization Certificates as per norms and guidelines of Government of India and World Bank.

A ­ 96 A.8 Project Budgets

A.8.1 Sectoral Budget Summary: Under Component B of NCRMP, the total allocation for the state of Orissa is proposed to be Rs.441.00 crore. Out of this 75% would be received from World Bank through NDMA, Govt. of India as grant. The balance 25% would be provided by the State Government towards its matching share. The above amount would be utilized in different sectors as indicated below:

Table­36: Project Budgets (Rupees in crore):

Refer to Sl. Phase Phase­ Phase­ Components Total Section for No. ­ I II III Details Construction of 1 multi purpose 130.36 46.97 58.25 25.14 Section B.1.12 Cyclone Shelters Raising and 2 strengthening of 150.00 75 37.5 37.5 Section B.2.12 Saline Embankment Shelter belt plantation & 3 20.00 6.58 8.22 5.2 Section B.3.12 regeneration of Mangroves 4 Shelter connectivity 120.00 38.95 44.52 36.53 Section B.4.12 Multipurpose shelter­cum­ Communication 5 13.50 4.27 7.09 2.14 Section B.5.12 Buildings for Marine Fishermen Community Awareness 6 Generation & IEC 7.52 2.26 3.01 2.25 Section B.6.12 activities Total 441.38 170.08 149.07 107.23 Project detailing and implementation (Rs.30.00Cr 7 & quality Component 8.98 11.97 8.98 Annexure A/03 monitoring with D) ERP and GIS

A ­ 97 (a) Located Eon nvirSoennmsietivnta e Rl eAsceseptssorms ent (b) (EA) Associated with Key A.8.2 Budgetary provision of the State Government The Government has been moved to allocate Rs.33.00 cr for the year 2009­10 towards State share of the project. The State Government is in readiness for implementation of the project through Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority (OSDMA). The Project Steering Committee in its meeting dated 24.11.2008 has decided about the state share of the project as per the following out lay. Budget allocation will be made in the state budget accordingly. I. Total project cost­ Revised Component­B ­Rs.441.38 cr.

II. 25% of State share ­Rs.110.35 cr.

A ­ 98