DOCSLIB.ORG

A Morphological and Volatile Terpene Analysis of Pinus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Morphological and Volatile Terpene Analysis of Pinus A MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOLATILE TERPENE ANALYSIS OF PINUS BALFOURIANA TO TEST FOR THE MOUNTAIN ISLAND EFFECT IN THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS By Ian Zacher A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Biology Committee Membership Dr. Michael Mesler, Committee Chair; Graduate Coordinator Dr. Andrew Eckert, Committee Member Dr. Erik Jules, Committee Member Dr. Alexandru Tomescu, Committee Member December 2015 ABSTRACT A MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOLATILE TERPENE ANALYSIS OF PINUS BALFOURIANA TO TEST FOR THE MOUNTAIN ISLAND EFFECT IN THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS Ian Zacher Pinus balfouriana Grev. and Balf., foxtail pine, is endemic to California, occurring as two subspecies: P. balfouriana ssp. austrina in the southern High Sierra and P. balfouriana ssp. balfouriana 500 km to the north in the Klamath Mountains. Previous research has shown that the northern subspecies is characterized by higher genetic diversity than the southern subspecies. This higher genetic diversity has been attributed to the mountain island effect (MIE), whereby reproductively isolated stands that are restricted to mountain peaks evolve independently via natural selection and/or genetic drift. To date, research on morphological and terpene chemistry variation in foxtail pine has been limited to analyses distinguishing the two subspecies. No work has examined the variation among stands for these traits in the northern part of the range. Here I test if there is phenotypic evidence of the mountain island effect. Twenty anatomical, morphological, and chemical characters were sampled from twenty stands across the range of the species in the Klamath Mountains. Stands were grouped into seven regions according to which mountain they grew on. I used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to test if there were differences among ii stands and regions. If there were differences, I used canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) to reveal which traits contributed to the differentiation. I used cluster analysis and the Mantel test to investigate whether differences in trait expression were correlated with soil substrate and geographical distance among stands, respectively. Lastly, I used discriminant analysis to see how well trees could be classified into regions and stands within regions. Since the mountain island effect likely operates at fine scales, I expect stronger differentiation within regions than among regions. Moreover, I predicted that the set of traits that discriminates stands within each region will differ across regions. Fifty percent or more of overall variation resided among stands for most of the individual traits, and differences among means were typically quite modest. Nevertheless, I found significant multivariate differences in phenotypic traits among and within regions. As predicted for the MIE, differentiation was more pronounced within regions than among regions. Differences among stands were not correlated with physical distances and different characters discriminated stands within each region. Stands that grew in serpentine soil could not be distinguished from those not growing in serpentine, suggesting that serpentine was not a driving factor for differentiation among stands. Together with previous genetic research, my findings provide support that the MIE is generating distinct mountaintop stands in the Klamath Region. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the members of my graduate committee for all their time and patience throughout this project. I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Kjirsten Wayman for training me on the GC-MS in her free time as well as allowing me to use her lab to work in all summer. Her insights were invaluable to the progression of this work. I want to thank my advisor Michael Mesler for showing me some wonderful places in the Klamath Mountains sparking a love for alpine flora that will persist in me for a long time to come. His guidance and patience has made me a better biologist and a better writer. I would like to thank Dr. Casey Lu for training me on the SEM and allowing me to use it all summer long. I thank Dr. Mihai Tomescu for getting me interested in anatomy and morphology of plants and for his ideas and counsel for this work. I owe a huge debt to Marty Reed and Lewis McCrigler for keeping all the instruments operational all summer long and always willing to drop what they were doing to help me. I want to thank Darrell Burlison and Anthony Baker who provided me with a lot of equipment. I owe a lot to my field and lab assistants Brian Creeks, Nate Moy, Anne Mahr, Hannah Linville, Thomas Stanko, Francisco Vargas, Oleksandra Gluskina, and William Penprase without whome I would still be up to my ears in needles and cones. I would like to thank Arthur Grupe for his gracious comments, and for romping in the woods with me to search for mushrooms and trees. I want to thank Angela McCartney who endured an 18 mile trek in search of trees and glory. I would like to thank Richard and Sharon Zacher for countless support and provender and who are now foxtail pine ambassadors. Charlie for his waggle tail, countless hours of free entertainment, and being the best trail companion a guy can have. iv I want to thank Leah Sloan for walking up big mountains, searching peaks, getting me to jump into frozen lakes, and going on crazy hikes looking for trees, your love, compassion, and generosity… without you I would not be in the position I am today. I would also like to thank the Department of Biological Sciences of Humboldt State University and the Sawyer-Smith Botanical Field Studies Fellowship for all their support in funding this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………...vii List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………..…ix INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 10 METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 13 Field Sampling………………………………….……………………………………....13 Morphological Characters……………………………………….……………………...13 Cone characters…………………………………………………………..…………...13 Needle characters……...……………………………………………………………...14 Terpene characters..…...……………………………………………………………...15 Statistical analyses……………………………………………………………………...16 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 18 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 21 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..26 vi List of Tables Page Table 1:Locality and specimen collection data of all sampled foxtail pine stands……..30 Table2: Summary statistics for all 20 characters…........…………………….…....…….38 Table 3: Summary results for MANOVA, CDA, and LDA for the differing regions………………………………………………………………………….………...39 vii List of Figures Page Figure 1: Location of all 20 sampled stands .............................................................. …..31 Figure 2: Location of the Yolla Bolly Mountains stands…..…......…...…………………32 Figure 3: Location of the Trinity Alps stands………….....…..………………………….33 Figure 4: Location of the Scott Mountain stands …..…..………...………………….…..34 Figure 5: Location of the Mount Eddy stands… ………………...…………………...…35 Figure 6: Map of the Crater Lake stands……..………………………………………….36 Figure 7: Morphological and anatomical traits………………………………………….37 Figure 8: CDA plot of all stands within regions………………………………………....40 Figure 9: CDA plot of Trinity Alps mountain region...…………………………….……41 Figure 10: CDA plot of Crater Lake mountain region.…..……..……………….……….42 Figure 11: CDA plot of Yolla Bolly Mountain region......................................................43 Figure 12: CDA plot of Mount Eddy region……………………………………………..44 Figure 13: CDA plot of Scott Mountain region……...……………………….…….……45 Figure 14: Dendrogram……………………………….………………………………….46 Figure 15: Scatterplot of Mantel test………………………………….…………………47 viii List of Appendices Appendix Page A: CDA Loadings of all 20 Stands………………………………………………………48 B: CDA Loadings of Trinity Alps mountain region…………………………………......49 C: CDA Loadings of Crater Lake mountain region….….……………………………….50 D: CDA Loadings of Yolla Bolly Mountains region….…….………………………...…51 E: CDA Loadings of Mount Eddy region………….…………………………………….52 F: CDA Loadings of Scott Mountain region……….…….………………………………53 G: Mean values for all 20 characters for all 20 stands……….………………………......54 ix 1 INTRODUCTION Pinus balfouriana Grev. and Balf., foxtail pine, is a five needle pine in the subsection Balfourianae along with the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longavea, and the Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata (Baily 1970). Foxtail pine is a long lived (up to 3000 years old), high elevation tree endemic to California (Mastrogiuseppe and Mastrogiuseppe 1980). This species occurs in two disjunct populations separated by 500 kilometers where disjunction most likely occurred during the Xerothermic period of the Holocene, approximately 8,000 years ago (Eckert and Sawyer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources Part 1
    Forests and trees enhance and protect landscapes, ecosystems and production systems. They provide goods and services which are essential to the survival and well-being of all humanity. Forest genetic resources – the heritable materials maintained within and among tree and other woody plant species that are of actual or potential economic, environmental, scientific or societal value – are essential for the continued productivity, services, adaptation and evolutionary processes of forests and trees. This first volume of The State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources constitutes a major step in building the information and knowledge base required for action towards better conservation and sustainable management of forest genetic resources at the national, regional and international levels. The publication was prepared based on information provided by 86 countries, outcomes from regional and subregional consultations and commissioned thematic studies. It presents definitions and concepts related to forest genetic resources and a FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES review of their value; the main drivers of changes and the trends affecting these vital resources; and key emerging technologies. The central section analyses the current status of conservation and use of forest genetic resources on the basis of reports provided by the countries. The book concludes with recommendations for ensuring that present and future generations continue to benefit from forests and trees, both through innovations in practices and technologies and through enhanced attention
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Genetics of High Elevation Five-Needle White Pines
    Conservation Genetics of High Elevation Five-Needle White Pines Conservation Genetics of High Elevation Five-Needle White Pines Andrew D. Bower, USDA Forest Service, Olympic National Forest, Olympia, WA; Sierra C. McLane, University of British Columbia, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Andrew Eckert, University of California Davis, Section of Plenary Paper Evolution and Ecology, Davis, CA; Stacy Jorgensen, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Geography, Manoa, HI; Anna Schoettle, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO; Sally Aitken, University of British Columbia, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Vancouver, BC Abstract—Conservation genetics examines the biophysical factors population structure using molecular markers and quanti- influencing genetic processes and uses that information to conserve tative traits and assessing how these measures are affected and maintain the evolutionary potential of species and popula- by ecological changes. Genetic diversity is influenced by the tions. Here we review published and unpublished literature on the evolutionary forces of mutation, selection, migration, and conservation genetics of seven North American high-elevation drift, which impact within- and among-population genetic five-needle pines. Although these species are widely distributed across much of western North America, many face considerable diversity in differing ways. Discussions of how these forces conservation challenges: they are not valued for timber, yet they impact genetic diversity can be found in many genetics texts have high ecological value; they are susceptible to the introduced (for example Frankham and others 2002; Hartl and Clark disease white pine blister rust (caused by the fungus Cronartium 1989) and will not be discussed here. ribicola) and endemic-turned-epidemic pests; and some are affect- ed by habitat fragmentation and successional replacement by other Why Is Genetic Diversity Important? species.
    [Show full text]
  • Whitebark and Foxtail Pine in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks: Initial Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition
    Article Whitebark and Foxtail Pine in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks: Initial Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition Jonathan C.B. Nesmith 1,*, Micah Wright 2, Erik S. Jules 2 and Shawn T. McKinney 3 1 Sierra Nevada Network, Inventory & Monitoring Division, National Park Service, 47050 Generals Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521, USA; [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (E.S.J.) 3 Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59808, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-559-565-3765 Received: 26 November 2018; Accepted: 3 January 2019; Published: 7 January 2019 Abstract: The Inventory & Monitoring Division of the U.S. National Park Service conducts long-term monitoring to provide park managers information on the status and trends in biological and environmental attributes including white pines. White pines are foundational species in many subalpine ecosystems and are currently experiencing population declines. Here we present results on the status of whitebark and foxtail pine in the southern Sierra Nevada of California, an area understudied relative to other parts of their ranges. We selected random plot locations in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon national parks using an equal probability spatially-balanced approach. Tree- and plot-level data were collected on forest structure, composition, demography, cone production, crown mortality, and incidence of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle. We measured 7899 whitebark pine, 1112 foxtail pine, and 6085 other trees from 2012–2017. All factors for both species were spatially highly variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and the Foxtail Pines (Pinus Balfouriana) and Whitebark Pines (Pinus Albicaulis) in the Klamath Mountains
    Michael Kauffmann | www.conifercountry.com The past, present and future: climate change and the foxtail pines (Pinus balfouriana) and whitebark pines (Pinus albicaulis) in the Klamath Mountains Abstract Over time a changing climate has perpetually resulted in shifts of the biogeographic distribution of flora and fauna across landscapes. It is therefore important to consider how future environmental change will affect species—both globally and regionally. The Klamath Mountains are renowned for botanical diversity that has persisted since the Tertiary—this region has been a meeting ground for plants as climatic conditions have shifted for at least 60 million years. Will this botanical diversity persist close to its current level of diversity? Will numerous microclimates that have fostered the survival of relict plants and the evolution of new species endure as our climate warms to levels never seen before? This paper will explore potential effects of these changes on the rare, spatially restricted, high elevation microsites in the Klamath Mountains where two rare conifers persist. Past The Klamath Mountains are a museum of sorts, hiding relicts of epochs gone by and fostering the growth of new species through complex abiotic interactions. The ecoregion is an ancient meeting ground because of a historically moderate climate and a central location along, and continuity within, the western cordillera. Species from the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Great Basin and Coast Range interact where they reach the northern, southern, eastern or western extent of their range. Here, a plant’s fecundity is not just measured in success across a vast segment of the landscape but also in terms of its persistence in spatially restricted microsites.
    [Show full text]
  • Whitebark Pine and Foxtail Pine in Northwest California
    whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) Pinaceae cones are variable from year to whitebark pine and foxtail pine year but distinct when present needles are dense near tips of branches, but not as tightly packed as in foxtail pines in northwest California Bark: grayish-white to brownish-white, with thinly furrowed blocking patterns at the base in older trees (somewhat scaly); new growth is white, sap smells fruity Needles: 2.5-5cm, yellow-green, in groups of 5, tightly wrapped near the stem, though not as tight and defined as the foxtail pine; some stomatal bloom on all surfaces Cones: 5-8cm, purplish, symmetrical, resinous, “grenade-like,” do not open on tree at maturity Habitat: subalpine, arid, exposed—only at the upper reaches of highest peaks on ridges, moun- Platetain tops, 1 and north-facing cirques foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana Pinaceae cone crops dangle at varied angles, decorating the big-sky thick, dense “bottle-brush” growth at tips of branches is a diagnostic character Range* of foxtail pine ( ) Pinus balfouriana Range* of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) Bark: light gray (central Klamath) to reddish-brown (eastern Klamath) with platy, deep, * based on Little (1971) and Griffin and Critchfield (1976) irregular blocking; furrows are narrow and shallow but well defined in older trees * based on Little (1971) and Griffin and Critchfield (1976) Needles: short (2-4cm), 5 per bundle, dense clusters that grow from the branches in Michael Kauffmann | www.conifercountry.com Michael Kauffmann | www.conifercountry.com circular rings, color is different from other pines in the range—a deep blue-green Cones: 10-13cm inches long, stout, and tapering to a point, without tips on scales Habitat: dry south-facing slopes 2000-2700m, generally exposed, in evenly spaced forests—good habitat can facilitate pure stands, often on serpentine www.conifercountry.com.
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural Resource Condition Assessment for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Appendix 9 – Five-Needle Pines
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science A Natural Resource Condition Assessment for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Appendix 9 – Five-needle Pines Natural Resource Report NPS/SEKI/ NRR—2013/665.9 ON THE COVER Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park Photography by: Brent Paull A Natural Resource Condition Assessment for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Appendix 9 – Five-needle Pines Natural Resource Report NPS/SEKI/ NRR—2013/665.9 Anne K. Eschtruth Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management UC Berkeley 130 Mulford Hall #3114 Berkeley, CA 94720 John J. Battles Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management UC Berkeley 130 Mulford Hall #3114 Berkeley, CA 94720 David S. Saah Spatial Informatics Group www.sig-gis.com June 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Range of Variation of Red Fir and Subalpine Forests in the Sierra Nevada Bioregion Marc D
    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Range of Variation of Red Fir and Subalpine Forests in the Sierra Nevada Bioregion Marc D. Meyer and Malcolm P. North Forest Pacific Southwest General Technical Report August D E E P R Service Research Station PSW-GTR-263 2019 A U R T LT MENT OF AGRICU In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form.
    [Show full text]
  • Defense Traits in the Long-Lived Great Basin Bristlecone Pine and Resistance to the Native Herbivore Mountain Pine Beetle
    Research Defense traits in the long-lived Great Basin bristlecone pine and resistance to the native herbivore mountain pine beetle Barbara J. Bentz1, Sharon M. Hood2*, E. Matthew Hansen1, James C. Vandygriff1 and Karen E. Mock3 1USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT 84321, USA; 2USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59808, USA; 3Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA Summary Author for correspondence: Mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a significant mortality agent of Barbara J. Bentz Pinus, and climate-driven range expansion is occurring. Pinus defenses in recently invaded Tel: +1 435 755 3577 areas, including high elevations, are predicted to be lower than in areas with longer term MPB Email: [email protected] presence. MPB was recently observed in high-elevation forests of the Great Basin (GB) region, Received: 11 June 2016 North America. Defense and susceptibility in two long-lived species, GB bristlecone pine Accepted: 5 August 2016 (Pinus longaeva) and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), are unclear, although they are sympatric with a common MPB host, limber pine (P. flexilis). New Phytologist (2016) We surveyed stands with sympatric GB bristlecone–limber pine and foxtail–limber pine to doi: 10.1111/nph.14191 determine relative MPB attack susceptibility and constitutive defenses. MPB-caused mortality was extensive in limber, low in foxtail and absent in GB bristlecone Key words: climate change, Dendroctonus pine. Defense traits, including constitutive monoterpenes, resin ducts and wood density, were ponderosae (mountain pine beetle), exapta- higher in GB bristlecone and foxtail than in limber pine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magnificent High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines:…
    The Magnificent High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines:… The Magnificent High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines: Ecological Roles and Future Outlook Diana F. Tomback, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, and Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation, Missoula, MT; Peter Achuff, Parks Canada, Waterton Lakes National Park, Plenary Paper Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada; Anna W. Schoettle, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, CO; John W. Schwandt, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Coeur d’Alene, ID; Ron J. Mastrogiuseppe, Crater Lake Institute, Crater Lake National Park, OR Why the High Five Pines? Abstract—The High Five symposium is devoted to exchanging in- formation about a small group of pines with little commercial value but great importance to the ecology of high-mountain ecosystems of The High Five Symposium was precedent-setting in that the West. These High Five pines include the subalpine and treeline it focused on a group of pines comprising six high-elevation species—whitebark (Pinus albicaulis), Rocky Mountain bristlecone five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, (P. aristata), Great Basin bristlecone (P. longaeva), and foxtail (P. Subgenus Strobus) with little to no timber value but with balfouriana)—the montane to subalpine pine, southwestern white considerable ecological importance. These pines include (P. strobiformis), and the lower treeline to upper treeline pine, limber (P. flexilis). Here, we discuss the taxonomy, distribution, ecology, whitebark (Pinus albicaulis), limber (P. flexilis), southwest- and Native American use of these pines, as well as current threats ern white (P. strobiformis), foxtail (P. balfouriana), Rocky and conservation status. Traditional classification places the bristle- Mountain bristlecone (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Balfouriana)
    Natural and anthropogenic threats to California’s endemic foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) P. Maloney, J. Dunlap, and D. Burton Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA; Sugar Pine Rust Resistance Program, R5 Genetic Resources Program, Eldorado National Forest, Camino, CA; R5 Genetic Resources Program, Klamath National Forest, Happy Camp, CA FIGURE 1. Foxtail pine size structure from northern (Lake Mtn, Mt Eddy and FIGURE 2. Foxtail regeneration and establishment patterns; total number of recruits Background North Yolla Bolly) and southern (Onion Valley, Cottonwood Pass and Siretta (0.20 ha/population) per year for each population. Peak) populations. California is unique in its white pine diversity, having six of the nine species Lake Mtn Mt Eddy North Yolla Bolly found in the United States. These are distributed across a range of montane Lake Mtn Mt Eddy North Yolla Bolly ecosystems within the State. White pine blister rust (WPBR), caused by the exotic pathogen Cronartium ribicola, severely threatens white pine sustainability 90.00 10 in parts of the western US. When coupled with climatic warming (e.g., protracted drought periods) and climate-driven outbreaks of native insects, such as 80.00 9 mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB), these stressors pose 8 significant challenges to high-elevation forests. In California, WPBR has been 70.00 found in four of the six white pine species, including California’s endemic foxtail 7 pine (Pinus balfouriana). Noteworthy of foxtail pine is its limited, disjunct 60.00 distribution at high elevations in the northern coast-interior and southern Sierra 6 Nevada mountains . This geographic separation also corresponds to genetic 50.00 differences with the recognition of a northern and southern ecotype.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Range of Variation of Subalpine Forests in the Bioregional Assessment Area
    Natural Range of Variation of Subalpine Forests in the Bioregional Assessment Area Marc D. Meyer, Southern Sierra Province Ecologist, Pacific Southwest Region Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 Physical setting and geographic distribution ............................................................................... 3 Geographic Distribution .......................................................................................................... 3 Subspecies Distributions and Genetic Structure ...................................................................... 4 Climatic Relationships ............................................................................................................. 4 Geology, Topography, and Soils .............................................................................................. 5 Landscape Patterns .................................................................................................................. 5 Ecological setting ........................................................................................................................ 5 Indicator Species and Vegetation Classification ...................................................................... 5 Ecological Importance of Subalpine Forests ........................................................................... 6 Holocene Forest Development ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sequoia National Forest Whitebark Pine Pilot Fieldwork Report
    Sequoia National Forest Whitebark Pine Pilot Fieldwork Report By Sara Taylor, Kendra Sikes, Michael Kauffmann and Julie Evens In Collaboration With: Fletcher Linton, Sequoia National Forest and Diane Ikeda, Pacific Southwest Region January 2014 Photo on cover page: Foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana var. austrina) stand in the Golden Trout Wilderness. Photo by CNPS. Suggested report citation: Taylor, S., K. Sikes, M. Kauffmann and J. Evens. 2014. Eldorado National Forest: Whitebark Pine Pilot Fieldwork Report. Unpublished report. California Native Plant Society Vegetation Program, Sacramento, CA. 14 pp. plus Appendices. Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge USFS botanists Blake Engelhardt, Matt Brown, Marla Knight and Julie Nelson for reviewing and providing feedback on this report. We also would like to thank Matt Bokach, Becky Estes, Jonathan Nesmith, Nathan Stephenson, Pete Figura, Cynthia Snyder, Danny Cluck, Marc Meyer, Silvia Haultain and Peggy Moore for providing field data points or mapped whitebark pine for this project. Lastly, special thanks go to Cecilia Reed, Patrick Nicholson, Megan Rathien, Fletcher Linton, Jessica Self and especially Daniel Hastings for providing field support and collecting data for this project. Table of Contents Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... ii Tables ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]