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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 13.1.2021 SWD(2021)

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 13.1.2021 SWD(2021) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 13.1.2021 SWD(2021) 1 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Seventh monitoring report on the development of the rail market under Article 15(4) of Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council {COM(2021) 5 final} EN EN Contents 1. Rail and sustainability 15 1.1 Environmental performance of rail 16 1.1.1 Emissions 16 1.1.2 Energy consumption 18 1.1.3 Noise 19 1.2 Green financing and cost internalisation 20 1.3 Resilience 25 2. The state of the union railway network 28 2.1 Description 28 2.2 Infrastructure management 33 2.2.1 Infrastructure governance 34 2.2.2 Infrastructure expenditure 37 2.2.3 Infrastructure funding and financing 42 3. The evolution of rail services 52 3.1 Traffic volumes 52 3.2 The passenger market 57 3.2.1 Rail passenger policy developments 57 3.2.2 Evolution of passenger volumes 58 3.2.3 Evolution of rail passenger revenues 65 3.3 The freight market 69 3.3.1 Rail freight policy developments 69 3.3.2 Evolution of freight volumes 72 3.3.3 Evolution of rail freight revenues 76 3.3.4 Multimodal and intermodal transport 79 4. The evolution of services supplied to railway undertakings 81 4.1 Charging principles for service facilities, additional and ancillary services 82 4.2 Passenger stations 82 4.3 Other service facilities 84 4.4 Complaints related to access to service facilities 89 5. The evolution of framework conditions in the rail sector 91 5.1 Harmonisation 91 5.1.1 EU legislation 91 5.2 Licensing of railway undertakings 93 5.2.1 Active licences 94 5.2.2 Average fee to obtain a licence 95 5.2.3 Average time to obtain a licence 95 5.3 Charging principles for the infrastructure 96 5.4 Access charges for different categories of passenger trains 98 5.5 Access charges for different categories of freight trains 102 5.6 Infrastructure managers’ revenue calculated for passenger and freight trains 106 5.7 Capacity allocation and congestion 110 5.7.1 Allocating capacity 111 5.7.2 Managing capacity shortages 115 5.8 Rail transport services covered by public service contracts 119 5.8.1 PSO scope 120 1 5.8.2 PSO award 121 5.8.3 PSO compensation 123 5.9 Degree of market opening and utilisation of access rights 125 5.9.1 Opening of the freight market 126 5.9.2 Opening of the passenger market 126 5.9.3 Challenges of market opening 132 5.10 State aid 137 5.11 Regulatory bodies 139 5.12 Development of employment and social conditions in the rail market 144 5.12.1 Employment in rail 144 5.12.2 Socio-demographic structure of the rail labour market 152 5.13 Digitalisation 161 5.14 External dimension of rail transport policy 167 6. The quality of rail services 170 6.1 Safety 170 6.2 Punctuality and reliability of passenger services 175 6.2.1 Punctuality by category of passenger services 175 6.2.2 Reliability by category of passenger services 177 6.2.3 Frequency, frequency intensity and average speed of direct passenger rail connections 178 6.3 Punctuality and reliability of freight services 182 6.3.1 Punctuality by category of freight 182 6.3.2 Reliability by category of freight 183 6.3.3 Average timetabled speed of freight services 184 6.4 Passenger rights 185 7. Conclusions 188 2 Table of figures Figure 1: Share of GHG emissions by transport mode (rail, road, domestic aviation, domestic navigation, pipeline transport, etc.) (% of million tonnes CO2 equivalent, EU27 2018) ....................... 17 Figure 2: Share of CO2 emissions of transport modes (rail, road, domestic aviation, domestic navigation, pipeline transport, etc.) (% of million tonnes, EU27 2018) ................................................ 17 Figure 3: Share of each transport mode (including rail) on total energy consumption per country (% in 2018)...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4: Cost of railways per inhabitant (infrastructure expenditure plus PSO compensation) 2015- 2018 ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5: Length of national networks per country (thousand line-km, 2018) and relative change (2015-2018) ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 6: Density of railway network relative to surface area and population per country (line-km per million people and line-km per thousand km2, 2018) ........................................................................... 30 Figure 7: Percentage of electrified network per country (2018) and change in the percentage of electrified network (2015 vs 2018) ....................................................................................................... 31 Figure 8: Development of high-speed lines in Europe, current and potential (line-km, current 2015- 2019, further for those under construction) ......................................................................................... 32 Figure 9: Length of dedicated high-speed line per country (line-km, 2015-2019) ............................... 33 Figure 10: Expenditure on infrastructure and proportion of maintenance and renewals (EUR billion, 2011-2018) ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 11: Expenditure on infrastructure and proportion of maintenance and renewals per country (EUR billion, 2018) ................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 12: Expenditure on infrastructure per inhabitant per country (EUR, 2018) .............................. 39 Figure 13: Expenditure on infrastructure per household per country (EUR, 2018) .............................. 39 Figure 14: Expenditure on maintenance, renewal and enhancement per line-km per country (EUR thousand, 2015-2018) ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 15: Expenditure by category by country (EUR billion, average of 2015-2018) .......................... 41 Figure 16: Expenditure on high-speed rail by typology of expenditure and by Member State (EUR billion, average 2015-2018) ................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 17: Rail infrastructure funding by source and country (EUR billion, 2018) ................................ 43 Figure 18: Allocation of CEF transport funds to rail actions per Member State and per funding objective (April 2020) ............................................................................................................................ 47 Figure 19: Allocation of CF and ERDF funding per line-km (EUR thousand per line-km, May 2020) .... 49 Figure 20: Passenger and freight volumes (pax-km, tonne-km and train-km, 2005-2018) .................. 53 Figure 21: Passenger and freight volumes, compound annual growth rate per country (2015-2018) 54 Figure 22: Relative share of passenger and freight train-km on total train-km per country (% in 2018) and evolution (2015-2018) .................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 23: Utilisation of rail infrastructure for passenger transport per country (millions of pax-km per line-km in 2018) and evolution (2015-2018) ......................................................................................... 56 Figure 24: Utilisation of rail infrastructure for freight transport per country (millions of tonne-km per line-km in 2018) and evolution (2015-2018) ......................................................................................... 57 Figure 25: Propensity to travel by rail 2018 and compound annual growth rate per country (pax-km per inhabitant, 2015-2018) ................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 26: Passenger land transport modal split (% in 2007-2018) ...................................................... 60 Figure 27: Passenger land transport modal split by country (% in 2018) and change in percentage points for rail (2015-2018) .................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 28: Evolution of rail passenger traffic volumes (domestic, international and proportion of international in total traffic) (billion pax-km, 2007-2018) .................................................................... 62 Figure 29: Passenger traffic volumes (domestic, international and proportion of international on total) by country (pax-km in 2018) ........................................................................................................ 63 3 Figure 30: Compound annual growth rates of domestic, international and total passenger traffic volumes per country (%, 2015-2018) .................................................................................................... 64 Figure 31: Number of pax-km per passenger train-km per country (passenger trains’ load factor) (2018) and evolution (2015-2018) ........................................................................................................ 65 Figure 32: Railway
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