Balsam Lake and Cameron Lake Watershed Characterization Report
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Balsam and Cameron Lakes Watershed Characterization Report 2015 About Kawartha Conservation A plentiful supply of clean water is a key component of our natural infrastructure. Our surface and groundwater resources supply our drinking water, maintain property values, sustain agricultural and support tourism. Kawartha Conservation is the local environmental agency through which we protect our water and other natural resources. Our mandate is to ensure the conservation, restoration and responsible management of water, land and natural habitats. We do this through programs and services that balance human, environmental and economic needs. We are a non-profit environmental organization, established in 1979 under the Ontario Conservation Authorities Act (1946). We are governed by the six municipalities that overlap the natural boundaries of our watershed and voted to form the Kawartha Region Conservation Authority. These municipalities are the City of Kawartha Lakes, Township of Scugog (Region of Durham), Township of Brock (Region of Durham), the Municipality of Clarington (Region of Durham), Cavan Monaghan, and the Municipality of Trent Lakes. Acknowledgements This Watershed Characterization Report was prepared by the Technical Services Department team of Kawartha Conservation with considerable support from other staff. The following individuals have written sections of the report: Alexander Shulyarenko, Water Quality Specialist Executive Summary, Introduction, Land Use and Water Quality Sections Brett Tregunno, Aquatic Biologist / Mike Rawson, Aquatic Ecosystems Section Kawartha Lakes Fisheries Assessment Unit, MNR Meghan McDonough, Resources Technician Socio-Economic Characterization and Physical Characteristics Sections Iryna Shulyarenko, Hydrologist Climate and Water Quantity Sections Galen Yerex, GIS Technician Maps and Land Use Calculations Robert Stavinga, Watershed Resources Technician Terrestrial Ecology Section Kawartha Conservation would like to thank everyone who provided comments, suggestions and input of any kind for this report during the four-year period of research, monitoring and preparation. Funding for this project was provided by the City of Kawartha Lakes. BALSAM AND CAMERON LAKES WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION REPORT v KAWARTHA CONSERVATION Table of Contents About Kawartha Conservation ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................xii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................... xv Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................ xvii 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project History ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Goal and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Study Area ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 Socio-Economic Characterization ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Summary of Observations and Issues .............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Brief History ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Population and Housing .................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Industry and Employment .................................................................................................................. 7 2.5 Trent-Severn Waterway .................................................................................................................. 10 3.0 Land Use ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Summary of Observations and Issues ............................................................................................ 11 3.2 Human Use Areas ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Natural Areas ................................................................................................................................... 16 4.0 Physical Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.1 Summary of Observations and Issues ............................................................................................ 18 4.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Physiography and Topography ....................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Soils ................................................................................................................................................. 23 5.0 Climate ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Summary of Observations and Issues ............................................................................................ 25 5.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 25 5.3 Air Temperature ............................................................................................................................... 26 5.4 Precipitation ..................................................................................................................................... 28 5.5 Evapotranspiration ........................................................................................................................... 29 5.6 Climate Change ............................................................................................................................... 31 6.0 Water Quantity .............................................................................................................................................. 35 BALSAM AND CAMERON LAKES WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION REPORT vi KAWARTHA CONSERVATION 6.1 Summary of Observations and Issues ............................................................................................ 35 6.2 Drainage Network ............................................................................................................................ 36 6.3 Water Levels and Flow Regime ...................................................................................................... 40 6.4 Baseflow .......................................................................................................................................... 49 6.5 Water Use ........................................................................................................................................ 53 6.6 Water Budget ................................................................................................................................... 55 7.0 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................................ 59 7.1 Summary of Observations and Issues ............................................................................................ 59 7.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 60 7.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 61 7.4 Balsam and Cameron Lake Tributaries ........................................................................................... 61 7.5 Lake Water Quality .......................................................................................................................... 72 7.5.1 Balsam Lake ..................................................................................................................................... 72 7.5.2 Cameron Lake .................................................................................................................................