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Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 7
AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY OF MANVERS TOWNSHIP VICTORIA COUNTY SOUTHERN ONTARIO
by
Staff of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section
Ontario Geological Survey
1980
Hon. James A.C. Auld Ministry of Minister Natural Dr. J. K. Reynolds Resources Deputy Minister Ontario © OMNR-OGS 1980
Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Geological Branch and price list are obtainable through the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Map Unit, Public Service Centre Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario and The Ontario Government Bookstore 880 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order, payable to the Treasurer of Ontario ISSN 0708-2061 ISBN 0-7743-4447-4 This report was prepared by: Staff of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section of the Ontario Geological Survey, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 77 Grenville St., Toronto, M5S IBS, Telephone (416) 965-1182. Project Supervisor: G. J. Burwasser Text Prepared by: J. Z. Fraser Compilation and Drafting by: Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Geological Survey. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form:
Ontario Geological Survey 1980: Aggregate Resources Inventory of Manvers Township, Victoria County; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 7, 35p., 6 tables, 3 maps, scale 1:50000.
Every possible effort is made to insure the accuracy of the information contained in this report but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information. CONTENTS Page Abstract ...... v Introduction...... l Part I - Inventory Methods ...... 2 Field and Office Methods ...... 2 Resource Tonnage Calculation Techniques...... 2 Sand and Gravel Resources ...... 2 Bedrock Resources ...... 3 Units and Definitions...... 3 Part II - Data Presentation and Interpretation ...... 4 Map l Distribution of Sand and Gravel Deposits ...... 4 Map 2 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas ...... 4 Site Specific Criteria ...... 5 Deposit Size...... 5 Aggregate Quality ...... 5 Location and Setting ...... 6 Regional Considerations ...... 6 Map 3 Bedrock Resources...... , ...... 7 Selection Criteria...... 7 Selected Resource Areas...... 7 Part III - Assessment of Aggregate Resources in Manvers Township...... 9 Location and Population...... 9 Physiography and Surficial Geology ...... 9 Extractive Activity ...... 10 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas...... 11 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1...... 11 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2...... 12 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resources of Secondary Significance ...... 13 Bedrock Geology...... 14 Selected Bedrock Resources ...... 14 Summary...... 14 References ...... 24 Appendix A Suggested Additional Reading...... 25 Appendix B Glossary ...... 26 Appendix C Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits...... 29 Appendix D Geology of Bedrock Deposits ...... 32
TABLES 1 - Total Sand and Gravel Resources, Manvers Township...... 15 2 - Sand and Gravel Pits, Manvers Township ...... 17 3 - Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Manvers Township ...... 20 4 - Total Identified Bedrock Resources, Manvers Township ...... 21 5 - Quarries, Manvers Township ...... , ...... 22 6 - Selected Bedrock Resource Areas, Manvers Township ...... 23
FIGURES 1 - Key Map Showing Location of Manvers Township...... v 2 - Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario ...... 32
MAPS (back pocket) 1 - Distribution of Sand and Gravel Deposits, Manvers Township, Scale 1:50 000. 2 - Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Manvers Township, Scale 1:50 000. 3 - Bedrock Resources, Manvers Township, Scale 1:50000.
ABSTRACT
Figure l - Key Map Showing Location of Manvers Township. Scale l: l 800 000.
An inventory and evaluation of aggregate resources, 345 million tons (313 million tonnes) of sand and gravel which include crushed stone derived from bedrock as suitable for a wide range of road-building and con well as natural sand and gravel were completed for struction aggregates. The quantity of crushable gravel Manvers Township in 1979. This is part of the Aggregate may be low in some portions of the resource area. Resources Inventory Program for townships and muni Selected Resource Areas 2 and 3 are portions of an cipalities designated under The Pits and Quarries Control extensive esker-kame complex in the northeastern corner Act, 1971. The aggregate resources in the township have of the township. Twenty-nine million tons (26 million been assessed according to standards developed for the tonnes) of sand and gravel suitable for a wide range of Program. aggregate products are available in these two areas. In Manvers Township, three areas containing signi Manvers Township has sand and gravel resources ficant amounts of sand and gravel have been selected for which are an important regional source of road-building possible resource protection. Selected Sand and Gravel and construction material. Care should be taken to Resource Areas have an area of 5300 acres (2140 ha), ensure the continuing availability of these resources. exclusive of licenced areas. An estimated 4610 acres The poor physical properties of the bedrock (Lindsay (1870 ha) are currently available for extraction, con Formation) underlying Manvers Township and the thick taining possible resources of 375 million tons (340 drift cover preclude the possible use of bedrock as a million tonnes). The parts of the Selected Areas which source of crushed stone. are presently available for extraction represent approxi Selected Resource Areas are not intended to be mately 10 percent of the total area occupied by sand permanent, single land use units which must be incorp and gravel deposits in the township and 20 percent of orated in an official planning document. They represent the total resource tonnage. areas in which a major resource is known to exist. Such Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area l, in south- resource areas may be reserved wholly or partially for central Manvers Township, constitutes the most impor extractive development and/or resource protection tant natural aggregate deposit and contains an estimated within the context of the official plan.
AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY OF MANVERS TOWNSHIP
BY STAFF OF THE ENGINEERING AND TERRAIN GEOLOGY SECTION
INTRODUCTION
Mineral aggregates, which include bedrock- of available resources, especially in those areas derived crushed stone as well as naturally experiencing rapid development. Such strategies formed sand and gravel, constitute the major must be based on a sound knowledge of the raw material in Ontario's road-building and total mineral aggregate resource base at both construction industries. Very large amounts of local and regional levels. The purpose of the these materials are used each year throughout Aggregate Resources Inventory is to provide the the Province. For example, in 1976, the total basic geological information required to include tonnage of mineral aggregates extracted was potential mineral aggregate resource areas in greater than that of any other metallic or planning strategies and official plans. The nonmetallic commodity mined in the Province reports should form the basis for discussion on (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1977). those areas best suited for possible extraction. The aim is to assist decision-makers in protecting Although mineral aggregate deposits are the public well-being by ensuring that adequate plentiful in southern Ontario, they are fixed- resources of mineral aggregate remain available location, nonrenewable resources which can be for future use. exploited only in those areas where they occur. Mineral aggregates are characterized by their This report is a technical background docu high bulk and low unit value so that the econo ment, based for the most part on geological in mic value of a deposit is a function of its prox formation and interpretation. It has been de imity to a market area as well as its quality and signed as a component of the total planning size. The potential for extractive development is process and should be used in conjunction with usually greatest in urban fringe areas where other planning considerations, to ensure the best land use competition is extreme. For these use of a municipality's resources. reasons the availability of adequate resources for future development is now being threatened in The report includes an assessment of sand, some areas. gravel and crushed bedrock. The most recent information available has been used to prepare Comprehensive planning and resource manage the reports. As new information becomes ment strategies are required to make the best use available, revisions may be necessary. PART l - INVENTORY METHODS
FIELD AND OFFICE METHODS
The methods used to prepare the report areas to corroborate thickness estimates, or to primarily involve the interpretation of published indicate the presence of buried granular material. geological data such as bedrock and surficial These records were used only in conjunction geology maps and reports (see References). with other evidence. Topographic maps of the Wherever possible, field examination of po National Topographic System, at a scale of 1:50 tential resource areas was also undertaken to 000, were used as a compilation base for the confirm interpretations made in the office. Field field and office data. The information was then methods included the examination of natural transferred to a township base map, also at a and man-made exposures of granular material. scale of 1:50 000, prepared by the Cartography Most observations were made at quarries and Section of the Lands and Waters Group, Ontario sand and gravel pits located from records held Ministry of Natural Resources, for presentation by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and in the report. Communications, the Ontario Geological Survey, and by Regional and District Offices of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Observa tions made at pit sites included estimates of the total face height and the proportion of gravel- SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES and sand-size fragments in the deposit. Observa tions were also made of the shape and lithology Once the interpretative boundaries of the of the particles. These characteristics are im aggregate units have been drawn, quantitative portant in estimating the quality and quantity of estimates of the possible resources available can the aggregate. In areas of limited exposure, test be made. Generally, the volume Of a deposit can pitting, soil probing and hand-augering tech be calculated if its areal extent and average niques were used to assess subsurface materials. thickness are known or can be estimated. The Air photos at various scales were used to de computation methods used are as follows: First, termine the continuity of deposits, especially in the area of the deposit, as outlined on the final areas of limited subsurface information. base map, is calculated in acres. The thickness values used are an approximation of the deposit In the office, the pit data were supplemented thickness, based on the face heights of pits by information on file with the Engineering developed in the deposit or on subsurface data Materials Office of the Ontario Ministry of such as water well logs. Original tonnage values Transportation and Communications. Data can then be calculated by multiplying the contained in these files include field estimates volume of the deposit by 2500 (the density of the depth, composition and "workability" of factor). This factor is approximately the number deposits as well as laboratory analyses of the of tons in a one-foot thick layer of sand and physical properties and chemical suitability of gravel, one acre in extent, assuming an average the aggregate. Information concerning the density of 110 pounds per cubic foot. development history of the pits and acceptable uses of the aggregate is also recorded. The Tonnage = Area x Thickness x Density Factor location, size, and depth of extraction of pits licenced under Trie Pits and Quarries Control Tonnage calculated in this manner must be Act, 1971 were obtained from records held by considered only as an estimate. Furthermore, Regional and District Offices of the Ontario such tonnages represent amounts that existed Ministry of Natural Resources. The cooperation prior to any extraction of material (i.e. original of the above named groups in the compilation tonnage) (Table l, Column 4). of inventory data is gratefully acknowledged. The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas Water well records, held by the Ontario in Table 3 represent only those parts of the Ministry of the Environment, were used in some deposit lying outside licenced areas (Column 2). Two successive subtractions are made from the UNITS AND DEFINITIONS unlicenced area. Column 3 accounts for the number of acres unavailable due to the presence Although most of the measurements and of permanent cultural features and their associ other primary data available for resource tonnage ated setback requirements. Column 4 accounts calculations are given in Imperial units, Metric for those areas that have previously been ex units have also been given in the text and on the tracted (e.g. wayside pits are included in this tables which accompany the report. The Metric category). The remaining figure is the area of the equivalent of the data is shown in brackets deposit currently available for extraction after or directly below the corresponding (Column 5). The available area is then multiplied Imperial figures. Data are generally rounded off by the estimated deposit thickness and the in accordance with the Ontario Metric Practice density factor (Column 5 x Column 6 x 2500) Guide (Metric Committee 1975). to give an estimate of the sand and gravel tonnage presently available for extractive The tonnage estimates made for sand and development and/or resource protection. gravel as well as bedrock-derived aggregates are termed possible resources in accordance with BEDROCK RESOURCES terminology of the Ontario Resource Classifi cation Scheme (Robertson 1975,p.7) and with The method used to calculate resources of the Association of Professional Engineers of bedrock-derived aggregate is much the same as Ontario (1976) (see Glossary, Appendix B). that described above. The areal extent of favour- rable bedrock formations overlain by less than 50 feet (15 m) of unconsolidated overburden is determined from bedrock geology maps, drift thickness and bedrock topography maps and from the interpretation of water well records. The measured extent of such areas is then multiplied by the estimated workable thickness of the formation, based on stratigraphic analyses and on estimates of existing quarry faces in the unit. In some cases a standardized estimate of a workable thickness of 60 feet (18 m) is used. Volume estimates are then multiplied by 3600 (the estimated weight in tons of a one-foot thick section of dolostone, one acre in extent, assuming a bulk density of 165 pounds per cubic foot). Resources of sandstone are calculated using a bulk density estimate of 146 pounds per cubic foot or approximately 3200 tons per acre. Shale resources are calculated on the basis of a bulk density estimate of 150 pounds per cubic foot. PART II - DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
Three maps, each portraying a different are basic criteria for distinguishing different aspect of the aggregate resources in the munici deposits. The "gravel content" symbol is an pality, accompany the report. Map l, "Distri upper case "S" or "G". The "S" indicates bution of Sand and Gravel Deposits", gives a that the deposit is generally "sandy" and that comprehensive inventory of the sand and gravel gravel-sized aggregate makes up less than 35 resources in the report area. Map 2, "Selected percent of the whole deposit. "G" indicates that Sand and Gravel Resource Areas", shows those the aggregate probably contains more than deposits which are considered to represent the 35 percent gravel. If no information is available, largest and/or highest quality resources in the the letters are omitted. area. Map 3, "Bedrock Resources", shows the distribution of bedrock formations, the distri The "thickness class" indicates a depth range bution of overlying unconsolidated sediments, which is related to the potential resource tonnage and identifies the Selected Bedrock Resource for each deposit. Four thickness class divisions Areas. have been established as shown in the legend for Map 1. : DISTRIBUTION OF SAND AND GRAVEL Two smaller sets of letters, divided from each DEPOSITS other by a horizontal line, follow the thickness class number. The upper series of letters identify Map l is derived directly from the existing the geologic deposit type (the types are summa surficial geology maps of the area or from air rized with respect to their main geologic and photo interpretation where surficial mapping is extractive characteristics in Appendix C) and the incomplete. It shows the extent of sand and lower series of letters identify the main quality gravel deposits within the study area and serves limitations that may be present in the deposit as as a base for the calculation of the total sand discussed in the next section. and gravel resources. The other information presented on Map l is Map l presents a summary of all available designed to give an indication of the present information related to the quantity and quality level of extractive activity in the study area. of aggregate contained in all the known aggregate Those areas which are licenced for extraction deposits in the study area. Much of this infor under The Pits and Quarries Control Act, 1971 mation is contained in the symbol which identi are shown by a solid outline and identified by a fies each deposit. The Deposit Symbol is similar number which refers to the pit descriptions in to those used in soil mapping and land classifi Table 2. Each description notes the owner, lo cation systems commonly in use in North cation and licenced acreage of the pit, as well America. The components of the symbol indicate as the estimated face height and percentage the gravel content, thickness of material, origin gravel. A number of unlicenced pits are also (type), and quality limitations for a given identified and numbered on Map l and de deposit. These components are illustrated by the scribed in Table 2. following example: MAP 2: SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS Gravel Content Geological Type Map 2 is an interpretative map derived from an evaluation of the deposits shown on Map 1. Thickness Class Quality The deposits identified on Map 2 are those which are considered to be important in ensuring an adequate resource base for the future. This symbol identifies an outwash deposit 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 m) thick containing more than All the selected sand and gravel resource areas 35 percent gravel. Excess fines may limit uses of are first delineated by geological boundaries and the aggregate in the deposit. then classified into three levels of significance: primary, secondary, and tertiary. These areas are The "gravel content" and "thickness class" identified on Map 2 by different shading patterns. Each area of primary significance is assessed SITE SPECIFIC CRITERIA as to its probable relative value as a resource in DEPOSIT SIZE the municipality and is given a deposit number which denotes its ranking order. All such deposits Ideally, selected deposits should contain are shown by a medium-grey tone on Map 2. available sand and gravel resources large enough to support a commercial pit operation using a Selected Aggregate Resource Areas of primary stationary or portable processing plant. In significance are not permanent, single land use practice, much smaller deposits may be of units which must be incorporated in an official significant value depending on the overall planning document. They represent areas in reserves in the rest of the municipality. Generally, which a major resource is known to exist. Such deposits in Class l, i.e. those thicker than 20 resource areas may be reserved wholly or partially feet (6m) and containing more than 35 percent for extractive development and/or resource crushable gravel are considered to be most protection within the context of the official favourable for commercial development. Thinner plan. deposits may be valuable in municipalities with low total resources. Deposits of secondary significance are not ranked numerically in this report, but are AGGREGATE QUALITY indicated by a light grey tone on Map 2. Such deposits are believed to contain significant The limitations of natural aggregates for amounts of sand and gravel. Although deposits various uses result from variations in the lithology of secondary significance are not considered to of the particles composing the deposit, and from be the "best" resource areas in a municipality, variations in the size distribution of these they may contain large quantities of sand and particles. gravel and should be considered an integral component of the aggregate supply of the Four indicators of the quality of aggregate municipality. may be included in the symbol for each deposit on Map 1. They are: gravel content (G or S), Areas of tertiary significance are indicated on fines (C), oversize (O) and lithology (L). the map by a dashed line but have no grey tone. They are neither rated nor considered to be Three of the indicators deal with grain size important resource areas because of their low distribution. The "gravel content", (G or S), available resources, or because of possible indicates the suitability of aggregate for various difficulties in extraction. Such areas may be uses. Deposits containing more than 35 percent useful for local needs but are unlikely to support crushable gravel are considered to be favourable large-scale development. extractive sites, since this content is the minimum from which crushed products can be economi The process by which deposits are evaluated cally produced. and selected involves the consideration of two sets of criteria. The main selection criteria are Excess "fines" or high silt and clay content site specific, related to the characteristics of may severely limit the potential use of an individual deposits. Factors such as deposit size, aggregate. Fines content in excess of 10 percent aggregate quality, and deposit location and may impede drainage in road sub-base aggregate setting are considered in the selection of those and render it more susceptible to the effects of deposits best suited for extractive development. frost action. In asphalt aggregate, excess fines A second set of criteria involves the assessment hinder the bonding of particles. Deposits known of local aggregate resources in relation to the to have a high fines content are indicated by a quality, quantity, and distribution of resources "C" in the quality portion of the Deposit in the region in which the municipality is lo Symbol. cated. The intent of such a process of evaluation is to ensure the continuing availability of suf Deposits containing more than 20 percent ficient resources to meet possible future demands. "oversize" particles (those greater than 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter) may also have use limi tations. The oversize component is unacceptable for all concrete aggregate and for road-building aggregate, so must be either crushed or removed made features, such as roads, railways, power- during processing. Deposits known to have an lines, and housing developments, which are built appreciable oversize component are indicated on a deposit, may prohibit its extraction. The by an "O" in the quality portion of the Deposit constraining effect of legally required setbacks Symbol. surrounding such features is included in the evaluation. A quantitative assessment of these The other indicator of the quality of an constraints can be made by measurement of aggregate is "lithology". Just as the unique their areal extent directly from the topographic physical and chemical properties of bedrock maps. The area rendered unavailable by these formations determine their value for use as features is shown for each resource area in crushed rock, so do various lithologies of parti Table 3. cles in a sand and gravel deposit determine its suitability for various uses. The presence of The assessment of sand and gravel deposits objectionable lithologies such as chert, siltstone, and bedrock resource areas with respect to local and shale, even in relatively small amounts, can land use and to private land ownership is an result in a reduction in the quality of an aggregate, important component of the general evaluation especially for high-quality uses. Deposits known process. These aspects of the evaluation process to contain objectionable lithologies are indicated are not considered further in this report but by an "L" in the quality component of the readers are encouraged to discuss them with Deposit Symbol. personnel of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources' District Office. If the Deposit Symbol indicates either "C", "O" or "L" or any combination, the quality of REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS the deposit is considered to be reduced for some uses of the aggregate. No attempt has been In selecting sufficient areas for resource made to quantify the degree of limitation development, it is important to assess both imposed. Assessment of the four indicators is the local and the regional resource base, and to made from published data, from data contained forecast future production and demand patterns. in files of the Ontario Ministry of Transpor tation and Communications and the Engineering Some appreciation of future aggregate require and Terrain Geology Section of the Ontario ments in an area may be gained by assessing its Geological Survey, and from field observations. present production levels and by forecasting The Engineering Materials Office of the Ontario future production trends. Such an approach is Ministry of Transportation and Communications based on the assumptions that production levels has recently compiled a detailed assessment of in an area closely reflect the demand and that aggregate suitability for selected areas in southern the present production "market share" of an Ontario. This material has been consulted area will remain at roughly the same level. extensively in preparation of the inventory reports. The aggregate resources in the region sur rounding a municipality should be assessed in LOCATION AND SETTING order to properly evaluate specific resource areas and to adopt optimum resource management The location and setting of a resource area has plans. For example, a municipality that has large a direct influence on its value for possible resources in comparison to its surrounding region extraction. The evaluation of a deposit's setting constitutes a regionally significant resource area. is made on the basis of those natural and man- Municipalities with high resources in proximity made features which may limit or prohibit to large demand centres, such as metropolitan extractive development. areas, are special cases. First, the physical context of the deposit is Although an appreciation of the regional considered. Deposits with some physical con context is required to develop comprehensive straint on extractive development, such as thick resource management techniques, such de overburden or high water table, are less valuable tailed evaluation is beyond the scope of this resource areas because of the difficulties involved report. The selection of resource areas made in in resource recovery. Second, permanent man- this study is based primarily on geological data or on considerations outlined in preceding numbered on Map 3 and described in Table 5. sections. One additional symbol appears on the map: an open dot indicates the location of a selected well MAP 3: BEDROCK RESOURCES which penetrates bedrock. The overburden thickness is shown in feet beside the open dot. Map 3 is an' interpretative map derived from bedrock geology, bedrock topography, drift SELECTION CRITERIA thickness maps, water well data from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, oil and gas well Criteria equivalent to those used for sand and data from the Petroleum Resources Section gravel deposits are used to select bedrock areas (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources), and most favourable for extractive development. from geotechnical well data from various sources. Map 3 is based on concepts similar to those out The evaluation of bedrock resources is made lined for Maps l and 2, but displays both the primarily on the basis of performance and inventory and evaluation on the one map. suitability data established by laboratory testing at the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and The geological boundaries of the labelled Communications. The main characteristics and bedrock units are shown by a dashed line. uses of the bedrock formations found in southern Isolated outcrops are indicated by an "X". Ontario are summarized in Appendix D. Three sets of contour lines delineate areas of less than 3 feet (l m) of drift, areas of 3 to 25 Deposit "size" is related directly to the areal feet (l to 8 m) of drift, and areas of 25 to 50 extent of thin drift cover overlying favourable feet (8 to 15 m) of drift. The extent of the bedrock formations of sufficient thickness to areas of thin drift are shown by three tones. The support quarry operations. Since vertical and darkest tone indicates areas where bedrock lateral variations in bedrock units are much outcrops or is within 3 feet (1m) of the ground more gradual than in sand and gravel deposits, surface. These areas constitute potential resource the quality and quantity of the resource is areas of primary significance due to their easy usually consistent over large areas. access. The medium tone indicates areas where drift cover is up to 25 feet (8 m) thick. Quarrying Quality of the aggregate derived from specific is possible in this depth of overburden and bedrock units is established by the performance these also represent potential resource areas. The standards previously mentioned. Location and lightest tone indicates bedrock areas overlain by setting criteria and regional considerations are 25 to 50 feet (8 to 15 m) of overburden. These identical to those for sand and gravel deposits. latter areas constitute resources which have extractive value only in specific circumstances. Outside of these delineated areas the bedrock SELECTED RESOURCE AREAS can be assumed to be covered by more than 50 Selection of bedrock resource areas has been feet (15 m) of overburden, a depth generally restricted to a single level of significance. Three considered to be too great to allow economic factors support this approach. Quality and extraction (unless part of the overburden is quantity variations are gradual. The areal extent composed of economically attractive sand and of a given quarry operation is much smaller gravel deposits). than that of a sand and gravel pit producing an equivalent tonnage of material. Since crushed Other inventory information presented on bedrock has a higher unit value than sand and Map 3 is designed to give an indication of the gravel, longer haul distances can be considered. present level of extractive activity in the munici These factors allow the identification of alterna pality. Those areas which are licenced for tive sites having similar development potential. extraction under The Pits and Quarries Control The wider range of possible resource areas allows Act, 1971 are shown by a solid outline and greater flexibility in locating quarry operations identified by a number which refers to the away from areas of intensive land use competition. quarry descriptions in Table 5. Each description The Selected Areas are shown on Map 3 by a notes the owner, location, and licenced acreage line pattern and the calculated available tonnages of the quarry and an estimate of face height. are given in Table 6. Unlicenced quarries are also identified and Selected Bedrock Resource Areas shown on exist. Such a resource area may be reserved Map 3 are not permanent, single land use units wholly or partially for extractive development which must be incorporated in an official and/or resource protection within the context of planning document. They represent areas in the official plan, which a major bedrock resource is known to PART III - ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATE RESOURCES IN MANVERS TOWNSHIP
LOCATION AND POPULATION Proctor and Redfern Ltd. (1974, plate 8-13) indicate that sand and gravel from Manvers Township is moved south to supply demand Manvers Township occupies an area of 73,083 along Highway No. 401 as far west as Oshawa acres (29 590 ha) in southern Victoria County, and Ajax. A relatively large proportion of the just east of Lake Scugog. The township is aggregate reaches the Metropolitan Toronto shown on portions of the Lindsay (31D/7) and market. Scugog (31D/2) map sheets of the National Topographic System at a scale of 1:50 000. Railway lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway Originally, Manvers Township formed part of serve Pontypool and Bethany. The main line the County of Durham, but became part of runs east-west through the southern part of the Victoria County during the restructuring process township and a northern branch line runs along which formed the Regional Municipality of the eastern boundary. Both lines are located Durham in 1973. near large aggregate resource areas and could provide convenient haulage routes. There are no large population centres in the township. Port Perry to the west, Peterborough to the east, and Lindsay to the north are located PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SURFICIAL GEOLOGY a considerable distance away. Two local trade and retail centres, Pontypool and Bethany, are The physiography of Manvers Township and located near the southern and eastern boundaries, the distribution of unconsolidated sediments respectively. (which includes the sand and gravel deposits shown on Map 1) are the result of extensive The total population of Manvers Township glacial activity which took place in the latter was 3323 in 1978 (Ontario Ministry of part of the Wisconsinan Stage of the Pleistocene Intergovernmental Affairs 1979, p.76). Figures Epoch. This period of time, which lasted from from previous years indicate that the population approximately 23,000 to 12,500 years ago, was has increased significantly. Much of this increase marked by the repeated advance and retreat of has resulted from an influx of rural-residential massive continental ice sheets. and seasonal-recreational inhabitants, drawn by the area's scenic value and recreational potential. Manvers Township was covered several times during the Wisconsinan by a lobe of the con Population projections made by the Regional tinental ice sheet, which advanced to the south, Planning Branch of the Ontario Ministry of out of the lowlands of the Lake Simcoe basin. Treasury, Economics and Intergovernmental Concurrently, a second, semi-independent lobe, Affairs (1976, p.135) indicate a population situated in the Lake Ontario basin, advanced to increase of 10 to 20 percent is probable by the the north, to the southern boundary of Manvers year 2000. Such a population increase may Township (Gravenor 1957, p.40). During much necessitate increased production of sand .and of Late Wisconsinan time, the margins of the gravel products. two ice lobes were confluent or in close proxi mity along an east-west trending zone at the Road access in the township is good. The southern edges of Rice Lake and Lake Scugog. area is served by a grid of gravel-surfaced town Vast amounts of sediment-laden glacial melt- ship and county roads. Paved King's Highway waters flowed off the ice margins during periodic No. 35 runs north-south through the centre of climatic warming trends. The meltwaters the township, and No. 115 cuts across the deposited their sediment in the area between the southeast corner. Both highways join together ice margins, forming a broad hummocky ridge just south of the southern boundary, and known as the Oak Ridges Moraine (Chapman connect with King's Highway No. 401. These and Putnam 1966, p.276). roads serve as a convenient haul route for the transportation of aggregates to the south. The Oak Ridges Moraine is one of the largest and most distinctive, glacially deposited area's overall resource base. physiographic features in Ontario. In Manvers Township, it is broad and irregular, occupying After its final advance, the margin of the Lake the southern third of the township, and ex Simcoe lobe did not retreat to the north as it tending north in two spurs to Bunker Hill and to had on previous occasions. The main method of Bethany. Much of the moraine in the centre of retreat was by "down-wasting". The ice sheet the township is masked by a younger till deposit became stationary and melted-in-place or (as in the area surrounding the hamlet of Manvers "stagnated". Ice stagnation deposits such as on Map 1). kames, eskers and crevasse fillings are common throughout the region, especially east of Peter The ridge has a maximum elevation in the borough. In Manvers Township, the main township of more than 1200 feet (366 m) above deposit of this type is a large esker-kame complex sea level, and has local relief of up to 500 feet which extends from the southern tip of Pigeon (152 m). The land surface on the moraine is Lake, through Franklin and Bethany, along the typically hummocky and irregular. The internal east side of Fleetwood Creek, in the northeast structure of the moraine is complex, and although corner of the township. The esker has a relief of poorly exposed, several episodes of sand and 50 to 75 feet (15 to 23 m) and consists of gravel deposition are represented. Drilling data stratified sand and gravel deposited by melt- indicate the presence of as much as 400 feet waters flowing south in a tunnel within the (122 m) of stratified sand, gravel and silt. melting ice sheet. This deposit is an important Surprisingly little clay or till is present (Gravenor aggregate resource area and is presently being 1957, p.27). Coarse granular material is at or worked at several licenced properties. near the ground surface in several places on the moraine. These areas are presently being worked The stagnation of the Lake Simcoe lobe at numerous licenced pits throughout the marked the end of glacial activity in Manvers southern part of the township. Township. Postglacial erosional and depositional processes have been relatively minor in the Following the formation of the Oak Ridges area, except for limited stream and wind erosion Moraine, the Lake Simcoe ice lobe retreated on steep portions of the Oak Ridges Moraine. northward out of Manvers Township (Gravenor 1957, P.49). During this time, numerous glacial lakes covered much of the region. EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITY A strong final advance by the Lake Simcoe Manvers Township has been a traditional lobe, again covered the township. The ice supplier of good-quality sand and gravel for local overrode the northern flank of the Oak Ridges and regional markets. Sand and gravel extraction Moraine, and advanced an unknown distance is a significant component of the township's over its crest to the south (Gravenor 1957, employment and economic base, and will likely p.40). This advance deposited a characteristic continue to be so in the near future. drumlinized till plain composed of stony sandy glacial till. The till forms an extensive Numerous sand and gravel pits have been physiographic unit known as the Peterborough operated in the township in the past. Most of Drumlin Field and covers much of south-central the pits were used to meet local and private Ontario, including most of the northern two- demand. In 1973, after designation of the thirds of Manvers Township (Chapman and township under The Pits and Quarries Control Putnam 1966, p. 280). The till plain is charac Act, 1971, many of the smaller operations were terized by numerous, drumlin land forms. The abandoned. At the time of writing, records of drumlins trend southwest, have relief of 50 to pit licence applications on file with Regional and 100 feet (15 to 30 m) and lengths of 1500 to District Offices of the Ontario Ministry of 6000 feet (457 to 1829 m). Stratified sand and Natural Resources indicate that twenty properties gravel of uncertain origin is often incorporated are presently licenced for extraction. in the drumlins, and this material has been extracted for local use throughout the region The distribution of licenced and unlicenced (Gravenor 1957, p.17). Further resources of sources indicates that a shift in areas of extraction similar material are small in Manvers Township has taken place. In the past, most of the extrac and are not an important component of the tion in the township was concentrated in stratified
10 sand and gravel kame deposits in a spur of the resource protection. Oak Ridges Moraine which extends north towards Bethany. Many presently inactive pits are grouped just north of Pontypool, on the SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS main body of the moraine. The aggregate in this area consists mainly of stratified sand with The sand and gravel deposits selected for minor gravel. Presently licenced sources, which possible resource protection in Manvers Township include a large number of new pits, are concen are shown on Map 2. The three areas of primary trated in the main ridge of the moraine, along significance include two portions of the Oak the southern boundary of the township. The Ridges Moraine, and the esker-kame complex in shift may have occurred as a result of the higher the northeast. The Selected Resource Areas proportion of crushable gravel that may be correspond generally to areas identified in an found in this area. earlier study of the aggregate resources of Manvers Township (Gwyn 1976). The second greatest concentration of past and present extractive activity in the township is in The Selected Resource Areas occupy 5300 the esker-kame complex which lies along the acres (2140 ha), exclusive of licenced areas. An east bank of Fleetwood Creek in the northeast. estimated 4610 acres (1870 ha) are available for These deposits are largely sand, although there extractive development under present conditions. are numerous areas of coarse gravel. Possible resources of sand and gravel thus total approximately 375 million tons (340 million Pits throughout the township have a "moderate tonnes). The parts of the Selected Resource to high" use rating according to criteriaestablished Areas available for extraction represent 13 by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and percent of the total area occupied by sand and Communications (Deike 1978). Pits with moderate gravel deposits in the township and 20 percent to high ratings are able to produce Granular Base of the total resource tonnage. Course "A", which must contain a large propor tion of crushed fragments, and must have stone of sound lithology. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREA 1 Presently licenced sand and gravel pits in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area l Manvers Township are extensive. The total area includes both the central portion of the Oak occupied by licenced sources is 2892.9 acres Ridges Moraine along the southern boundary of (1170.8 ha). Using calculation techniques the township, and the north-trending spur of the similar to those described in the Introduction, moraine which extends past Pontypool. The presently available sand and gravel resources in boundary shown for Area l is somewhat gene tile licenced properties are estimated to be ralized because of the limited amount of data approximately 500 million tons (455 million available. Further field investigation is required tonnes). to identify specific areas of high potential for extractive development. Total annual production records for licenced sources have been kept by the Lindsay District Area l is considered to have generally greater Office of the Ontario Ministry of Natural potential for further development than the Resources since designation of the township in surrounding morainic deposits on the basis of 1973. The average annual production over the several factors (Gwyn 1976). First, as shown by past five years is estimated to have been l the concentration of existing pits, the Area is a million tons (l million tonnes). Future production traditional aggregate source, in contrast to the trends are likely to increase. rest of the moraine which is relatively undeve loped. Second, pit exposures as well as other The above figures indicate that the presently subsurface data, indicate a greater proportion licenced sand and gravel resources in Manvers of coarse granular material in Area l than in the Township may be sufficient to meet expected surrounding deposit. Finally, the relief of the levels of production for a considerable number area is often greater, and the terrain more of years. Nevertheless, consideration should be hummocky and irregular than other portions of given to providing planning controls for the the moraine. areas which have been selected for possible li In the southern portion of Area l, twelve pits Residential and other development along High are currently licenced to operate under The Pits way No. 35 and surrounding Pontypool may and Quarries Control Act, 1971. The pit faces sterilize a small proportion of the total resources. range in height from 10 to 70 feet (3 to 21 m) and expose generally well sorted and stratified The total resource tonnage in Selected Resource sand and minor amounts of gravel. Only a small Area l is very large. The deposit covers a total proportion of the gravel is greater than 4 inches area of 4550 acres (1840 ha), exclusive of (10 cm) in diameter and the proportion of licenced areas. Deletions for cultural setbacks "crushable gravel", i.e. that greater than one and areas previously extracted leave an area of inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, is quite variable, 3950 acres (1600 ha) currently available for ranging from 5 to 65 percent (Deike 1978). extraction. Assuming an average deposit thick ness of 35 feet (11 m), total sand and gravel The main products from these pits include resources are estimated to be 345 million tons most types of granular base course aggregate and (313 million tonnes). hot-laid asphaltic sand and stone, as well as pit-and crusher-run gravel of several types. In Road access to the area is provided by King's reference to the southern portion of Area l, Highway No. 35 which runs north-south through Deike (1978) notes that "Pits in the area contain the centre of the deposit. Highway No. 35 a very high-quality gravel which is generally connects with Highways No. 115 and 401 to the suitable for most base and surface paving uses south, providing an excellent haulage route for with the exception of H.L. l, as well as for uses the transport of aggregate to Toronto markets. of lesser importance....". Quality constraints on Such considerations may account for the recent the aggregate relate mainly to the lack of crush rapid growth of extraction in the southern able gravel. Selection and sand control are portion of Area 1. required during excavation to ensure sufficient gravel for crushed products. Blending of different sand grades is also required in some areas to SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREA 2 produce acceptable hot-laid aggregates. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 There are few competing land uses in the extends from the northeast corner of the town southern portion of Area 1. The hummocky, ship to the hamlet of Brunswick. The deposit is steeply sloping topography in the area and the part of an extensive esker-kame complex which susceptibility to erosion and low fertility of soils extends north to Fee Landing at the southern developed on the moraine give the area low end of Pigeon Lake, and may extend north to capability for agriculture (Webber, Morwick and the shore of Buckhom Lake in Smith Township Richards 1946). Much of the land is bush (Gravenor 1957, p.30). Gravenor (1957, p. 31) covered or has been reforested. Population describes the general nature of the esker system density, as indicated by air photos and topo as follows: graphic maps, is quite low. In the northern portion of Area l, north of Concession 2, there "Most of the eskers vary greatly in width along their courses. are presently no licenced pits. However, inactive Where they widen the material is generally finer... Where eskers and abandoned pits are scattered throughout the narrow the material is noticeably coarser...". area. Ten-to 30-foot (3 to 9 m) faces in these pits expose well sorted and stratified, medium to The main esker ridge in Manvers Township is coarse sand and minor, medium-sized gravel. sinuous, segmented and has several smaller Crushable gravel ranges from 20 to 35 percent branches. Relief of the ridge ranges from 30 to (Deike 1978). The aggregate is suitable for 75 feet (9 to 23 m), but it has a fairly constant Granular Base Course B and C and other sub width of 300 to 600 feet (91 to 183 m). A grade materials. In many cases, there is insuffi few well developed kame deposits are associated cient crushable gravel for such products as with the esker. A good example is the isolated Granular Base Course A, and 5/8 inch (1.6 cm) kame knoll at Fleetwood Station. crushed stone A and B (Deike 1978). Pit face heights throughout the deposit range Agricultural capability is low due to the from 15 to 45 feet (5 to 14 m) and expose irregular topography and low soil fertility. moderately sorted pebble to cobble gravel and Consequently, much of the land is forested.
12 sand in the esker ridges, and stratified sand and Resource Area 3 has an area of 200 acres (81 minor gravel in the lower flanks. Deike (1978) ha), exclusive of licenced areas. Constraints on notes that "Sources here are also of very high extraction may be significant in the central quality and are suitable for H.L. 4 and higher portion of the Area. In addition, extensive (quality) hot mix paving purposes". extraction has taken place in the southern portion and considerable resource tonnage has Quality constraints in the area include an been removed. Consequently, the area currently excess of oversize gravel (clasts greater than 4 available for extraction is 150 acres (61 ha). inches (10 cm) in diameter) in parts of the esker Assuming an average deposit thickness of ridges. The oversize component must be removed 25 feet (8m), Area 3 has possible resources of or crushed in a primary crusher prior to usual approximately 9 million tons (8 million tonnes). processing. In some areas, the crushable aggre gate content is low and selection and sand control are required for crushed products. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES OF SECONDARY SIGNIFICANCE Selected Resource Area 2 has an area of 550 acres (220 ha) consisting predominantly of the Three deposits in central and northwestern main esker ridges and exclusive of licenced areas. Manvers Township have been selected as Sand After deletions for cultural setbacks and areas and Gravel Resource Areas of Secondary previously extracted, 510 acres (210 ha) remain Significance. These areas contain significant for extractive development. Assuming an amounts of aggregate suitable for a variety of average deposit thickness of 16 feet (5 m), local needs and should be given consideration in possible resources in Area 2 are estimated to be resource management plans. 20 million tons (18 million tonnes). The central deposit lies on the eastern flank Esker deposits in general are well suited for of Selected Resource Area 1. The area, although sequential land use since most of the material to extremely irregular and hummocky, is charac be extracted lies above the surrounding ground terized by topography lower than that of Area surface. After extraction, rehabilitation may 1. In the vicinity of Pit No. 16, coarse granular consist simply of levelling the site. material is found in low irregular ridges with intervening lenses of sand and till. These latter Although road haulage routes are not direct, features may be crevasse filling deposits, which several alternate routes are provided by a number are characteristic ice stagnation features of township roads in the area. In addition, a (Gravenor 1957, p. 30). Surface exposures branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway is and subsurface data are lacking for the remainder close to the Resource Area. Most of the produc of the deposit. Further field investigation is tion from the Highland Creek Sand and Gravel required. Pit (Pit No. 18) is hauled on this line to the Company's handling depot in the east end of The extensive ice-contact stratified drift Toronto. deposit that lies to the west of Resource Area l has also been selected as a Sand and Gravel Resource Area of Secondary Significance. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREA 3 It is much the same in texture and thickness as the deposit that lies to the east of Area 1. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 is Further field investigation is required to de located within the southernmost portion of the termine areas suitable for extractive development. esker system, just east of Bethany. The dimen sions of the esker and the texture of its sediments The ice-contact deposit in the northwest is are much the same as that described for Resource exposed along a dissected scarp on the west side Area 2. A licenced property (Pit No. 17) of Pigeon River. A large property is licenced to exposes moderately sorted sand and minor J.R. Vivian in the northern portion of the gravel in a 30-foot (9 m) pit face. Deike (1978) deposit (Pit No. 19). A 35-foot (11 m) face indicates that the aggregate is finer-grained in the pit exposes clean, medium sand and fine than in Area 2 and that the deposit may not be gravel. This licenced pit and the two unlicenced able to supply crushed products. sources in the deposit are given a low to moderate
13 use rating (Deike 1978). The aggregate is possible extractive development. suitable for Granular Base Course B and C, and select subgrade material, but generally not for crushed products. Much of the elevated area to SUMMARY the west of the deposit may consist of similar ice-contact sand and gravel underlying a thick Manvers Township has no possible bedrock till cap. resources and must rely totally on natural sand and gravel deposits for aggregate production. The ice-contact sand and gravel deposits in BEDROCK GEOLOGY south-central Manvers Township, and the esker- kame complex in the northeast have been Manvers Township is underlain by a succession selected for possible resource protection. The of limestone and shales of Ordovician age Selected Areas have an area available for referred to as the Lindsay Formation. Although extraction totalling 4610 acres (1870 ha) with detailed mapping of the bedrock surface is not possible resources of approximately 375 million possible due to the thick drift cover, regional tons (340 million tonnes). patterns indicate that the bedrock topography is generally smooth and level (Liberty 1969). The Enquiries regarding the Aggregate Resources formations trend east-west and have a gentle Inventory of Manvers Township should be regional dip of 20 to 30 feet to the mile (4 to 6 directed to the Ontario Ministry of Natural m to the kilometre) towards the southwest Resources either at the Lindsay District Office, (Liberty 1969, p.86). Lindsay, Ontario, K9V 4T7, (Tel: (705) 324-6121) or at the Central Region Office, The Lindsay Formation consists of grey, Richmond Hill, Ontario, L4C 3C9, (Tel: (416) fine-grained limestone with abundant interbedded 884-9203). shale. The formation is quarried for lime production at several localities in southern Ontario, such as Picton and Ogden Point on the shore of Lake Ontario (Dolar-Mantuani 1975, p.35). Low freeze-thaw resistance and low abrasion resistance make the Lindsay Formation generally unsuitable for load-bearing crushed stone products. Drift overlying the Lindsay Formation is generally very thick, ranging from 100 feet (30 m) to more than 300 feet (91 m) in the area of the Oak Ridges Moraine. The drift thickness decreases progressively northwards in the township, and there are several areas along the northern boundary where drift is less than 50 feet (15 m). It is unlikely that quarrying would be established in these areas, because of high stripping costs, distance to market and the limited structural value of the stone.
SELECTED BEDROCK RESOURCES Bedrock formations in Manvers Township have little value as crushed stone resources. The Lindsay Formation has value mainly for cement production. Drift thickness prohibits quarrying, except in a few isolated areas along the northern boundary of the township. Consequently, no bedrock resource areas have been selected for
14 TABLE 1 TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 CLASS NO. D EPOS IT TYPE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (See Appendix C) Acres Millions of ( Hectares) Tons (Tonnes)
G-E 320 20 (129) (18) G-IC 6400 510 (2600) (463) S-IC 13,300 830 (5400) (753) S-OW 310 16 (125) (14) G-E 69 3 (28) (3) G-EK 560 22 (225) (20) G-IC 780 20 (315) (18) S-IC 3500 140 (1420) (127) S-LP 4600 173 (1860) (157) S-OW 1780 67 (720) (61) G-IC 77 2 (31) (2) S-IC 2270 45 (920) (41) G-K 120 2 (50) (2) S-K 44 -O (18) KD S-LP 310 5 (125) (4) S-OW 455 9 (185) (8)
15 TABLE 1 TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 CLASS NO. DEPOSIT TYPE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (See Appendix C) Acres Millions of (Hectares) Tons (Tonnes)
S-IC 25 *C1 (10) KD S- K 65 ^ (26) KD S-OW 15 O (6) KD
35,000 1865 (14200) (1692)
N. B. Minor variations in above table are due to rounding of data.
16 TABLE 2 SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NO. MTC NO. OWNER/OPERATOR LOT CON. LICENCED FACE y* GRAVEL AREAS HEIGHT Acres Feet (Hectares) (Metres)
LICENCED PITS
1 Tethany Sand 8t . 1,2,3, 1 939 20 Gravel Limited 4,5 (380.0) (6)
2 S2-14 Harnden 8t King 5 1 30.2 20 Construction (12.2) (6)
3 S2-15 Harnden 8t King 6 1 52 20 Construction Limited (21.0) (6)
4 S2-49 Bennett Paving M ate ri Eils 6,7,8 1 250 60 Limited l (101.2) (18)
5 S2-39 Bethany Sand 8t Grave l 8 1 106 -- Limited (42.9) t 6 Harnden 81 King 9 1 100 10-15 (40.5) (3-5)
7 William E. Reid ' 10 1 31 15 (12.6) (5)
8 William E. Reid 10 1 27.2 -- (11.0)
9 Oshawa Sand 81 Gravel 11 1 20 -- (8.1)
10 Repac Construction 12, 13 1 192 ~ (77.7)
11 Lloyd G. Taylor 13 1 5.3 10 (2.1) (3)
12 S2-80 Gordon Kirk - 14 1 56 20 (22.7) (6)
13 S2-95 Wilfred Richardson 10 3 98 20 (39.7) (6)
14 Ivan F. Mountjoy 4 3 100 12 (40.5) (4)
15 30 1070 Ontario Limited 9,10 5 196.2 30 (79.4) (9)
16 S2-11 T. Veenhof 15 6 99.5 15 (40.3) (5)
17 TABLE 2 SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 2 3 45 6 7 8 NO. MFC NO. OWNER/OPERATOR LOT CON. LICENCED FACE % GRAVEL AREAS HEIGHT Acres Feet (Hectares) (Metres)
17 Charles Palmer 24 8 23 30 (9.3) (9)
18 Highland Creek Sand b 22, 23 10 476 10 Gravel 23, 24 1 1 (192.6) (3)
19 S2-94 J.R.Vivian 6,7 11 85 35 (34.4) (11)
20 Township of Manvers 15 6 6.5 15 (2.6) (5)
2892.9 (1170.8)
UNLICENCEPITS
21 S2-128 McGill 6 11 35 (11)
22 S2-59 W. Heaslip 6 10 8-10 (2-3)
23 S2-130 Preston #2 10 10 40 (12)
24 S2-3 Murray Spiers #2 24 12 10 (3)
25 S2-145 Popovic 25 12 10 (3)
26 S2-120 Capstick 24 9 10 (3)
27 S2-3 H. Green 24 7 30-50 (9-15)
28 S2-5 Smith 24 7 10-20 (3-6)
29 S2-37 Lapinski 25 3 20-35 (6-11)
30 S2-105 Armstrong (Veenholf) 15 7 10 (3)
18 TABLE 2 SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 2 3 4 5 6 78 NO. MTC NO. OWNER/OPERATOR LOT CON. LICENCED FACE *K GRAVEL AREAS HEIGHT Acres Feet (Hectares) (Metres)
31 S2-17 Curtis 13,14 5 20 (6)
32 S2-8 G. Chapman 12,13 4 9 (3)
33 S2-6 Lloyd Fallis 12 5 10 (3)
34 S2-143 W. Mitchell 12 5 -
35 S2-77 Mitchell 11 5 -
36 S2-26 McMahon 11 3 10 (3)
37 S2-48 B. Brown 7 3 -
38 S2-81 Marietta 12 2 15 (5)
39 S2-51 White 11 2 -
40 S2-33 A. Brown 15 1 13 (4)
41 S2-127 Nicholson 5 14 10 (3)
19 -j 5 ^ c *- o oo -~ G "^ C3)S -S g t < CD ~ g
Q CO "vT UJ |~ CO g in r- CD 2? in So Q. co C *- S. CM S c/) Q i a O) UJ l- O. i UJ M -i —. GC S < * S Sg oo 0 ~ UJ > •o j tr b g Z
O) < UJ o oc UJ ~ to HT ^ M S •o UJ o ut S {5 H- o < oc b t! o oc oc < < g O) D C O x — TJ O) UJ D UJ oc O —l •jO UJ rf " (U 2 ^ "is •o QC n P ^ 2 S O) O h OD o o Sg] mf m ^ i- *c 42 lO i-l CO -~ CO O D uj X Z .0 < O eo co Q O Z ui < O rf ^ CO S2 S2 Q LO m O S O o UJ o, Sg b g LO S LO Xj O CO j*1 *1 ^ Tf C LO 21 CM LO z i UJ D UJ C/)
CO I- M ffi - 2d < TABLE 4 TOTAL IDENTIFIED BEDROCK RESOURCES, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
1 2345 DRIFT THICKNESS FORMATION WORKABLE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE Feet (Metres) THICKNESS Acres Millions of Feet (Metres) (Hectares) Tons (Tonnes)
Outcrop Lindsay 60 (18)
0-25 Lindsay 60 (0-8) (18)
25-50 Lindsay 60 900 194 (8-15) (18) (365) (176)
900 194 (365) (176)
N. B. Minor variations in above table are due to founding of data.
21 TABLE 5 QUARRIES, MANVERS TOWNSHIP
12 3 45 NO. MTCNO. OWNER/OPERATOR LOT CON. LICENCED AREA FACE HEIGHT Acres (Hectares) Feet (Metres)
-NONE-
22 -l UJ ^ c < Q UJ co "ST UI -l CO J UJ o5 i1- LLg UJ -l"rf ~ ^ 2 - li^ B J8 S << < x Q. oui ^ CO -r Q)w ra2 z UJ o z CO uiX CC o UJ > z DC•M- CO UJ cc< UJ o UIo cc O -ST Z < w 2 UJ " O"J CC ui J22 so icc o Q UJ g U. UIz m UJQ 1=2 ~ 2 UJ SttUI t MS ^* b Q UJ "- E UJ-j CO O CO UJ —l -00Q- Z m UI 2 Q REFERENCES Ontario Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario 1979: The Pits and Quarries Control Act, 1976: Performance Standards for Professional 1971; Status of Ontario, 1971, Chapter Engineers Advising on and Reporting on 96, Queen's Printer for Ontario. Oil, Gas and Mineral Properties; Associ ation of Professional Engineers of Ontario Interministerial Committee on National Ontario, lip. Standards and Specifications (Metric Committee) 1975: Metric Practice Guide; 67p. Champman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F. 1966: The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs Second Edition, Ontario Research 1979: Municipal Directory 1979; Queen's Foundation, University of Toronto Press, Printer for Ontario, 190p. 386p., 4 maps. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Deike, W. 1977: Ontario Mineral Review 1976-77; 1978: Aggregate Suitability Evaluation, Man Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, vers Township; Aggregate Unit, Pave 95p. ment Design and Management Section, Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ontario Ministry of Treasury, Economics and Ministry of Transportation and Com Intergovernmental Affairs munications, Sp., unpublished report. 1974: Municipal Directory 1974; Queen's Printer for Ontario, 128p. Dolar-Mantuani, L. 1976: Ontario's Changing Population, Volume 1975: Petrography and Utilization of Paleozoic, 2, Directions and Impact of Future Middle Ordovician Carbonate Rocks in Change 1971-2001; Regional Planning Southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Branch, 184p. Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 42, 59p. Proctor and Redfem Limited 1974: Mineral Aggregate Study, Central Webber, L.R., Morwick, F.F. and Richards, N.R. Ontario Planning Region; Prepared for 1946: Soil Survey of Durham County, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Re Southern Ontario; Ontario Soil Survey, sources. Report No. 9, Guelph, Ontario, 68p. Robertson, J. A. Gravenor, C. P. 1975: Mineral Deposit Studies, Mineral Po 1957: Surficial Geology of the Lindsay- tential Evaluation and Regional Planning Peterborough Area, Ontario, Victoria, in Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Peterborough, Durham and Northum Miscellaneous Paper 61, 42p. berland Counties, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 288, 60p., l map. Gwyn, Q. H. J. 1976: Recommendations for Sand and Gravel Extractive Areas, Manvers Township, Durham County, Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Open File Report 5204,3p. Liberty, B. A. 1969: Paleozoic Geology of the Lake Simcoe Area, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 355, 201p., l map. 24 APPENDIX A-SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING American Geological Institute Hewitt, D. F. and Karrow, P. F. 1972: Glossary of Geology; Washington, D.C., 1963: Sand and Gravel in Southern Ontario; 858 p. Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 11,15Ip. Bauer, A. M. 1970: A Guide to Site Development and Reha Hewitt, D. F. and Vos, M. A. bilitation of Pits and Quarries; Ontario 1970: Urbanization and Rehabilitation of Pits Department of Mines and Northern and Quarries; Ontario Department of Affairs, Industrial Mineral Report 33, Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 34,21p. 62p. Ontario Mineral Aggregate Working Party Cowan, W. R. 1977: A Policy for Mineral Aggregate Resource 1977: Towards the Inventory of Ontario's Management in Ontario; Ontario Mineral Aggregates; Ontario Geological Ministry of Natural Resources, 232p. Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 73, 19p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.) 1975: Vegetation for the Rehabilitation of Pits 1968: The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology; and Quarries; Forest Management Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Vol. Ill, Branch, Division of Forests, 38p. Reinhold Book Corp., N.Y., 1295p. Proctor and Redfern Ltd. Flint, R.F. 1974: Mineral Aggregate Study, Central 1971: Glacial and Quaternary Geology; John Ontario Planning Region; Prepared for Wiley and Sons Inc., 892p. the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, over lOOp., some coloured Guillet, G.R. maps. 1967: The Clay Products Industry of Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Proctor and Redfern Ltd., and Gartner Lee Mineral Report 22, 206p. Associates Ltd. 1975: Mineral Aggregate Study of Part of The Hewitt, D.F. Eastern Ontario Region; Prepared for 1960: The Limestone Industries of Ontario; the Ontario Ministry of Natural Re Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial sources, about 200p. Mineral Report 5,177p. 1964a: Building Stones of Ontario, Part I 1977: Mineral Aggregate Study and Geological Introduction; Ontario Department of Inventory, Southwestern Region of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 14,43p Ontario; Prepared for the Ontario 1964b: Building Stones of Ontario, Part II Ministry of Natural Resources, about Limestone; Ontario Department of 200 p., some coloured maps. Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 15.4Ip 1964c: Building Stones of Ontario, Part III Marble; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 16, 89p. 1964d: Building Stones of Ontario, Part IV Sandstone; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 17,57p 1972: Paleozoic Geology of Southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Geological Report 105,18p. 25 APPENDIX B-GLOSSARY ABRASION RESISTANCE DELETERIOUS LITHOLOGY Tests such as the Los Angeles Abrasion Test are A general term used to designate those rock used to measure the ability of aggregate to resist types which are chemically or physically un- crushing and pulverizing under conditions suited for use as construction or road-building similar to those encountered in processing and aggregates. Such lithologies as chert, shale, use. Measuring resistance is an important com siltstone, and sandstone may deteriorate rapidly ponent in the evaluation of the quality and when exposed to traffic and other environ prospective uses of aggregate. Hard, durable mental conditions. material is preferred for road building. DEVONIAN ABSORPTION CAPACITY A Period of the geological past thought to have covered the span of time between 395 and 345 Related to the porosity of the rock types of million years ago, following the Silurian Period. which an aggregate is composed. Porous rocks Rocks formed in the Devonian Period are among are subject to disintegration when absorbed the youngest found in Ontario. liquids freeze and thaw, thus decreasing the strength of the aggregate. DIRT AGGREGATE See fines. Any hard, inert, construction material (sand, DOLOSTONE gravel, shells, slag, crushed stone or other mineral material) used for mixing in various A carbonate sedimentary rock consisting chiefly sized fragments with a cement or bituminous of the mineral dolomite and containing relative material to form concrete, mortar, etc., or ly little calcite (dolostone is also known as used alone for road buildingorotherconstruction. dolomite). Synonyms include mineral aggregate and granular material. DRIFT A general term for all unconsolidated rock CAMBRIAN debris transported from one place and deposited The first Period of the Paleozoic Era, thought to in another; distinguished from underlying have covered the time between 570 and 500 bedrock. In North America, glacial activity has million years ago; the Cambrian precedes the been the dominant mode of transport and Ordovician Period. deposition of drift. Synonyms include over burden and surficial deposit. CLAST DRUMLIN An individual constituent, grain, or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by the mechanical A low, smoothly rounded, elongated hill, weathering of a larger rock mass. Synonyms mound, or ridge composed of glacial materials. include particle and fragment. These landforms were deposited beneath an advancing ice sheet, and were shaped by its flow. 26 EOLIAN H.L. (HOT-LAID OR ASPHALTIC AGGREGATE) Pertaining to the wind, especially with respect to landforms whose constituents were trans Bituminous, cemented aggregates used in the ported and deposited by wind activity. Sand construction of pavements either as surface or dunes are an example of an eolian landform. bearing course (H.L. l, 3, and 4), or as binder course (H.L. 2, 6, and 8) used to bind the surface FINES course to the underlying granular base course. A general term used to describe the size fraction LITHOLOGY of an aggregate which passes (is finer than) the No.200 mesh screen (0.074 mm). Also described The description of rocks on the basis of such informally as "dirt", these particles are in the characteristics as color, structure, mineralogic silt- and clay-size range. composition, and grain size. Generally, the description of the physical character of a rock. GLACIAL LOBE MELTWATER CHANNEL A tongue-like projection from the margin of the main mass of an ice cap or ice sheet. During A drainage way, usually terraced, produced by the Pleistocene Epoch several lobes of the water flowing away from a melting glacier Laurentide continental ice sheet occupied the margin. Great Lakes basins. These lobes advanced and retreated numerous times during the Pleistocene, ORDOVICIAN producing the complex arrangement of glacial material and landforms found in southern An early period of the Paleozoic Era thought to Ontario. have covered the span of time between 500 and 435 million years ago. GRADATION PALEOZOIC ERA The proportion of material of each particle size, or the frequency distribution of the various sizes One of the major divisions of the geologic time which constitute a sediment. The strength, scale thought to have covered the time between durability, permeability and stability of an 570 and 230 million years ago. The Paleozoic aggregate depend to a great extent on its gra Era (or Ancient Life Era) is subdivided into six dation. The size limits for different particles are geologic Periods, of which only four (Cambrian, as follows: Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian) can be recognized in southern Ontario. Boulder mm 64-256 mm Gravel cobble PLEISTOCENE Gravel pebble 4-64 mm Gravel granule 2-4 mm Sand coarse .5-2 mm An Epoch of the recent geological past including medium .25-.5 mm the time from approximately 1.8 million years fine .074-.25 mm ago to 7000 years ago. Much of the Pleistocene Silt, clay C 07 4 mm was characterized by extensive glacial activity. GRANULAR BASE COURSE POSSIBLE RESOURCE Components of the pavement structure of a road, which are placed on the subgrade and are Reserves estimates based largely on broad designed to provide strength, stability, and knowledge of the geologic character of the drainage, as well as support for surfacing materi deposit and for which there are few, if any als. Several types have been defined: Granular samples or measurements. The estimates are Base Course A consists of crushed and processed based on assumed continuity or repetition for aggregate and has relatively stringent quality which there are reasonable geological indications. standards in comparison to Granular Base Course B and C which are usually pit-run or other unprocessed aggregate. 27 SHALE processes and agents. Unsound lithologies are subject to disintegration caused by the ex A fine-grained, sedimentary rock formed by the pansion of absorbed solutions. This may serious consolidation of clay, silt, or mud and character ly impair the performance of road-building and ized by well developed bedding planes, along construction aggregates. which the rock breaks readily into thin layers. The term shale is also commonly used for fissile TILL claystone, siltstone, and mudstone. Unsorted and unstratified rock debris, de SILURAIN posited directly by glaciers, and ranging in size from clay to large boulders. An early Period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the time between 435 and 395 WISCONSINAN million years ago. The Silurian follows the Ordovician Period and precedes the Devonian Pertaining to the last glacial stage of the Period. Pleistocene Epoch in North America. It began approximately 85,000 years ago and ended SOUNDNESS approximately 7000 years ago. The glacial de posits and landforms of southern Ontario are The ability of the components of an aggregate predominantly the result of glacial activity during to withstand the effects of various weathering the Wisconsinan Stage. APPENDIX C-GEOLOGY OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS The type, distribution, and extent of sand and unavailable. Since kames commonly contain gravel deposits in southern Ontario are the re large amounts of fine-grained material and are sult of extensive glacial and glacially influenced characterized by considerable variability, there activity in Wisconsinan time during the Pleisto is generally a low to moderate probability of cene Epoch, approximately 7000 to 85 000 discovering large amounts of good-quality, years ago. The deposit types reflect the different crushable aggregate. Extractive problems en depositional environments that existed during countered in these deposits are mainly the ex the melting and retreat of the continental ice cessive variability of the aggregate and the rare masses, and they can readily be differentiated on presence of excess fines (silt-and clay-sized the basis of their morphology, structure, and particles). texture. The deposit types are described below. ESKERS (E) GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS Eskers are narrow, sinuous ridges of sand and These deposits can be divided into two broad gravel deposited by meltwaters flowing in tunnels categories: those that were formed in contact within or at the base of glaciers, or in channels with (or in close proximity to) glacial ice, and on the ice surface. They vary greatly in size. those that were deposited by meltwaters carrying Many, though not all eskers consist of a central materials beyond the ice margin. core of poorly sorted and stratified gravel charac terized by a wide range in grain size. The core ICE-CONTACT TERRACES (ICT) material is often draped on its flanks by better sorted and stratified sand and gravel. The depo These are glaciofluvial features deposited sits have a high probability of containing a large between the glacial margin and a confining proportion of crushable aggregate, and since they topographic high, such as the side of a valley, are generally built above the surrounding ground The structure of the deposits may be similar to surface, are convenient extraction sites. For that of outwash deposits, but in most cases the these reasons esker deposits have been traditional sorting and grading of the material is more aggregate sources throughout southern Ontario, variable and the bedding is discontinuous due to and are significant components of the total extensive slumping. The probability of locating resources of many areas. large amounts of crushable aggregate is moderate, and extraction may be expensive due to the Some planning constraints and opportunities variability of the deposits both in terms of quali are inherent in the nature of the deposits. Be ty and grain-size distribution. cause of their linear nature, the deposits com monly extend across several property boundaries KAMES (K) leading to unorganized extractive development at numerous small pits. On the other hand, be Kames are defined as mounds of poorly cause of their form, eskers can be easily and sorted sand and gravel deposited by meltwater inexpensively extracted and are amenable to re in depressions or fissures on the ice surface or habilitation and sequential land use. at its margin. During glacial retreat, the melting of supporting ice causes collapse of the deposits UNDIFFERENTIATED ICE-CONTACT STRATIFIED DRIFT producing internal structures characterized by (1C) bedding discontinuities. The deposits consist mainly of irregularly bedded and cross-bedded, This designation may include deposits from poorly sorted sand and gravel. The present forms several ice-contact, depositional environments of the deposits include single mounds, linear which usually form extensive, complex land ridges (crevasse fillings) or complex groups of forms. It is not feasible to identify individual landforms. The latter are occasionally described areas of coarse-grained material within such as "undifferentiated ice-contact stratified drift" deposits due to their lack of continuity and (1C) when detailed subsurface information is grain-size variability. They are given a qualitative 29 rating based on existing pit and other subsurface GLACIOLACUSTRINE DELTAS (LD) data. These features were formed where streams OUTWASH (ow) or rivers of glacial meltwater flowed into lakes and deposited their suspended sediment. In Outwash deposits consist of sand and gravel southern Ontario such deposits tend to consist laid down by meltwaters beyond the margin of mainly of sand and abundant silt. However, in the ice lobes. They occur as sheets or as terraced near-ice and ice-contact positions, coarse material valley fills (valley trains) and may be very large may be present. Although deltaic deposits may in extent and thickness. Well developed outwash be large, the probability of obtaining coarse deposits have good horizontal bedding and are material is generally low. uniform in grain-size distribution. Outwash de posited near the glacier's margin is much more GLACIOLACUSTRINE PLAIN (LP) variable in texture and structure. The probability of locating useful crushable aggregates in out The nearly level surface marking the floor of wash deposits is moderate to high depending on an extinct glacial lake. The sediments which how much information on size, distribution and form the plain are predominantly fine to medium thickness is available. sand, silt, and clay, and were deposited in rela tively deep water. Lacustrine deposits are gener ALLUVIUM (AL) ally of low value as aggregate sources due to their fine grain size and lack of crushable materi Alluvium is a general term for clay, silt, sand, al. In some aggregate-poor areas, lacustrine de gravel, or similar unconsolidated material de posits may constitute valuable sources of fill posited during postglacial time by a stream as and some granular base course aggregate. sorted or semi-sorted sediment, on its bed or on its floodplain. The probability of locating large GLACIAL DEPOSITS amounts of crushable aggregate in alluvial de posits is low, and it has generally low value due END MORAINES (EM) to the presence of excess silt- and clay-sized material. There are no large postglacial alluvium These are belts of glacial drift deposited at, deposits in Ontario. and parallel to, glacier margins. They commonly consist of ice-contact stratified drift and in such GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS instances are usually called kame moraines. Kame moraines commonly result from deposition GLACIOLACUSTRINE BEACH DEPOSITS (LB) between two glacial lobes (interlobate mor aines). The probability of locating aggregates These are relatively narrow, linear features within such features is moderate to low. Ex formed by wave action at the shores of glacial ploration and development costs are high. lakes that existed at various times during the Moraines may be very large and contain vast deglaciation of southern Ontario. Well developed aggregate resources, but the location of the lacustrine beaches are usually less than 20 feet best resource areas within the moraine is usually (6 m) thick. The aggregate is well sorted and poorly defined. stratified and sand-sized material commonly predominates. The composition and size dis EOLIAN DEPOSITS tribution of the deposit depends on the nature of the underlying material. The probability of WINDBLOWN FORMS (WD) obtaining crushable aggregate is high when the material is developed from coarse-grained Windblown deposits are those formed by the materials such as a stony till, and low when transport and deposition of sand by winds. The developed from fine-grained materials. Beaches form of the deposits ranges from extensive, are relatively narrow, linear deposits, so that thin layers to well developed linear and cres extractive operations are often numerous and centic ridges known as dunes. Most windblown extensive. deposits in southern Ontario are derived from, 3o and deposited on , pre-existing lacustrine sand are usually well sorted. The probability of plain deposits. Windblown sediments are almost locating crushable aggregate in windblown invariably composed of fine to coarse sand and deposits is very low. 31 APPENDIX D-GEOLOGY OF BEDROCK DEPOSITS Figure 2 - Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario to thin-bedded, fine-grained limestone with some argillaceous and shaly partings. Thickness: BEDROCK SUITABLE FOR CRUSHED STONE The lower unit is 40 to 72 feet (12 to 22 m) PRODUCTS thick in the east and the remainder of the form ation is 40 feet (12 m). Uses: Quarried at Kirk- BASS ISLANDS FORMATION (UPPER SILURIAN) field and Marysville for crushed stone. The Bob- caygeon Formation has consistently acceptable (Includes the Bertie Formation of the Niagara quality for granular base course materials and Peninsula) Composition: Medium- to massive- concrete. bedded, aphanitic, brown dolostone with shaly partings. Thickness: 35 to 60 feet (l 1-18m) BOIS BLANC FORMATION (LOWER-MIDDLE DEVONIAN) near Hagersville. Uses: Quarried for crushed stone on the Niagara Peninsula at Fort Erie, Composition: Brownish grey, medium-crystal Cayuga, Hagersville, and Dunville. Los Angeles line, medium- to thin-bedded, cherty limestone, Abrasion Test: lV-35% loss; Absorption: X.4%. commonly fossiliferous. Limestone may be silty Shaly parts are unsuitable for aggregate due to or sandy in places. Thickness: 9 to 200 feet (3 high soundness losses. to 61 m). Uses: Quarried at Hagersville, Cayuga, and Port Colborne for crushed stone. High chert BOBCAYGEON FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) content makes much of the material unsuitable Composition: Compact, homogeneous, medium- for concrete aggregate. Los Angeles Abrasion 32 Test: 14-289?) loss; Soundness Test: 4-109& loss; dark grey cherty limestone with an estimated Absorption: Q.7-2.0%. thickness of 25 to 30 feet (8 to 9 m). Clarence Member: massive-bedded, dark grey brown, DUNDEE FORMATION (MIDDLE DEVONIAN) fine-grained, very cherty limestone having an estimated thickness of 26 feet (8 m). Moore Composition: Fine- to medium-crystalline, brown house Member: medium-bedded, dark grey ish grey, medium- to thick-bedded, dolomitic brown or purplish brown, fine- to coarse-grained, limestone with shaly partings, sandy layers, and variably cherty limestone with an estimated chert in some areas. Thickness: 60 to 160 feet thickness of 15 to 25 feet (5 to 8 m). Uses: (18 to 49 m). Uses: Quarried near Port Dover Quarried for crushed stone on the Niagara Pen and Pelee Island for crushed stone. Used at St. insula at Welland and Port Colborne. High chert Marys for portland cement. Los Angeles Abrasion content makes much of the material unsuitable Test: 22-3296 loss; Absorption: Q-4%. for concrete aggregate. GULL RIVER FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) OTTAWA FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) Composition: Member A: thin-to thick-bedded, Composition: Lower Phase (Lowville and Pamela interbedded, grey argillaceous limestone and Beds): shale, some sandstone and dolostone. buff to green dolostone with a maximum thick Thickness: 100 feet (30 m). Middle Phase (Hull, ness of 60 feet (18 m). Members B and C are Rockland, and Leray Beds): pure, thick-bedded, dense, aphanitic limestones with argillaceous crystalline limestone. Thickness: 150 feet (46 m) dolostone interbeds. Uses: Quarried at Kirk- near Ottawa. Upper Phase (Cobourg and Sherman field, Victoria County, and Uthoff for crushed Fall Beds): pure and impure crystalline limestone stone. The product is generally fresh and com with few to numerous shaly partings, 450 to 475 pact with good cubic-shaped factor, low clay feet (137-145 m) thick near Ottawa. Uses: The content, low absorption, and low soundness Leray, Rockland, and Hull Beds have been losses. Smooth particle surfaces may cause quarried extensively for crushed stone and for adhesion problems for asphalt. There is some building stone. In addition, the Hull Beds are an alkali reactivity in a few of the layers. excellent source of lime for cement production and agricultural uses. LOCKPORT AND AMABEL FORMATIONS (MIDDLE SILURIAN) OXFORD FORMATION (LOWER ORDOVICIAN) Composition: Amabel Formation (Georgetown Composition: Medium- to thick-bedded, grey to the Bruce Peninsula): massive, fine crystalline dolostone, with some shaly partings. Thickness: dolostone, with reef facies dolostone near 240 feet (73 m). Uses: Quarried for crushed Georgetown. Lockport Formation (lateral facies stone (road and concrete aggregate) at Ottawa, equivalent to the Amabel Formation from Brockville, and Smiths Falls. Georgetown to Niagara Falls): thin- to massive- bedded, fine- to medium-grained dolostone. BEDROCK SUITABLE FOR LIME PRODUCTION AND Thickness: Amabel Formation: maximum ob OTHER CHEMICAL USES. served thickness of 84 feet (26 m). Lockport Formation: up to 130 feet (40 m). Uses: The DETROIT RIVER GROUP (MIDDLE DEVONIAN) Lockport and Amabel Formations have been used to produce lime, crushed stone, and building (Equivalent to the Onondaga Formation in the stone throughout their area of occurrence, and Niagara Peninsula, with a textural change). are a valuable aggregate resource. Los Angeles Composition: Near Beachville, the group con Abrasion Test: 21-359& loss; Soundness Test: sists of medium- to micro-crystalline, medium- 2M loss; Absorption: Q.4-1.6%. bedded, high purity limestone. It grades north wards near St. Marys to soft, evenly bedded, ONONDAGA FORMATION (MIDDLE DEVONIAN) fine-grained dolostone with bituminous laminae. Massive, porous, reef facies material also occurs (Equivalent to the Detroit River Group, with a to the north (Formosa Reef Limestone). Thick textural change) Composition: Edgecliffe Mem ness: 100 feet (30 m) at Beachville, 350 feet ber: medium-bedded, fine- to medium-grained, (107 m) at Clinton. Uses: The most important 33 source of high purity limestone in Ontario is and many clayey interbeds, low abrasion resist the Lucas Formation of the Detroit River Group ance, high soundness losses and poor freeze- at Beachville. Detroit River limestone produces thaw resistance. 8C^ of Ontario's cement. Its dolomitic reefal facies is also important for lime production to BEDROCK SUITABLE FOR BRICK AND TILE the north. It is generally unsuitable for crushed MANUFACTURE stone. The Anderdon Member of the Lucas Formation is quarried at Amherstburg for GEORGIAN BAY FORMATION (UPPER ORDOVICIAN) crushed stone. (Formerly known as the Meaford-Dundas and GRENVILLE MARBLE (PRECAMBRIAN) Blue Mountain shales in the Toronto and Bruce Peninsula areas). Composition: Soft, fissile, blue Composition: Recrystallized white limestone grey shale with limey or sandy lenses in a few and dolostone, fine- to coarse-grained, usually places. Thickness: 640 feet (195 m) at Toronto. of high chemical purity. Uses: Lime production, Uses: Five producers in Metro Toronto and but also in small amounts for terrazo chips, Cooksville produce brick ana structural tile poultry grit, decorative stone, and building stone. (Guillet 1967). Lightweight aggregate is also produced at Streetsville by heat expansion of GUELPH FORMATION (MIDDLE SILURIAN) the shale. Composition: Aphanitic- to medium-crystalline, HAMILTON GROUP (MIDDLE DEVONIAN) thick-bedded, soft, porous dolostone, character ized in places by extensive vuggy, porous reefal Composition: Grey shale with interbeds of cry facies dolostone of high chemical purity. The stalline and cherty limestone. The Group has six Guelph Formation and the underlying Amabel formations. Only the Arkona is of commercial Formation have a combined thickness of 200 value. It is a soft, light grey, calcareous shale feet (61 m) on the Niagara Peninsula and more which is plastic and easily worked when wet. than 400 feet (122 m) on the Bruce Peninsula. Thickness: 80 to 300 feet (24 to 91 m). Uses: Uses: The main use is for dolomitic lime in the The Arkona Formation is extracted at Thedford construction industry. It is quarried at Glen and near Arkona for production of drainage tile Christie and Guelph. and brick. LINDSAY FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) QUEENSTON FORMATION (UPPER ORDOVICIAN) Composition: Lower Member: fine-crystalline, Composition: Red, thin- to thick-bedded, sandy rubbly, nodular, weathering limestone. Upper to argillaceous shale with green mottling and Member: grey calcareous claystone with shaly banding. Thickness: 400 to 500 feet (122 to partings and bioclastic layers. The rock is 152 m). Uses: There are 12 large shale quarries "soft' and weathers to rubble. Both members developed in the Queenston Formation in the are characterized by low dolomite content Toronto-Hamilton region and one at Russell, and by numerous clayey partings. Uses: Quarried near Ottawa (Guillet 1967). All produce brick at Picton, Ogden Point, Colborne, and Bowman- for construction. The Queenston Formation is ville for lime. It is generally unsuitable for the most important source material for brick crushed stone, concrete aggregate, or granular manufacture in the Province. base course. BEDROCK SUITABLE FOR OTHER INDUSTRIAL VERULAM FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) PRODUCTS Composition: Fossiliferous, pure to argillaceous NEPEAN (POTSDAM) FORMATION (CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN) limestone and interbedded calcareous shale. The rock is not resistant to erosion and commonly Composition: Creamy, coarse-grained, silica sand weathers to rubble. Thickness: 200-300 feet stone. Uses: Quarried throughout its area of out (61-91 m). Uses: Quarried at Picton, Ogden crop for building stone, decorative stone, abra Point, and Mara Township for lime. It is un sives, and for glass making. suitable for crushed stone due to clay impurities SALINA FORMATION (UPPER SILURIAN) Composition: Grey and red shale, brown dolo mite, and, in places, salt, anhydrite, and gypsum. The formation consists predominantly of eva porite deposits with up to eight members identi fied. Uses: Gypsum is mined at Hagersville, Caledonia, and Drumbo. Salt is mined at Gode rich and is produced from brine wells at Am- hertsburg, Windsor, and Sarnia. WHITBY FORMATION (UPPER ORDOVICIAN) (Formerly known as Collingwood Shale near Toronto). Composition: Brown to black fissile shale. Uses: Quarried at Bowmanville for use in cement production. Testing indicates that the Whitby Formation may produce satisfactory lightweight expanded aggretage. 35 Hon. James A.C.Auld Ministry of Minister Natural Dr. J. K. Reynolds Resources Deputy Minister Ontario ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY MANVERS TOWNSHIP VICTORIA COUNTY MAP 1 DISTRIBUTION OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS Scale: 1:50,000 Mile l O l Mile Metres 'OOO l Kilometre NTS Reference. 31 D/2, 31 D/7 © OMNR-OGS 1980 SYMBOLS Thickness Class Class Average Thickness in feet Tons per acre Geological and aggregate thickness boundary. Shad ing indicates deposit area. (metres) (Tonnes per hectare! Deposit symbol: see below. greater than 20 greater than 50 .CtoO O 6) O 18500] Licenced property boundary; Property number: see Table 2. 10-20 25,000-50,000 Unlicenced sand or gravel pit; Property number; See Table 2. (3-6) (9000-185001 Selected drilling location indicating thickness of overburden 5-10 12,500-25,000 overlying reported thickness of granular materials (in feet). (1.5-3) (4500-9000) (Note: S-sand, G-gravel, C-clay, T-tilll less than 5 less than 12,500 K l .5* K 4 500) DEPOSIT SYMBOL Deposits are identified by gravel content, thickness class, deposit type and Geological Type quality Indicators. Gravel content is expressed as percentage of crushable material. Classes are based on potential aggregate tonnage per acre and are 1C Undifferentiated Ice- O W Outwash designated numerically. Type refers to geologic origin. Quality modifiers Contact Stratified Drift LB Lacustrine Beach indicate variations in grain size distribution and lithology. ICT Ice-Contact Terrace LP Lacustrine Plain K Kame LD Lacustrine Delta Geological Type Gravel Thickness E Esker AL Older Alluvium Content Class FM End Moraine WD Windblown Forms Quality Indicators (see Appendix C for descriptions of Geological Types.) Quality Indicators Gravel Content If blank, no known limitations present Greater than 35*^ gravel. C Clay and/or silt (fines} present in objectionable quantities Less than 3596 gravel. L Deleterious lithologies present Requires investigation O Oversize particles or fragments present in objectionable quantities - Requires investigation SOURCES OF INFORMATION Base map by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources- Licence data from District and Regional Offices, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aggregate suitability data from the Engineering Materials Office. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Selected drilling data from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the Petroleum Resources Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Geology by C. P. Gravenor, 1957. Q. H. J. Gwyn, 197&. g. A. Liberty, 1969. Compilation and drafting by C. M, Kwiatkowski Issued 1980 This map is published with the permission of E.G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. This map is to accompany O.G.S. Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 7. MANVERS Hon. James A.C.Auld Ministry of Minister Natural Dr. J. K. Reynolds Resources Deputy Minister Ontario ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY MANVERS TOWNSHIP VICTORIA COUNTY MAP 2 SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS Scale: 1:50.000 Mile l ___ O T Mile i—i ii —ii- Metres 1000 l Kilometre NTS Reference: 31 D/2, 31 D/7 OMNR-OGS 1980 \/ or SYMBOLS (Some symbols may not apply to this map) Geological and aggregate thickness boundary. Selected sand and gravel resource area. Primary significance; Deposit number: see Table 3. Selected sand arid gravel resource area; Secondary significance. Selected sand and gravel resource area; Tertiary significance. [IP Licenced property boundary; Property number: see Table 2. Unlicenced sand or gravel pit; Property number: See Table 2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Base map by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Licence data from District and Regional Offices, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aggregate suitability data from the Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Selected drilling data from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the Petroleum Resources Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Ka2——i--, ^i\ Geology by C.P. Gravenor, 1957 Q.H.J. Gwyn, 1976. B.A. Liberty, 1969. Compilation and drafting by C.M. Kwiatkowski Issued 1980 This map is published with the permission of E.G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. This map is to accompany O.G.S. Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 7. MANVERS Hon. James A.C.Auld Ministry of Minister Natural Dr. J. K Reynolds Resources Deputy Minister Ontario ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY MANVERS TOWNSHIP VICTORIA COUNTY MAP 3 BEDROCK RESOURCES Scale: 1:50,000 Mile l o 1 Mile !——l l—— l l——l Metres 1000 l Kilometre NTS Reference: 31 D/2, 31 D/7 LINDSAY FORMATION ©OMNR-OGS 1980 \\ "Sports Track LINDSAY FORMATION LEGEND PALEOZOIC ORDOVICIAN MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN LINDSAY FORMATION Limestone SYMBOLS (Some symbols may not apply to this map.) Geological boundary. Drift thickness contour line (25 foot {8 m) interval). Isolated bedrock outcrop. Bedrock within 3 feet (1 m) of surface: see Table 4. ^^V Ballyduff Bedrock covered by 3 to 25 feet (1 m to 8 m) of overburden: ...Gravel Pit see Table 4. Bedrock covered by .25 to 50 feet (8 m to 15 m) of overbur den: see Table 4. Selected bedrock resource area; Deposit number: see Table 6. Licenced quarry boundary; Property number: See Table 5. Unlicenced quarry; Property number; See Table 5. Selected drilling location indicating reported depth to bedrock (in feet). SOURCES OF INFORMATION Base map by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ontario Ministry of LINDSAY FORMATION LINDSAY FORMATION Natural Resources. Licence data from District and Regional Offices, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aggregate suitability data from the Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Selected drilling data from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the Petroleum Resources Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Geology by C.P. Gravencr, 1957. Q.HJ. Gwyn, 1976. B.A. Liberty, 1969. Compilation and drafting by C.M. Kwiatkuwski. Issued 1980 This map is published with the permission of E.G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. This map is to accompany O.G.S. Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 7. MANVERS