DOCSLIB.ORG

Limiting Polygyny in Iraqi Kurdistan a Study on Different Views of Women Regarding the Amendment of the Personal Status Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Limiting Polygyny in Iraqi Kurdistan a Study on Different Views of Women Regarding the Amendment of the Personal Status Law Limiting polygyny in Iraqi Kurdistan A study on different views of women regarding the amendment of the personal status law Haje Keli MA thesis in History of Religion, 60 credits Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO SPRING 2011 Table of Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iv Part 1: Background Information & Methodology .................. 1 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Why the term polygyny? ................................................................................................ 3 Key questions ................................................................................................................. 4 Prior research .................................................................................................................. 5 Authentic insider ............................................................................................................ 5 Explaining abbreviations ................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2: A brief overview of the Kurds ............................................................ 8 Origins ............................................................................................................................ 8 Location and population ................................................................................................. 8 Language ........................................................................................................................ 9 Tribalism ......................................................................................................................... 9 The status of women ....................................................................................................... 9 Kurds and religion ........................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 3: On methodology & conducting research as an “insider” .... 13 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 13 Conducting fieldwork in my “homeland” .................................................................... 13 Identity .......................................................................................................................... 14 Meeting oneself in the field .......................................................................................... 15 Expectations and difficulties with co-existing ............................................................. 16 Clothing options ........................................................................................................... 17 i The interviews and the process of making contacts ..................................................... 18 Interviews conducted .................................................................................................... 19 Method of interviewing ................................................................................................ 20 The conversations that provoked and moved me ......................................................... 22 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 4: Amending the personal status law in Iraqi Kurdistan ........... 25 Autonomy since 1991, but how did it all begin? .......................................................... 25 From humble beginnings to KRG ................................................................................ 26 Elections, divisions and reuniting: What it means for polygyny .................................. 27 The Parliament .............................................................................................................. 29 Amending the personal status law ................................................................................ 31 History of Iraqi Personal Status Law & the KRG amendment .................................... 33 Conditions to polygyny; are they really limiting it? ..................................................... 35 Part 2: Analyzing Fieldwork Data ........................................................ 39 Chapter 5: Polygyny & marriage ............................................................................ 39 Passive women ............................................................................................................. 39 Pressure on both sexes .................................................................................................. 40 Choosy at first, second wife in the end? ....................................................................... 41 Ideas about good and bad marriages ............................................................................ 42 Duties, chores and responsibilities within a marriage .................................................. 44 Chapter 6: Polygyny & divorce ............................................................................... 46 Divorce seen as a bad thing .......................................................................................... 46 Divorce seen as a good thing ........................................................................................ 50 Is divorce a solution or a problem? .............................................................................. 51 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 7: Polygyny & sexuality ............................................................................ 53 ii Why men‟s sexual desires have to be controlled through polygyny ............................ 53 Why women‟s sexual desires have to be controlled through polygyny ....................... 57 Views on sexuality ....................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 8: Polygyny & religion .............................................................................. 60 Islamic or secular based law ......................................................................................... 61 Justifying prohibition or consent of polygyny through Islam ...................................... 65 Chapter 9: Polygyny as a remedy & as a problem ......................................... 69 Polygyny as a remedy for “illnesses” and bigger problems ......................................... 69 The cases where polygyny solves problems ................................................................. 71 Cases where polygyny creates problems ...................................................................... 74 Ideas about men who “usually” practice polygyny ...................................................... 77 The role of politics and politicians in the limiting of polygyny ................................... 79 Chapter 10: Conclusion ............................................................................................... 85 Appendix: ............................................................................................................................ 88 Bibliography: ..................................................................................................................... 90 Primary Sources: ............................................................................................................. 90 Secondary Sources: ........................................................................................................ 91 iii Summary On November 13, 2008, the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq amended the Iraqi Personal Status Law. The amendment passed by the region‟s government affects Article 3 of the Iraqi Personal Status law, which deals with the practice of polygyny. This amendment added new legal conditions to polygyny, further restricting it and making it extremely difficult to practice. The amendment has its supporters and opponents; women for and against polygyny are represented within women‟s organizations, political parties and parliament and all have a reaction to the amendment. The data collected through fieldwork conducted in spring 2010 in Iraqi Kurdistan argues that the women interviewed claim they know what is best for women in Kurdistan. The anti-polygyny respondents hoped that polygyny would be prohibited, while pro-polygyny respondents desired the opposite. Since the new conditions have made it exceedingly difficult to practice polygyny without banning it outright, both groups are somewhat displeased. This thesis argues that both pro-polygyny and anti-polygyny respondents wish to own the right to “define” what is best for women in Kurdistan and fight for their views to become representative of women in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and influence the region‟s laws that directly affect a women‟s role in society and her rights as a citizen and member of a family. Both groups view the limiting of polygyny as a disappointment and a victory. This outlook further supports the argument of this thesis; that both pro and anti-polygyny groups see themselves as the true representatives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VIEWED from the OTHER SIDE: Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan
    VIEWED FROM THE OTHER SIDE: Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud, Espen Gran, Mohammed A. Salih, Sareng Aziz Viewed from the other Side: Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud, Espen Gran, Mohammed A. Salih and Sareng Aziz IMK Report 2012 Department of Media and Communication Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo Viewed from the other side: Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ III Abbreviations..................................................................................................................... IV Executive summary ............................................................................................................. V The coverage of migration in Iraqi Kurdistan ....................................................................VI Why certain frames and stories dominate in the news – findings from elite interviews .... VII The main motivations of migration in Iraqi Kurdistan .......................................................IX The experiences of those who have returned from Europe – expectations and disappointments ................................................................................................................IX Knowledge and evaluation of European immigration and return policies ............................ X Main conclusions ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science Maps into Nations: Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society by Zeynep N. Kaya A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 77,786 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Matthew Whiting. 2 Anneme, Babama, Kardeşime 3 Abstract This thesis explores how Kurdish nationalists generate sympathy and support for their ethnically-defined claims to territory and self-determination in international society and among would-be nationals. It combines conceptual and theoretical insights from the field of IR and studies on nationalism, and focuses on national identity, sub-state groups and international norms.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging with Scenarios of Return Migration
    Updated 13 August 2015 Thinking about going ‘home’ Engaging with scenarios of return migration Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 20–21 August 2015. Hausmanns gate 7, Oslo, Norway. Part I — Summary Session The first half day is adapted to a broad audience of people who are interested in return migration. We give an overview of key findings from the PREMIG project and present insights into some of the specific studies within this large project. Professor Richard Black will relate the contributions from PREMIG to the broader fields of research and policy on return migration. Thursday, 20 August 08.45–09.00 Registration and coffee 09.00–09.35 Possibilities and realities of return migration: An overview of insights from the PREMIG project | Jørgen Carling, Peace Research Institute Oslo (Norway) 09.35–09.55 Force and choice in return migration | Ceri Oeppen, University of Sussex (United Kingdom) 09.55–10.15 Exploring how immigrants’ attachment to Norway affects decisions to leave | Silje Vatne Petersen, Statistics Norway (Norway) 10.15–10.30 Coffee break 10.30–10.50 Comparing and contrasting Pakistani and Polish return mobilities | Marta Bivand Erdal, Peace Research Institute Oslo (Norway) 10.50–11.35 Comparative perspectives on return migration | Richard Black, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom) 11.35–12.00 Questions, answers, and discussion 12.00–13.00 Lunch The conference is organized on the occasion of the completion of the project Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration (PREMIG), led by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and funded by the Research Council of Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Study on Female Genital Cutting Among Kurdish-Norwegians
    A qualitative study on female genital cutting among Kurdish-Norwegians By Ingvild Bergom Lunde Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies 2020 Thesis submitted to the University of Oslo for the Degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) © Ingvild Bergom Lunde, 2020 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo ISBN 978-82-8377-650-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Hanne Baadsgaard Utigard. Print production: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo. Abstract In Norway, there has been little focus on female genital cutting (FGC) among Kurds, and there has been no previous research in this field. This is the case despite that there has been international focus on FGC in Kurdistan since around 2004 through activism, media reports, and research, and despite Kurds being one of the largest Norwegian migrant populations that come from a region where FGC is well documented through national population-based surveys. Based on fieldwork that explored perceptions of and experiences with FGC among Kurds in Norway, this doctoral thesis aims to contribute with knowledge of FGC concerning the Kurdish population. The doctoral thesis draws on fieldwork and qualitative interviews with Kurdish women and men born in either Iran or Iraq, and who have lived in Norway for six years or more. One of the main findings in the thesis is that how Kurdish-Norwegians comprehended, talked about, and understood FGC, was often associated with condemnation and silencing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds in the Soviet Union
    Chapter 10 The Kurds in the Soviet Union /smet Cheriff Van/y THE KURDS UNDER IMPERIAL RUSSIA At the beginning of the, nineteenth century, Georgia, eastern Armenia and northern Azerbaijan were conquered by the Russians. These territories, previously under Persian rule, all contained sizeable Kurdish minorities. Whether these Kurds were the de­ scendants of the Transcaucasian Kurds of earlier centuries was, except possibly in the case of the Azerbaijani Kurds, not clear in the light of the complexity of the historical changes that had taken place since the reign of the Shaddadids, let alone those of the earlier periods of the Khoren and the Medians. All that can be stated with certainty is that the original inhabitants of Kurdistan had always overspilled its boundaries into neighbouring territories, including Transcaucasia, for reasons which ranged from economic pressures and internecine conflicts to semi-nomadism. According to the census of 1897, the first to be based on mother tongue, the Russian empire had a total population of 125,640,200 including 100,000 Kurds approximately as shown in Table 10.1. The figures in Table 10.1 are unreliable (as are later Soviet statistics) and there are strong grounds for believing that the total of 99,900 refers solely to the Kurdish population of Transcaucasia and does not include Turkmenia, which at that period was the only Central Asian territory with a Kurdish minority. These, according to A. Bennigsen (1960, pp. 513-30) the least known of the USSR's minority peoples, were in fact a part of the initially small settlement in Khorasan of Kurmanji-speaking Kurds who had been moved there from Azerbaijan in the eighteentli century by Shah Abbas to defend Persia's north-east frontier agaiIlst the Uzbeks.
    [Show full text]
  • EMN Ad-Hoc Query on Iraqi Kurdish Population in Europe Requested On
    EMN Ad-Hoc Query on Iraqi Kurdish population in Europe Requested on 29th January 2016 by NO EMN NCP Integration Summary and compilation of responses from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom and Norway. Disclaimer: The responses were provided primarily for the purpose of information exchange among EMN NCPs in the framework of the EMN. The contributing EMN NCPs have provided, to the best of their knowledge, information that was up-to-date, objective and reliable. Note, however, that the information provided did not necessarily represent the official policy of an EMN NCPs' Member State. Background information: This ad hoc query is connected to the research project Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration (https://www.prio.org/Projects/Project/?x=1483), led by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and funded by The Research Council of Norway The information requested is part of an effort to map the Iraqi Kurdish population in Europe today, to understand the historical dynamic of this migration, and to enable us to better predict the number of future migrants from Iraqi Kurdistan and where they will go in Europe. Replies to the following questions were requested. 1. There are typically no precise estimates for the population of immigrants in Europe with a country background from Iraqi Kurdistan, as this group is often separately identified from other ‘Iraqis’. Could the MS provide an approximate estimate, or alternatively, upper and lower range estimates, for the number of immigrants from Iraqi Kurdistan with permanent resident permits in EMN member states as indicated in the table attached? If you cannot identify Iraqis with Kurdish background from other Iraqis, provide information for all Iraqis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview
    The Kurds The position of the 19 million Kurds is an extremely complex one. Their territory is divided between 5 sovereign states, none of which has a Kurdish majority. They speak widely divergent dialects, and are also divided by religious affiliations and social factors. It has taken the tragic and horrifying events in Iraq this year to bring the Kurds to the centre of the world stage, but their particular problems, and their considerable geo-political importance, have been the source of growing concern and interest during the last two to three decades. There is a remarkable dearth of reliable and up-to-date information about the Kurds, which this book remedies. Its contributors cover social and political issues, legal questions, religion, language, and the modern history of the Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and the Soviet Union. The Kurds will be an invaluable source of reference for students and specialists in Middle East studies, and those concerned with wider questions of nationalism and cultural identity. It also offers extremely useful background information for those with a professional concern for the numerous Kurdish immigrants and asylum seekers in Western Europe and North America. Routledge/SOAS Politics and Culture in the Middle East Series Edited by Tony Allan, Centre for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies Egypt under Mubarak Edited by Charles Tripp and Roger Owen Turkish State, Turkish Society Edited by Andrew Finkel and Nukhet Sirman Modern Literature in the Middle East Edited by Robin Ostle Sudan under Nimeiri Edited by Peter Woodward The Kurds A Contemporary Overview Edited by Philip G.Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl London and New York First published 1992 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Reprinted 1995, 1997, 2000 © 1992 Philip G.Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “Post-Remittances? On Transnational Ties and Migration Between the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and Sweden” Verfasserin Mag. Lisa Pelling angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, März 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 300 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Heinrich Abstract This dissertation studies the transnational ties between the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and Sweden with a particular focus on how these ties affect migration. Further, it analyses how the transnational ties between Kurds in Sweden and their relatives in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq have evolved during the past three decades. During this time, the Kurdistan region has moved from an extremely difficult situation with high levels of violence, close to economic collapse and grim outlooks, to a situation characterised by a booming economy, high levels of security, and optimism about the future. The dissertation looks at the importance of transnational practices for the creation, the direction and the perpetuation of migration with empiric evidence from the migration corridor between Iraq and Sweden and through a case study of the transnational ties forged between Kurdish immigrants in Uppsala and their families and relatives in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq. Support is found for a network effect on migration from Iraq to Sweden. The existence of a Kurdish population in Sweden and their transnational ties are indeed important in explaining asylum migration from Iraq to Sweden. Evidence is also presented that the social networks created by former asylum seekers influence more recent labour immigration from Iraq to Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed from the Other Side Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 5, Ver. II (May. 2015), PP 36-40 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Viewed From the Other Side Media Coverage and Personal Tales of Migration in Iraqi Kurdistan Sareng Aziz Salih Lecturer in sociology Department University of Sulaymany Faculity of Humanities (Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud, Espen Gran/ University of Oslo ; Department of Media and Comenication), Mohammed A.Salih/Media and Communication/Iraq) Abstract: This report analyses the discourse on Iraqi Kurdish migration. It explores the media coverage of migration in Kurdish mass media in Iraq as well as the beliefs among media professionals, their key sources and the perceptions among people with different types of personal migration experiences. Knowledge is very sparse regarding the arguments evoked and the frames used in migration debates in countries with large -scale emigration to the west. Addressing this lacuna, this Study sheds light on perspectives, arguments and experiences related to migration in a region dominated by waves of emigration to Norway and other European countries in the last decades. The study further gives voice to the untold stories –to the experiences and perspectives appearing in neither the Norwegian and Western media debate on immigration nor in the Iraqi Kurdish media. The main focus of this study is on irregular migration; that is, we explore the media coverage and the personal stories pertaining to undocumented emigrants and, subsequently, the discourse on European return policies pertaining to rejected asylum seekers. In accordance with the call from the Norwegian Ministry of Justice, we have a Norwegian bias: we have looked for references to Norway in the Kurdish news and a substantial portion of our informants have migration experiences from Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Non-Western Patient Groups
    Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Non-Western Patient Groups Results from Pakistani and Kurdish immigrant populations in Norway and from the native population in the United Arab Emirates Walaa Abuelmagd Pharma Use Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway Oslo, Norway 2019 Submitted for the Degree of Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D) © Walaa Abuelmagd, 2020 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo No. 2217 ISSN 1501-7710 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Hanne Baadsgaard Utigard. Print production: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo. To my beloved family and friends all over the GLOBE! Til min kjære familie og alle venner i hele VERDEN! إلى أهلي وأصدقائي في جميع أنحاء العالم! پورى دنيا ميٮ ميرے ݒيارے عڒيڒوں اور دوستوں! بوكس وكار وهو رييا نم له هه موو جيهاندا! iii iv List of Publications Paper I: Walaa Abuelmagd, Helle Håkonsen, Khadijah Qurrat-ul- Ain Mahmood, Najmeh Taghizadeh, Else-Lydia Toverud Living with Diabetes: Personal Interviews with Pakistani Women in Norway Journal of Minority and Immigrant Health. 2018; 20:848-53 (Reprinted with permission from Springer) Paper II: Walaa Abuelmagd, Bachar Afandi, Helle Håkonsen, Seham Khmidi, Else-Lydia Toverud Challenges in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes among Native Women in the United Arab Emirates Diabetes Research and General Practice. 2018; 142:56-62 (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier) Paper III: Walaa Abuelmagd, Bavi Botan Osman, Helle Håkonsen, Anne Karen Jenum, Else- Lydia Toverud Experiences of Kurdish Immigrants Regarding the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative study from Norway Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care.
    [Show full text]
  • Doc. 11006 7 July 2006 the Cultural Situation of the Kurds Report
    Doc. 11006 7 July 2006 The cultural situation of the Kurds Report Committee on Culture, Science and Education Rapporteur: Lord Russell-Johnston, United Kingdom, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Summary With this report the Assembly draws attention to the cultural situation of the 25 to 30 million Kurds who live mainly in the mountainous region where Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey meet and who constitute one of the largest “stateless nations” in the world. The Assembly reaffirms that cultural and linguistic diversity are precious resources that enrich the European heritage and reinforce the identity of each country and individual. It proposes the assistance of the Council of Europe to help the countries concerned in the protection of this particular culture. The Assembly encourages Turkey, as a Council of Europe member state, but also Iran, Iraq and Syria to acknowledge that the Kurdish language and culture are part of the heritage of their own country, that they are a richness that is worth being preserved and not a threat to be combated and asks them to take the necessary measures. A. Draft Resolution 1. Further to its reports on Gypsies in Europe (1993), on Yiddish culture (1996), on the Aromanians (1997), on endangered Uralic minority cultures (1998) and on the Csángó minority culture in Romania (2001), the Assembly wishes to draw attention to the cultural situation of the Kurds. 2. The Parliamentary Assembly dealt with other issues related to the Kurds in its reports on the honouring of obligations and commitments by Turkey (Doc. 9120 of 2001 and Doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Case of Turkey, the European Union, and the Kurdish Problem
    SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTERNAL F/ACTORS IN THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS: CASE OF TURKEY, THE EUROPEAN UNION, AND THE KURDISH PROBLEM by Fidel Aksoy Berlin, 2012 A dissertation submitted to the Department of Political and Social Sciences of Freie Universität Berlin in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Political Science (Dr. rer. pol.) Advisor / First Reader: Prof. Dr. Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder Second Reader: Prof. Dr. Helgard Kramer Date of Thesis Defense: 27 January 2012 ii DEDICATION to the peaceful coexistence between the Kurdish and Turkish people, and to my family. iii CONTENTS List of Maps, Figures and Tables……………………………………………………………viii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………….…ix Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….….xi Chapter 1 – Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…1 I. RESEARCH QUESTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH………….1 II. CASE STUDY: TURKEY…………………………………………………..…4 III. THREE PHASES OF DEMOCRATIZATION………………………………..7 IV. AIMS OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………..…8 Chapter 2 – Literature Review and Methodology ……………………..………………….10 I. DEFINING DEMOCRACY……………………...…………………………..10 1 – Democracy as a Regime Type and as a Social Model…………………….10 II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………..12 1 – Agent-based and Modernization Approaches in Democratization Studies…………………………………………………..12 2 – Literature on the International Aspects of Democratization……………...15 III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………18 1 – Inside-Outside Linkage…………………………………………………...18 IV. METHODICAL CATEGORIZATION OF EXTERNAL F/ACTORS………20
    [Show full text]