THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
PROTECTION OF AUTHOR ’S COPYRIGHT
This copy has been supplied by the Library of the University of Otago on the understanding that the following conditions will be observed:
1. To comply with s56 of the Copyright Act 1994 [NZ], this thesis copy must only be used for the purposes of research or private study.
2. The author's permission must be obtained before any material in the thesis is reproduced, unless such reproduction falls within the fair dealing guidelines of the Copyright Act 1994. Due acknowledgement must be made to the author in any citation.
3. No further copies may be made without the permission of the Librarian of the University of Otago.
August 2010
1997 1997 December December 22 22
Zealand Zealand New New
Dunedin, Dunedin, Otago, Otago, of of University University the the at at
Arts Arts of of Master Master
of of degree degree the the for for submitted submitted thesis thesis A A
I I -
Lizar Lizar Isabel Isabel Marguerita Marguerita
Sexuality. Sexuality.
Women's Women's of of View View New New A A Pornography- Lesbian Lesbian
recently. recently. away away passed passed who who Acker Acker Kathy Kathy acknowledge acknowledge to to like like also also would would 1 1
together. together. laugh laugh to to continue continue
we we may may people, people, generous generous and and supportive supportive caring, caring, many many so so by by surrounded surrounded
be be to to opportunity opportunity the the for for grateful grateful am am I I you. you. without without it it made made have have not not would would
really really I I and and honest, honest, and and suffering suffering long long been been have have who who Dot Dot and and Lance Lance thank thank
to to like like would would I I though though Especially Especially way. way. the the along along me me coerced coerced and and motivated motivated
have have that that conversations conversations and and support support the the for for colleagues, colleagues, and and friends, friends,
my my all all thank thank to to like like also also would would I I endeavours. endeavours. my my assisting assisting and and encouraging encouraging
for for Department Department Education Education the the to to you you Thank Thank work. work. this this of of completion completion the the
at at relieved relieved very very be be will will us us of of Both Both humour. humour. and and patience, patience, encouragement, encouragement,
his his all all for for Diorio Diorio Joseph Joseph Professor Professor Associate Associate thank thank to to want want especially especially
I I way. way. the the along along me me encouraged encouraged and and helped helped have have who who those those all all acknowledge acknowledge
to to wish wish I I entertaining, entertaining, and and extensive extensive been been has has thesis thesis my my of of journey journey The The Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
65 65 ...... Lesbian Lesbian the the Invisibility Invisibility The The of of
64 64 ...... Lesbianism Lesbianism Political Political
61 61 ...... Sexuality Sexuality Lesbian Lesbian
59 59 ...... Response Response Lesbian Lesbian The The
.59 .59 ...... Debates Debates Sexuality Sexuality The The and and Lesbianism Lesbianism 4 4 Chapter Chapter
.56 .56 ...... Pornography Pornography and and Sexuality Sexuality
.53 .53 ...... Representation Representation and and Theory Theory Film Film
49 49 ...... Politics Politics Identity Identity
46 46 ...... Subject?...... Subject?...... the the is is Who Who
43 43 ...... Gender Gender and and Sex Sex of of Analysis Analysis the the and and Standpoints Standpoints Theoretical Theoretical
.40 .40 ...... Too?.. Too?.. Pornography Pornography Victims Victims are are of of Men Men
36 36 ...... Sex Sex of of Construction Construction and and Essentialism Essentialism
33 33 ...... Sexuality Sexuality Women's Women's
29 29 ...... Pornography...... Pornography...... of of Value Value The The
.29 .29 ...... Pornography Pornography about about Theorisations Theorisations Contemporary Contemporary 3. 3. Chapter Chapter
19 19 ...... Debates Debates Pornography Pornography The The
19 19 ...... Debate Debate Pornography Pornography the the in in Critics Critics Major Major 2.The 2.The Chapter Chapter
IS IS ...... Men Men For For Only Only Pornography Pornography Is Is
15 15 ...... Society Society And And Value Value
13 13 ...... Pornography Pornography Vs Vs Erotica Erotica
10 10 ...... It? It? Is Is Pornography-What Pornography-What
4 4 ...... Debate Debate Pornography Pornography the the of of History History
1 1 ...... Introduction Introduction
1 1 ...... Pornography Pornography 1.Contextualising 1.Contextualising Chapter Chapter Contents Contents
126 126 ...... RcfL·rences RcfL·rences
123 123 ...... Hold7 Hold7 Future Future the the Does Does What What
122 122 ...... Implications Implications Relevant Relevant ?- Pornography Pornography is is How How
121 121 ...... Education Education Reproduction Reproduction not not Sexuality Sexuality
l17 l17 ...... Desire Desire of of Discourse Discourse Missing Missing Fine Fine
113 113 ...... Pornography Pornography Lesbian Lesbian of of Implications Implications
111 111 ...... Sexuality Sexuality and and Women Women
103 103 ...... Education Education Sex Sex in in Discourses Discourses Current Current
98 98 ...... Education Education and and Sexuality Sexuality
98 98 ...... Education Education Sex Sex and and Sex Sex Sexuality, Sexuality, 6 6 Chapter Chapter
92 92 ...... Sadomasochism Sadomasochism Lesbian Lesbian
91 91 ...... Partners Partners Multiple Multiple Wanting Wanting Women Women
89 89 ...... /Desire /Desire Wanting Wanting Women Women
88 88 ...... Strong Strong as as Women Women
86 86 ...... Toys Toys Sex Sex Using Using Women Women
85 85 ...... Passive Passive as as Women Women
82 82 ...... Visual Visual as as Women Women
79 79 ...... Control Control and and Women Women
77 77 ...... Images Images Sexual Sexual Lesbian Lesbian
68 68 ...... pornography pornography Talk Talk Lesbians Lesbians
68 68 ...... Pornography Pornography and and S.Lesbians S.Lesbians Chapter Chapter
sexual sexual of of exan1ple exan1ple an an as as irrtages irrtages these these use use to to possible possible is is adults. adults. It It young young to to
education education sexuality sexuality teach teach and and frame frame we we way way the the to to contribution contribution important important
an an have have images images positi\·e positi\·e such such that that feel feel also also I I women. women. for for consciousness consciousness
sexual sexual developing developing a a to to valuable valuable is is imagery imagery this this that that and and expression, expression, sexual sexual
women's women's of of illustt·ations illustt·ations positive positive provide provide can can pornography pornography that that show show will will
I I material. material. video video clCtual clCtual with with this this comparing comparing while while debate, debate, pornography pornography the the
surrounding surrounding issues issues major major the the discuss discuss to to intend intend I I theoretically. theoretically. and and legally legally
politically, politically, discussed discussed be be to to continues continues tmages tmages such such to to access access and and material material
explicit explicit sexually sexually of of issue issue The The pornography. pornography. around around debate debate the the of of part part
are are that that 'voices' 'voices' various various the the of of one one is is that that pornography pornography about about position position a a
provides provides Acker Acker material. material. pornographic pornographic own own their their produce produce to to started started women women
when when move move positive positive and and brave brave a a was was it it that that claims claims Acker Acker expression. expression.
sexual sexual women's women's especially especially sexuality, sexuality, and and sex sex of of fear fear a a from from others others and and Acker Acker
for for sterns sterns This This life. life. women's women's of of aspects aspects all all in in exists exists sexism sexism Acker Acker Kathy Kathy For For
199l,pp.l77) 199l,pp.l77) Acker, Acker,
wornen.(Juno wornen.(Juno & & -in -in sex sex of of fear fear this this is is there there reasons, reasons,
historical historical many many For For sexist. sexist. are are magazines magazines sexist, sexist,
are are books books sexist, sexist, is is Pornography Pornography sexist' sexist' are are things things All All
Introduction Introduction
Pornography Pornography textualising textualising Con Con
1: 1: Chapter Chapter 1 1
practice practice sexual sexual defined defined socially socially current current bv bv and and patriarchy patriarchy by by affected affected 'least' 'least'
conceivably conceivably is is that that sexuality sexuality at at look look unique unique a a offers offers perspective perspective lesbian lesbian
A A sexuality. sexuality. women's women's of of expression expression and and construction construction the the for for implications implications
has has turn turn in in this this that that and and sexuality sexuality lesbian lesbian of of exploration exploration for for site site a a as as viewed viewed
be be can can pornography pornography lesbian lesbian that that argue argue wil wil I I I I questions questions these these addressing addressing On On
pornograplw. pornograplw. of of conceptions conceptions previous previous
the the subvert subvert also also pornography pornography targeted targeted female female and and lesbian lesbian of of occurrence occurrence
does does addition addition In In women. women. and and men men between between difference difference sexual sexual and and sex sex
to to relation relation in in criticisms criticisms previous previous invalidate invalidate pornography pornography targeted targeted women women of of
occurrence occurrence the the Does Does lives. lives. women's women's young young on on positively positively impact impact to to utilised utilised
be be material material such such Could Could women? women? for for sexuality sexuality positive positive represents represents that that way way
m a a m produced produced be be material material explicit explicit sexually sexually Can Can material. material. explicit explicit sexually sexually
and and pornography pornography of of criticisms criticisms and and assumptions assumptions previous previous the the of of many many
question question into into throws throws fact fact latter latter This This pornography. pornography. targeted targeted and/or and/or produced produced
lesbian lesbian of of increase increase a a been been has has there there recently recently More More women. women. at at directed directed
material material visual visual explicit explicit sexually sexually and and erotica erotica in in expansion expansion an an been been has has
there there decade decade last last the the Within Within general. general. in in expression expression sexual sexual on on and and sexuality, sexuality,
their their and and women women of of construction construction the the on on impacts impacts pornography pornography which which in in way way
the the theorise theorise to to tried tried have have debate debate the the in in involved involved Feminists Feminists pornography. pornography.
to to relate relate patriarchy patriarchy and and sexuality sexuality male male how how is is debate debate the the of of facets facets underlying underlying
the the of of One One Internet. Internet. the the on on located located material material to to reference reference in in especially especially
material, material, pornographic pornographic to to relation relation in in censorship censorship of of appropriateness appropriateness
the the about about debate debate the the of of resurgence resurgence a a been been has has there there Zealand Zealand New New Within Within
sexuality. sexuality. and and desire desire female female about about exploration exploration
for for context context and and empowerment empowerment provides provides which which women women young young for for expression expression 2 2
material. material. explicit explicit sexually sexually about about discussion discussion and and
analysis analysis the the been been has has sexuality sexuality on on discussions discussions the the within within Inclusive Inclusive sexually. sexually.
women women and and men men between between difference difference the the of of nature nature the the and and influences, influences,
social social underlying underlying the the relate, relate, women women and and men men that that way way the the include include
that that relations relations gender gender of of analysis analysis an an as as presented presented been been has has This This patriarchy. patriarchy.
within within inequities inequities gender gender address address to to attempted attempted has has theory theory Feminist Feminist
education. education. sex sex and and sexuality sexuality for for means means this this
what what and and sexuality sexuality women's women's of of aspects aspects as as viewed viewed be be can can this this that that way way the the at at
look look will will I I discussion discussion final final my my In In pornography'. pornography'. 'lesbian 'lesbian as as audience audience lesbian lesbian
a a to to targeted targeted is is that that material material that that to to refer refer will will I I pornography. pornography. mainstream mainstream
in in encountered encountered previously previously been been not not have have images images these these that that show show to to attempt attempt
will will I I pornography. pornography. available available currently currently of of analysis analysis an an to to lead lead will will This This
theory. theory. representation representation and and politics politics identity identity critiques, critiques,
and and history history lesbian lesbian feminism, feminism, within within factors factors political political sexuality, sexuality, and and gender gender
of of analysis analysis feminist feminist debate, debate, pornography pornography the the of of history history the the include include issues issues
These These sexuality. sexuality. and and gender gender women, women, of of debate debate the the with with involved involved factors factors
certain certain address address must must I I this this argue argue To To experience. experience. lived lived their their of of subjugation subjugation
the the on on impact impact to to begin begin they they can can empowered empowered are are women women when when Only Only quo. quo.
status status the the maintain maintain help help and and them them bind bind that that constructions constructions patriarchal patriarchal the the to to
subject subject be be longer longer no no will will they they then then reality', reality', 'sexual 'sexual a a themselves themselves for for define define
women women if if that that is is implication implication The The experience. experience. sexual sexual women's women's represent represent and and
acknowledge acknowledge can can we we how how and and education education sex sex of of issue issue the the address address to to intend intend I I
analysis analysis this this Using Using encounters. encounters. sexual sexual in in needs needs and and desires desires wants, wants, women's women's
of of v1ew v1ew accurate accurate more more a a offers offers perspective perspective this this believe believe I I expresswn. expresswn. and and 3 3
a a until until not not was was seized. seized. were were It It Lt;sislmla Lt;sislmla Aristophancs Aristophancs of of edition edition illustrated illustrated
an an of of likes likes the the and and nudist nudist such such as as and and specific specific and and explicit explicit both both was was
that that mail mail cc>nsor cc>nsor or or ban ban to to used used was was definition definition legal legal of of type type This This uncertain. uncertain.
and and vague vague was was that that law law case case definitional definitional using using by by magazines, magazines, and and books books in in
sexual sexual merely merely the the from from obscene obscene considered considered was was what what between between distinguish distinguish to to
had had censors censors Washington Washington office's office's post post States States United United The The hundreds. hundreds. nineteen nineteen
early early the the in in was was explicit explicit considered considered be be could could material material what what classifying classifying
at at attempts attempts prominl'nt prominl'nt more more the the of of One One history. history. throughout throughout reasons reasons various various
for for legally legally restricted restricted been been has has material material explicit explicit sexually sexually or or Pornography Pornography
Debate Debate Pornography Pornography the the of of History History
lives. lives. women's women's in in sexuality sexuality of of practice practice and and theory theory
for for advance advance significant significant a a indeed indeed and and women women for for action action positive positive a a as as viewed viewed
be be should should site site This This women. women. to to available available or or explored explored previously previously not not way way
a a in in sexuality sexuality female female establish establish to to which which in in site' site' 'safe 'safe a a with with women women provides provides
pornography pornography lesbian lesbian that that and and case, case, the the not not is is this this that that argue argue shall shall I I genus. genus.
established established the the of of mirror mirror a a just just is is pornography pornography lesbian lesbian that that and and pornography pornography
heterosexual heterosexual within within scenes scenes lesbian lesbian uses uses pornography pornography produced produced male male that that
stated stated have have arguments arguments Previous Previous women. women. for for encounters encounters sexual sexual desirable desirable
and and intimacy intimacy practice, practice, sexual sexual of of diversity diversity visibility, visibility, roles, roles, of of assumptions assumptions
societal societal current current the the questions questions material material of of type type female/lesbian female/lesbian this this least, least, very very
the the At At pornography? pornography? lesbian lesbian and and erotica erotica produced produced female female of of light light the the in in
mean mean this this can can What What men. men. for for encounters encounters sexual sexual desirable desirable about about conceptions conceptions
male male on on based based was was thus thus and and men, men, for for men men by by created created was was pornography pornography
historically historically that that fact fact the the on on hinged hinged has has pornography pornography surrounding surrounding debate debate The The 4 4
in in important important was was this this While While theories. theories. and and jargon jargon academic academic in in steeped steeped
being being without without population population general general the the to to accessible accessible more more issues issues feminist feminist
make make to to helped helped This This about. about. opinion opinion an an had had usually usually and and on on converse converse
could could women women and and men men that that point point talking talking visible visible ted ted crc'<1 crc'<1 it it feminism; feminism; cl cl
popularise popularise to to served served issue issue pornography pornography the the that that states states (1993) (1993) Lentz Lentz K. K.
s and and egual egual as as regarded regarded be be should should women women and and unfair unfair was was held, held, feminism feminism This, This, men. men. to to inferior inferior as as women women treats treats thus thus Patriarchy, Patriarchy, experience. experience. and and characteristics characteristics female female with with associated associated things things all all and and women women devalues devalues structure structure belief belief this this that that and and patriarchy, patriarchy, on on based based are are values values societal societal that that belief belief the the asserted asserted wave wave second second This This feminism. feminism. of of wave wave second second the the of of out out arose arose pornography pornography about about debate debate the the in in used used arguments arguments current current The The such. such. as as considered considered be be to to came came it it which which under under context context historical historical certain certain a a was was there there and and reasons, reasons, of of variety variety a a for for important important is is issue issue feminist feminist a a as as Pornography Pornography pornography. pornography. support support who who those those in in upsurge upsurge an an been been also also has has there there Recently Recently other. other. the the on on censorship' censorship' against against 'feminists 'feminists and and libertarians libertarians civil civil and and side side one one on on pornography' pornography' against against 'feminists 'feminists are are groups groups prominent prominent most most The The . . services services social social and and judiciary, judiciary, police, police, as as such such agencies agencies various various and and groups groups religious religious liberals, liberals, groups, groups, feminist feminist are are commentators commentators main main the the of of Some Some factions. factions. many many involves involves debate debate pornography pornography the the with with associate associate to to come come now now we we what what However However 1991) 1991) Grasia, Grasia, (de (de obscenity. obscenity. of of problem problem the the to to itself itself addressed addressed openly openly Court Court Supreme Supreme the the that that occurred, occurred, 1954 1954 April April in in law law of of case case landmark landmark 5 5 gender gender and and sex sex about about discourse discourse for for agenda agenda the the setting setting in in years years 15 15 past past the the over over success success had had have have Feminists Feminists gender. gender. of of aspects aspects social social and and biological biological the the between between distinguishing distinguishing was was feminism feminism point, point, this this At At sexuality. sexuality. and and gender gender sex, sex, about about attitudes attitudes new new with with coincided coincided and and 70's 70's late late the the in in started started debate debate this this All All 1993,pp.234) 1993,pp.234) (Ross, (Ross, movement. movement. women's women's the the within within voice voice unified unified newly newly a a mobilise mobilise to to helped helped feminism feminism of of claims claims the the against against backlash backlash direct direct a a as as growth growth industry's industry's pornography pornography the the of of Interpretation Interpretation question. question. in in was was movement movement women's women's the the of of unity unity the the when when time time a a at at carne carne ...... pornography pornography in in interest interest feminist feminist in in upsurge upsurge This This women. women. to to harm harm and and pornography pornography between between link link the the formulated formulated groups groups feminist feminist these these movement, movement, anti-rape anti-rape the the from from directly directly grew grew groups groups anti-pornography anti-pornography the the of of many many that that notes notes also also Lentz Lentz 1993,pp.389) 1993,pp.389) (Lentz, (Lentz, guns. guns. and and women women of of issue issue the the inform inform to to come come now now have have which which time time of of period period long long a a over over strategies strategies discursive discursive particular particular two two generated generated groups groups two two These These danger). danger). and and pleasure pleasure both both to to attention attention an an advocates advocates which which group group censorship'(a censorship'(a against against 'feminists 'feminists and and pornography' pornography' against against "women "women as as designated designated be be can can these these speaking speaking roughly roughly groups: groups: general general two two into into participants participants feminist feminist their their polarise polarise did did debates debates pornography pornography The The thought. thought. feminist feminist fragmented fragmented simultaneously simultaneously it it cause, cause, feminist feminist the the for for public public the the amongst amongst recognition recognition gaining gaining 6 6 199ll,pp 199ll,pp (Hunt, (Hunt, 37) 37) constructed. constructed. is is oppression oppression other other all all extension extension by by (and (and supremacy supremacy male male of of system system entire entire the the which which upon upon basis basis the the constitutes constitutes women women of of victimic;ation victimic;ation sexual sexual specifically specifically the the that that arguments arguments the the for for exploitation exploitation and and oppression oppression of of analyses analyses complex complex more more broader, broader, abandoned abandoned decisively decisively has has movement movement the the Df Df wing wing this this years years recent recent in in ...... that that fact fact the the discusses discusses (1990) (1990) Hunt Hunt behaviours. behaviours. sexual sexual and and gender gender sex, sex, of of analysis analysis particular particular their their with with together together this this linked linked feminists feminists Radical Radical women. women. over over control control maintain maintain to to conspiracy conspiracy wider wider a a of of part part being being as as some some by by seen seen was was Pornography Pornography women. women. of of subjugation subjugation and and oppression oppression to to contributed contributed further further and and women women of of degradation degradation the the about about was was pornography pornography that that direction direction main main the the took took debate debate anti-pornography anti-pornography the the however however chapters, chapters, subsequent subsequent in in further further discussed discussed be be will will sides sides two two these these of of ideas ideas central central The The pornography. pornography. of of phenomena phenomena the the default default by by and and activity, activity, sexual sexual of of explanations explanations biological biological questioned questioned and and sexuality, sexuality, and and gender gender between between distinguished distinguished that that divide divide a a instigated instigated groups groups feminist feminist Thus Thus behaviours. behaviours. into into transfer transfer that that differences differences biological biological or or natural natural to to due due different different are are women women and and men men the the notion notion the the challenged challenged This This . . 2) 2) 1996,pp. 1996,pp. Scott, Scott, (Jackson (Jackson & & masculinity." masculinity." and and femininity femininity of of shaping shaping social social the the "emphasise "emphasise to to feminists feminists by by used used been been had had 'gender' 'gender' term term the the Here Here 1990). 1990). (Cameron, (Cameron, liberals. liberals. and and conservatives conservatives from from come come that that distinctions distinctions and and definitions definitions of of kinds kinds the the from from distinct distinct quite quite is is construct, construct, social social a a as as gender gender of of view view This This wrong. wrong. is is subordination subordination this this that that and and society, society, within within men men to to subordinate subordinate are are women women that that claims claims which which point point starting starting theoretical theoretical a a used used analysis analysis feminist feminist This This society. society. our our within within gender gender v1ew v1ew to to way way umque umque a a provided provided This This 1990) 1990) (Cameron, (Cameron, 7 7 expression. expression. sexual sexual appropriate appropriate of of notions notions preconceived preconceived the the down down break break to to attempt attempt that that images images challenging challenging even even and and images, images, sexual sexual positive positive and and alternative alternative express express and and explore explore to to made made been been has has attempt attempt deliberate deliberate a a Therefore Therefore subject. subject. sexual sexual a a woml'n woml'n redefining redefining ,1s ,1s by by political, political, the the eroticise eroticise to to attempt attempt an an is is some some for for and and exploratio11 exploratio11 sexual sexual this this of of part part is is pornography' pornography' 'lesbian 'lesbian in in rise rise The The expression. expression. fantaS\ fantaS\ artistic artistic an an as as pornography pornography and and groups, groups, identity identity and and cultural cultural different different of of representation representation sexuality, sexuality, of of construction construction the the and and expression expression sexual sexual as as such such issues issues wider wider is is there there Now Now non-censorship. non-censorship. vs vs women' women' subjugating subjugating 'pornography 'pornography of of theme theme anti-pornography anti-pornography the the of of consisted consisted previously previously debates debates The The industries. industries. sex sex and and porn porn the the in in working working currently currently those those as as well well As As Royalle. Royalle. Candida Candida and and sprinkle sprinkle Annie Annie like like workers workers ex-pornography ex-pornography Bright, Bright, Susie Susie Tisdale, Tisdale, Sally Sally example example for for activists activists pro-pornography pro-pornography actual actual seeing seeing are are we we nineties nineties the the In In spokespersons. spokespersons. speech speech free free against against pitted pitted groups groups values values family family and and feminists feminists was was it it Historically Historically changing. changing. are are commentators commentators mam mam the the of of some some today, today, continues continues debate debate pornography pornography the the While While law. law. and and policy policy public public influence influence could could and and heard heard being being were were concerns concerns feminist feminist that that fact fact the the was was law law obscenity obscenity the the of of success success real real the the many many For For 140). 140). 1993,pp 1993,pp (Findlay, (Findlay, rights'. rights'. civil civil women's women's 'violates 'violates pornography pornography that that being being argument argument primary primary their their with with law, law, Obscenity Obscenity Canadian Canadian 1992 1992 the the influenced influenced largely largely feminists feminists two two These These Dworkin. Dworkin. Andrea Andrea and and MacKinnon MacKinnon Catherine Catherine as as such such voices voices feminist feminist radical radical and and prominent prominent of of rise rise the the to to lead lead analysis analysis of of type type This This 8 8 over over change change to to subject subject were were standards standards These These beliefs. beliefs. and and attitudes attitudes societal societal to to relation relation in in and and contexts, contexts, legal legal in in set set were were standards standards the the of of many many Thus Thus harm. harm. and and material material obscene obscene to to respect respect in in discussed discussed was was pornography pornography Historically Historically society. society. and and women women both both to to harmful harmful is is this this if if and and women, women, portrays portrays pornography pornography how how remains remains debates debates pornography pornography the the of of focus focus overwhelming overwhelming the the however however Still Still exploration. exploration. needs needs that that phenomena phenomena complex complex but but positive positive a a is is pornography pornography that that think think and and vic•wpoint vic•wpoint this this accept accept not not do do I I want. want. they they what what is is pornography pornography viewing viewing that that believe believe to to led led being being by by subjugation subjugation of of construction construction own own their their in in part part taking taking by by consciousness, consciousness, false false experiencing experiencing merely merely are are women women that that and and work work at at patriarchy patriarchy of of example example an an is is phenomena phenomena above above the the that that be be would would response response feminist feminist radical radical probable probable The The women. women. are are consumers consumers and and purchasers purchasers of of 40% 40% over over that that found found have have results results research research various various have have why why and and popular, popular, so so is is it it is, is, it it state state feminists feminists radical radical that that all all is is pornography pornography if if why, why, asked asked be be to to has has It It Internet. Internet. the the on on exist exist that that text text and and images images explicit explicit sexually sexually and and pornography pornography of of accessibility accessibility the the surrounding surrounding publicity publicity of of because because arisen arisen has has This This Internet. Internet. the the and and expression expression of of freedom freedom in in interest interest particular particular with with debate, debate, the the in in involved involved are are now now who who groups groups commercial commercial and and academic academic including including groups groups of of variety variety a a also also is is There There 1995) 1995) out.(Pearson, out.(Pearson, churned churned were were billion billion 2.5 2.5 $US $US worth worth movies movies 3000 3000 staggering staggering a a based, based, are are producers producers porn porn of of majority majority the the where where Valley Valley Ferando Ferando San San the the in in 1994 1994 in in fact fact in in increasing, increasing, ever ever is is pornography pornography on on spent spent and and invested invested money money of of amount amount The The business. business. booming booming a a is is industry industry pornography pornography the the that that fact fact the the to to due due probably probably is is This This want. want. people people that that material material produce produce to to right right its its secure secure and and protect protect to to claims claims and and discussions, discussions, the the to to responded responded also also has has itself itself industry industry pornography pornography The The 9 9 'pornography'. 'pornography'. term term the the of of use use the the surrounding surrounding issues issues contentious contentious the the of of some some outline outline shall shall 1 1 Here Here anse. anse. issues issues definitional definitional basic basic pornography pornography of of discussion discussion the the With With Is Is Pornography-What Pornography-What It? It? 1564). 1564). 1988,pp 1988,pp ideas"(Crey, ideas"(Crey, transmits transmits expression expression pornographic pornographic that that notion notion the the dismisses dismisses but but discrimination discrimination sex sex or or aid, aid, sex sex a a as as "categorised "categorised often often more more is is and and sort sort any any of of communication communication considered considered not not is is pornography pornography that that Secondly Secondly centres. centres. debate debate the the of of much much where where policy policy amendment' amendment' 'first 'first American American the the from from protection protection especially especially protection, protection, of of worthy worthy not not such such as as and and dysfunctional, dysfunctional, socially socially is is pornography pornography that that is is first first The The ground. ground. common common apparent apparent their their and and stance stance conservative conservative and and feminist feminist radical radical the the on on focused focused has has publicity publicity much much that that notes notes (1988) (1988) Grey Grey Steven Steven matters. matters. citizenship citizenship and and censorship, censorship, and and harm harm discrimination, discrimination, of of issues issues on on centre centre to to tend tend pornography pornography about about debates debates Thus Thus material. material. of of publication publication for for required required consent consent legal legal and and involvement, involvement, sexual sexual for for consent consent of of age age the the children, children, of of exploitation exploitation s, s, act/ act/ sexual sexual in in involvement involvement child child as as issues issues such such with with dealt dealt that that existed existed already already legislation legislation Prior Prior people. people. of of protection protection and and obscenity obscenity of of aspects aspects legal legal the the on on focused focused are are pornography pornography on on discussions discussions the the of of many many Therefore Therefore sex. sex. represent represent and and discuss discuss view, view, we we way way the the in in change change considerable considerable a a generating generating shifted, shifted, attitudes attitudes as as time time 10 10 11 A very basic definition will usually state that pornography is the public display or representation (written, oral or visual) of sexually explicit material. However, this type of definition does not seem to be consistent with many of the commentators. Many of those that write about pornography fail to define what they deem as inclusive within this category. This may be deliberate, as drawing the boundaries between many of the sexually explicit material is difficult and for some, relies on individual evaluations. As an example, many of the radical feminists believe that all material that represents sexual intercourse is pornographic, because heterosexual copulation is the eroticisation of dominance and subordination, (and homosexuality merely mimics the power relations of heterosexuality). This type of definition is usually termed 'programmatic' meaning that the definition is related to a particular ideology and associated with the intention to change accepted usage and therefore behaviour, and thinking. (Scheffler, 1960) Thus when radical feminists adopt this definition, they are trying to instigate a change in the common usage of the word. However as mentioned many of the writers do not stipulate their own definition when writing in this area, which can pose problems for those reading this material. In addition it means that the reader must be aware that they may not share the same understanding of the phenomena as the writer. This type of problem of definitions is evident especially in the discussion about the pornography and erotica distinction, where for some writers, such as the radical feminists there can be no non-violent sexual representation. In addition many writers and researchers treat pornography as a relatively new phenomenon, in spite of the fact that sexually explicit material has existed for a considerable amount of time. This I feel is due largely to the rise 12 of sexually explicit material available on film and home rental video. It is important to keep in mind that pornography can consist of pictures, literature caricatures cartoons, stories, limericks music, or video/movie and audiovisual material. Many researchers also claim that videos and mov1es have created an increase in pornography. However it is possible that the video market has merely provided a medium that lends itself to traceability, as we can measure and document the number of movies made, the number rented and brought and the type and amount of pornography produced as determined by market demand. It is probable that before the video era, books, magazines and pictures would have been retained, circulated among others and required actual purchasing by the consumer. Thus a realistic estimate of use would have been very difficult to ascertain. Increased participation by feminists within the pornography debate has meant more sophisticated analysis and discussion. Previously pornography may only have been seen as depictions of sexual acts or naked people. Now however there are various discussions that talk of concepts such as misogyny, patriarchal power relations and violence, and how these are deemed as inherent in pornography, and sexual interactions. With this inquiry by feminists, the definitions of pornography have also become more sophisticated. Gloria Steinem's definition, for example is an oppositional definition where she defines pornography in opposition to erotica, claiming that pornography is masculine and erotica feminine. 13 Erotica Vs Pornography Within common usage the term 'erotica' usually refers to less explicit sexual material, this distinction however is not agreed with by alL Ross (1993) discusses the rise of the distinction between pornography and erotica. Gloria Steinem first advanced this distinction in 1978, and it since has become an influential benchmark in the resulting feminist debate. Adoption of this distinction largely has transformed theoretical practices around pornography. 'Erotica' as a defining label was proposed by Steinem and others' as a women's alternative to masculine pornography. Erotica has been defined as material that represents traditionally 'feminine' qualities like tenderness, softness, wholeness, sentiment, sensuality and passion. 'Erotica is about sexuality, but pornography is about power and sex-as weapon,' wrote Steinem. (Ross, 1993, pp.232) While many people have and continue to use the term 'erotica' to distinguish various levels of sexually explicit material from pornography eg. Sally Tisdale, there are a growing number of researchers and commentators who dismiss this distinction. They claim either that the catl'gory is useless or they use both pornography and erotica interchangeably. Anti-cc'nsorship feminists who are sceptical of Steinem's distinction point out that this new definition of erotica as a more acceptable sexual representation, rested upon a utopian orthodoxy of 'good sex'. Ross (1993) cites Ellen Wills and Ann Snitow, as critics of this notion, saying that it represents female sexuality as 'goody-goody ladylike activity' and lacking any ways, ways, these these in in pornography pornography define define who who authors authors two two cites cites Toolin Toolin negative. negative. is is that that pornography pornography of of definition definition a a han· han· must must lobbyists lobbyists censorship censorship most most pornography pornography banning banning for for case case a a make make to to order order In In . . theorised theorised widely widely been been has has wpmen wpmen of of subjugation subjugation the the encpurages encpurages and and violent violent inherently inherently is is pornography pornography that that theme theme The The 167) 167) 1983,pp 1983,pp (Toolin, (Toolin, pornography. pornography. of of censorship censorship the the through through women women against against violence violence control, control, least least at at or or eliminate, eliminate, to to want want feminists feminists when when asserted asserted is is definition definition of of importance importance The The women. women. against against violence violence of of commitment commitment the the and and materials materials explicit explicit sexually sexually viewing viewing between between relationship relationship causal causal presumed presumed a a is is there there that that belief belief the the by by fostered fostered been been has has definition definition with with concern concern This This stimuli. stimuli. sexual sexual negative negative and and positive positive of of separation separation at at attempt attempt an an be be to to merely merely seems seems pornography, pornography, and and erotica erotica between between boundary boundary a a create create to to attempt attempt This This pornography. pornography. male male than than explicitness explicitness sexual sexual of of class class higher higher a a in in erotica erotica place place to to attempt attempt definitions definitions many many that that writers, writers, other other do do as as feels, feels, She She pornography. pornography. of of facet facet a a just just is is many many to to which which erotica, erotica, of of class class feminist feminist the the to to relation relation in in issues issues identifies identifies Toolin(1983), Toolin(1983), Cynthia Cynthia 232) 232) pp pp 1993, 1993, (Ross, (Ross, variations. variations. sexual sexual of of range range whole whole a a of of exclusion exclusion its its of of because because movement'- women's women's the the of of position position 'missionary 'missionary the the it it calling calling - model model 'erotica' 'erotica' the the of of chauvinism chauvinism erotic erotic the the "criticised "criticised descriptors, descriptors, best best the the with with perhaps perhaps Rubin, Rubin, Gayle Gayle sexuality. sexuality. women's women's of of agam, agam, yet yet prescriptive, prescriptive, and and limiting limiting Thus Thus desire'. desire'. 'wayward 'wayward 14 14 15 Brownmiller (1975) said pornography is ugly smut or the deliberate devaluation of the role of women through obscene, distorted depictions ... Yeamans (1980) referred to it as any use of the media which equates sex with violence.(Toolin, 1983,pp 167) Toolin explains that many definitions only tell us that pornography has something to do with sex and that it is negative. Toolin claims that there is no definitive link shown between pornography and violence, and that many feminists who do believe that there is a link, would not claim this link is a overt one. Thus some feminists want censorship to eliminate one of the presumed causes of violence against women. "Yeamans (1980) points out that feminists are not opposed to the portrayal of sex in the media, but are opposed to the actual violence against women which that portrayal encourages."(Toolin, 1983,pp 168). However Toolin and Feminists for Free Expression have stated that there is no direct evidence for the link of violence and pornugraphy. (Britton, Maguire & Nathanson, 1997). Value And Society There has also bec·n arguments that pornography can only be banned if it does not offer any benefit to society, thus if there is no socially redeeming value. To ascertain whether pornography can be considered of benefit or have value within society, many researchers discuss whether it can be 16 considered art. This leads to a discussion of the properties of art, and commonly we agree that most art contributes something to society, or has a 'socially redeeming value'. As a standard argument some writers raise the issue of historical sexually explicit material such as Kama Sutra, which is not usually considered to be a form of pornography. However when examined, it has many features that are consistent with pornography, such as explicit images of sexual acts, it contains written and visual representation of genitals and the entire book is about sexual behaviours and acts. The intention of the Kama Sutra is to improve and instruct people in how to intensify sexual behaviours, and pleasure. Pornography has been classified by some writers as art in an attempt to validate its existence. Andrew Ross (1993) addresses this point when he suggests that it makes little sense to treat pornography as if it were a realist text, for this tends to discount the work of fantasy that is more directly brought into play during the viewing and use of pornography. (Ross, 1993,pp.240). Pornography is art, according to Hart (1985), but he claims it is merely bad erotic art. He argues that all areas of the human experience should be available for artistic representation. Jean Mainil (1992) reminds us that "pornography is not a given entity in the world, but the construct of particular discourses" and that "pornography is not a special case of sexuality: it is a form of representation" (Mainil, 1992,pp 348) However many theorists feel that pornographic art is an oxymoron because of the implicit consensus that pornography that has an artistic value can no longer pornographic. pornographic. considerc·d considerc·d is is used used already already material material visual visual the the of of some some that that possible possible is is it it people people some some by by adopted adopted definition definition the the Depending Depending 011 011 education. education. sexuality sexuality and and sex, sex, about about discussions discussions the the within within especially especially viable viable be be can can think think I I but but acknowledged acknowledged widely widely not not is is argument argument This This features. features. redeeming redeeming some some have have to to and and education"! education"! as as seen seen be be can can pornography pornography Thus Thus 16) 16) 1983,pp 1983,pp ((MacDonald, ((MacDonald, differently. differently. other other each each and and ourselves ourselves see see to to come come have have we we until until disappearing disappearing it it imagine imagine can't can't I I and and alienation, alienation, this this of of function function a a is is Pornography Pornography other. other. each each from from and and bodies bodies own own their their from from alienated alienated feel feel frequently frequently women women and and men men culture culture our our in in that that remains remains fact fact The The bodies. bodies. male male naked naked see see to to opportunity opportunity the the and and activity activity sexual sexual of of mechanics mechanics the the observe observe bodies, bodies, women's women's examine examine and and see see to to ability ability the the includes includes describes describes he he value value The The pornography. pornography. of of aspects aspects educational educational the the terms terms loosely loosely he he what what identifies identifies who who MacDonald MacDonald Scott Scott include include value value redeeming redeeming socially socially containing containing as as pornography pornography on on discussions discussions Other Other erotica. erotica. of of class class the the within within located located be be to to pornography pornography artistic artistic consider consider many many Thus Thus pornography. pornography. as as function function 17 17 18 Is Pornography Only For Men If sexuality is shaped, constructed by the social, it is also shaped differently for women and men, structured in terms of power, and sustained through policies, legislation and practices which serve to oppress women. (Stern, 1982,pp 41) It is generally held that men and women express and experience sexuality and sexual activity differently from each other. Many feminists, also believe that pornography is inherently sexist and created with the male gaze or audience in mind. One of the issues I shall explore is that a radical feminist perspective rules out any legitimate form of women-produced pornography, that represents their sexuality. Also would women want a pornographic tradition of their own? Much discussion on this is hampered by the definitional problems mentioned but also by what Ross discusses as our perception of pornography. He feels that we do not yet have a critical lcmguage for dealing with pornography.(Ross, 1993) Jean Mainil (1992) says that pornography is almost in hiding because of this lack of distinction between the discourse on pornography and pornography as a social practice. Therefore many discussions choose to avoid the word pornography and use substitutes such as erotica, eroticism and indecency. This merely manages to make debate and definitions more opaque. In an attempt to answer some of the issues raised I shall examine the feminist involvement in the pornography debates and the particular analysis, criticisms and points they raise. 19 Chapter 2 : The Major Critics in the Pornography Debate The Pornography Debates One of the mam Issues within the pornography debate is whether pornography should be publicly available. This first became an issue for feminists during the early seventies, when feminists were theorising about gender, and attempting to raise the profile of such inequities. While the issues of pornography and rape gained much attention, feminist groups also were discussing other factors that affected women, such as the status of gender and sexuality as social constructs and not merely biological functions. From this generic group rose the anti-pornography groups with their central claim being that 'pornography is the theory, rape is the practice'. They believed that there was a direct causal link between exposure to certain kinds of material and committing, or being predisposed to commit, certain kinds of acts. (Cameron, 1992) The Anti-pornography groups see that pornography can influence people and especially men, and promote certain behaviours. Pornography itself is held to be sexist and patriarchal, and therefore harmful to women. They feel that these images provide men with a ready rationale for rape and other forms of sexist aggression, and that women are presented merely as sexual objects for the enjoyment of men. (Hommel, 1978-1979) rape- a a to to look look a a from from institutional, institutional, to to intimate intimate from from range range that that forms forms dominance-in dominance-in male male which which by by control control of of dynamic dynamic the the is is sexuality sexuality called called is is which which "That "That maintained. maintained. is is heterosexuality heterosexuality of of reproduction reproduction and and arousal arousal l l scxua scxua the the therefore therefore traits, traits, these these have have to to seem seem who who partners partners those those seek seek thus thus and and stimulating stimulating erotically erotically people people powerful powerful more more and and domination domination find find to to constructed constructed are are women women turn turn In In . . 1995,pp133) 1995,pp133) Tong, Tong, (Tuana (Tuana (domination)." (domination)." & & protection protection require require she she thus thus and and dependence, dependence, illld illld passivity passivity her her entail entail to to constructed constructed is is femininity femininity "woman's "woman's and and domination domination male male normalises normalises "femininity" "femininity" of of shaping shaping social social the the Thus Thus traits. traits. these these exhibit exhibit that that partners partners seek seek such such as as and and stimulating, stimulating, erotically erotically weakness weakness and and subordination subordination find find to to constructed constructed are are men men that that means means she she this this By By it. it. eroticise eroticise to to also also but but submission submission female female and and domination domination male male ensure ensure to to only only not not as as wav wav a a such such in in constructed constructed been been has has sexuality sexuality MacKinnon, MacKinnon, to to according according women, women, against against violence violence sexual sexual male male of of pervasiveness pervasiveness the the in in originates originates women women over over men men of of power power the the that that believes believes MacKinnon MacKinnon Catherine Catherine men. men. for for exists exists it it that that so so constructed constructed being being sexuality sexuality women's women's with with this, this, to to adhere adhere to to constructed constructed been been also also has has sexuality sexuality human human Therefore Therefore man. man. or or women women a a be be to to is is it it what what of of sense sense our our pervades pervades completely completely it it that that 131) 131) 1995,pp 1995,pp Tong, Tong, lives"(Tuana lives"(Tuana & & our our of of facets facets all all virtually virtually into into woven woven intricately intricately so so is is that that one one oppression, oppression, of of form form fundamental fundamental the the "is "is woman woman of of domination domination male male feminists, feminists, radical radical for for Thus Thus domination. domination. male male ensure ensure to to gender gender of of construction construction the the using using society, society, given given any any in in persons persons of of construction construction social social systematic systematic through through occurs occurs all all This This heterosexuality. heterosexuality. of of institution institution the the in in originates originates women women of of domination domination male male therefore therefore and and patriarchy patriarchy that that being being belief belief central central their their with with feminists, feminists, radical radical termed termed be be can can theorists theorists these these Both Both MacKinnon. MacKinnon. Catherine Catherine and and Dworkin Dworkin Andrea Andrea are are feminists feminists anti-pornography anti-pornography prominent prominent most most The The 20 20 21 eroticises as man and woman, as identity and pleasure"(Tuana & Tong, 1995,pp132.) The domination of woman by man including its expression in forms of violence against women, is inscribed onto the very practices of heterosexuality. For MacKinnon, sexuality so constructed is the basis of other forms of male domination-political, economic, and religious. Radical feminists have been particularly concerned with the issue of pornography for they see it as one of the principal sites of the social construction of sexuality In pornography, women are depicted as sexual objects and men are rendered as consumers who, says MacKinnon, "desperately want women to desperately want possession and cruelty and dehumanization."(MacKinnon, 1995,pp132) Pornography, along with other practices such as prostitution, sexual harassment, rape, and woman battering, serves to ensure woman's sexual and social subordination. Thus MacKinnon and Dworkin view pornography as linked with domination. Lentz (1993) discusses that for Andrea Dworkin, pornography reveals that male pleasure is inextricably tied to V!Ctlmismg, hurting, exploiting; that sexual fun and sexual passion in the privacy of the male imagination are inseparable from the brutality of male history. MacKinnon states to be sexually objectified means having a social meaning imposed on your being that defines you as to be sexually used, according to vour desired uses, and then using you that way doing this sex in the male system ... if sex is a social construct of sexism, men have sex with their image of a woman. Pornography creates an accessible sexual object, the possession and consumption of which is male sexuality, to be possessed and consumed as which is female sexuality. (Lentz, 1993,pp 390) it, it, in in involved involved being being as as same same the the is is intercourse intercourse sexual sexual of of image image an an watching watching that that yourself yourself convince convince to to hard hard It It i:; i:; representation. representation. it's it's and and sex sex between between difference difference no no is is there there that that reality, reality, sexual sexual a a be be to to pornography pornography considers considers she she that that belief belief MacKinnon's MacKinnon's criticises criticises Grey Grey Dallas'. Dallas'. does does 'Debbie 'Debbie than than dangerous dangerous more more being being Paris' Paris' in in Tango Tango 'Last 'Last the the of of situation situation unusual unusual the the in in us us leaves leaves This This 1988,pp1605) 1988,pp1605) (Grey, (Grey, legitimacy legitimacy social social of of message message additional additional the the carries carries art art because because pornography, pornography, than than dangerous dangerous more more even even considered considered be be therefore therefore must must light light derogatory derogatory a a in in women women portrays portrays that that expression expression artistic artistic conventional conventional ...... any any then then analysis analysis of of type type this this of of consequence consequence a a As As worth. worth. literary literary or or artistic artistic have have may may pornography pornography that that argue argue to to ability ability any any precludes precludes analysis analysis of of type type This This women. women. towards towards attitudes attitudes negative negative reinforces reinforces and and irregularities irregularities gender gender creates creates therefore therefore and and reality reality constructs constructs pornography pornography that that third third The The harmed. harmed. are are society society in in women women other other all all that that second, second, The The industry. industry. pornography pornography the the within within work work who who women women those those is is first first the the categories, categories, three three in in occurs occurs harm harm This This women. women. harms harms pornography pornography that that claims claims she she as as amendment, amendment, first first American American the the under under protected protected be be cannot cannot pornography pornography that that advocated advocated she she Thus Thus video. video. or or paper paper on on representation representation it's it's and and act act sex sex between between difference difference legal legal significant significant no no was was there there that that and and women, women, against against discrimination discrimination as as pornography pornography define define to to sought sought Grey, Grey, Steven Steven to to according according MacKinnon, MacKinnon, ordinance. ordinance. obscenity obscenity Canadian Canadian the the for for consulted consulted being being them them to to led led efforts efforts combined combined Their Their pornographic. pornographic. be be to to considered considered materials materials those those censor censor to to campaign campaign the the in in involved involved became became Dworkin Dworkin and and MacKinnon MacKinnon relations relations gender gender and and sexuality sexuality of of view view this this With With 22 22 23 similarly that watching an image of violent sex or rape is the same as committing rape. (Grey, 1988) The MacKinnon and Dworkin analysis of gender and sexuality has been extremely influential, both within feminist theory and general societal discussions. In particular the critique they present of pornography has been appropriated by various groups and organisations, as well as much of the language and rhetoric making its way into vernacular. An example of this I witnessed while working as a teaching assistant for a paper on philosophy and sexuality, when we first started to address the issue of pornography and asked students for definitions and descriptions of that material that could be considered pornographic, students offered words such as 'oppresswn', 'objectification', 'violence', 'rape', 'inherent sexism', 'power', 'subjugation'. When students where asked to elaborate on what these words meant and how they related to images of naked bodies, many were unable to articulate their reasomng. It appeared to me that the students had learned to associate this language with discussions on pornography, thereby integrating the programmatic definition provided by MacKinnon and Dworkin, into their own conceptions of the phenomena 'pornography'. This influence of the radical feminist analysis also has extended to official levels of government within New Zealand. In 1987, the Minister of justice, Geoffrey Palmer, appointed a committee to inquire "into pornography and the law relating to it and to make recommendations".(Bynum, 1991,pp 1132.) This commission that vvas set up, adopted as a definition of pornography that which was developed by MacKinnon and Dworkin. They discuss this use of such a definition as in keeping with common meamng. 24 Throughout the report we use the term "pornography" in its now common and most useful meaning, derived from feminist writings. Pornography refers, therefore to sexually explicit material which is demeaning or degrading to women (and sometimes to children or men). It eroticises the sexual subordination of women, perpetuating myths about women's sexuality and objectifying women for the pleasure of men. Thus defined, pornography can be seen as having a role in perpetuating sexism in our society; in fact, it can be seen as a form of sex discrimination against women since it dehumanises them, presenting them as creatures whose role is to gratify men.(New Zealand. Ministerial Committee of Inquiry into Pornography, 1989,pp28) By adopting such a definition this committee is careful to state that the above definition be use as a basis for classification law, but feels that the definition best describes the material and is consistent with current New Zealand usage of the term pornography. By utilising such a definition the New Zealand Ministerial committee is also allowing itself to be subject to the same criticisms that are levelled at MacKinnon and Dworkin. In addition they contradict the philosophical basis of the radical feminist definition by providing further definitions that they utilise within the report. These terms include definitions of 'sexually explicit materials', ,md 'erotica',(New Zealand. Ministerial Committee of Inquiry into Pornographv, 1989) Neither of these phases have any meaning within the MacKinnon Dworkin analysis of sexuality and pornography, as their is no positive ur even neutral expression that depicts sexuality. All instances of sexual representation must for MacKinnon and Dworkin be negative and inherently \·iolent. This aspect of the radical feminist argument is fundamental tu MacKinnon's theory of human existence, and one of the most misunderstood or ignored features of her theory. Most commentators tend to, as indeed the New Zealand ) ) 41 41 1990,pp 1990,pp (Hunt, (Hunt, will. will. her her is is thinks thinks she she what what against against necessary necessary if if saved, saved, be be must must and and doing, doing, is is she she what what know know cannot cannot she she \·ictimization \·ictimization her her in in up up caught caught so so is is said, said, is is it it victim, victim, This This victim. victim. her her or or his his against against but but victimizer, victimizer, the the against against only only not not coercion, coercion, to to resort resort to to willingness willingness shared shared their their activism, activism, purity purity social social and and feminism feminism revolutionary revolutionary between between parallel parallel disturbing disturbing most most and and final, final, the the to to rise rise gives gives powerlessness powerlessness total total of of presumption presumption This This feminism. feminism. radical radical today's today's and and movements movements purity purity social social early early between between link link the the examining examining was was J-funt(1990) J-funt(1990) destroy. destroy. to to attempting attempting are are they they patriarchy patriarchy the the as as same same the the much much regime regime dictatorial dictatorial a a creating creating are are feminists feminists radical radical that that sense sense the the in in irony irony An An saved. saved. be be to to need need who who victims victims helpless helpless as as women women presents presents it it as as scrutiny, scrutiny, critical critical of of type type this this to to well well up up stand stand not not does does feminism feminism radical radical that that notes notes who who Hunt, Hunt, by by up up taken taken also also is is criticism criticism This This these. these. against against themseh·es themseh·es defend defend or or forces forces social social the the understand understand to to capacity capacity no no have have they they if if as as women women treat treat to to as as way way a a such such in in lives lives female female on on pornography pornography of of impact impact the the presents presents she she theory, theory, her her In In protecting. protecting. need need women women that that advocating advocating be be to to appears appears MacKinnon MacKinnon that that in in positioning positioning own own MacKinnon's MacKinnon's of of criticism criticism a a also also is is There There analysis. analysis. feminist feminist radical radical the the in in occurs occurs that that acts acts and and behaviours behaviours sexual sexual of of portrayal portrayal and and representation representation of of problem problem the the above above addressed addressed Grey Grey Steven Steven Dworkin, Dworkin, and and MacKinnon MacKinnon at at levelled levelled been been also also have have criticisms criticisms Additional Additional control. control. male male maintain maintain to to patriarchy patriarchy by by utilised utilised tool tool a a merely merely pornography pornography that that and and construction construction social social a a as as gender gender sees sees IS IS MacKinnon MacKinnon that that notion notion the the with with engage engage to to fail fail They They contain. contain. to to difficult difficult or or offensive offensive find find they they material material on on censorship censorship justify justify to to as as so so definition definition MacKinnon MacKinnon the the adopt adopt and and feature feature fundamental fundamental this this ignore ignore have, have, Committee Committee Ministerial Ministerial 25 25 New New resulting resulting the the with with world, world, western western the the throughout throughout impact impact large large a a had had findings findings its its and and commission commission this this pornography, pornography, on on commission commission Generals' Generals' Attorney Attorney States States United United the the on on focused focused has has academicalh academicalh discussion discussion Much Much fantasy. fantasy. and and reality reality between between differentiate differentiate to to capacity capacity this this possess possess not not do do who who those those amongst amongst prevalent prevalent more more is is indicate indicate to to seem seem they they something something inferior, inferior, are are they they through through as as women women treating treating least least very very the the at at and and pornographv pornographv watching watching between between effect effect causal causal a a is is there there that that in in doing' doing' to to lec1ds lec1ds 'viewing 'viewing that that saying saying effectively effectively are are colleagues colleagues her her and and MacKinnon MacKinnon Pagilia. Pagilia. as as such such writers writers by by addressed addressed is is and and definition definition pornography pornography and and erotica erotica the the within within discussed discussed is is material material explicit explicit sexually sexually of of elitism elitism 1993).This 1993).This pursuits.(Keller, pursuits.(Keller, intellectual intellectual non non and and intellectual intellectual between between divide divide elitist elitist an an presenting presenting thus thus reality,"(p2215) reality,"(p2215) and and depictions depictions between between distinction distinction a a see see to to it it about about sophisticated sophisticated sufficiently sufficiently be be to to going going not not are are pornography pornography enjoy enjoy who who those those that that "assumption "assumption an an have have MacKinnon, MacKinnon, and and Sunstein Sunstein like like pornography, pornography, analysed analysed have have who who those those of of many many argument argument anti-pornography anti-pornography entire entire the the in in that that feels feels who who (1993) (1993) Keller Keller Susan Susan says says continues, continues, attitude attitude This This choice. choice. informed informed an an make make to to mind mind of of presence presence the the or or pornography pornography of of effects effects the the understand understand to to capacity capacity the the have have not not do do women women that that assumption assumption an an is is there there women, women, and and pornography pornography both both of of view view patronising patronising rather rather a a have have Dworkin Dworkin and and MacKinnon MacKinnon that that feeling feeling us us leaves leaves This This 1992) 1992) Tisdale, Tisdale, 1992; 1992; (Bright, (Bright, pornography. pornography. and and exposure exposure public public enjoy enjoy to to right right the the claim claim who who writers writers contemporary contemporary the the of of some some by by subverted subverted is is issue issue This This press. press. of of freedom freedom and and expression expression of of freedom freedom as as well well as as accessible accessible publicly publicly are are bodies bodies their their of of images images what what over over freedom freedom women's women's on on infringe infringe can can they they that that feel feel MacKinnon MacKinnon case case this this in in and and feminists feminists radical radical Thus Thus 26 26 Vance's Vance's to to According According sexuality. sexuality. and and desires desires women's women's control control and and restrict restrict to to trying trying were were effecti\·ely effecti\·ely conservatives conservatives language, language, feminist feminist of of guise guise the the Under Under 1992b,pp.45) 1992b,pp.45) (Vance, (Vance, agenda agenda its its with with agreement agreement compelled compelled that that frame frame interpretive interpretive invisible invisible almost almost an an provide provide to to and and truth truth so-called so-called the the establish establish to to imclges imclges photographic photographic use use to to ability ability its its in in skilled skilled was was commission commission Meese Meese The The material. material. atypical atypical of of amounts amounts disproportionate disproportionate viewing viewing by by orchestrated, orchestrated, heavily heavily was was viewing viewing the the that that fact fact the the and and was, was, pornography pornography what what about about public public the the inform inform to to attempting attempting was was commission commission the the that that fact fact the the examples examples as as uses uses Vance Vance 1992b) 1992b) absent.(Vance, absent.(Vance, largely largely where where pornography pornography to to responses responses positive positive yet yet pornography, pornography, on on control control tighter tighter and and elimination elimination supported supported used used 77"/o 77"/o witnesses witnesses the the of of and and occasions, occasions, prevwus prevwus on on pornography pornography opposed opposed publicly publicly had had commissioners commissioners eleven eleven the the of of Seven Seven run. run. was was commission commission the the way way the the and and witnesses witnesses as as used used and and represented represented those those both both in in biased biased was was commission commission The The patriarchy. patriarchy. and and family family the the to to return return to to was was women women for for protection protection reliable reliable only only the the that that argue argue to to successfully successfully violence violence male male of of issues issues used used also also and and agenda agenda conservative conservative a a modernise modernise to to language language feminist feminist anti-pornography anti-pornography appropriated appropriated panel panel the the that that claims claims Vance Vance 35.) 35.) 1992a,pp 1992a,pp (Vance, (Vance, ways" ways" selective selective in in advantage advantage own own their their to to concepts concepts and and terms terms feminist feminist anti-pornography anti-pornography used used "cleverly "cleverly commission commission the the that that stating stating procedure procedure and and report report the the outlines outlines Vance Vance Carole Carole 1989) 1989) Pornography, Pornography, into into Inquiry Inquiry of of Committee Committee Ministerial Ministerial Zealand. Zealand. (New (New committee. committee. previous previous that that on on processes processes and and ideas ideas its its of of lot lot a a basing basing pornography pornography into into inquiry inquiry Zealand Zealand 27 27 values. values. traditional traditional of of discourse discourse a a create create to to use use common common in in now now language language the the hijacked hijacked almost almost have have who who conservatives conservatives by by argument argument and and above above discussed discussed as as language language feminist feminist radical radical the the of of appropriation appropriation certainly certainly is is there there this this advocate advocate openly openly not not may may they they While While constraints. constraints. familial familial and and patriarchy patriarchy to to return return a a advocating advocating almost almost was was ordinance ordinance the the that that is is criticism criticism Final Final A A women. women. from from distanced distanced or or denied denied is is exploration exploration for for site site positive positive a a be be can can pornography pornography that that possibility possibility the the even even strategy, strategy, of of type type this this using using By By 48) 48) 1992b,pp 1992b,pp (Vance, (Vance, desire desire female female of of suppression suppression the the through through only only protected protected be be could could society society and and women women men, men, that that idea idea the the advance advance to to used used was was programs, programs, and and principles principles feminist feminist from from disembodied disembodied language, language, Feminist Feminist pleasure. pleasure. sexual sexual female female subvert subvert and and control control to to attempting attempting was was commission commission the the analysis, analysis, 28 28 expression. expression. sexual sexual women's women's of of prescription prescription Stienem's Stienem's to to adhere adhere not not did did scenes scenes the the of of many many and and responses responses sexual sexual of of variety variety more more had had certainly certainly viewed, viewed, l l material material video video the the of of part part were were that that practices practices sexual sexual Alternative Alternative Pornography Pornography of of Value Value The The values. values. multiple multiple has has pornography pornography that that recognition recognition the the for for allow allow least least at at arguments arguments the the settle settle not not do do although although and and phenomena, phenomena, human human complex complex multi-faceted multi-faceted a a as as pornography pornography present present can can looks looks new new These These raised. raised. debate debate conservative conservative radical-liberal previous previous the the that that assumptions assumptions and and difficulties difficulties the the of of some some contextualise contextualise and and challenge challenge they they that that feel feel and and issues, issues, these these by by influenced influenced been been strongly strongly have have I I pornography. pornography. surrounding surrounding landscape landscape complex complex the the to to added added have have theorising theorising additional additional These These discourses. discourses. predominate predominate the the within within changes changes been been certainly certainly has has there there settled settled not not is is debate debate pornography pornography the the While While Pornography. Pornography. about about Theorisations Theorisations Contemporary Contemporary 3: 3: Chapter Chapter 29 29 in in realisation realisation the the is is factor factor motivating motivating Another Another 1993). 1993). (Royalle, (Royalle, enriching. enriching. life life also also and and non-sexist non-sexist be be can can pornography pornography that that show show to to wanted wanted and and necessary necessary be be not not need need this this that that feels feels She She general. general. in in sexuality sexuality and and women women of of tive tive loi loi exp exp very very been been have have films films the the that that concede concede does does she she However However \·iolence. \·iolence. causes causes pornography pornography that that e e bl'lie\ bl'lie\ not not does does aile aile Roy Roy power. power. of of out out women women keep keep to to is is sexuality sexuality and and fantasies fantasies own own their their explore explore to to that that women women to to prescribing prescribing are are they they as as negative negative are are indeed indeed and and thought, thought, feminist feminist of of reprc'sentative reprc'sentative not not are are pornography' pornography' against against 'women 'women as as such such organisations organisations that that feels feels She She not. not. are are many many are, are, women women the the of of some some that that acknowledges acknowledges she she while while and and prostitutes prostitutes or or \·ictims \·ictims are are they they because because pornography pornography into into get get women women that that notion notion the the granted granted for for take take people people many many that that feels feels she she industry industry pornography pornography the the within within worked worked Having Having women. women. at at aimed aimed pornography pornography a a producing producing by by balance balance the the redress redress to to attempted attempted She She sexist. sexist. was was pornography pornography that that felt felt who who star, star, pornography pornography ex ex an an Royalle, Royalle, Candida Candida by by discussed discussed also also was was conclusion conclusion This This sexuality. sexuality. women's women's of of representation representation adequate adequate an an lack lack to to seem seem does does though though pornography pornography Mainstream Mainstream 1992a). 1992a). influential.(Vance, influential.(Vance, and and visual visual increasingly increasingly become become has has pornography pornography that that argue argue they they also also and and behaviour behaviour influence influence to to power power special special a a have have images images visual visual that that belief belief a a on on based based is is images images explicit explicit sexually sexually censoring censoring on on emphasis emphasis current current their their that that explaining explaining conservatives, conservatives, with with factor factor a a be be to to appears appears this this that that says says Vance Vance Carol Carol pornography, pornography, with with problem problem the the of of part part is is material material sexual sexual of of presentation presentation visual visual the the that that appears appears 58.) 58.) It It 1994,pp 1994,pp (Wells, (Wells, clubs" clubs" strip strip denigrate denigrate to to bodies bodies beautiful beautiful of of statues statues and and paintings paintings at at look look to to museums museums to to go go who who people people for for elitist elitist fucking fucking it's it's and and beauty, beauty, see see to to clubs clubs strip strip to to go go people people that that saying saying I'm I'm theory. theory. my my "That"s "That"s states states stoically stoically rather rather and and this this acknowledges acknowledges Paglia Paglia Camille Camille images. images. sexual sexual specific specific of of value value the the about about assumption assumption ingrained ingrained an an be be to to appears appears There There 30 30 29) 29) 1993,pp. 1993,pp. (Royalle, (Royalle, women." women." to to palatable palatable more more pornography pornography making making by by , , threat threat a a pose pose could could I I where where is is That That right. right. the the to to threatening threatening very very it's it's it, it, see see can can sisters and and Madonna's, Madonna's, wives, wives, the the women- where where bedroom, bedroom, the the into into taken taken being being is is it it that that Now Now tolerated, tolerated, was was it it entertainment, entertainment, male male strictly strictly was was pornography pornography as as long long as as But But view. view. of of points points of of variety variety a a form form films films erotic erotic make make to to encouraged encouraged were were women women more more ...... wishes wishes she she that that state state to to on on goes goes She She exploitation. exploitation. automatically automatically is is explicit explicit anything anything that that assume assume who who Pornography Pornography Against Against Women Women as as such such groups groups criticises criticises Royalle Royalle practice. practice. sexual sexual of of variability variability women's women's of of inclusive inclusive being being by by exploitative, exploitative, or or sexist sexist not not are are that that films films adult adult explicit explicit have have to to possible possible is is it it that that believes believes she she that that states states she she film film adult adult discussing discussing when when Hence Hence is. is. position position her her unusual unusual and and challenging challenging how how of of aware aware quite quite is is she she readily, readily, quite quite pornography pornography and and erotica erotica words words the the interchanges interchanges herself herself Royalle Royalle (Royalle,1993,pp.31) (Royalle,1993,pp.31) parts. parts. body body of of collection collection a a of of instead instead approach, approach, holistic holistic respect-a respect-a mutual mutual and and tenderness, tenderness, sensuality, sensuality, on on focus focus to to wanted wanted .. .. sexuality? sexuality? women's women's .I .I for for mean mean that that does does What What penetration. penetration. is is sex sex of of goal goal real real only only the the that that imply imply terms terms those those because because play play after after and and foreplay foreplay terms terms the the use use to to like like don't don't .. .. hard-core hard-core the the off off .I .I emphasis emphasis the the taken taken I've I've so so zone; zone; erogenous erogenous an an is is body body our our of of part part every every sensuality, sensuality, is is films films my my to to key key The The women. women. at at aiming aiming by by trend trend this this to to responding responding is is herself herself Royalle Royalle this. this. reflect reflect to to films films their their changing changing are are makers makers film film of of lot lot a a and and women, women, is is market market rentals rentals the the of of upwards) upwards) and and 40% 40% of of (figures (figures part part large large a a that that business business pornography pornography the the 31 31 1990,pp.153.) 1990,pp.153.) sex."(Smyth, sex."(Smyth, penetrative penetrative through through possible possible only only satisfaction satisfaction with with construct construct male male a a as as it it represented represented "Having "Having pleasure pleasure women's women's portray portray to to failed failed has has general general in in pornography pornography heterosexual heterosexual that that also also and and position position inferior inferior culturally culturally a a holds holds pornography pornography because because devalued devalued been been have have pornography pornography on on explorations explorations previous previous that that says says who who (1990) (1990) Smyth Smyth Cherry Cherry by by with with agreed agreed is is point point This This 1992,pp.l303) 1992,pp.l303) (Keller, (Keller, equal" equal" is is that that sex sex portraying portraying in in result result necessarily necessarily not not does does sexuality sexuality for for desires desires equal equal having having as as women women of of "portrayal "portrayal the the that that states states she she women women at at aimed aimed pornography pornography a a create create to to attempts attempts Royalle's Royalle's applauds applauds Keller Keller while while And And pleasure. pleasure. female female locate locate to to attempt attempt to to films films hard-core hard-core traditional traditional among among tendency tendency growing growing a a of of expression" expression" "ultimate "ultimate the the represent represent movies movies Royalle's Royalle's that that finds finds Williams Williams Linda Linda amounts. amounts. equal equal approximately approximately in in men men on on women women by by performed performed is is sex sex oral oral although although women, women, on on performed performed sex sex oral oral on on emphasis emphasis increased increased and and talk talk sexy sexy foreplay, foreplay, extended extended the the are are differences differences the the of of some some claims claims who who Fraser Fraser Laura Laura as as such such work, work, Royalle's Royalle's in in characteristics characteristics feminine feminine identified identified have have who who authors authors other other cites cites also also Keller Keller 1992,pp.1300) 1992,pp.1300) (Keller, (Keller, shots shots Femme Femme the the of of one one in in encounter encounter lesbian lesbian a a of of exception exception the the with with man, man, one one and and woman woman one one between between encounters encounters involve involve all all films films Royalle's Royalle's pornography. pornography. other other in in found found often often partners partners of of exchange exchange frequent frequent the the than than rather rather characters, characters, two two only only between between short, short, however however relationship, relationship, a a sustains sustains film film individual individual each each exception, exception, one one With With pornography. pornography. "male" "male" standard standard from from ways ways obvious obvious many many in in differ differ films films Royalle's Royalle's Candida Candida erotica- feminist feminist or or couples couples for for pornography pornography as as billed billed Royalle, Royalle, Candida Candida discusses discusses Keller Keller Susan Susan work. work. Royalle's Royalle's with with familiar familiar are are theorists theorists Many Many 32 32 being being sexuality sexuality women's women's of of talks talks ilS ilS discussion discussion social social of of Much Much men's. men's. than than different different be be to to considered considered generally generally is is expression expression sexual sexual Women's Women's Sexuality Sexuality Women's discussed. discussed. and and identified identified be be can can sexuality sexuality women's women's that that idea idea the the is is criticism criticism of of type type this this in in Implicit Implicit response. response. sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality women's women's representing representing accurately accurately not not for for material material pornographic pornographic criticise criticise feminists feminists especially especially commentators commentators Many Many society. society. mainstream mainstream within within defined defined been been has has women women for for sexuality sexuality which which in in way way the the on on hinges hinges this this all all However However this. this. of of instances instances represents represents that that used used material material video video the the within within images images with with conjunction conjunction in in ways ways positive positive various various in in women women represent represent to to how how discuss discuss I I useful. useful. be be can can exploration exploration for for site site a a as as pornography pornography lesbian lesbian of of use use the the thus thus sexuality, sexuality, female female called called be be can can what what restricting restricting of of habit habit the the into into falls falls herself herself Royalle Royalle sexuality. sexuality. women's women's of of consist consist to to considered considered currently currently is is than than scope scope wider wider much much a a is is there there that that think think I I women. women. for for sexuality sexuality as as define define women women do do what what and and this, this, about about 'female' 'female' more more is is what what is, is, sexuality sexuality women's women's what what this this Is Is etc. etc. foreplay foreplay extended extended sex, sex, oral oral more more had had movies movies Royalle's Royalle's noted noted who who 1992) 1992) (Keller, (Keller, by by (cited (cited Frazer Frazer Laura Laura as as such such of of consist consist to to supposed supposed was was sexuality sexuality women's women's what what discussed discussed researchers researchers the the of of Some Some sexuality? sexuality? women's women's of of understanding understanding our our to to especially especially mean mean this this does does What What pornography. pornography. and and erotica erotica female female considered considered is is what what of of light light in in especially especially consider, consider, to to more more us us gives gives pornography pornography lesbian lesbian of of case case The The discussing. discussing. are are they they what what explain explain to to definition definition neutral neutral a a for for opt opt writers writers many many and and problematic, problematic, is is pornography pornography of of definition definition mere mere the the how how seen seen have have We We pornographic. pornographic. called called be be really really it it can can women, women, for for product product explicit explicit sexually sexually a a create create to to attempts attempts are are there there While While 33 33 men men both both of of responses responses physiological physiological and and biological biological around around biased biased is is activity activity sexual sexual about about information information of of majority majority the the Thus Thus wants. wants. and and desires desires sexual sexual actual actual represent represent to to assumed assumed be be cannot cannot such such as as and and fantasy fantasy as as framed framed are are they they frequently frequently and and acts, acts, sexual sexual single single of of accounts accounts mainly mainly are are they they women, women, of of behaviours behaviours sexual sexual or or desires desires actual actual the the discLtss discLtss rarely rarely and and exception exception the the be be to to tend tend works works these these However However found. found. also also were were 1990) 1990) (Reynolds, (Reynolds, writing writing women's women's from from excerpts excerpts of of consists consists which which 'Eroticc1. 'Eroticc1. collection collection Reynolds Reynolds Margaret Margaret as as such such works works Other Other encounters. encounters. and and activities activities sexual sexual address address frequently frequently that that stories stories short short and and fantasy fantasy are are books books these these both both 1993) 1993) Nestle, Nestle, (Holoch (Holoch & & Nestle Nestle Joan Joan and and Holoch Holoch Naomi Naomi by by Women Women 2" 2" on on 'Women 'Women 1988) 1988) (Bright, (Bright, Susie Susie by by 'Herotica' 'Herotica' as as such such writers, writers, lesbian lesbian amongst amongst literature literature erotic erotic increasing increasing an an also also is is their their work work Friday Friday to to addition addition In In women. women. by by fantasies fantasies sexual sexual of of collection collection a a are are which which Friday, Friday, Nancy Nancy by by books books popular popular the the as as such such exceptions, exceptions, few few a a are are There There women. women. of of wants wants actual actual the the about about information information find find to to difficult difficult it it found found I I women women for for sexuality sexuality of of aspects aspects these these discuss discuss to to trying trying In In touching. touching. affectionate affectionate and and afterplay afterplay of of lot lot a a and and intercourse intercourse sexual sexual stimulation, stimulation, clitoral clitoral of of lot lot a a foreplay, foreplay, of of lot lot a a seduction, seduction, be be to to supposed supposed is is there there encounter encounter sexual sexual a a In In experiences. experiences. sexual sexual holistic, holistic, tactile, tactile, loving, loving, quiet, quiet, nurturing, nurturing, gentle, gentle, slow, slow, like like to to supposed supposed are are Women Women feelings. feelings. emotional emotional of of expression expression an an involve involve should should encounters encounters Sexual Sexual partner. partner. the the with with intimacy intimacy of of level level a a involve involve will will encounter encounter sexual sexual good good a a thus thus encounters, encounters, sexual sexual about about emotional emotional be be to to considered considered generally generally are are Women Women credence. credence. some some hold hold to to seem seem does does requirements requirements sexual sexual male male to to referenced referenced as as patriarchy patriarchy by by defined defined is is sexuality sexuality and and gender gender female female that that offers offers MacKinnon MacKinnon that that analysis analysis the the Thus Thus male. male. from from different different as as represented represented is is female female and and norm norm the the of of measure measure or or yardstick yardstick the the as as presented presented is is sexuality sexuality Male Male men's. men's. to to opposed opposed 34 34 assumed assumed was was it it century century nineteenth nineteenth the the in in society, society, of of gatekeepers gatekeepers moral moral and and police police sexual sexual the the were were women women Historically Historically today. today. women women of of analyses analyses some some in in evident evident be be still still can can thinking thinking of of type type this this and and prostitutes prostitutes and and mothers mothers women: women: of of types types two two were were there there that that taught taught church church Christian Christian The The 17). 17). p p men" men" to to life-threatening life-threatening even even dangerous, dangerous, as as seen seen or or trivial trivial as as demeaned demeaned been been either either has has sexuality sexuality women's women's history history "Throughout "Throughout lives. lives. everyday everyday in in and and society society within within both both meaning meaning its its of of understanding understanding and and sex, sex, about about talk talk be be to to needs needs there there this this do do To To (p15). (p15). eyes." eyes." males males through through only only world world the the see see to to permitted permitted are are we we and and us us on on imposed imposed are are sexuality sexuality to to attitudes attitudes male male which which in in way way the the at at look look to to need need "we "we that that states states She She lives. lives. and and bodies bodies our our over over control control take take to to begin begin they they as as achieved achieved be be can can This This are. are. they they beings beings sexual sexual of of type type what what about about out out find find to to need need women women that that claims claims also also Kitzinger Kitzinger Sheila Sheila food."(pp.15) food."(pp.15) with with granted granted for for take take we we that that sex sex to to selectivity selectivity same same the the bring bring can can "we "we that that and and want want all all we we that that experiences experiences sexual sexual of of variability variability the the of of talks talks She She ourselves. ourselves. within within but but individuals individuals among among just just not not desires, desires, and and needs needs varying varying have have people people that that acknowledges acknowledges Kitzinger Kitzinger time, time, the the all all cuisine' cuisine' 'fine 'fine the the with with bored bored get get would would we we then then food food like like is is sex sex if if Secondly Secondly eat. eat. definitely definitely must must we we but but survive, survive, to to sex sex need need not not do do we we obviously obviously because because firstly firstly Kitzinger, Kitzinger, to to according according misinformed misinformed is is analogy analogy of of type type This This sex. sex. of of feasts feasts gourmet gourmet recommends recommends and and food, food, with with sex sex compare compare talk talk sex sex on on discussions discussions many many that that say say to to on on goes goes She She 1983,pp.14). 1983,pp.14). orgasm"(Kitzinger, orgasm"(Kitzinger, than than more more is is "sex "sex that that notes notes she she informative, informative, and and refreshing refreshing is is that that way way a a in in sexuality sexuality and and sex sex on on discussions discussions presents presents Kitzinger Kitzinger Sheila Sheila education. education. sexuality sexuality on on section section the the in in fully fully more more address address shall shall I I that that desire, desire, about about discussion discussion the the was was missing missing notably notably Most Most activity. activity. sexual sexual and and arousal arousal with with associated associated feelings feelings and and wants wants emotional emotional the the discussed discussed little little Very Very women. women. and and 35 35 ' ' ' ' 0 0 are are that that behaviours behaviours occurrino- natural!v natural!v are are thev thev that that assume assume c,w c,w we we and and innate innate are are sexuality sexuality and and sex sex then then argument argument essentialist essentialist the the acn'pt acn'pt we we If If constructed. constructed. soci,1lly soci,1lly is is sexuality sexuality that that secondly secondly and and phenomenon phenomenon essential essential an an thus thus and and reproductive reproductive a a is is it it that that firstly firstly thought, thought, of of schools schools primary primary two two from from derived derived has has sexuality sexuality about about theorising theorising The The reproduction. reproduction. and and copulation copulation with with link link associated associated the the to to due due difficult difficult been been has has behaviour behaviour sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality Defining Defining Sex Sex of of Construction Construction and and Essentialism Essentialism missing. missing. was was women women in in desire desire and and pleasure pleasure locate locate to to ability ability the the so so copulation, copulation, with with linked linked was was sexuality sexuality that that was was religiously religiously and and historically historically association association The The 1983) 1983) (Kitzinger, (Kitzinger, pleasure. pleasure. of of source source possible possible a a as as sex sex about about think think to to begin begin women women most most could could bearing bearing child child form form separated separated be be could could sexuality sexuality until until Not Not health. health. bad bad avoid avoid to to sex sex avoid avoid would would many many thus thus miscarriage, miscarriage, following following ill-health ill-health or or lactation lactation bearing, bearing, child child of of state state a a in in lives lives their their of of much much spent spent women women Victorian Victorian that that remembered remembered be be should should it it However However them. them. tempt tempt to to try try would would that that women' women' 'Fallen 'Fallen the the of of careful careful be be to to and and control, control, to to needed needed they they that that desires desires sexual sexual strong strong had had hand hand other other the the on on Men Men women. women. fallen fallen were were they they did did they they if if or or feelings, feelings, sexual sexual spontaneous spontaneous have have didn't didn't women women that that 36 36 1989) 1989) constraints.(Weeks, constraints.(Weeks, societal societal inhibiting inhibiting form form sexuality sexuality free free to to claim claim fundamental fundamental its its as as had had revolution revolution sexual sexual the the this this to to addition addition In In difference. difference. women's women's celebrating celebrating of of tradition tradition feminist feminist French French the the as as such such feminists feminists by by adopted adopted been been also also have have notions notions essentialist essentialist But But passivit\ passivit\ female female and and aggression aggression natural natural males males as as such such activity. activity. sexual sexual in in behaviours behaviours explain explain to to groups groups religious religious and and conservative conservative by by adopted adopted been been has has determinism determinism Biological Biological gender. gender. and and sexuality sexuality sex, sex, on on discussions discussions of of variety variety a a for for way way the the leads leads epistemology epistemology of of type type This This 2) 2) 1989,pp 1989,pp (Weeks, (Weeks, neuroses. neuroses. or or perversion perversion of of form form the the in in blocked. blocked. if if or, or, expression expression sexual sexual direct direct of of form form the the in in either either out, out, way way its its force force must must will will whose whose and and institutions institutions human human shapes shapes which which animal, animal, human human the the of of biology biology the the into into built built are are characteristics characteristics whose whose force, force, instinctual instinctual driving, driving, a a as as seen seen is is well. well. as as life life social social It It the the but but personal personal the the only only not not shapes shapes that that individual individual the the in in force force overpowering overpowering an an as as conceptualised conceptualised is is Sex Sex behaviours. behaviours. sexual sexual and and roles roles gender gender appropriate appropriate of of acquisition acquisition the the with with associated associated are are both both and and nature nature of of part part considered considered be be can can gender gender and and sex sex Here Here gender. gender. of of understanding understanding an an with with associated associated closely closely be be can can and and determinism, determinism, biological biological a a as as to to referred referred sometimes sometimes is is analysis analysis of of type type This This actions. actions. reproductive reproductive with with consistent consistent should should behaviours behaviours sexual sexual thus thus and and species species the the of of reproduction reproduction with with sexuality sexuality links links also also theory theory This This good. good. therefore therefore and and natural natural be be to to urges urges theses theses consider consider and and urges urges human human basic basic with with activity activity and and behaviour behaviour sexual sexual sex, sex, equate equate can can we we that that means means This This imprinted. imprinted. biologically biologically 37 37 38 If sex and sexuality are socially constructed then these behaviours occur because we are part of society and have been and continue to be created and moulded by society. This is the stance that MacKinnon takes with patriarchy as the socialising agent. The impact of this stance is that sex and sexuality and sexual behaviours are not naturally occurring phenomenon, they are created and designed and should thus, theoretically be able to be recreated or modified. Many feminists have adopted positions that encompass a socially constructed notion of sex, sexuality and gender, because there is the possibility of redressing and reconstructing these categories. Christine Delphy a French feminist who does not subscribe to the essentialist position writes ... One does not revolt against what is natural, therefore inevitable, or inevitable, therefore natural. As soon as there is revolt there is concurrently and inevitably the notion of a process that can be resisted. That which can be resisted is not inevitable; that which is not inevitable could be otherwise: it is arbitrary therefore social. The logical and necessary implication of women's revolt, as of any revolt, is that the situation can be changed: if not, why revolt? The belief in the possibility of change implies belief in the social ongm of the situation. (Delphy, 1985,pp 197) Therefore social constructionist points of view can be used to challenge essentialism as well as employed as an important political strategy. Jackson and Scott identify three main strands of analysis utilised by those who see sexuality as socially constructed, with each of these focusing on a different aspect. The first analvses sexuality in relation to patriarchal structure; the second concentrates on "the construction of our sexual desires at the level of individual subjectivity, in other words on how we come to be sexual in particular ways; and the third seeks to demonstrate the variability and negative negative a a has has pornography pornography that that says says he he when when with, with, agrees agrees Brod Brod Harry Harry that that notion notion A A 1992,pp.67). 1992,pp.67). (Segal, (Segal, expression expression sexual sexual from from emotions emotions their their disconnect disconnect to to men men teaches teaches pornography pornography that that claiming claiming and and pornography pornography discussing discussing now now critics critics male male to to points points Segal Segal Lynne Lynne 1991,pp.21). 1991,pp.21). (Kimmel, (Kimmel, .. .. be· be· to to them them like like would would we we as as seh·es seh·es sexual sexual own own our our about about and and be be to to them them want want men men as as women women about about ...... " " is is pornography pornography that that claims claims Kimmel Kimmel Michael Michael wants, wants, and and desires desires to to linked linked be be can can certainly certainly but but truth truth the the necessarily necessarily not not is is sexuality. sexuality. male male about about It It be be to to considered considered generally generally is is Pornography Pornography activity. activity. sexual sexual on on views views people's people's some some least least at at on on bearing bearing some some have have sexuality sexuality of of representations representations that that feel feel do do many many practice, practice, sexual sexual actual actual mirrors mirrors pornography pornography that that believe believe not not do do theorists theorists of of majority majority The The 1992,pp.65) 1992,pp.65) (Segal, (Segal, desire desire heterosexual heterosexual of of pleasures pleasures and and pains pains the the of of understanding understanding an an for for search search the the of of centre centre the the at at placed placed been been has has pornography pornography that that states states Segal Segal Lynne Lynne important. important. is is roles roles gender gender of of acquisition acquisition the the as as well well as as sexuality sexuality and and desire desire sexual sexual of of aetiology aetiology the the of of issue issue the the debate, debate, pornography pornography the the of of light light In In goal. goal. true true one one be be not not can can there there and and constructions constructions the the of of relativism relativism the the within within located located be be only only can can situation situation the the Thus Thus socialised. socialised. were were we we way way the the just just its its fairly, fairly, treated treated being being not not or or against against offended offended being being is is claim claim can can we we that that being being autonomous autonomous no no is is there there because because expression expression sexual sexual women's women's and and man man between between differences differences and and inequities inequities of of talking talking with with problem problem a a is is there there that that means means this this But But situation. situation. current current the the against against revolt revolt or or change change to to desire desire a a states states Delphy Delphy as as usually, usually, is is there there that that is is apparent apparent most most The The problems. problems. some some present present does does phenomena phenomena constructed constructed socially socially a a as as sexuality sexuality treating treating However However . . 1996,pp.7) 1996,pp.7) Scott, Scott, (Jackson (Jackson desires." desires." sexual sexual & & human human of of malleability malleability 39 39 always always as as women women presents presents pornography pornography in in women women of of image image predominant predominant the the subjectivity, subjectivity, of of loss loss the the and and body body the the of of objectification objectification with with dealing dealing the the as as pornography pornography of of analysis analysis an an gives gives He He sexuality. sexuality. represents represents it it way way the the of of because because pornography pornography against against is is Brod Brod men. men. and and women women both both on on effects effects destructive destructive pornography's pornography's against against men men mPbilise mPbilise potentially potentially least least at at could could one one which which through through strategy strategy the the of of part part a a as as pPwer pPwer male male of of prices prices the the of of issue issue the the address address to to way way possible possible a a is is consciousness consciousness raising raising of of methods methods feminist feminist using using Brod, Brod, 1992)For 1992)For Brod, Brod, 1991; 1991; (Brod, (Brod, pri,·ileges pri,·ileges it it group group the the disadvantages disadvantages part part in in least least at at patriarchy patriarchy that that indicates indicates analysis analysis Brod's Brod's Thus Thus 1992) 1992) Segal, Segal, 1991; 1991; maintained.(Brod, maintained.(Brod, be be can can violence violence and and pornography pornography between between link link the the where where is is thinks thinks Brod Brod this this and and sexuality, sexuality, male male driven driven performance performance creates creates turn turn in in and and machines, machines, into into bodies bodies men's men's turns turns Pornography Pornography satisfaction. satisfaction. sexual sexual fuller fuller of of loss loss and and depreciation depreciation self self male male creating creating and and experience experience sexual sexual male male of of range range the the narrowing narrowing impotence, impotence, male male of of rates rates rising rising creating creating bodies, bodies, their their from from men men alienating alienating for for specifically specifically pornography pornography blames blames analysis, analysis, socialist-feminist socialist-feminist a a uses uses who who Brod Brod to to referring referring when when Segal Segal Too? Too? Pornography Pornography of of Victims Victims are are Men Men pornography. pornography. and and sexuality sexuality male male mainstream mainstream of of aspect aspect neglected neglected a a been been has has this this because because sexuality, sexuality, males males normal normal be be to to considered considered is is what what on on focus focus to to need need we we that that feels feels He He pornography. pornography. of of victims victims principle principle the the are are women women that that think think to to false false is is it it that that and and sexuality, sexuality, of of construction construction social social the the in in role role influential influential an an has has pornography pornography because because occurs occurs This This sexuality.(Brod,1992) sexuality.(Brod,1992) own own men's men's on on impact impact 40 40 with with agrees agrees Segal Segal aggressi\·eness.) aggressi\·eness.) ambition, ambition, toughness, toughness, manliness, manliness, is is (that (that actions. actions. and and beliefs beliefs attributes, attributes, sex-role sex-role stereotyped stereotyped into into socialisation socialisation of of part part important important an an both both as as seen seen is is pornography pornography that that argues argues Kimmel Kimmel Michael Michael consumed. consumed. the the but but pornography pornography of of consumers consumers the the not not are are women women that that feels feels He He abuse. abuse. sexual sexual against against but but sex, sex, against against not not is is movement movement anti-pornography anti-pornography feminist feminist that that idea idea the the is is conclusion conclusion Brod's Brod's sexuality. sexuality. male male on on strain strain a a puts puts this this affection, affection, physical physical is is want want men men most most what what whereas whereas bunny, bunny, Playboy Playboy a a by by 'laid' 'laid' be be to to is is want want they they thinking thinking men men in in results results This This 1992,pp.154.) 1992,pp.154.) (Brod, (Brod, mould mould the the of of nature nature monolithic monolithic fundamentally fundamentally the the obscure obscure which which variations variations minor minor for for allowance allowance with with mode, mode, single single a a into into channelled channelled be be must must tastes tastes and and desires desires Male Male beauty. beauty. female female of of standards standards uniform uniform reproduces reproduces and and produces produces Pornography Pornography research. research. pornography pornography of of aspect aspect important important an an is is experience experience personal personal that that considers considers he he and and perspective perspective liberalist liberalist sexual sexual a a not not is is standpoint standpoint Brod's Brod's 1992). 1992). (Brod, (Brod, mainstream. mainstream. accepted accepted more more the the with with connection connection a a such such presupposes presupposes pornography pornography and and sexuality sexuality male male between between relation relation the the of of aspect aspect the the that that argues argues He He pornography. pornography. and and sexuality sexuality male male mainstream mainstream of of aspect aspect neglected neglected the the of of analysis analysis an an presents presents and and sexuality sexuality male male normal normal as as of of conceived conceived is is what what at at look look to to theory theory Marxist Marxist and and feminist feminist a a uses uses He He readiness. readiness. perpetual perpetual female female of of myth myth pornography's pornography's to to corollary corollary necessary necessary The The eager. eager. and and willing willing ready, ready, sexually sexually 41 41 with with odds odds at at more more be be n>uld n>uld "nothing "nothing that that and and them them with with encounters encounters sexual sexual their their in in precisely precisely autonomy, autonomy, and and self-sufficiency self-sufficiency women's women's of of fearful fearful most most and and women, women, over over power power their their of of sure sure least least are are men men that that likely likely seems seems it it that that point point the the makes makes she she pornography pornography on on discussions discussions male male of of contribution contribution and and analysis analysis the the acknowledges acknowledges Segal Segal 1991)While 1991)While (Bjornerud, (Bjornerud, fantasy. fantasy. of of domain domain unstable unstable the the in in is is pornography pornography in in pleasure pleasure men's men's of of problem problem and and unconscious unconscious and and conscious conscious both both is is it it that that is is fantasv fantasv with with problem problem The The . . fantasy fantasy male male essentially essentially is is pornography pornography that that f'Oint f'Oint the the discusses discusses also also But But content. content. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic of of harmfulness harmfulness potential potential the the discusses discusses and and pornography pornography of of also also talks talks Bjornerud Bjornerud Andreas Andreas occur. occur. should should interaction interaction sexual sexual and and women women believes believes he he way way the the to to contrast contrast direct direct in in is is which which experience experience arousing arousing sexually sexually the the of of part part be be to to desire desire the the describes describes le le I I 1983,pp.ll). 1983,pp.ll). (MacDonald, (MacDonald, traumas." traumas." minor minor always always are are visits visits arcade arcade "pornography "pornography that that comments comments he he when when especially especially participants participants reluctant reluctant or or victims victims as as men men the the to to refers refers also also Macdonald Macdonald But But erection. erection. large large a a is is requirement requirement only only their their average-looking, average-looking, frequently frequently are are men men the the and and attractive attractive conventionally conventionally women women the the and and limited, limited, relatively relatively are are motifs motifs These These 12) 12) 1983,pp. 1983,pp. (MacDonald, (MacDonald, imagery imagery awaited awaited the the withholding withholding slightly slightly by by adrenalin adrenalin the the raises raises it it as as far far so so in in it-except it-except to to attention attention particular particular pay pay to to need need doesn't doesn't one one that that motifs, motifs, the the for for context context a a create create to to need need doesn't doesn't one one that that motifs, motifs, the the for for context context a a create create to to need need the the of of function function a a obviously obviously so so is is this this narrative, narrative, skeletal skeletal a a always always there's there's though though Even Even that that states states and and motifs, motifs, to to refers refers and and pornography pornography of of experience experience his his of of talks talks Macdonald Macdonald Scott Scott 1992) 1992) (Segal, (Segal, sexuality. sexuality. of of construction construction social social the the and and gender gender of of construction construction social social the the between between interaction interaction the the to to points points he he when when Kimmel Kimmel 42 42 41) 41) 1982.pp 1982.pp women.(Stern, women.(Stern, oppress oppress to to serve serve which which practices practices and and legislation legislation policies, policies, through through sustained sustained and and power, power, of of terms terms in in structured structured men, men, and and women women for for differently differently shaped shaped also also is is it it social, social, the the by by constructed constructed shaped, shaped, is is sexuality sexuality If If 74.) 74.) 992.pp. 992.pp. I I (Segal, (Segal, sexuality sexuality of of construction construction social social the the and and gender gender of of construction construction social social the the between between interaction interaction the the to to point point to to right right is is Kimmel Kimmel that that stating stating addresses addresses Segal Segal This This aggressiveness.) aggressiveness.) ambition, ambition, toughness, toughness, manliness, manliness, is is (that (that actions. actions. and and beliefs beliefs attributes, attributes, sex-role sex-role stereotyped stereotyped into into socialisation socialisation of of part part important important an an as as seen seen be be can can pornography pornography that that arguec; arguec; Kimmel Kimmel 1993,pp.224) 1993,pp.224) (Ross, (Ross, desire. desire. and and pleasure pleasure female female of of representation representation the the of of question question the the address address openly openly quite quite to to come come has has pornography pornography of of industry industry the the this this of of light light In In 1993,pp.226). 1993,pp.226). (Ross, (Ross, in in (cited (cited sexuality. sexuality. about about thinking thinking of of way way best best the the involve involve necessarily necessarily not not does does oppression, oppression, gender gender of of politics politics a a and and theory theory a a feminism, feminism, that that argued argued Rubin Rubin gender. gender. of of categories categories onto onto mapped mapped simply simply be be cannot cannot difference difference sexual sexual and and sexuality, sexuality, sex, sex, But But standpoint. standpoint. own own their their have have theorists theorists many many and and this this about about discussion discussion much much been been has has There There addressed. addressed. be be must must gender gender and and sexuality sexuality between between distinction distinction the the about about analysis analysis topical topical Certain Certain general. general. in in sexuality sexuality for for mean mean this this does does what what pornography pornography by by misled misled be be can can sexuality sexuality male male that that see see can can we we While While Gender. Gender. and and Sex Sex of of Analysis Analysis the the and and Standpoints Standpoints Theoretical Theoretical 1992,pp.77) 1992,pp.77) (Segal, (Segal, sexuality" sexuality" male male of of dynamics dynamics the the of of understanding understanding movements' movements' anti-pornography anti-pornography feminist feminist the the 43 43 1992,pp.71) 1992,pp.71) (Segal, (Segal, " " .. .. excitement. excitement. sexual sexual of of source source the the about about anxiety anxiety personal personal of of lowering lowering the the to to hence hence and and fantasy, fantasy, of of nature nature the the about about ignorance ignorance of of lowering lowering the the to to rather rather but but guilt, guilt, to to nor nor shame shame to to neither neither 'entitled' 'entitled' is is woman woman a a such such that that ...... " " contrast contrast in in saying saying disagree disagree to to on on goes goes Segal Segal aspirations). aspirations). feminist feminist her her and and fantasies fantasies erotic erotic her her between between gulf gulf the the over over shame shame her her to to 'entitled' 'entitled' is is woman woman a a such such that that suggesting suggesting ( ( fantasies fantasies heterosexual heterosexual masochistic masochistic has has who who feminist feminist the the of of situation" situation" "unfortunate "unfortunate an an of of example example Bartkys' Bartkys' lee lee Sandra Sandra cites cites Segal Segal experience. experience. psychic psychic of of nature nature the the explain explain to to attempt attempt an an as as material material pornographic pornographic of of nature nature fetishistic fetishistic the the on on discussion discussion some some is is There There 69) 69) 1992,pp. 1992,pp. desire"(Segal, desire"(Segal, around around women women and and men men both both of of discontents discontents and and longings longings the the with with grappling grappling first first without without pornography pornography towards towards revulsion revulsion and and of of appeal appeal the the address address to to begin begin not not can can "we "we Segal Segal Lynne Lynne For For 794) 794) 1992,pp. 1992,pp. (Cameron, (Cameron, sexy." sexy." inequality inequality makes makes it it subordination, subordination, and and domination domination of of relations relations eroticizes eroticizes it it discourse, discourse, a a as as because because ...... problematic problematic is is "pornography "pornography that that argue argue Jeffreys' Jeffreys' Sheila Sheila and and Kappeler Kappeler like like feminists feminists Anti-pornography Anti-pornography power. power. and and pleasure pleasure of of relation relation the the concerns concerns debate debate feminist feminist current current in in question question basic basic One One expression. expression. sexual sexual constitutes constitutes what what of of legitimacy legitimacy the the inturn inturn and and this this address address must must We We important. important. very very is is way way this this viewed viewed when when sexuality, sexuality, to to pornography pornography of of relationship relationship the the Therefore Therefore 44 44 the the are are men men that that ideas ideas stereotypical stereotypical the the leaving leaving expres-;ion, expres-;ion, sexual sexual male male with with consistent consistent only only usually usually is is theory theory of of type type this this times, times, ancient ancient to to back back traced traced be be can can sexuality sexuality about about theorisations theorisations that that see see can can we we While While complex. complex. more more increasingly increasingly becomes becomes sexuality sexuality and and expression expression sexual sexual between between link link The The ascertain. ascertain. to to difficult difficult be be may may expression expression sexual sexual cmd cmd sexuality sexuality collective collective a a that that allows allows also also response response sexual sexual own own their their on on authority authority own own peoples peoples However, However, expressed. expressed. be be should should it it that that possibility possibility the the such such as as and and desire desire sexual sexual own own persons persons each each of of knowledge knowledge intimate intimate an an for for room room allows allows desire, desire, of of location location the the about about discussion discussion of of type type This This medium. medium. a a is is it it as as far far so so in in body body the the desire desire We We 1985,pp.182) 1985,pp.182) (Halperin, (Halperin, objects" objects" individual individual to to attraction attraction our our of of source source the the not not are are they they but but gratify, gratify, to to us us drive drive they they which which needs needs have have may may "Bodies "Bodies bodies. bodies. to to attracted attracted not not are are bodies bodies that, that, idea idea an an to to leading leading individual, individual, the the within within arousal arousal sexual sexual and and desire desire locates locates analysis analysis of of type type This This 1985,pp.l73) 1985,pp.l73) (Halperin, (Halperin, stimulus" stimulus" of of sort sort any any to to erotically erotically respond respond to to individual individual an an of of 'capacity 'capacity from from teeming teeming impulse impulse an an procured, procured, is is gratification gratification such such which which of of means means by by object object the the of of irrespective irrespective gratification gratification sexual sexual to to impulse impulse unmediated unmediated an an of of notion notion Kinsey's Kinsey's of of order order the the on on something something be be would would logic, logic, this this out out follow follow we we if if desire desire Sexual Sexual gratified. gratified. rationally rationally be be to to needs needs such, such, as as and and desire desire sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality for for basis basis biological biological a a indicates indicates appetite' appetite' 'natural 'natural the the Thus Thus 1985,pp.166). 1985,pp.166). (Halperin, (Halperin, eros" eros" my my of of rid rid get get can can I I that that so so you you of of ask ask I I what what have have me me "Let "Let eg eg thirst. thirst. and and hunger hunger of of analogy analogy an an with with eros eros linked linked Greeks Greeks The The nature. nature. erotic erotic sexual sexual a a of of love love being being eros, eros, of of definitions definitions classic classic to to back back us us leads leads usually usually This This theorisation. theorisation. ancient ancient to to relation relation in in especially especially and and historically historically discussed discussed be be can can eroticism eroticism and and sexuality sexuality of of nature nature The The 45 45 1993). 1993). (Lacy, (Lacy, hierarchy. hierarchy. cultural cultural current current the the of of contingency contingency the the expose expose to to hierarchy hierarchy gender gender attack attack to to is is goal goal immediate immediate possible possible only only the the unrealisable, unrealisable, is is neutrality neutrality gender gender conception, conception, dualistic dualistic this this to to Due Due pornography. pornography. of of discussions discussions in in inherent inherent objectivity objectivity and and subjectivity subjectivity of of notions notions the the in in apparent apparent also also is is basis basis dualistic dualistic of of use use This This categories. categories. these these into into beings beings humcm humcm of of division division the the allows allows that that society society and and state, state, the the of of role role proper proper the the question question must must spheres spheres private private and and public public attacks attacks it it when when critique, critique, feminist feminist The The spheres. spheres. private private and and public public into into world world the the of of division division liberal liberal supposed supposed the the on on placed placed focus focus theoretical theoretical the the of of part part Lacy Lacy Nicola Nicola to to according according is is This This mm·ie. mm·ie. or or film film the the of of object object the the and and other other as as presented presented be be always always will will then then 'Women', 'Women', consumption. consumption. and and pleasure pleasure men's men's for for men men by by and and for for created created been been traditionally traditionally has has pornography pornography that that consensus consensus general general a a is is situation. situation. It It the the change change can can what what and and occurs occurs this this how how both both analyse analyse to to need need we we then then women women objectifying objectifying for for pornography pornography and and society society both both criticise criticise we we If If groups. groups. feminist feminist especially especially for for important important increasingly increasingly become become has has activity activity sexual sexual in in desire desire and and control control of of issues issues with with links links this this and and subjectivity, subjectivity, female female with with interacts interacts pornography pornography how how Thus Thus Subject? Subject? the the is is Who Who lives. lives. their their on on imagery imagery sexual sexual and and pornography pornography of of impact impact the the understand understand or or connect connect female female a a does does then then How How exist. exist. not not does does also also expression, expression, sexual sexual lesbian lesbian consequently consequently and and account, account, historical historical this this within within it it calls calls Kinsey Kinsey as as impulse' impulse' 'unmediated 'unmediated the the from from release release and and desire desire female female around around discussion discussion no no is is Their Their resist. resist. must must females females and and predator predator sexual sexual 46 46 1988,pp.76). 1988,pp.76). seen.(Hart, seen.(Hart, being being without without looking looking in in stimulation stimulation sexual sexual find find who who men men for for reserved reserved is is looking looking of of function function subject subject the the format, format, this this [n [n them. them. encounter encounter to to not not but but them, them, see see to to them, them, observe observe to to there there go go women women "meet" "meet" to to there there go go who who people people The The ...... women women and and man man between between encounter encounter any any of of impossibility impossibility the the to to monument monument a a contrary, contrary, the the on on is, is, ...... women women real real towards towards woman woman represented represented from from movement movement the the argues, argues, Kappeler Kappeler Suzanne Suzanne as as But But encounter. encounter. quasi-realistic quasi-realistic a a to to image image the the from from progression progression a a as as regarded regarded be be might might format format peep-show peep-show a a in in women women "real" "real" encountering encountering to to bodies bodies women's women's of of pictures pictures at at looking looking from from movement movement a a imagination, imagination, pornographic pornographic the the in in that that says says set set mind mind this this Hart Hart Lynda Lynda For For pornography. pornography. in in inherent inherent focus focus male male the the and and representation representation sided sided one one this this of of because because offensive offensive pornography pornography find find then then we we Do Do other. other. the the as as women women depict depict that that genres genres legitimate legitimate culturally culturally other other the the and and pornography pornography of of systems systems the the between between relationship relationship the the interpret interpret to to failure failure our our to to led led has has pornography pornography understand understand to to failure failure Our Our 1987). 1987). (Gubar, (Gubar, men" men" for for and and by by composed composed genres genres of of conventions conventions aesthetic aesthetic and and contexts, contexts, historical historical motivations, motivations, authorial authorial "the "the with with grips grips to to come come yet yet not not have have we we that that us us reminds reminds however, however, Gubar, Gubar, Susan Susan 1991). 1991). (Stacey, (Stacey, monogamy. monogamy. heterosexual heterosexual within within confinable confinable and and fixed fixed as as sexuality sexuality of of definitions definitions patriarchal patriarchal to to threat threat destabilising destabilising a a produced produced has has identities identities sexual sexual of of flexibility flexibility resulting resulting The The 1988-1989). 1988-1989). (Case, (Case, change. change. for for programs programs no no provides provides and and ideology ideology within within trapped trapped is is subject subject the the which which in in way way the the reveals reveals only only position position subject subject the the on on work work most most that that identified identified have have others others and and Lauretis Lauretis de de as as such such theorists theorists that that mentions mentions Case Case Sue-Ellen Sue-Ellen 47 47 that that recognition recognition our our Given Given 1990). 1990). (Cameron, (Cameron, change. change. this this motivating motivating be be must must something something consumption, consumption, and and production production of of light light in in overtime overtime evolved evolved even even and and changed changed has has pornography pornography that that recognition recognition a a is is There There pp.787). pp.787). 1990, 1990, (Cameron, (Cameron, forth. forth. so so and and see, see, we we movies movies the the read, read, we we texts texts provides-the provides-the culture culture our our sex sex of of representations representations the the are are however, however, these, these, among among experiences; experiences; and and possibilities possibilities of of set set complex complex a a of of out out constructed constructed discursively discursively and and socially socially are are sexualities sexualities Our Our states states Cameron Cameron others. others. by by proposed proposed questions questions familiar familiar the the ignoring ignoring by by cmema cmema pornographic pornographic of of complexities complexities the the demonstrates demonstrates Williams Williams difference. difference. any any make make this this of of reorientation reorientation a a will will then then pornography pornography in in subjects subjects as as represented represented not not are are females females If If (Gubar,1987,pp.741). (Gubar,1987,pp.741). itself." itself." culture culture patriarchal patriarchal has has as as pertinaciously pertinaciously as as evolved evolved have have that that representations representations unsettling unsettling always always but but banal, banal, sometimes sometimes brilliant, brilliant, sometimes sometimes of of series series a a produced produced has has which which other other as as "female "female the the of of eroticism eroticism the the primarily primarily as as Pornography Pornography females. females. namely namely others," others," of of eroticism eroticism the the is is "pornography "pornography claimed, claimed, has has who who Robbe-Grillet Robbe-Grillet Alain Alain from from quotes quotes she she based based male male is is Pornography Pornography 1983,pp.59). 1983,pp.59). (Rich, (Rich, difference." difference." little little makes makes shock shock or or respect, respect, lust, lust, pity, pity, our our of of objects-whether objects-whether remain remain they they and and , , voyeurs voyeurs remain remain we we ...... stage stage the the on on up up women women the the of of view view of of point point the the from from shot shot a a offer offer camera camera the the does does point point no no "at "at that that comments comments Rich Rich industry. industry. sex sex the the and and pornography pornography about about documentary documentary a a story", story", love love a a "Not "Not of of review review a a in in attempt attempt an an such such of of irony irony the the noted noted Rich Rich Ruby Ruby gaze? gaze? male male the the examine examine to to try try should should we we that that then then it it Is Is 48 48 classism classism racism, racism, inherent inherent the the with with dealing dealing of of way way a a as as developed developed had had say. say. It It their their have have to to grouping grouping larger larger the the within within groups groups minority minority from from women women to to :;pace :;pace gives gives and and oppression oppression of of hierarchy hierarchy a a creates creates politics politics Identity Identity movements. movements. feminist feminist lesbian lesbian the the within within politics politics Identity Identity growth growth (\f (\f increasing increasing the the by by complicated complicated were were sexuality sexuality surrounding surrounding discu:;:;ions discu:;:;ions the the of of Many Many years. years. fifteen fifteen last last the the over over discourses discourses feminist feminist many many within within prominent prominent been been has has politics politics Identity Identity Politics Politics Identity Identity subjects. subjects. of of multiplicity multiplicity the the discuss discuss or or identify identify and and other other as as women women of of especially especially representations representations view view to to us us allow allow will will tool tool of of type type This This conclusion. conclusion. our our is is that that fact fact in in if if libratory, libratory, and and degrading degrading both both be be to to it it find find and and artefact artefact media media one one at at look look can can we we which which in in analysis analysis of of mode mode a a develop develop to to necessary necessary is is it it that that feels feels Keller Keller 1992,pp.1303). 1992,pp.1303). (Keller, (Keller, equal" equal" is is that that sex sex portraying portraying in in result result necessarily necessarily not not does does sexuality sexuality for for desires desires equal equal having having as as women women of of portrayal portrayal ."The ."The 1993) 1993) (Ross, (Ross, representation. representation. of of meaning meaning the the assessing assessing accurately accurately from from us us prevents prevents that that consumer consumer the the by by viewed viewed is is material material the the which which in in way way the the and and representation representation between between distinctions distinctions be be may may there there suggests suggests Ross Ross Andrew Andrew 1987). 1987). (Gubar, (Gubar, period. period. given given a a in in masculinity masculinity attend attend that that anxieties anxieties shaped shaped socially socially the the establishing establishing by by framework framework historical historical a a to to psychoanalytic psychoanalytic a a from from move move could could we we moreover, moreover, constructed, constructed, culturally culturally is is sexuality sexuality 49 49 1993,pp.28). 1993,pp.28). (Royalle, (Royalle, heart. heart. the the from from come come they they as as great, great, is is which which movies, movies, lesbian lesbian fabulous fabulous making making are are Productions Productions blush blush at at women women the the and and Sundahl Sundahl Debi Debi it. it. do do to to person person right right the the I'm I'm feel feel don't don't I I lesbian lesbian a a not not I'm I'm since since But But mo\·ie. mo\·ie. lesbian lesbian do do don't don't I I why why me me ask ask also also People People states, states, Royalle Royalle Candida Candida pornography. pornography. minority minority particularly particularly and and pornography pornography about about literature literature the the in in up up turn turn politics politics identity identity of of examples examples Numerous Numerous begin. begin. to to which which from from point point reference reference or or perspective perspective common common no no is is there there discussion discussion discourage discourage may may This This perspective's. perspective's. individual individual with with individuals individuals of of group group a a becomes becomes just just general general in in society society and and null, null, issues issues about about discussion discussion all all rendering rendering opinions, opinions, offer offer or or speak speak to to right right any any has has else else no-one no-one where where point point reach reach can can We We issues. issues. of of understanding understanding their their in in authoritative authoritative most most the the is is person person disadvantaged disadvantaged or or oppressed oppressed most most the the of of regress regress infinite infinite an an into into drawn drawn be be to to not not careful careful be be must must we we perspective's perspective's particular particular with with groups groups different different are are there there that that acknowledge acknowledge we we If If interesting. interesting. is is perspective perspective a a from from authoritatively authoritatively speak speak to to credence credence certain certain you you gives gives lesbian lesbian a a being being that that notion notion the the discussion, discussion, feminist feminist any any within within y y constant! constant! up up comes comes theory theory point point stand stand of of type type This This . . 1996,pp.99) 1996,pp.99) women.(Healey, women.(Healey, middle-class middle-class white, white, by by dominated dominated was was that that movement movement a a within within women women of of ableism ableism and and 50 50 51 But we can allow that at least in may respects lesbians do have a umque standpoint view of society. Charlotte Bunch states that lesbians defy conformist ideas, the lesbian defines herself in terms of women and rejects male definitions of how she should feel and act, look and live.[(Bunch, 1984). This notion is confirmed by Janice Raymond who states that many lesbian feminists believe that heterosexism is the paradigmatic model for the oppression of women in a patriarchal society. Raymond also believes that this is part of a wider problem that we live in a hetero-relational society where all of women's personal, social political, professional, and economic relations are defined by the ideology that women is for man. (Raymond, 1984). Thus Lesbians must be somewhat the least influenced by male exerose of power, simply for the reason that they are not sexually attracted to men and therefore have less to loose if they challenge male power. Much of Identity politics can also intersect with the concept as mentioned by Raymond of Heterosexism. Jung & Smith(l993) define 'heterosexism' as a "reasoned system of bias regarding sexual orientation. It denotes prejudice in favour of heterosexual people "(p13). This prejudice is against bisexual and homosexual people, heterosexism does not necessarily have to be conscious active discrimination. In fact heterosexism is usually subtle and subconscious, It is an overriding world view that heterosexuality is the norm therefore 1s unspoken but everything else must be "other", denoted as different . Most common representations of heterosexism involved the assumptions of heterosexuality unless something different is clearly stated. Thus for a 52 heterosexual to describe themself as such seems unusual, because it is already assumed, but if a person who is homosexual includes this information, it further categorises and identifies the person as something other than IS assumed. Pat Romans discusses this issue in an article about Lesbian Mothers. The first sentence of her article reads, "But you can't be a Lesbian and a Mother - can you7" (Raymond, 1984,pp 98) . The notion that these two identities can exist in one person is considered conflictual within our current society. Because of heterosexist attitudes, anything not considered the norm is other, which usually means deviant and anything deviant is deemed compulsive. Therefore a highly common conception of a lesbian is a women with a high sex drive (compulsive) who seeks the sexual company of women (other). The notion of a mother is an idealised mythology that women wish to attain, a mother is kind nurturing selfless and consumed by raising children thus the two categories seem opposed. By discussing 'heterosexism' the lesbian community is locating the problem in heterosexism, rather that in homosexuality-thus they are challenging heterosexuals to defend their point of view. Heterosexism is a hegemonic practice and should be viewed in the same way as racism, sexism, ageism it is the over;1rching mindset that deny, or deviates any differences, from the perceived norm. Thus it must contain believes values connotation of prescribed ways of being and viewing other individuals -it is highly stereotypical. 53 Film Theory and Representation Stern discusses the use of media within these theoretical discussions. According to Stern that "while the overall critique of patriarchal ideology was developed, this was manifested primarily through work on the media. " (Stern, 1982,pp.43). The use of alternative viewings such as relation between sex and violence within pornographic representations has been construed in a variety of ways. "Where pornography is posed as an issue of violence, not sex, it is claimed that the representations are in themselves violent and assaulting and thus oppressive to women." (Stern, 1982,pp 50). There is also a distinction between pornography, everyday life and a causal relationship, which addresses the issue of pornography being a fantasy or fiction. The 'intention to arouse' which seems to characterise pornography films has proved problematic for feminism, since the pornography industry this means a promotion of the male consumer's erection and masturbation(Stern, 1982,pp58). Nead notes that moral regulation in 1970's took form of regulation of "representations" of sexuality as opposed to regulation of sexual behaviour. (Nead, 1990). Willmen suggested that "pornography is a particularly condensed version of fiction and is also o\·er determined by sexual fantasy, by the figuring out of body space, the spacing out of bodies."(Stern, 1982,pp.59). 54 In conclusion stern says Many of the critiques of pornography argue that pornography is a representation of male phantasy, of the collective male Unconscious, and as such reveals a conjunction of sex and death expressed in a desire to destroy the feminine principle. When women admit to being turned on by pornography images, or having fantasies which may involve violence or submission, the confession is often qualified by an acknowledgment of conditioning -patriarchy writes the scripts and we are all assigned roles." (Stern, 1982,pp.60). Hart notes that pornography is not a sexual practice, as Suzanne Kappeler argues, it is a form of representation. Nor is representation a neutral act of showing, it is a reproductive recovery of the past. Generally literary representations condone violence against women as they hide behind the realistic imperative allowing the argument that they are simply "showing" or exposing the features of contemporary society when they are in fact ratifying them. (Hart, 1988) . By characterising pornography as a mere mirror of violent patriarchal desires, current dL·bates have drawn attention away from the manipulative and ironic powers of the pornographic discourse. (Mainil, 1992)Thus questions of representation and of pleasure cannot be separated because power actually prllduces forms of pleasure and sexuality (Mainil, 1992)(p.349) Therefore as Kuhn states pornography is not simply a set of representations defined by content or function, but is a set of institutions comprising also technologies (of mechanical reproduction of 1mages, m particular) and relations of production. (Kuhn, 1984). Cameron states that Williams analyses pornography in its own terms, as a system of representation, as a genre. (Cameron, 1990). true. true. be be to to factors factors these these claim claim you you could could how how women, women, made made and and by by women, women, for for women women at at directed directed was was pornography pornography the the when when vic1ble, vic1ble, longer longer no no were were pornography pornography produced produced male male at at levelled levelled were were that that violence violence and and rape rape incite incite could could exploitive, exploitive, being being pornography pornography as as such such objections objections previous previous that that argued argued others others But But l996,pp.142). l996,pp.142). (Healey, (Healey, heteropatriarchy" heteropatriarchy" the the of of language language erotic erotic oppressive oppressive old old same same the the just just was was fuckings, fuckings, and and fucks fucks and and clits clits and and cunts cunts its its all all with with pleasure, pleasure, serious serious of of language language erotic erotic new new the the feminists feminists lesbian lesbian some some "for "for responses, responses, two two had had book book This This founded. founded. physicalh· physicalh· and and explicit explicit were were that that stories stories erotic erotic of of collection collection a a was was it it 1989, 1989, in in published published was was Pleasure' Pleasure' 'Serious 'Serious called called book book A A subjugating. subjugating. and and pornographic pornographic be be must must activity activity sexual sexual any any therefore therefore market, market, different different a a for for pornography pornography produced produced better better just just was was erotica erotica that that and and pornography pornography for for name name another another just just was was this this that that criticism criticism brought brought erotica erotica at at attempts attempts Initial Initial in. in. drawn drawn became became themselves themselves lesbians lesbians discussions discussions pornography pornography in in active active were were Dworkin Dworkin and and MacKinnon MacKinnon when when 1986 1986 and and 1985 1985 During During opinion. opinion. their their in in cohesive cohesive way way no no in in is is community community lesbian lesbian The The pornography. pornography. as as it it recognise recognise even even to to representation representation the the in in difference difference some some be be must must There There pornography. pornography. lesbian lesbian to to do do this this does does what what But But difficult. difficult. extremely extremely pornography pornography of of discussion discussion and and consumption consumption v1ewmg, v1ewmg, the the make make to to served served have have theories theories competing competing these these All All 714). 714). l987,pp l987,pp (Gubar, (Gubar, representation. representation. of of theories theories of of politics politics the the but but representation representation of of politics politics the the only only not not explore explore to to it it use use should should we we that that states states Gubar Gubar therefore therefore description description a a is is 1991)Pornography 1991)Pornography exchange[(Creet, exchange[(Creet, of of symbol symbol a a becomes becomes therefore therefore it it women. women. for for it it of of absence absence the the and and men men for for penis penis the the of of presence presence the the both both represents represents it it because because desire desire of of symbol symbol the the as as exists exists phallus phallus the the that that claims claims Creet Creet 55 55 determinedly determinedly over over the the challenged challenged feminists feminists many many generally, generally, more more women women of of constructions constructions in in occurred occurred shift shift a a that that debates debates these these of of context context the the in in was was it it addition, addition, In In 'rage'. 'rage'. female female and and feminist feminist of of understandings understandings cultural cultural upon upon impact impact profound profound a a had had have have debates debates pornography pornography the the that that is is out out points points Lent/. Lent/. Kim Kim as as this this of of purposes purposes the the of of One One link. link. violence violence and and pornography, pornography, :;ex, :;ex, the the exploiting exploiting and and using using be be to to appear appear groups groups feminist feminist Some Some (Champagne, (Champagne, 1991) 1991) public. public. general general for for accessible accessible teria teria rna rna I I pornographic pornographic mainstn:am mainstn:am of of majority majority the the of of content content actual actual the the misrepresented misrepresented This This censorship. censorship. for for need need the the for for evidence evidence as as presented presented were were law law the the of of aspects aspects other other in in illegal illegal and and available available readily readily not not material material of of examples examples report report this this In In report. report. Meese Meese the the to to back back traced traced be be can can this this of of much much abuse, abuse, and and violence violence causing causing texts texts pornographic pornographic about about statements statements feature feature censorship censorship of of discussions discussions sense sense common common .Many .Many 1989) 1989) (Downs, (Downs, in in cited cited [ [ believe believe to to led led been been has has public public the the as as horrific horrific and and prevalent prevalent as as is is pornography pornography that that doubt doubt to to reason reason strong strong is is there there that that feels feels Callwood Callwood June June commentators, commentators, some some to to according according misleading misleading been been has has pornography pornography surrounding surrounding debate debate public public The The Pornography Pornography and and Sexuality Sexuality 1993). 1993). (Ross, (Ross, identity. identity. of of guarantee guarantee reliable reliable a a be be to to as as contours contours its its in in fixed fixed so so never never while while thumbprint, thumbprint, a a as as unique unique as as is is sexuality sexuality articulated articulated its its that that ensures ensures which which experiences experiences social social of of history history sexual sexual psycho personal personal a a by by inflected inflected is is common, common, in in less, less, or or more more held, held, fantasies fantasies infantile infantile and and primal primal of of structure' structure' 'deep 'deep a a by by informed informed while while pornography, pornography, to to response response its its of of grammar grammar the the and and trans-historical, trans-historical, not not is is body body erotic erotic the the that that out out points points Ross Ross as as remember remember must must we we discussion discussion this this all all Throughout Throughout 56 56 able able been been traditionally traditionally have have women women that that opinion opinion the the of of now now are are feminists feminists Some Some applaud. applaud. feminists feminists pro-porn pro-porn other other and and Rovc1lle Rovc1lle that that something something is is This This imagery. imagery. sexual sexual with with comfortable comfortable more more feel feel and and pornography pornography appropriate appropriate to to lesbians lesbians and and feminists feminists women, women, amongst amongst currentlv currentlv move move a a is is There There 1993,pp.28-29). 1993,pp.28-29). (Royalle, (Royalle, different. different. totally totally it's it's here- word word key key the the being being consensual consensual consensual- it's it's if if and and fantasv fantasv woman's woman's a a is is it it that that obvious obvious is is it it if if Whereas Whereas destructive. destructive. very very is is that that it, it, like like and and around around turn turn to to shown shown she's she's then then and and context, context, frightening frightening genuinely genuinely a a in in will will her her against against sex sex into into forced forced woman woman a a shows shows film film a a if if and and respects, respects, some some in in damaging damaging be be can can pornography pornography and and violence violence that that say say to to fair fair is is it it that that admitted admitted producer, producer, pornography pornography female female a a Royalle, Royalle, Candida Candida have. have. may may material material such such impact impact possible possible the the dismiss dismiss or or advocate advocate not not do do general general in in calls, calls, censorship censorship oppose oppose who who those those of of many many link, link, sex sex and and violence violence the the within within view view there there framed framed and and used used have have pornography pornography surrounding surrounding discussions discussions pnmary pnmary the the While While explored. explored. and and theorised theorised be be to to continue continue expression expression sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality as as well well as as agency, agency, and and personality personality women's women's such such As As 1983) 1983) purity.(Kitzinger, purity.(Kitzinger, amoral amoral to to relationship relationship special special 'woman's" 'woman's" upon upon insists insists which which ideology ideology pervasive pervasive the the with with odds odds at at be be to to tends tends This This 1993). 1993). (Lentz, (Lentz, ways. ways. complex complex profoundly profoundly m m exist exist pleasure pleasure and and danger danger hood, hood, victim victim whom whom for for subject subject a a theorise theorise to to began began instead instead and and faction, faction, ant-pornography ant-pornography the the of of subject subject victimised victimised 57 57 also. also. this this reflect reflect must must recommendations recommendations or or solutions solutions such such as as and and simplistic simplistic as as longer longer no no is is debate debate the the thus thus pornography, pornography, and and imagery imagery sexual sexual via via differentially differentially influenced influenced be be and and reactions reactions conflictual conflictual experience experience to to possible possible is is it it that that acknowledge acknowledge now now also also can can We We analysis. analysis. Dworkin Dworkin and and MacKinnon MacKinnon the the of of bounds bounds the the beyond beyond far far imagery imagery sexual sexual surrounding surrounding argument argument the the extended extended have have sexuality sexuality and and gender gender analysing analysing of of ways ways new new These These debate. debate. pornography pornography the the to to complexity complexity and and depth depth added added have have discussions discussions theoretical theoretical these these All All 1992). 1992). (Mainil, (Mainil, ends. ends. own own their their to to pornography pornography use use to to starting starting are are now now and and sexuality sexuality of of models models cultural cultural and and generic generic modify modify to to 58 58 59 Chapter 4: Lesbianism and The Sexuality Debates The Lesbian Response As Lesbians had aligned themselves with feminist groups, they were part of the response to those issues raised by feminists. Thus lesbians who were part of the rape and pornography movements, started to question some of the assumptions being made. Healey (1996) talks of the analysis of sex and sexual activity being theorised within feminist groups. The attack on patriarchy and gender, in many ways, made lesbians, especially as a political group, non sexual. This de-sexualising of lesbianism was a result of various factors, one being the lesbian identity posited by Adrienne Rich, and another being the notion that to criticise patriarchy and male powers that are criticised as the sexual aggressors, it was necessarv to distance themselves form that which they criticised. Yet many lesbians were engaging in some type of sexual activity, thus the current theorising of sex and sexuality was eroding the 'lesbian identity". Much of the debate was also linked with a definition of sexuality that was representative of women, in general as well as lesbians. A 'lesbiiln identity' had been lost in the debates, and was further confused by Adrienne Rich (1996), who advanced the notion that there may not be a simple divide between heterosexualit\· and lesbianism, and that women can historically historically ha\·e ha\·e discourses discourses public public since since especially especially reasons, reasons, psychological psychological and and political political for for important important is is identity identity lesbian lesbian a a of of establishment establishment The The 1994) 1994) (Criffin, (Criffin, in in explanation.(cited explanation.(cited of of and and naming naming of of definition, definition, of of process process that that control control will will groups) groups) social social and and forces forces social social which which (ie (ie who who over over struggle struggle a a but but defined, defined, be be could could or or should should lesbianism lesbianism how how of of matter matter a a just just not not is is This This lesbian. lesbian. the the and and lesbianism lesbianism of of construction construction the the is is resistance/survival resistance/survival lesbian lesbian and and oppression oppression lesbian lesbian both both to to central central Therefore Therefore institutions. institutions. of of set set oppressive oppressive deeply deeply a a from from emerged emerged which which concept concept a a of of terms terms in in oneself oneself naming naming in in involved involved dilemma dilemma the the identification: identification: lesbian lesbian of of contradiction contradiction central central the the to to points points Faderman Faderman and and structure structure social social a a within within place place take take must must categorisation categorisation This This 1992). 1992). (Jenness, (Jenness, self-categorisation. self-categorisation. prohibits prohibits thus thus and and experience, experience, lived lived individual individual with with incongruent incongruent as as perceived perceived is is lesbian lesbian a a be be to to means means it it what what with with associated associated imagery imagery the the finally, finally, and and Third Third negative. negative. usually usually and and neutral neutral best best at at are are lesbian lesbian term term the the with with associated associated connotations connotations the the exception, exception, rare rare with with Second, Second, experience. experience. direct direct from from removed removed fairly fairly sources sources from from derive derive and and vague vague relatively relatively are are lesbian lesbian category category social social the the of of understandings understandings Firstly Firstly lesbian. lesbian. category category social social the the considering considering when when place place take take can can categorisation categorisation self self the the before before required required are are that that characteristics characteristics critical critical three three identifies identifies she she theorist, theorist, such such one one is is (1992) (1992) Jenness Jenness Valerie Valerie identity. identity. lesbian lesbian a a theorise theorise to to tried tried have have commentators commentators Certain Certain made. made. were were this this redress redress to to attempts attempts Several Several context. context. feminist feminist a a within within it it framing framing as as well well as as lesbian lesbian was was that that identity identity sexual/love sexual/love specific specific a a denying denying by by this this do do to to managed managed It It relations. relations. their their desexualised desexualised also also it it but but discourse, discourse, feminist feminist within within role role important important an an having having as as lesbians lesbians legitimated legitimated firstly firstly it it effect effect double-edged double-edged a a had had article article This This continuum. continuum. lesbian lesbian a a along along placed placed be be 60 60 a a that that acknowledged acknowledged is is it it But But 19861. 19861. (Ellsworth, (Ellsworth, orientation. orientation. sexual sexual and and gender gender different different of of a a readers readers for for desire desire the the communicate communicate to to used used are are they they when when meanings meanings new new acquire acquire representation representation pornographic pornographic of of forms" forms" "male "male the the that that adding adding desire, desire, lesbian lesbian on on based based sexuality sexuality of of kind kind a a of of representations representations and and fantasises fantasises liberative liberative offer offer now now can can lesbians lesbians forum, forum, a a create create to to attempt attempt there there in in that that says says Dolan Dolan Jill Jill videos. videos. as as well well as as produced produced been been have have magazines magazines pornography pornography lesbian lesbian prominent prominent few few A A desire. desire. lesbian lesbian considered considered be be can can what what and and sexuality sexuality is is what what to to as as community community lesbian lesbian the the in in debate debate to to lot lot a a is is there there material material of of sort sort this this create create To To produced. produced. being being is is pornography pornography lesbian lesbian identity, identity, sexual sexual a a establish establish to to attempt attempt an an as as more more but but this, this, of of consequence consequence a a as as much much so so Not Not sexualitv. sexualitv. lesbian lesbian of of misrepresentative misrepresentative be be to to images images these these consider consider many many imd imd pornography pornography heterosexual heterosexual mainstream mainstream in in used used been been long long have have scenes scenes sex sex Lesbian Lesbian 'is'. 'is'. sexuality sexuality lesbian lesbian what what establish establish to to attempt attempt an an been been has has identity identity lesbian lesbian a a of of creation creation this this within within also also There There Sexuality Sexuality Lesbian Lesbian 1991). 1991). visibility.(Creet, visibility.(Creet, creating creating for for practices practices gay gay appropriate appropriate and and learn learn should should lesbians lesbians that that advocates advocates Creet Creet practices. practices. sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality of of representations representations in in especially especially lesbian- and and rights rights gay gay between between differences differences the the at at look look interesting interesting is is it it that that claims claims She She Creet. Creet. Julia Julia by by advanced advanced been been has has this this for for tool tool possible possible A A structures. structures. power power existing existing challenge challenge can can which which occur occur to to is is cohesion cohesion group group collective collective of of sort sort any any if if important important is is which which established, established, be be to to identity identity political political a a both both allows allows identity identity an an Such Such 1994). 1994). (Dunn, (Dunn, lesbianism. lesbianism. of of perceptions perceptions on on influence influence strong strong extraordinarily extraordinarily an an had had have have texts texts literary literary that that means means This This desire. desire. homosexual homosexual female female on on silence silence virtual virtual a a maintained maintained 61 61 Nestle Nestle Joan Joan and and Holoch Holoch Naomi Naomi and and book book Bright Bright Susie Susie the the as as such such section, section, sexuality sexuality women's women's the the in in three three Chapter Chapter in in discussed discussed I I works works of of types types these these of of examples examples Some Some fiction. fiction. erotic erotic and and sex-manuals sex-manuals with with communities, communities, lesbian lesbian within within sexuality sexuality and and sex sex about about language language a a at at attempt attempt an an been been has has There There chapter. chapter. Education Education and and Sexuality Sexuality the the in in sexuality sexuality women's women's to to relation relation in in language language of of use use the the discuss discuss I I schools. schools. in in exist exist that that programs programs education education sex sex the the within within conspicuous conspicuous most most is is language language of of lack lack this this for for Evidence Evidence 1992,pp.190). 1992,pp.190). them."(Richardson, them."(Richardson, insults insults and and ridicules ridicules exist, exist, does does it it where where or, or, sexuality sexuality and and bodies bodies women's women's <1bout <1bout silent silent either either is is which which general, general, in in language language of of issue issue wider wider a a in in imbedded imbedded is is point point This This patriarchy. patriarchy. by by created created are are that that viewpoints viewpoints and and personalities personalities desires, desires, of of formation formation the the escape escape fully fully cannot cannot such such as as and and women women socialised socialised still still are are lesbians lesbians that that acknowledged acknowledged is is it it because because lesbians, lesbians, influence influence will will sex sex real real as as counts counts what what about about message message of of type type This This foreplay. foreplay. have have they they sex sex have have don't don't lesbians lesbians that that implication implication the the has has Richardson, Richardson, states states This, This, intercourse. intercourse. penetrative penetrative heterosexual heterosexual around around revolve revolve sex sex of of conceptions conceptions available available currently currently most most as as task, task, important important an an is is relations relations lesbian lesbian within within activities activities sexual sexual signify signify to to language language sexual sexual a a Creating Creating 1992). 1992). (Richardson, (Richardson, lesbians. lesbians. alienates alienates turn turn in in that that fascination fascination this this of of evidence evidence as as industry industry pornography pornography the the cites cites She She titillation. titillation. this this into into buy buy and and mimic mimic to to seem seem would would language language sexual sexual lesbian lesbian thus thus men, men, for for on' on' 'turn 'turn a a as as viewed viewed been been has has women women between between sex sex that that knowledge knowledge the the is is language language of of lack lack this this for for basis basis a a as as identifies identifies Richardson Richardson reasons reasons the the of of One One activity. activity. sexual sexual lesbian lesbian with with associated associated language language articulate articulate an an not not is is there there limited, limited, is is sexuality sexuality lesbian lesbian about about talk talk that that says says Richardson Richardson establish. establish. to to difficult difficult is is desire desire lesbian lesbian of of definition definition 62 62 63 book called 'Women on Women 2" (Holoch & Nestle, 1993). In addition Diane Mariechild and Marcelina Martin produced a book called Lesbian Sacred Sexuality which endeavoured to create an opportunity for lesbians to "reflect on our intimate, sexual and sensual experiences as sacred"(pp.xiv), this book provides photographs and text that discuss what sexual experiences they deem as sacred. (Mariechild & Martin, 1995) Another example of the increase in sexual discussion is called 'Making out' which is supposed to be a book on lesbian sex and sexuality, this book is presented as an A-Z guide on acts, gear imagination and body, providing definitions and suggestions. (Schramm-Evans & Jaugey-Paget, 1995). In addition to the literature their is the increase of lesbian produced pornography. One of the more important aspects of this is as Heather Findlay says is that "What the sex police don't understand is that you look at lesbian pornography because it validates your sexual identity .... Dyke pornography affirms-and acts as a catalyst for -our desires.' (Findlay, 1993,pp.43). This point is also reiterated by David Pendleton who says that "pornography plays a different role within gay male culture from the role straight porn plays in straight men's lives. Gay porn is currently the main source of representations of male homosexuality (in terms of sheer numbers)."(pp.l55) and has a role in the way that gay men come to acknowledge their own desires and talk to one another about those desires. (Pendleton, 1992). This type of use of porn is consistent with some to the reasons for the growth in lesbian pornography. The use and creation of lesbian pornography is still a contested issue. For Richardson there is a central question as to whether lesbian pornography is liberating or constricting for lesbians.- much lesbian pornography is mimicking heterosexual pornography and not in an empowering way. (Richardson, l992,pp.198). I will show in the analysis of video material how lesbian pornography can be empowering and distinct from male produced pornography. This This (pp.144). (pp.144). women." women." despises despises and and denigrates denigrates that that culture culture a a in in woman, woman, oneself, oneself, love love to to is is Lesbian Lesbian a a be be "To "To live. live. and and look, look, act, act, feel, feel, should should she she how how of of definitions definitions male male the the rejects rejects c1nd c1nd women women of of terms terms in in herself herself defines defines She She idt·as. idt·as. conformist conformist defy defy they they becc1use becc1use precisely precisely revolt, revolt, in in are are lesbians lesbians (1984) (1984) Bunch Bunch Charlotte Charlotte For For society. society. our our in in lesbians lesbians and and women women about about identity identity of of issues issues to to traced traced be be can can lesbians lesbians of of activism activism political political the the of of Much Much sexuality. sexuality. and and gender gender power, power, and and society society on on viewpoint viewpoint particular particular a a analyse analyse to to use use be be can can lesbianism lesbianism political political term term the the Thus Thus 1980). 1980). (Ettmore, (Ettmore, society." society." in in women women all all of of position position the the to to relationship relationship in in viewed viewed but but woman, woman, individual individual an an in in located located longer longer no no is is society'. society'. It It in in oppression oppression of of forms forms all all against against struggle struggle a a is is 'Lesbianism 'Lesbianism say say could could one one Rather, Rather, 'thing'. 'thing'. individual individual or or personal personal a a being being longer longer no no as as lesbianism lesbianism to to lead lead this this power. power. of of organisation organisation social social the the disrupt disrupt to to level, level, conscious conscious a a at at potential potential the the has has lesbianism, lesbianism, Ettmore Ettmore For For society. society. in in power power of of roots roots the the expose expose to to try try can can lesbians lesbians standpoint standpoint this this From From tool. tool. social social and and political political useful useful a a became became it it consciousness, consciousness, political political to to respect respect in in especially especially unique unique is is that that position position historical historical particular particular a a has has lesbianism lesbianism that that contends contends view view The The standpoint. standpoint. political political a a with with associated associated being being being, being, sexual sexual a a as as disappearing disappearing almost almost lesbian" lesbian" "real "real the the to to led led This This men. men. with with relationships relationships sexual sexual in in inherent inherent was was believed believed they they which which oppression oppression the the rejected rejected they they that that statement statement political political a a make make to to order order in in lesbians lesbians became became women women that that implied implied initially initially and and camp camp feminist feminist radical radical the the from from rose rose it it that that claims claims lesbianism, lesbianism, political political of of notion notion historical historical the the discussing discussing when when (1980) (1980) Ettmore Ettmore Lesbianism. Lesbianism. political political as as to to refereed refereed often often is is This This level. level. political political a a on on lesbian lesbian as as identify identify to to women women for for possible possible became became it it Rich Rich Adrienne Adrienne by by article article the the to to Due Due Lesbianism Lesbianism Political Political 64 64 existence. existence. lesbian lesbian the the and and lesbianism lesbianism of of 'construction' 'construction' conscious conscious a a almost almost is is This This occurred. occurred. that that history history Women's Women's of of explosion explosion the the of of reminiscent reminiscent photography, photography, and and literature literature history, history, lesbian lesbian write write to to attempting attempting is is that that lately lately writing writing of of flurry flurry a a been been has has There There society. society. oppressive oppressive legally legally and and morally morally a a of of terms terms the the within within self-definition self-definition homosexual homosexual of of history history long long a a had had also also But But style. style. political political and and analysis analysis movements movements women's women's the the using using sixties, sixties, late late the the in in exploded exploded mm·ement mm·ement liberation liberation gay gay the the while while that that fact fact the the about about talks talks (1989) (1989) Weeks Weeks Jeffrey Jeffrey men. men. gay gay of of experience experience the the from from different different somewhat somewhat is is This This society. society. within within identifiable identifiable readily readily is is that that from from start start to to history history little little very very and and identity, identity, lesbian lesbian no no or or little little is is there there that that means means It It problem. problem. a a considered considered this this is is Why Why Lesbians. Lesbians. of of identity identity the the of of definition definition legal legal thus thus and and consideration, consideration, legislative legislative of of lack lack a a even even is is there there previously previously mentioned mentioned As As frequently. frequently. discussed discussed is is lesbian' lesbian' invisible invisible The The society. society. within within lesbians lesbians for for identity identity of of lack lack the the about about literature literature academic academic the the in in discussions discussions extensive extensive are are There There Lesbian Lesbian the the of of Invisibility Invisibility The The lesbians. lesbians. for for visibility visibility of of lack lack by by meant meant is is What What 1991,pp.54). 1991,pp.54). (Carr, (Carr, " " penalising! penalising! considered considered even even not not is is behaviour behaviour lesbian lesbian whereby whereby realms realms legislative legislative in in reflected reflected even even is is attitude attitude dismissive dismissive "This "This prize. prize. sexual sexual primary primary the the as as status status male male the the to to non-threatening non-threatening is is and and titillation titillation as as seen seen is is it it because because pornography, pornography, heterosexual heterosexual within within occur occur scenes scenes lesbian lesbian why why likely likely most most is is This This choice. choice. sexual sexual true true a a as as lesbianism lesbianism recognise recognise large large and and by by not not do do society) society) therefore therefore (and (and males males Heterosexual Heterosexual minority. minority. invisible invisible most most the the as as described described often often are are lesbians lesbians because because be be could could 65 65 but but differences, differences, our our politicize politicize only only not not "lesbians "lesbians that that believes believes however however she she them, them, politicised politicised generally generally lesbians lesbians while while differences differences eroticise eroticise men men gay gay that that stated stated been been had had it it previously previously that that notion notion the the discusses discusses Trujillo Trujillo Carla Carla sexuality. sexuality. to to comes comes it it when when echo echo others others that that point point A A 1991). 1991). visibility.(Creet, visibility.(Creet, creating creating for for practices practices gay gay appropriate appropriate and and learn learn should should lesbians lesbians that that advocates advocates Creel Creel practices. practices. sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality of of representations representations in in especially especially lesbian and and rights rights gay gay between between differences differences the the at at look look to to interesting interesting is is it it that that states states she she visible, visible, more more lesbians lesbians making making of of ways ways offers offers Creet Creet Julia Julia 1980). 1980). (Ettmore, (Ettmore, women. women. on on homosexuality homosexuality of of effects effects the the emphasising emphasising by by bias bias male male existing existing the the offset offset to to is is aim aim second second The The aspects. aspects. personal personal peripheral peripheral any any than than rather rather factors factors social social crucial crucial its its showing showing by by society society to to relevant relevant homosexuality homosexuality make make to to was was first first the the aims, aims, two two with with out out set set book, book, her her in in Ettmore Ettmore lesbians. lesbians. for for and and homosexuality homosexuality about about books books in in increase increase the the in in come come has has issues, issues, visibility visibility redress redress to to attempt attempt Another Another society. society. in in 'other' 'other' as as themself themself position position they they point point which which at at out', out', 'come 'come and and gay gay as as themself themself represent represent they they until until (heterosexuals) (heterosexuals) normal normal deemed deemed are are homosexuals homosexuals that that claims claims that that heterosexism, heterosexism, on on discussions discussions with with linked linked usually usually are are discussions discussions These These circles. circles. theoretical theoretical within within lesbian' lesbian' "invisible "invisible the the on on discussions discussions been been have have there there this this of of result result a a As As mrssing. mrssing. still still was was lesbian lesbian sexual sexual the the Thus Thus lifestyle. lifestyle. lesbian lesbian a a of of existence existence lived lived the the than than positioning positioning academic academic with with do do to to more more had had that that standpoint standpoint political political a a was was feminism, feminism, within within existed existed that that was was lesbianism lesbianism of of identity identity only only the the Thus Thus 66 66 67 eroticize them as well. We just don't talk about it" (Trujillo, 1992,pp.24). This type of catch phrase is an extension of the late sixties slogan 'the personal is political' that was adopted by feminists who realised that many of their individual problems and anxieties "were shared by others and concluded that they were more that merely personal, they derived from our social situation and were characteristic of our oppression as women" (Jackson & Scott, 1996,pp.5). It is connected with the need to identify how political beliefs are extended to personal choices and existence, here the importance is that to create a visibility for lesbians especially a sexualised being within a context (read society) that does not acknowledge their rights, thus as Carla Trujillo state their needs to be discussion about these facts. While pornography has raised the profile of feminism over the last thirty years, and brought issues of women's oppression in patriarchy into general social discussion, attempts to ban or censor it will in my opinion not bring any benefit to women. I shall now look at some of the more prominent issues that surround pornography . Thesl' issues are situated around how pornography relates to sexuality, seXLu I behaviours, and lesbianism. MacKinnon MacKinnon women, women, over over has has pornography pornography that that control control the the of of Because Because is. is. woman woman a a what what define define to to is, is, which which of of goal goal the the pornography, pornography, created created males' males' sexuality, sexuality, women's women's control control to to pursuit pursuit their their in in Therefore Therefore 1994). 1994). Schraibman, Schraibman, (Packard (Packard thing. thing. same same & & the the are are sexuality sexuality and and gender gender MacKinnon MacKinnon For For genders. genders. the the construct construct submission submission sexual sexual female female and and dominance dominance sexual sexual male male of of position position the the and and sexuality, sexuality, embodies embodies Gender Gender 1996). 1996). (MacKinnon, (MacKinnon, power. power. male male of of sphere sphere social social primary primary the the is is sexuality sexuality Thus Thus sexuality. sexuality. of of control control and and manipulation manipulation the the through through society society in in exercised exercised is is power power Male Male two. two. these these interrelate interrelate society society a a as as we we that that way way the the and and gender gender of of definition definition the the creates creates but but desires desires our our dri\·es dri\·es only only not not sexuality sexuality that that believe believe and and society, society, our our force force powerful powerful most most the the as as sexuality sexuality identifies identifies who who MacKinnon, MacKinnon, outline outline Schraibman Schraibman and and Packard Packard gender. gender. and and pornography pornography viewing viewing of of ways ways new new offer offer does does perspective perspective lesbian lesbian a a , , Bensinger Bensinger Terralee Terralee and and Smyth Smyth Cherry Cherry Schraibman, Schraibman, Melissa Melissa Packard, Packard, Tamara Tamara as as such such writers writers to to According According 1990,pp.152). 1990,pp.152). representations.(Smyth, representations.(Smyth, its its denounce denounce or or welcome welcome to to simply simply naive naive is is it it and and liberating liberating and and oppressive oppressive reactionary, reactionary, and and progressive progressive both both be be can can Porn Porn pornography pornography Talk Talk Lesbians Lesbians Pornography Pornography and and Lesbians Lesbians 5: 5: Chapter Chapter 68 68 and and power power the the women women denies denies turn turn in in which which an>ided an>ided be be to to seems seems sexuality sexuality female female of of issue issue The The sexuality. sexuality. that that of of depiction depiction graphic graphic the the from from results results that that harm harm supposed supposed the the Emphasising Emphasising sexuality. sexuality. male male address address only only sexuality, sexuality, address address to to claiming claiming while while feminists feminists anti-pornography anti-pornography the the of of many many theorists theorists two two these these For For c,exuality. c,exuality. our our of of representations representations creating creating from from feminists feminists and and women women prevent prevent nllt nllt should should consumption consumption wc,men's wc,men's for for intended intended and and made made pornography pornography use use may may men men that that possibility possibility The The meanings. meanings. own own their their with with it it invest invest and and pornography pornography of of tool tool male male traditionally traditionally the the take take women women straight straight ;md ;md women women bisexual bisexual lesbians, lesbians, that that advocate advocate They They 302). 302). 1994,pp. 1994,pp. Schraibman, Schraibman, (Packard (Packard men. men. of of control control & & exclusive exclusive and and full full the the to to power power this this relinquish relinquish not not should should women women therefore therefore that that argues argues and and truths, truths, or or Truth Truth is is what what portray portray and and sexuality sexuality define define to to power power the the has has pornography pornography that that accept accept Schraibman Schraibman and and Packard Packard 1994). 1994). Schraibman, Schraibman, (Packard (Packard needs needs projected projected & & men's men's of of embodiment embodiment the the than than other other anything anything as as exist exist cannot cannot sexuality sexuality female female that that extent extent an an such such to to "woman" "woman" gender gender the the of of definition definition the the controls controls total. total. nearly nearly It It is is pornography pornography of of power power the the because because definition definition this this creates creates Pornography Pornography gender. gender. female female the the and and sexuality sexuality women's women's between between difference difference no no is is there there and and men men by by women women as as defined defined are are women women then, then, MacKinnon MacKinnon For For . . 1996,pp.144) 1996,pp.144) (MacKinnon, (MacKinnon, sexually." sexually." want want men men what what of of view view its its of of terms terms in in is is woman woman a a what what constructs constructs "Pornography "Pornography supremacy. supremacy. male male institutionalises institutionalises which which practice practice political political a a as as pornography pornography identifies identifies 69 69 70 right to present alternate v1ews of sexuality. Women can and should use pornography to reclaim and liberate women's sexuality from male definitions and directly oppose any attempts at silencing women's voice. Packard and Schraibman also attack the anti-pornography lobby and especially MacKinnon's theories as being extremely heterosexist. This idea was covered earlier in this thesis, where there is a bias to frame all discussions with heterosexuality considered the norm and therefore placing all alternatives as 'other' or in comparison with this norm. MacKinnon fails to acknowledge lesbianism and her theory does not allow for lesbian existence, the only way lesbians can fit is if one woman is 'socially male' by this she means that power relations are still part of the sexual encounter and inequities exist that frame one as 'male' and the other as 'female'. According to MacKinnon lesbians so violate the sexuality implicit in female gender stereotypes as not to be considered women at all. (MacKinnon, 1996). This \'iew is, according to Packard and Schraibman, presumptive and they quL'stion how MacKinnon seems "unable to consider the possibility that beha\·iuurs that look like conformity can be revolutionary when in a lesbian context, because women participating in such activities violate gender stereotypes" (Packard & Schraibman, 1994,pp.308). Because of the hctewsexist framework that MacKinnon uses she ignores lesbians, whose se:\uality exits at the margins of dominant culture. And for many theorists this positioning at these margins can allow feminists to claim and use self- determination and sexuality to free themseh·es from heterosexist, explc,itive, oppressive constructs. (Packard & Schraibman, 1994). Lesbians have more conceptual space in which to create and define our sexuality outside of dominant, male- 71 defined sexuality. The absence of men in the picture (literally and conceptually) makes this so. Lesbians also have a particular need to explore our sexuality because dominant society defines us only in sexual terms, if at all.(Packard & Schraibman, 1994,pp.303) As lesbians defy the dominant cultures' definition of female sexuality, this exposes the conceptual space that women can use to liberate themselves from patriarchal definition of women's sexuality. These theorists acknowledge that the mere absence of men in close sexual relations does not mean that there is also an absence of patriarchal ideas about women in lesbian sexuality and that lesbians live in the domain culture and are influenced by misogynist ideas. However they exist at the margins of dominant culture without intimate male influence, lesbians have a unique perspective and therefore have more conceptual room to challenge and explore sexuality and gender constructions. Lesbians are less likely to have internalised dominant culture's definition of women's sexuality beGlLtse lesbians break sexual rules by defying the heterosexual norm. In addition, because lesbians do not have intimate sexual relationships with men, those misogynist ideas are not imposed and enforced as personally as they may be for straight women. Straight women may justify their internalization of malt' images of female sexuality based on their love fur a man.(Packard & Schraibman, 1994,pp.309-310). 72 Thus Packard and Schriabman advocate a redefining and exploitation of lesbian sexuality that will in turn impact on women in generaL They claim that it is easier for women to find their own definitions in a space where rules do not exist or are not accepted than it is to break existing, entrenched and constantly enforced rules of male-female sexual behaviour. Once lesbians have formulated new realities of sexuality, other women will find it easier to create their own non-patriarchal realities by borrowing lesbians' tools or by simply knowing that such creation is possible. Lesbian pornography is one location in which women can formulate and show sexualities that are not male-defined. Because pornography is such a powerful tool, as claimed by MacKinnon also, in shaping sexuality, gender and identity, lesbians can use it to reclaim and redefine lesbian sexuality both within the lesbian community and dominant culture. riistorically the concept of lesbian sexuality had been sanitised, de-sexualised and de-eroticised, and the call to recuperate the 'lesbian sexual position, has been made. (Besinger, 1992). "Within our community, we can empower, educate, and foster communication about sexuality among ourselves through lesbian pornography." (Packard & Schraibman, 1994,pp.303). Lesbian sexuality has been repressed, rendered invisible and impotent by society. By watching porn we can on some level recognize ourselves, defend our right to express our sexuality and assert our desire.(Smyth, 1990,pp 154). 73 Many of these theorists claim that pornography has already begun to form this function by opening up the lesbian community to more open and honest discussion of sex, which should impact on the concept of women's sexuality also. (Besinger, 1992; Healey, 1996; Packard & Schraibman, 1994; Smyth, 1990). Packard and Schraibman present compelling arguments about how lesbian pornography can challenge our conceptions of gender and stereotypical sexual behaviours, but they don't discuss why so important and what is specifically different about Lesbian pornography. I have attempted to identify issues and behaviours that I see as being significant as a representation of both lesbian and women's sexuality within pornography that could be considered directed at lesbians. While many writers have addressed the issue of pornography being unrealistic, and still a vast amount of people discussing the fact that lesbian porn can be scene as a new genre, there has been little examination of the material. There appeared to be little reference in the academic literature to actual video material. Coupled with this was the repetitive arguments that surround pornography, that did not seem to correspond to video material I had seen. As john Champagne, Donald Downs, Susie Bright and uthers have mentioned the prevalence of overt \·iolent and coercive material is mythical. Most censorship laws that cover basic broadcasting and importing would not allow this type of material to be viewed. In fact discussions on actual movies and representation of sexual behaviours was difficult to find. While viewing the material, I started by looking at general mainstream heterosexual pornography and made some basic observations. It wds dlso noted that the more recent the material the more sophisticated the 74 production, editing, filming and film technique is occurnng within pornography. Previous criticism such as pornography is boring, no plot, little context and lack of story, lack of intimacy, have I feel, to some extent been addressed. There appears to be a conscious effort to create a more sophisticated product, as an example, 'Hidden Obsession' in which the movie unfolds as a writer is commissioned to write fantasy's about sexual encounters. This allows the "scenes" or sexual acts to remain disjointed and gives a context of fantasy to the movie ( thus we don't expect the sexual acts to be realistic and can ignore inconsistencies) This movie was a high production cost mainstream heterosexual movie that did include lesbian action. When I felt that I understood the general mainstream products available, I started looking for video material that I considered would represent lesbian sexuality or at least be marketed to appeal to the lesbian viewer. By this I mean no male sexual involvement in the material. I have chosen four videos primarily to focus my analysis on. All were produced by men, but claim to be intended for lesbian audiences. I felt that these videos reflected sexuality that was encompassing of women's and lesbian sexual expression. The first video was called Lesbian Llln~rs, it had fourteen scenes that were different sexual encounters for the women involved. Some of these scenes included two to three women involved, in some of the scenes sex tools (eg. dildos, vibrators, props) were usl'd. None of the scenes used sex tools exclusively, throughout the entire skit. The final scene was the only one that identified someone as heterosexual, their was a general ambience that all the women were experienced at women tll women sex and many seemed to be framed within a relationship contt>xt. The second video was an American production produced by the production company called Rosebud Girlswith the title being Kittens and Vamps This movie had four scenes. The first was three women in a prison cell. The 75 second was four women at an aerobics class. The third scene was set in a police station, with one women as a police officer and two others as prisoners just released from jail, one of the women here rung her boyfriend to get him to pick her up but he had found someone else and wasn't interested. The final scene was a relationship setting of two women in a living room. The third Video was Thrill Seekers. It contained four scenes and these all took place in a locker room of a sports area. The first scene included included three girls all dressed in cheerleader outfits. The second scene was four women who had just come into the locker room after a game of baseball. The third scene was also after a baseball game but included three women. The fourth scene did not seem to have any sporting staging but consisted of three women in the locker room. This movie presented the least interesting scenes for the purposes of this thesis, but I included it because it was produced by the same company as Kittens and Vamps and was directed by Buck Haley also. This video included two of the same actresses as kittens and Vamps and some similarities, such as the final scene included a lot of jewellery and body piercing. It was similar in content to Kittens and Vamps but of less quality I felt. Much of the acting was forced and staged. I suspect that it was trying to capture the essence of Kittens and Vamps but the actresses were less convincing. Where the Girls Sweat, was the title of the fourth video used for analysis. This \·ideo was set around an all women's gym. One woman saw an add for the gym and wanted to join, she apparently did not know the gym was for lesbian women and joined. Throughout this vidl'O there were blatant derogatory comments made about men and heterosexual women, also the other gym members would make specific and obviously sexually explicit remarks to the new member and amongst themselves in reference to this member. 76 From a general impression about the production I noticed that the actresses were not "Typical" porn actresses, by which I mean that it did not appear as though any of the women had had breast implants or surgical enhancement, this assessment was made due to my own experience of viewing pornographic material. Throughout the course of my thesis I endeavoured to view a wide range of pornographic material so that I could feel confident in my assessment both of the currently available material and any new trends or developments. There were actresses from varying racial groups and there also appeared to be a deliberate intention to make one actress appear Asian in origin. There physical appearance was varying with different stature's and body types included, and body adornment was noted. This adornment took the shape of tattoos, and body piercing (tongue and navel) It was also noted that there was a lot of jewellery being worn also. I felt that the appearances of the actresses was at least a deliberate attempt to represent difference among the women and possibly to signify that they were different from other "porn women". These films were an example of how lesbian sexual imagery is created in the video industry, and relatively accessible to the majority of the population in New Zealand. Other productions that are made by lesbian women for lesbians are produced in America are not readily available and require importing for access. Therefore I decided to concentrate on that material that was available to the general public, that is considered to express lesbian sexuality and embody sexual expression that is consistent with women only encounters. Identifying how I derived at these examples of video material [ found was difficult to articulate. I realised that I feel there is something additional in these films that has been difficult to articulate. Firstly none of these movies include any sexual encounter with men, as such there is not to to Due Due values. values. gay gay of of ignorant ignorant and and boring boring fake, fake, being being as as viewers viewers lesbian lesbian by by discredited discredited actions actions girl/girl girl/girl the the of of many many that that claim claim lesbians lesbians many many that that states states LaBia LaBia Lisa Lisa and and community, community, lesbian lesbian the the by by unnoticed unnoticed gone gone not not has has This This 1983) 1983) industrv.(Rich, industrv.(Rich, pornogr<1phic pornogr<1phic the the of of staple staple a a be be to to seems seems lesbianism, lesbianism, fake fake calls calls rich rich ruby ruby what what of of prevalence prevalence a a is is this this fact fact in in spread, spread, widely widely relatively relatively is is pornography pornography targeted targeted heterosexually heterosexually within within imagery imagery lesbian lesbian of of use use This This 1980,pp.7) 1980,pp.7) (Ettmore, (Ettmore, fantasy." fantasy." male male the the for for titillation titillation of of source source a a into into transformed transformed be be tu tu but but hidden hidden well well keep keep to to only only not not manages manages disgust disgust of of form form Any Any literature. literature. pornogr<1phic pornogr<1phic in in and and shops shops sex sex in in appeal appeal certain certain a a has has "lesbianism "lesbianism that that appears appears It It activity. activity. sexual sexual lesbian lesbian represent represent to to meant meant images images see see can can we we where where site site is is It It exception. exception. an an be be to to seem seem does does pornography pornography society, society, our our within within <1 <1 im·i:;ible im·i:;ible somewhat somewhat is is lesbianism lesbianism that that discussed discussed previously previously as as Although Although Images Images Sexual Sexual Lesbian Lesbian shots. shots. genital genital explicit explicit fully fully less less be be to to seems seems there there ie. ie. shots, shots, pornography pornography traditional traditional on on focus focus the the not not also also is is There There arousal. arousal. own own ones ones for for gratification gratification that that rather rather person person other other the the for for desire desire a a signals signals me me to to this this you', you', touch touch 'I 'I can can ask ask and and person person other other the the touch touch to to want want generally generally women women the the sense, sense, me' me' for for this this 'do 'do in in framed framed scenes scenes the the are are rarely rarely very very encounters, encounters, the the in in involved involved women women the the for for desire desire and and passion passion a a be be to to tends tends There There pleasure. pleasure. his his for for performing performing or or along, along, comes comes man man a a until until sex sex having having women women of of pornography pornography heterosexual heterosexual in in scene scene standard standard the the 77 77 cliched, cliched, and and stereotyped stereotyped antiquated, antiquated, are are behaviours behaviours these these loyalty, loyalty, and and combativeness combativeness fierce fierce bawdiness, bawdiness, being being as as performance performance lesbian lesbian identify identify reviewers, reviewers, heterosexual heterosexual watching watching enjoyed enjoyed feminists feminists Lesbian Lesbian reviewers reviewers straight straight and and lesbian lesbian the the amongst amongst conflict conflict a a tube tube tended tended also also there there But But character. character. male male a a and and characters characters main main the the of of one one of of relationship relationship heterosexual heterosexual the the by by muted muted further further was was this this created, created, not not was was lesbianism lesbianism legitimating legitimating for for space space a a that that and and Best", Best", Personal Personal " " movie movie the the in in played played down down was was lesbianism lesbianism the the that that noted noted reviewers reviewers many many that that notes notes who who Ellsworth Ellsworth from from is is such such of of example example An An feminists. feminists. amongst amongst point point discussion discussion C()mmon C()mmon a a is is sexualities sexualities interpreting interpreting of of ways ways different different using using of of notion notion This This lesbian. lesbian. as as position position her her in in embedded embedded is is it it implying implying identifiable, identifiable, its its if if even even J J or or occurs occurs this this how how discuss discuss not not does does she she However However 1993). 1993). misogyny.(Findlay, misogyny.(Findlay, replicating replicating not not is is therefore therefore and and playboy playboy of of likes likes the the from from differently differently reads reads she she lesbian lesbian a a as as that that though, though, claims claims she she pornography, pornography, heterosexual heterosexual from from poaches poaches she she that that admits admits LaBia's, LaBia's, of of colleague colleague a a Findlay, Findlay, Heather Heather backs". backs". Our Our "On "On magazine magazine erotic erotic lesbian lesbian the the for for writer writer a a is is who who LaBia, LaBia, to to according according winner winner a a is is sexuality sexuality represents represents genuinely genuinely that that film film a a While While 'capture'. 'capture'. to to difficult difficult probably probably but but imagery, imagery, sexual sexual heterosexual heterosexual and and gay gay lesbian, lesbian, for for same same the the is is comment comment this this think think I I 1990). 1990). (LaBia, (LaBia, image. image. the the in in believes believes viewer viewer the the as as long long as as matter, matter, doesn't doesn't horny horny honestly honestly they're they're or or actresses actresses terrific terrific are are women women the the Whether Whether etc. etc. passion passion is is there there whether whether is is that that pornography, pornography, watching watching when when important important is is standard standard one one that that notes notes and and representations representations sexual sexual lesbian lesbian of of components components important important being being as as sees sees she she what what about about talks talks also also She She 1990) 1990) (LaBia, (LaBia, sexuality. sexuality. lesbian lesbian reflect reflect accurately accurately that that videos videos create create can can industry industry pornography pornography commercial commercial the the if if wonder wonder sceptics sceptics seasoned seasoned many many this this 78 78 79 thus the dominant media failed to colonise a real lesbian space. Ellsworth(l986,pp.54). These comments made by the authors above as to what was desirable in a lesbian pornographic movie influenced me in my choice of video and the viewing I made of these. In the analysis phase I have identified certain themes that occurred in the material and which I believe is of value to an expression of female sexuality. Women and Control Within the pornography debates and feminism in general there has been an attitude of "lets take bclCk control" or lets show them what it feels/looks like. Kathy Acker expresses thi;; sentiment in an interview she states, It was a big ;;tep when women said, "We'll start making pornography; we'// take over those areas." It's fantastic that women Ml' doing this' and men just can't deal with it-that';; what all this recent censorship is about: the men are freaking out1(Juno & Acker, 1991,pp.177). The aggressiOn and use of assertive action IS seen by many writers an interesting and integral part of the feminist campaign in pornography. This 80 attitude has also been taken up by Gay and Lesbian groups with Outing campaigns and aggressive tactics. The idea that women can be violent and aggressive has come under much discussion " but role reversal never simply replicates the terms of an equation. The depiction of women committing acts of violence against men does not simply use "male" tactics of aggression for other ends:"(Halberstam, 1993,p 191). For Judith Halberstam the use of female violence in fact transforms the symbolic function of the feminine within popular narratives and this in turn challenges the hegemonic insistence upon the linking of might and right under the sign of masculinity. She comments on the film 'Thelma and Louise' that presented women with guns confronting a rapist, and how empowering the representation of women fighting violence with violence was. A similar analysis is offered about the Queer backlash she says that the violence of queer nation (bash back) is the moment when what Foucault calls the "reverse discourse" becomes something else, something more than simply "homosexuality beginning to talk on its own behalf'. The reverse discourse gathers steam, acquires density until it is in excess of the category it purports to articulate. The excess is the disruption of identity and the violence of power and the power of representation, it is dis-integrational; the excess is QUEER. (1-lalberstam, 1993,pp.193). Kirsten Lentz talks of the interesting phenomenon of "female characters as the subjects of violence as they seek justice or revenge, all position the white woman as (respectively) an outlaw .... In so doing, these films create an opportunity to read sexual 'difference' as women take up this new relationship to violence." (Lentz,1993,pp.374). This pleasure clearly strong, strong, signal signal to to tried tried gym gym women/lesbian women/lesbian a a of of context context the the with with together together put put when when image image the the if if wondered wondered and and other;,;, other;,;, the the of of any any in in images images similar similar see see not not did did I I movie, movie, this this in in occurred occurred v v I I on on action action of of type type This This actresses. actresses. the the by by taken taken stance stance aggressive aggressive actual actual the the from from peripheral peripheral seemed seemed this this but but later, later, discuss discuss I I which which scene scene sadomasochistic sadomasochistic a a also also was was their their staged, staged, was was imagery imagery the the of of much much and and done done was was harm harm real real No No sweat'. sweat'. girls girls the the 'where 'where within within occur occur not not did did subversion subversion of of tvpe tvpe This This almost. almost. negated negated was was \'iolence \'iolence her her context context that that her. her. ln ln 'tamed' 'tamed' eventually eventually who who man man a a with with relationship relationship her her by by neutered neutered was was female female aggressive aggressive sexuallv sexuallv the the of of framing framing the the though though movie movie that that In In Instinct'. Instinct'. 'Basic 'Basic thriller thriller mainstreiim mainstreiim the the within within character character the the is is recall recall can can [ [ image image similar similar other other only only The The provocative. provocative. and and poignant poignant image image the the made made rarity rarity the the thus thus general general in in media media and and society society in in women women of of image image standard standard a a not not is is aggressor aggressor as as placed placed women women of of image image of of type type This This view. view. to to difficult difficult also also was was women women demanding demanding sexual sexual and and aggressive aggressive of of image image the the then then but but positive, positive, as as seen seen be be could could representation representation of of type type this this whether whether unsure unsure was was I I uncomfortable. uncomfortable. feel feel me me made made and and me, me, unnerve unnerve somewhat somewhat did did images images these these But But severe. severe. not not were were slapping) slapping) (ie. (ie. acts acts aggressive aggressive the the violent, violent, overtly overtly anything anything see see not not did did I I general general In In control. control. to to also also related related is is aggression aggression and and violence violence of of issue issue The The control. control. loosing loosing are are women women the the when when as as well well as as gratification, gratification, sexual sexual and and attention attention for for demand demand a a as as cases cases many many in in framed framed is is This This swearing. swearing. and and slapping slapping hitting, hitting, of of lot lot a a movie movie the the throughout throughout is is There There sweat". sweat". girls girls the the "Where "Where in in found found be be believe believe I I can can action action violent violent perhaps perhaps aggressive aggressive and and women women of of use use The The purity. purity. amoral amoral to to relationship relationship special special woman's woman's upon upon insists insists which which ideology ideology pervasive pervasive a a by by problematized problematized often often is is justification justification that that violence, violence, female female for for 'justification' 'justification' a a provide provide to to discourse discourse feminist feminist (popularised) (popularised) a a to to appeal appeal violence violence female female of of films films new new the the of of some some Though Though perspective's. perspective's. authorial authorial and and subjectivity subjectivity agency, agency, of of questions questions allows allows that that pornography pornography of of view view alternative alternative an an provides provides and and transgression, transgression, role' role' 'gender 'gender of of narrative narrative liberal liberal the the in in participates participates 81 81 feminists, feminists, anti-porn anti-porn and and conservatives conservatives from from both both admission admission this this for for her her at at levelled levelled was was criticism criticism Much Much etc. etc. cinemas cinemas video, video, X-rated X-rated shops shops sex sex of of world world secret secret the the through through readers readers led led which which magazine, magazine, Harper's Harper's the the for for essay essay an an wrote wrote and and pornography pornography enjoys enjoys she she that that admitted admitted she she Tisdale Tisdale Sallie Sallie is is writer writer such such One One pornography. pornography. of of enjoyment enjoyment their their of of talk talk who who pro-porn pro-porn term term will will I I who who women women of of group group vocal vocal increasingly increasingly an an been been has has there there this this to to addition addition In In 1995). 1995). 'X, 'X, (Holdom, (Holdom, 1 1 be be only only would would they they ago ago years years 15 15 to to 10 10 whereas whereas clientele, clientele, his his of of 35';1,, 35';1,, around around of of comprise comprise women women store, store, entertainment entertainment Adult Adult an an of of co-proprietor co-proprietor one one to to According According pornography. pornography. watching watching and and hiring, hiring, purchasing, purchasing, are are women women increasingly increasingly that that fact fact the the of of because because enjoyment enjoyment sexual sexual visual visual of of sense sense their their explore explore to to starting starting are are women women that that assume assume to to have have we we Firstly Firstly argument. argument. pronged pronged two two a a considered considered be be can can This This Visual Visual as as Women Women assertive. assertive. sexually sexually and and control control in in strong strong as as women women of of image image useful useful a a be be to to this this found found I I effect, effect, the the nullify nullify to to tends tends which which present present men men no no with with and and aggressor, aggressor, sexual sexual the the as as women women presenting presenting by by act, act, should should women women how how about about beliefs beliefs stereotypical stereotypical challenged challenged it it because because useful useful therefore therefore and and provocative provocative be be to to image image this this found found I I role. role. that that in in women women seeing seeing to to unused unused was was I I because because mainly mainly movie movie this this in in out out stand stand to to seemed seemed it it but but material, material, pornographic pornographic heterosexual heterosexual in in times times many many seen seen had had I I women women from from pleasure pleasure taking taking towards towards attitudes attitudes such such challenging, challenging, also also but but unsettling unsettling were were images images These These women. women. assertive assertive the the with with consistent consistent seemed seemed heterosexuality heterosexuality and and men men about about comments comments derogatory derogatory the the Also Also sex. sex. non-aggressive non-aggressive have have then then logically logically couldn't couldn't who who women women aggressive aggressive 82 82 arousal. arousal. sexual sexual of of part part be be should should shame shame why why and and sexuality sexuality viewing viewing about about point point distinct distinct a a makes makes scene scene the the and and , , watching watching are are too too they they that that realises realises viewer viewer the the when when reinforced reinforced further further is is plot plot The The caught. caught. was was who who 'masturbator' 'masturbator' the the hassle hassle who who gym, gym, the the at at women women other other the the by by caught caught turn turn in in is is masturbating masturbating girl girl the the where where scene scene the the in in occurs occurs twist twist Another Another women. women. two two the the watching watching while while masturbatin)!; masturbatin)!; is is who who girl girl heterosexual heterosexual signified signified the the to to shifts shifts scene scene the the then then . . intimacy intimacy sexual sexual to to leads leads this this women, women, another another for for erotically erotically dancing dancing women women one one with with starts starts scene scene The The 1994). 1994). (Stagliano, (Stagliano, Sweat' Sweat' Girls Girls the the 'Where 'Where in in was was scene scene interesting interesting and and notable notable most most The The videos. videos. the the in in \·iewed \·iewed were were desires desires erotic erotic ,·isual/ ,·isual/ women's women's representing representing as as identify identify would would I I what what of of instances instances some some themselves themselves images images the the for for As As it. it. of of component component big big a a is is arousal arousal sexual sexual that that acknowledged acknowledged be be should should it it material, material, this this viewing viewing for for reasons reasons conflictual conflictual sometimes sometimes and and diverse diverse claim claim writers writers many many Although Although it. it. for for request request and and market market no no was was there there if if produced produced be be not not would would material material of of type type this this sense sense commercial commercial purely purely a a In In women. women. and and lesbians lesbians at at specifically specifically targeted targeted and and produced produced is is which which that that I I especially especially erotica, erotica, pornography pornography lesbian lesbian in in dramatically dramatically quite quite increase increase the the is is sexuality sexuality of of expression expression visual visual the the of of aspect aspect Another Another it. it. deny deny to to compelled compelled feel feel we we but but are, are, women women of of lot lot a a that that claims claims She She 1995,pp.51). 1995,pp.51). (Holdom, (Holdom, thing." thing." a a radical radical that that not not it's it's and and pornography pornography at at looking looking by by aroused aroused sometimes sometimes I'm I'm say say was was did did I I All All ...... pornography pornography to to addicted addicted somehow somehow I'm I'm or or movies movies dirty dirty watch watch is is do do I I all all that that idea idea this this have have sometimes sometimes "People "People porn. porn. core core hard hard of of enjoyment enjoyment her her on on fixated fixated be be to to tend tend people people that that finds finds She She status. status. housewife housewife her her of of because because mainly mainly prude, prude, a a was was she she though though who who lovers lovers pornography pornography as as well well as as 83 83 (pp54). (pp54). representation" representation" narrative narrative of of codes codes conventional conventional by by carried carried meaning meaning the the altered altered or or rejected rejected which which strategies strategies interpretative interpretative adopted adopted film film the the of of re\·ic-ws re\·ic-ws feminist feminist "lesbian "lesbian Best, Best, Personal Personal discussing discussing when when describes describes (1986) (1986) Ellsworth Ellsworth as as SLtch SLtch theory theory representation representation and and film film in in evident evident is is viewing viewing of of type type This This things. things. on on view view lesbian lesbian a a gin' gin' to to analysis analysis and and viewing viewing of of ways ways created created han• han• commentators commentators lesbian lesbian visibility visibility and and understandings understandings create create to to attempt attempt an an In In 1990). 1990). Williams, Williams, 1984; 1984; Strayer, Strayer, 191\6; 191\6; (Ellsworth, (Ellsworth, in in cited cited viewers viewers lesbian lesbian of of reactions reactions positive positive more more the the and and (1986) (1986) Bec;t Bec;t Personal Personal movie movie the the of of reading reading negative negative heterosexist heterosexist own own her her between between discrepancy discrepancy the the to to refers refers herself herself Williams Williams Linda Linda and and this this acknowledge acknowledge to to trying trying now now are are writers writers Many Many interpretation. interpretation. the the influence influence can can point point view view heterosexist heterosexist a a of of issue issue The The material. material. Lesbian Lesbian at at looking looking when when especially especially problematic, problematic, be be can can discussed discussed previously previously as as visibility visibility of of positioning positioning the the But But Video,) Video,) Pepper Pepper 'safe'.(Cherry 'safe'.(Cherry feel feel you you if if especially especially images, images, and and encounters encounters sexual sexual viewing viewing from from pleasure pleasure derive derive to to possible possible even even and and ok. ok. is is it it that that in in possible, possible, seems seems video video the the of of purchaser purchaser actual actual the the to to similarity similarity The The interesting. interesting. was was distance distance safe safe a a from from obsen·ing obsen·ing of of idea idea The The watch. watch. to to continued continued then then and and '' '' it it doing doing they're they're god, god, my my "oh "oh of of comment comment made made She She unlikely. unlikely. very very was was out out caught caught getting getting of of possibility possibility the the Therefore Therefore couple. couple. the the from from blocks), blocks), apartment apartment (like (like distance distance some some quite quite was was voyeur voyeur the the that that implied implied presented presented was was that that image image The The sex. sex. having having were were women women two two where where house, house, another another into into telescope telescope a a through through watching watching women women a a showed showed scene scene one one movie, movie, Lovers' Lovers' 'Lesbian 'Lesbian the the in in was was visuality visuality of of instance instance Another Another 84 84 happened. happened. this this until until stop stop not not did did encounter encounter the the and and orgasm orgasm reach reach to to women women passive passive the the for for aiming aiming were were participants participants active active the the represented represented scene scene The The women. women. one one pleasuring pleasuring sexually sexually were were women women many many where where scene, scene, orgy orgy final final the the with with sweat" sweat" girls girls the the "Where "Where in in be be would would scene scene a a such such of of example example An An pleasure. pleasure. of of 'taking' 'taking' denote denote to to tend tend can can which which penis penis a a of of presence presence the the than than r be be can can situation situation of of type type This This subverted. subverted. is is this this relations relations lesbian lesbian of of context context the the within within especially especially that that think think l l her', her', to to it it 'doing 'doing those those by by used used object object sexual sexual a a merely merely is is receiver receiver that that criticism criticism the the be be could could there there Though Though image. image. potent potent especially especially an an is is person person one one pleasuring pleasuring people people multiple multiple of of use use the the Sometimes Sometimes passiVe. passiVe. being being of of positives positives the the of of illustration illustration useful useful a a was was This This you. you. for for responsible responsible be be else else someone someone let let to to control control of of element element an an is is There There being. being. well well your your for for responsible responsible be be to to emotionally emotionally someone someone trust trust to to and and pleasure pleasure sexual sexual your your both both with with else else someone someone trust trust to to learning learning of of notion notion the the me me to to represented represented scene scene This This . . reassuring reassuring and and stroking stroking and and touching touching of of lot lot a a was was there there women, women, other other the the pleasuring pleasuring and and control control taking taking lover, lover, new new the the with with scene scene seduction seduction a a much much very very was was scene scene this this movie, movie, Vamps Vamps and and Kittens Kittens 1992) 1992) Girls, Girls, (Rosebud (Rosebud the the of of scene scene fourth fourth the the in in was was this this of of example example An An context. context. sexual sexual a a in in selfish selfish be be to to yourself yourself allowing allowing and and pleasured pleasured be be to to yourself yourself allow allow to to being being strong strong sexually sexually a a as as oneself oneself of of assertion assertion of of amount amount certain certain a a is is There There writers. writers. some some to to according according do do to to possible possible it it this this powerlessness, powerlessness, as as this this present present not not to to careful careful be be must must producer producer the the then then passive passive are are women women If If point. point. interesting interesting an an also also is is context context sexual sexual a a within within passive passive be be to to women women Allowing Allowing Passive Passive as as Women Women 85 85 discarded discarded or or removed removed equally equally And And wanted. wanted. as as or or fun fun in in or or appropriate, appropriate, deemed deemed as as used used being being encounter, encounter, the the within within away away put put and and out out brought brought is is dildo dildo The The experience. experience. sexual sexual enjoyable enjoyable or or successful successful a a for for necessary necessary not not is is 'penis' 'penis' a a that that least least \·ery \·ery the the at at suggesting suggesting encounter, encounter, sexual sexual entire entire the the for for exclusi\·ely exclusi\·ely used used not not are are they they used, used, is is dildo/s dildo/s a a when when times times the the Thirdly Thirdly copulation. copulation. heterosexual heterosexual of of analyses analyses many many of of subversion subversion a a Penis, Penis, the the from from pleasure pleasure taking taking is is women women The The women. women. the the pleasuring pleasuring of of purpose purpose sole sole the the for for exists exists penis penis this this but but Penis, Penis, the the representing representing is is dildo dildo the the tbat tbat argued argued be be can can it it tool tool Sexual Sexual a a As As power. power. exhibit exhibit and and control control take take can can women women that that signifving signifving thus thus power, power, male male or or Phallus Phallus the the of of appropriation appropriation the the as as viewed viewed be be could could it it relations relations social social pure pure Within Within ways. ways. of of multiplicity multiplicity a a in in viewed viewed be be can can dildo dildo the the that that suggest suggest I I However However . . 1996) 1996) previously(MacKinnon, previously(MacKinnon, discussed discussed was was sexuality, sexuality, heterosexual heterosexual of of structures structures power power the the on on take take or or males, males, social social are are lesbians lesbians that that analysis analysis MacKinnon's MacKinnon's with with consistent consistent is is penetration penetration sexual sexual and and power power male male of of symbol symbol a a such such using using tbat tbat notion notion The The encounters. encounters. sexual sexual only only female female of of legitimacy legitimacy the the undermine undermine to to seems seems dildos dildos shaped shaped penis penis and and phallic phallic of of use use tbe tbe that that claiming claiming encounters, encounters, sexual sexual women women to to women women witbin witbin dildo dildo a a of of use use the the understand understand to to difficult difficult it it find find people people many many While While pornography. pornography. lesbian lesbian within within especially especially presence presence their their and and props props sex sex of of use use the the about about talk talk also also pornography pornography surrounding surrounding discussions discussions Many Many Toys Toys Sex Sex Using Using Women Women viewed. viewed. I I that that material material video video the the of of all all in in this this to to similar similar encounters encounters various various were were There There her. her. pleasure pleasure to to was was which which encounter encounter the the of of goal goal the the setting setting partner partner passive passive the the as as scene scene the the contextualised contextualised This This 86 86 'sex'. 'sex'. behaviour behaviour a a nammg nammg before before place place take take must must copulation copulation heterosexual heterosexual that that case, case, the the been been have have may may historically historically as as assume, assume, not not do do people people that that appears appears It It possible. possible. very very considered considered is is encounters encounters sexual sexual satisfying satisfying mutually mutually in in engaging engaging women women two two or or lesbians lesbians of of notion notion the the people people manv manv for for that that suggests suggests also also confusion confusion the the Secondly Secondly sexualitv. sexualitv. male male of of definer definer and and point point focal focal sexual sexual the the is is penis penis the the that that assuming assuming firstly firstly encounters, encounters, lesbian lesbian seemingly seemingly in in dildo's dildo's uf uf use use the the with with confusion confusion general general a a find find people people many many enough enough [nterestingly [nterestingly encounters. encounters. sexual sexual within within power power and and control control their their assert assert to to and and sexually, sexually, appropriate, appropriate, considered considered is is behaviour behaviour what what about about expectations expectations societal societal over over both both control control and and power power represent represent to to women women and and lesbians lesbians by by utilised utilised be be can can dildos dildos especially especially and and toys toys sexual sexual of of use use the the Thus Thus 1994,pp.91) 1994,pp.91) homosexuality.(Lamos, homosexuality.(Lamos, and and hetero- between between as as well well as as female female and and male male between between distinctions distinctions received received doubt doubt into into throws throws doing doing so so in in and and phallicism phallicism its its flaunts flaunts dildo dildo the the power, power, of of redeployment redeployment this this of of instance instance notorious notorious most most The The utilise. utilise. can can women women and and lesbians lesbians that that power power of of redeployment redeployment a a calls calls Lamos Lamos This This orientation. orientation. sexual sexual about about assumptions assumptions stereotypical stereotypical and and identity identity gender gender of of signifiers signifiers visual visual traditional traditional subverts subverts further further dildos dildos and and tools tools sex sex of of use use addition addition in in that that fact fact the the to to refer refer Lamos Lamos and and Bright Bright Both Both . . 215) 215) 1991b,pp. 1991b,pp. good!"(Juno, good!"(Juno, feels feels patriarchy-it patriarchy-it the the by by brainwashed brainwashed been been "they've "they've because because dildo's dildo's use use just just don't don't people people that that point point the the make make Bright Bright Susie Susie Lamos. Lamos. Collen Collen and and Bright Bright Susie Susie both both with with consistent consistent are are ideas ideas These These desired. desired. when when 87 87 appc:ared appc:ared who who actress actress one one at at alarmed alarmed somewhat somewhat was was I I movie, movie, this this viewing viewing while while Vamps, Vamps, and and Kittens Kittens movie movie the the was was this this of of instance instance such such one one actresses, actresses, the the of of stature stature physical physical the the by by represented represented be be also also can can strength strength of of Use Use roles. roles. sexual sexual of of appropriateness appropriateness about about ideas ideas challenges challenges roles roles these these { { .I .I - ,' ,' thn,ugh thn,ugh move move can can thev thev which which fluiditv fluiditv the the such such as as and and fern fern or or butch butch strictlv strictlv as as represented represented is is here here actresses actresses the the of of None None 1992) 1992) unsettling.(Reich, unsettling.(Reich, seems seems SW<1pping SW<1pping role role this this then then me me To To roles. roles. Butch/Fern Butch/Fern the the in in embodied embodied was was Reich Reich to to according according but but context, context, lesbian lesbian the the within within exist exist not not do do these these however however signals, signals, biological biological on on rely rely to to tended tended This This perspective. perspective. male male the the on on taking taking by by position position active active an an on on take take to to able able been been only only have have women women previously previously says says Reich Reich June June encounters. encounters. sexual sexual within within roles roles passive passive and and active active conceptualise conceptualise we we way way the the undermines undermines itself itself in in This This ease. ease. apparent apparent with with roles roles these these through through moved moved readily readily and and assumed, assumed, had had they they role role the the by by confined confined was was participant participant neither neither where where scene scene taking taking turn turn a a was was This This passive. passive. becomes becomes willingly willingly who who partner, partner, dominant dominant previously previously her her arouse arouse to to starts starts and and around around turns turns then then climaxed climaxed has has she she after after then then women women passive passive apparently apparently The The women. women. this this touch touch and and kiss kiss to to precedes precedes she she day, day, all all this this do do to to wanted wanted have have I I saying saying and and another another to to over over moving moving women women one one with with was was scene scene initial initial the the vamps vamps and and Kittens Kittens in in example example For For also. also. relinquishment relinquishment and and power power of of exhibitions exhibitions blatant blatant of of instances instances are are there there or or role, role, power power different different a a on on take take will will other other the the then then and and power power the the have have to to appear appear will will one one roles, roles, swap swap frequently frequently quite quite encounters, encounters, lesbian lesbian the the within within Women Women pornography. pornography. heterosexual heterosexual with with way way equal equal an an in in not not But But viewed. viewed. movies movies the the within within apparent apparent also also are are dominant dominant and and control control in in strong, strong, as as women women of of Images Images Strong Strong as as Women Women 88 88 quite quite sex sex in in engaging engaging supposedly supposedly women women you, you, tell tell will will pornography pornography watched watched ever ever has has who who anyone anyone as as but but involvement, involvement, sexual sexual wanting wanting as as represented represented be be should should pornography pornography in in engaged engaged women women that that obvious obvious seems seems it it Although Although /Desire /Desire Wanting Wanting Women Women encounters. encounters. sexual sexual within within aggressive aggressive and and strong, strong, active, active, be be can can women women that that and and rule, rule, particular particular a a designate designate not not does does women women a a of of stature stature physical physical the the that that took took I I scene scene this this from from partner. partner. passive passive sophisticated sophisticated older, older, an an with with partncr, partncr, sexual sexual active active strong strong young young a a represent represent to to was was which which purpose, purpose, particular particular a a for for role role her her in in cast cast was was actress actress each each that that mean mean I I that that By By 1992). 1992). Girls, Girls, (Rosebud (Rosebud way. way. purposeful purposeful a a in in women women the the represent represent to to effort effort conscious conscious a a be be to to seemed seemed there there context, context, movie movie the the within within to to attended attended explicitly explicitly not not While While youth. youth. and and vulnerability vulnerability adoration, adoration, of of example example the the by by seduced seduced Apparently Apparently actress. actress. younger younger the the of of whim whim the the at at be be to to appears appears women women looking looking strong strong and and older older the the Thus Thus activity. activity. sexual sexual the the initiates initiates actress actress younger younger the the Then Then actress). actress). (younger (younger her her to to attracted attracted indeed indeed is is and and girlfriend, girlfriend, previous previous her her to to attached attached longer longer no no is is she she that that her her reassures reassures women women older older the the whereby whereby jealous, jealous, is is actress actress looking looking younger younger the the how how about about place place takes takes discussion discussion A A watches. watches. actress actress looking looking young young the the while while ex-girlfriend ex-girlfriend her her to to phone phone by by talking talking women women a a around around centred centred is is script script final final The The participants. participants. the the of of eager eager more more the the considered considered be be could could she she fact fact in in passive, passive, way way no no in in was was film film the the in in behaviour behaviour Her Her youthfulness. youthfulness. apparent apparent her her accentuate accentuate to to designed designed all all were were clothing clothing and and hair hair makeup, makeup, the the that that appears appears it it Also Also old. old. years years 18 18 least least at at be be to to have have would would she she that that agreed agreed was was it it actresses actresses of of age age with with stringent stringent quite quite are are America America in in laws laws the the as as But But age. age. of of years years 14-16 14-16 about about be be to to looked looked she she fact fact in in young, young, very very be be to to 89 89 Bright Bright Susie Susie and and Tisdale Tisdale Sally Sally with with consistent consistent is is active/positive active/positive sexually sexually and and strong strong as as women women of of representation representation of of type type This This also. also. pleasure pleasure others others the the for for concerned concerned and and sexuality sexuality their their about about positive positive are are women women both both that that feeling feeling a a is is There There pleasure. pleasure. her her maximise maximise to to as as so so dildo dildo the the place place to to where where how how other other the the shows shows women women One One talking. talking. and and smiling, smiling, of of lot lot a a with with signalled signalled pleasure pleasure and and fun fun in in was was context context general general the the dildo, dildo, a a out out got got and and bed, bed, a a on on women women two two were were there there where where movie movie lovers' lovers' 'Lesbian 'Lesbian the the in in was was this this of of image image strong strong very very A A pleasured. pleasured. being being and and pleasing pleasing in in interested interested \·ery \·ery be be to to appear appear and and active active are are participants participants the the of of muny muny encounters, encounters, sexual sexual wanting wanting and and interested interested being being as as represented represented were were videos videos the the within within represented represented women women the the of of many many that that state state would would I I theme theme of of type type this this Within Within person. person. other other the the wanted wanted they they not, not, or or acted acted well well was was this this whether whether again again seemed, seemed, there there and and lovers, lovers, in in live live or or time time long long as as represented represented were were sometimes sometimes who who women women were were Peppers Peppers Cherry Cherry the the within within encounters encounters those those of of Many Many being. being. another another for for desire desire the the sex, sex, wanting wanting women women the the was was desire desire to to related related issues issues Other Other film. film. the the of of context context the the within within not not Thus Thus place. place. of of out out as as noted noted immediately immediately was was it it overacting overacting be be to to seemed seemed or or camera camera the the at at directly directly looked looked actress actress an an if if where, where, point point the the to to passion passion of of conceptions conceptions common common represent represent to to attempt attempt enough enough be be to to seemed seemed there there still, still, but but movies, movies, other other the the in in obvious obvious as as not not was was action action of of type type This This genuine. genuine. quite quite was was felt felt I I that that actresses actresses the the between between connection connection involvement/ involvement/ and and passion passion represent represent to to effort effort definite definite a a was was There There actresses. actresses. the the between between contact contact eye eye of of amount amount the the was was Peppers Peppers Cherry Cherry by by movie movie lovers' lovers' 'lesbian 'lesbian the the in in immediately immediately me me struck struck What What 'action'. 'action'. the the in in involved involved bit bit least least the the not not and and uninterested uninterested bored, bored, look look frequently frequently 90 90 (Stagliano, (Stagliano, traits. traits. positive positive particular particular actors actors each each to to as as made made were were comments comments and and activity activity sexual sexual the the enjoying enjoying and and pleasuring pleasuring around around was was discussion discussion the the of of Much Much film. film. the the in in characters characters as as know know not not did did we we who who involved, involved, people people new new no no was was their their and and set set was was movie movie the the where where 'gym' 'gym' the the of of members members were were people people these these all all however however sex, sex, group group and and swapping swapping partner partner of of lot lot a a with with mo\·ie, mo\·ie, Sweat' Sweat' Girls Girls the the 'Where 'Where the the in in scene scene orgy orgy final final a a was was There There virus. virus. sex sex the the or or this, this, do do usually usually don't don't l l eg. eg. reasoning, reasoning, her her it it that that and and control control looses looses or or activity activity sexual sexual in in engage engage to to wanting wanting her her for for apologise apologise almost almost will will women women the the movies movies some some in in as as partners, partners, multiple multiple for for wish wish the the for for account account to to attempt attempt or or excuses excuses no no is is there there Also Also partners. partners. different different from from gained gained be be to to pleasures pleasures is is there there But But partners. partners. unknown unknown new new of of introduction introduction the the usually usually not not is is There There films. films. heterosexual heterosexual in in occur occur does does that that strangers strangers complete complete with with encounters encounters sexual sexual or or sex sex anonymous anonymous to to opposed opposed as as women, women, the the with with relationship relationship of of type type some some represent represent to to attempt attempt an an is is there there that that out out point point also also must must I I Yet Yet partners. partners. multiple multiple in in interested interested not not are are and and relationships relationships desire desire or or monogamous monogamous usually usually are are women women that that notion notion the the for for implications implications certain certain has has it it think think I I good good or or bad bad considered considered be be can can this this Whether Whether encounters. encounters. sexual sexual the the in in pleasure pleasure taking taking are are they they time, time, the the all all person person one one with with necessarily necessarily not not are are and and swap swap women women the the although although partners, partners, sexual sexual multiple multiple for for desire desire apparent apparent the the is is observation observation this this of of aspect aspect important important most most The The Partners Partners Multiple Multiple Wanting Wanting Women Women 1994). 1994). Schraibman, Schraibman, & & (Packard (Packard for. for. call call Schriabrum Schriabrum and and Packard Packard that that sexuality sexuality celebratory celebratory a a with with consistent consistent also also is is It It sexuality. sexuality. their their explore explore and and enjoy enjoy to to women women for for call call 91 91 the the take take who who man man the the usually usually is is it it sex, sex, sadomasochism sadomasochism in in occurrence occurrence common common a a quite quite is is This This it. it. inflicting inflicting one one the the not not was was he he pain, pain, the the received received he he is is that that masochists, masochists, the the of of role role the the in in was was Walker Walker Plumlby Plumlby Peter Peter male, male, the the sadomasochism, sadomasochism, in in occurs occurs commonly commonly As As occurred. occurred. sadomasochism sadomasochism about about discussion discussion actual actual to to given given was was time time little little very very But But Auckland. Auckland. in in trade trade sex sex sadomasochistic sadomasochistic the the on on concentrated concentrated that that made made was was documentary documentary television television one one least least At At sex. sex. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic in in engaged engaged while while died died peter peter that that was was public public and and media media by by concentration concentration the the case, case, murder murder Walker Walker Plumbly Plumbly Peter Peter the the is is concentration concentration media media such such of of example example An An Zealand. Zealand. New New in in to to true true is is this this and and connotations, connotations, negative negative of of lot lot a a invokes invokes Sadomasochism Sadomasochism coercion. coercion. and and violence violence deviance, deviance, promotes promotes pornography pornography that that objections objections their their among among have have Dworkin Dworkin and and MacKinnon MacKinnon because because important important is is This This Sadomasochism. Sadomasochism. especially especially and and behaviour behaviour sexual sexual deviant deviant as as commonly commonly to to referred referred was was previously previously but but exist, exist, to to image image sexual sexual lesbian lesbian visible visible most most the the been been has has This This images. images. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic of of that that is is discuss discuss to to wish wish I I theme theme final final The The Sadomasochism Sadomasochism Lesbian Lesbian 1991a). 1991a). bodies.(Juno, bodies.(Juno, other other experience experience to to desire, desire, natural natural healthy healthy a a be be should should thinks thinks sprinkle sprinkle Annie Annie that that something something is is This This so. so. doing doing for for abnormal abnormal deemed deemed or or punished punished not not are are they they context context this this in in especially especially and and partners partners multiple multiple desire desire can can women women that that show show said said I I as as does does it it because because significant significant is is .This .This 1994) 1994) 92 92 discussion discussion all all dominate dominate to to began began sadomasochism sadomasochism becau;;e becau;;e eventuated eventuated never never desires desires sexual sexual about about discussion discussion the the of of Much Much groups. groups. feminist feminist lesbian lesbian the the within within divisions divisions created created and and general general in in movement movement feminist feminist the the in in attention attention of of allot allot received received sadomasochism sadomasochism that that states states She She Wars'. Wars'. Sex Sex ·Lesbian ·Lesbian the the terms terms she she what what on on had had it it impact impact the the and and (SM) (SM) sadomasochism sadomasochism clbout clbout specifically specifically talks talks Britain Britain in in writer writer lance lance free free a a Healey, Healey, Emma Emma demand. demand. of of lack lack a a to to due due available available not not was was it it previously previously that that claim claim many many and and produced produced being being pornography pornography lesbian lesbian more more much much however however is is There There locate. locate. to to hard hard is is still still and and long long around around been been not not has has though though pornography pornography lesbian lesbian community, community, this this in in this this of of history history considerable considerable a a been been has has there there men, men, gay gay for for and and by by produced produced been been has has pornography pornography homosexual homosexual Much Much unacceptable. unacceptable. be be to to society society by by considered considered also also is is pornography pornography their their therefore therefore and and norm norm the the not not considered considered been been always always have have woman woman lesbian lesbian and and men men Cay Cay society. society. by by deviant deviant considered considered be be can can that that behaviour behaviour of of type type one one only only course course of of is is behaviour behaviour Sadomasochistic Sadomasochistic 1993,pp.l07). 1993,pp.l07). (McClintock, (McClintock, model." model." juridical juridical the the from from directly directly borrows borrows it it that that is is however however s/m s/m of of scandal scandal "the "the that that notes notes McClintock McClintock Ironically Ironically chains. chains. clanging clanging and and whips whips sounding sounding loud loud on on emphasis emphasis with with superficial superficial is is inflicted inflicted pain pain the the of of Much Much mimicking. mimicking. and and staging staging costume, costume, on on emphasis emphasis of of lot lot a a with with play, play, stage stage sexual sexual a a of of more more is is act act the the and and power, power, the the has has submissive submissive the the Usually Usually torture. torture. actual actual an an than than scenario scenario role-play role-play a a of of more more is is sadomasochism sadomasochism of of act act The The 1993,pp.97). 1993,pp.97). (McClintock, (McClintock, 'Identity" 'Identity" than than rather rather reversal reversal agency agency gender gender in in engaging engaging slaves slaves dominant,[with]"many dominant,[with]"many or or Sadist Sadist the the plays plays woman woman a a while while role, role, submissive submissive 93 93 that that asserts asserts Califia Califia Pat Pat sadomasochism. sadomasochism. of of opinions opinions their their voice voice to to started started feminist feminist prominent prominent many many period period this this During During 1996). 1996). sexuality.(Healey, sexuality.(Healey, of of discussion discussion any any disrupted disrupted and and muffled muffled further further felt felt they they Which Which Identity. Identity. Lesbian Lesbian the the of of colonisation colonisation feminism's" feminism's" "Lesbian "Lesbian as as saw saw they they what what fought fought also also and and back back fought fought sadomasochism sadomasochism of of supporters supporters The The oppression. oppression. this this maintain maintain which which values values strengthen strengthen to to serve serve only only could could which which oppression oppression glorifying glorifying like like was was power power of of eroticisation eroticisation the the that that felt felt she she apparent apparent not not was was imagery imagery Nazi Nazi racist, racist, of of use use the the if if even even and and dangerous, dangerous, be be could could fascism fascism and and sadomasochism sadomasochism between between link link this this ignore ignore to to that that show show to to attempted attempted book book Jeffrey's Jeffrey's 1993,pp.187). 1993,pp.187). ."(Jeffreys, ."(Jeffreys, ghetto ghetto gay gay the the outside outside world world the the in in practice practice and and values values fascist fascist of of hold hold increasing increasing the the of of echoing echoing and and to to response response a a but but skies skies the the from from drops drops which which practice practice sexual sexual a a not not is is SM SM that that wrote wrote and and S/M S/M to to opposed opposed vehemently vehemently was was Jeffrey's Jeffrey's Shelia Shelia unacceptable. unacceptable. find find only only could could feminist feminist many many that that way way a a in in imbalance imbalance power power eroticising eroticising as as s/m s/m framed framed analysis analysis of of type type This This racist). racist). (and (and fascist fascist inherently inherently was was sadomasochism sadomasochism declared declared further further and and women women over over Power Power men's men's of of manifestation manifestation a a was was S/M S/M that that maintained maintained people people These These (LASM). (LASM). Sado-Masochism Sado-Masochism Against Against "Lesbians "Lesbians the the called called formed formed group group a a 1980's 1980's early early the the discusses discusses (1996) (1996) Healey Healey 94 94 the the While While 1982). 1982). Star, Star, H H E. E. & & Diana Diana Pagano, Pagano, (Linden, (Linden, Sadomasochism" Sadomasochism" "Against "Against called called was was book book such such One One activity. activity. the the analysing analysing published published were were articles articles of of collections collections opposing opposing that that practice practice sexual sexual sadomasochistic sadomasochistic against against and and for for feelings feelings the the was was such such and and continued continued debates debates feminist feminist the the But But 1993). 1993). Rovalle, Rovalle, 1993; 1993; McClintock, McClintock, 1996; 1996; situation.(Califia, situation.(Califia, the the controls controls and and behaviour behaviour all all directs directs submissi\·e submissi\·e victim/ victim/ the the use use a a bee bee itself itself contradiction contradiction a a is is sadomasochism sadomasochism Also Also violence. violence. the the not not and and sadomasochism sadomasochism of of aspect aspect important important most most the the is is playing playing role role and and staging staging the the that that emphasises emphasises She She eroticised. eroticised. previously previously not not situations situations of of parody parody a a and and experience experience theoretical theoretical a a is is sadomasochism sadomasochism says says McClintock McClintock encounters. encounters. sexual sexual others others in in power power ignoring ignoring than than honest honest more more was was relations relations sexual sexual in in power power explicit explicit of of use use the the and and liberating, liberating, be be can can sadomasochism sadomasochism through through powet· powet· of of explorations explorations that that used, used, lesbians lesbians many many that that defence defence of of types types the the was was This This backwards. backwards. power power social social plays plays essentially essentially which which passive passive is is male male the the that that find find commonly commonly most most we we play play sadomasochistic sadomasochistic heterosexual heterosexual In In representation. representation. of of discussion discussion the the in in explored explored further further is is that that point point A A them. them. replicate replicate not not does does it it oppressions oppressions and and differentials differentials power power certain certain re-enacts re-enacts or or out out plays plays sadomasochism sadomasochism Califia Califia for for Therefore Therefore 1996,pp.232). 1996,pp.232). (Califia, (Califia, another. another. one one imprisoning imprisoning or or damaging damaging not not pleasure, pleasure, sexual sexual their their enhancing enhancing are are participants participants The The ritual. ritual. or or drama drama a a of of part part are are activity activity sexual sexual and and costumes, costumes, fetish fetish dialogue, dialogue, roles, roles, The The fantasy. fantasy. is is SM SM in in word word key key The The 95 95 did did this this But But women. women. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic butch, butch, a a suggest suggest to to signal signal deliberate deliberate a a was was felt felt I I cues, cues, visual visual of of use use This This scene. scene. this this in in partner partner sexual sexual active active the the was was initially initially and and haircut haircut short short a a had had also also she she bracelets, bracelets, and and necklaces necklaces earings, earings, as as such such jewellery jewellery of of lot lot a a addition addition in in had had she she tattoos, tattoos, and and nipple) nipple) tongue, tongue, (nose, (nose, piercing piercing body body of of lot lot a a had had actresses actresses the the of of one one scene, scene, first first the the in in that that movie movie Vamps" Vamps" and and "Kittens "Kittens the the was was noticeable noticeable Most Most actresses. actresses. the the on on tattoos tattoos and and jewellery jewellery of of lot lot a a also also was was their their races, races, and and women women of of variety variety a a representing representing actresses actresses the the to to addition addition in in that that noticed noticed I I particular particular In In signals. signals. subtle subtle more more were were sadomasochism, sadomasochism, of of mimics mimics direct direct these these to to addition addition In In expression. expression. sexual sexual of of facets facets these these both both in in found found be be can can pleasure pleasure that that and and passive, passive, be be to to yourself yourself allowing allowing by by and and control control take take to to wanting wanting from from fear fear to to nothing nothing be be should should there there both both that that indicated indicated It It sequence. sequence. dream dream girls' girls' 'new 'new the the was was it it as as sadomasochism, sadomasochism, of of experience experience safer safer even even an an allowed allowed This This fantasy. fantasy. double double to to fantasy fantasy as as sadomasochism sadomasochism of of notion notion Califia's Califia's taking taking thus thus scenario, scenario, dream dream a a as as presented presented was was sadomasochism sadomasochism of of scene scene the the that that fact fact the the was was me me for for this this of of feature feature interesting interesting The The it). it). enjoying enjoying actually actually were were they they that that shown shown was was it it (though (though acts, acts, perform perform to to 'made' 'made' were were women women the the Here Here whips. whips. and and straps straps and and dildos, dildos, of of use use the the also also was was There There clothing. clothing. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic conventional conventional general general and and chains chains with with letters letters in in dressed dressed all all women women three three encompassed encompassed that that sequence sequence I I dream dream fantasy fantasy a a was was their their Sweat" Sweat" Girls Girls the the "Where "Where movie movie the the in in Firstly Firstly elements. elements. sadomasochistic sadomasochistic some some be be to to appeared appeared their their encountered encountered I I Images Images the the as as far far As As 1996). 1996). (Healey, (Healey, began. began. permissiveness permissiveness sexual sexual and and pornography pornography films films erotica, erotica, practice, practice, sexual sexual of of talk talk to to began began lesbians lesbians where where environment environment an an and and lesbians, lesbians, pro-sex pro-sex of of building building a a was was debates debates these these of of result result The The sexuality. sexuality. about about discussion discussion of of era era new new a a influenced influenced it it continued continued debate debate 96 96 acts. acts. sexual sexual in in positions positions subordinate subordinate and and dominant dominant eroticise eroticise and and power power of of context context the the in in pleasure pleasure take take can can women women how how explored explored scene scene this this roles, roles, rigid rigid the the to to adhering adhering not not but but framing framing sadomasochistic sadomasochistic to to appealing appealing by by addition addition In In cues. cues. power power associated associated the the and and roles roles these these experience experience to to freedom freedom more more was was there there thus thus diluted, diluted, seems seems violence violence real real of of threat threat actual actual the the group, group, only only women women a a with with elements elements sadomasochistic sadomasochistic using using by by Also Also roles. roles. of of exploration exploration an an was was it it deviance, deviance, of of labelling labelling no no was was their their Thus Thus episodes. episodes. sexual sexual within within valid valid equally equally are are that that roles roles different different of of experimentation experimentation an an as as presented presented were were but but women, women, the the of of preference preference sexual sexual the the represent represent not not did did scenes scenes These These roles. roles. gender gender of of appropriateness appropriateness and and deviance, deviance, of of constructions constructions to to respect respect in in interesting interesting were were material material video video the the within within elements elements sadomasochistic sadomasochistic as as see see I I what what of of aspects aspects These These actress. actress. one one any any emphasis emphasis no no was was their their and and encounter, encounter, the the of of members members passive passive and and active active the the as as turns turns took took person person each each partner, partner, sadist sadist or or 'top' 'top' the the being being always always her her into into transform transform not not 97 97 biology, biology, about about information information than than more more little little receiving receiving often often more more are are education education sexuality sexuality called called so so receiving receiving students students school school high high of of majority majority the the best best at at that that claims claims she she America, America, of of setting setting educationill educationill the the within within occur occur not not does does this this that that accepts accepts readily readily and and ideal ideal an an as as only only this this sees sees though though Haffner Haffner pp.vii). pp.vii). 1992, 1992, (Hilffner, (Hilffner, orientation" orientation" sexual sexual or or stiltus, stiltus, sociOeconomic sociOeconomic gender gender age, age, to to regard regard choices-without choices-without sexual sexual responsible responsible make make to to rights rights the the and and information information the the have have people people all all where where world world a a create create to to helping helping change-about change-about social social about about is is education education sexuality sexuality best, best, its its At At variations. variations. cultural cultural and and group group and and concerns, concerns, moral moral and and ethical ethical debate debate and and discuss discuss Students Students relationships. relationships. and and behaviours, behaviours, feelings, feelings, thoughts, thoughts, and and personality, personality, and and identity, identity, roles, roles, gender gender system, system, response response sexual sexual the the of of biochemistry biochemistry and and physiology, physiology, anatomy, anatomy, address address Classrooms Classrooms behaviours behaviours and and values, values, attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, beliefs, knowledge, knowledge, sexual sexual encompasses encompasses should should education education sexuality sexuality that that US, US, the the of of council council education education and and information information sex sex the the of of director director Executive Executive the the Haffner Haffner Debra Debra For For Education Education and and Sexuality Sexuality Education Education Sex Sex and and Sex Sex Sexuality, Sexuality, 6: 6: Chapter Chapter 98 98 should should teachers teachers twelfth-grade twelfth-grade through through kindergarten kindergarten pre pre all all sexuality, sexuality, involves involves development development child child Because Because professionals. professionals. care care health health and and groups, groups, community community and and religious religious families, families, their their from from receive receive children children education education sexuality sexuality the the augment augment and and complement complement will will and and community community the the in in represented represented beliefs beliefs and and values values of of diversity diversity the the respect respect will will program program sexuality sexuality comprehensive comprehensive A A grade. grade. every every at at program program education education the the of of part part important important an an be be should should background background cultural cultural and and level, level, developmental developmental age, age, students' students' to to appropriate appropriate is is that that education education sexuality sexuality school-based school-based Comprehensive Comprehensive stating stating role, role, education education sexuality sexuality based based school school the the address address specifically specifically they they Then Then above. above. mentioned mentioned dimensions dimensions the the addresses addresses that that education education sexuality sexuality to to right right the the have have people people all all that that believe believe they they goes goes education education sex sex as as far far As As relationships. relationships. and and feelings, feelings, thoughts, thoughts, and and personality; personality; and and roles, roles, orientation, orientation, identity, identity, system; system; response response sexual sexual the the of of biochemistry biochemistry and and physiology, physiology, anatomy, anatomy, as as such such dimensions dimensions various various has has This This 1997b). 1997b). individuals."(SIECUS, individuals."(SIECUS, of of behaviours behaviours and and values, values, attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, beliefs, knowledge, knowledge, sexual sexual the the encompasses encompasses sexuality sexuality human human that that believe believe "They "They beliefs. beliefs. fundamental fundamental organisations organisations the the represent represent that that statements statements position position their their out out set set They They 1997a). 1997a). (SIECUS, (SIECUS, sexuality. sexuality. and and sex sex about about programs programs and and information information of of provision provision their their in in parents parents and and school school for for useful useful directly directly be be to to designed designed resources resources found found and and Internet Internet the the via via this this accessed accessed I I education. education. sex sex and and sexuality sexuality of of area area the the in in information information of of amounts amounts significant significant provide provide to to works works states) states) United United the the of of council council education education and and information information Sexuality Sexuality ( ( SIECUS SIECUS The The it. it. affirm affirm than than rather rather sexuality sexuality their their control control to to told told are are people people young young and and abstinence, abstinence, promote promote to to designed designed seem seem programs programs most most Thus Thus dangerous."(pp.vii). dangerous."(pp.vii). is is sexuality sexuality that that is is message message powerful powerful The The added. added. is is rape rape date date schools, schools, high high in in and and introduced, introduced, then then I I is is AIDS AIDS HIV HIV abuse. abuse. sexual sexual with with begin begin they they grades, grades, primary primary early early the the -"in -"in prevention prevention disaster disaster on on focus focus often often classes classes education education sexuality sexuality that that say say to to on on goes goes She She virology. virology. and and reproduction reproduction 99 99 criticised criticised been been has has that that model model disaster disaster medical medical the the strong!\· strong!\· quite quite emphasise emphasise still still they they resource, resource, good good extremely extremely an an definitely definitely is is organisation organisation this this While While 1997c). 1997c). (SIECUS, (SIECUS, abuse. abuse. sexual sexual and and infection, infection, HIV HIV including including diseases diseases transmitted transmitted sexually sexually pregnancies. pregnancies. teenage teenage include include these these problems; problems; medical medical related related sexually of of prevalence prevalence the the reduce reduce to to designed designed programs programs of of component component central central a a be be should should education education Sexuality Sexuality measures. measures. health health sexual sexual other other and and contraception contraception of of use use the the encouraging encouraging and and intercourse, intercourse, sexual sexual in in involved involved prematurely prematurely become become to to pressures pressures resist resist to to how how abstinence, abstinence, addressing addressing including including relationships, relationships, sexual sexual regarding regarding responsibility responsibility exercise exercise people people young young help help To To . . is is aim aim their their that that responsibility responsibility of of heading heading the the under under state state They They adolescents. adolescents. of of involvement involvement sexual sexual of of onset onset the the influence influence to to endeavour endeavour still still education education sexuality sexuality comprehensive comprehensive for for guidelines guidelines the the further further read read you you when when However However sexuality. sexuality. of of discussion discussion its its in in neutral neutral be be to to appears appears and and useful useful very very is is resource resource This This identity'. identity'. and and orientation orientation sexual sexual eduction', eduction', sexuality sexuality comprehensive comprehensive for for 'guidelines 'guidelines abstinence', abstinence', and and 'adolescence 'adolescence as as such such topics topics cover cover that that sheets' sheets' 'fact 'fact provide provide they they addition addition In In run. run. they they projects projects the the and and information information appropriate appropriate about about information information extensive extensive offers offers site site web web Their Their this. this. of of provision provision the the to to committed committed very very be be to to seem seem and and adults, adults, young young for for education education sexuality sexuality and and sex, sex, about about information information and and knowledge knowledge of of importance importance the the stresses stresses organisation organisation This This ). ). 1997b 1997b sexuality.(SIECUS, sexuality.(SIECUS, human human in in course course one one least least at at receive receive 100 100 a a by by led led were were which which discussions discussions these these for for separated separated were were Males Males and and females females The The diseases. diseases. transmitted transmitted sexually sexually and and pregnancy pregnancy both both for for sex, sex, unprotected unprotected of of implications implications the the and and intercourse intercourse sexual sexual about about discussion discussion a a to to led led turn turn in in This This menstruation. menstruation. on on discussion discussion a a bodies, bodies, women's women's about about lesson lesson Anatomy Anatomy an an reallv reallv was was education education sexuality sexuality my my personally personally notions. notions. above above the the around around and and on on based based is is education education sex sex Cenerally Cenerally . . 1992,pp.17) 1992,pp.17) (Sears, (Sears, " " education. education. sexualitv sexualitv modern modern of of cornerstone cornerstone the the is is behaviour behaviour sexual sexual freewheeling freewheeling of of consequences consequences unwelcomed unwelcomed the the for for prophylactic prophylactic a a as as knowledge knowledge sexual sexual of of dispensing dispensing the the short, short, "In "In pregnancy. pregnancy. and and diseases diseases transmitted transmitted sexually sexually reducing reducing at at aimed aimed been been have have programs programs sexualitv sexualitv at at attempts attempts all all Historically Historically abortions. abortions. and and diseases diseases transmitted transmitted sexually sexually pregnancy, pregnancy, as as such such consequences consequences observable observable and and behaviour behaviour sexual sexual on on judged judged is is programs programs such such of of effectiveness effectiveness the the that that and and 1992,pp.7), 1992,pp.7), (Sears, (Sears, control" control" social social and and sexual sexual of of instrument instrument an an foremost foremost and and first first is is education education "sexuality "sexuality that that forget forget never never should should we we that that point point the the emphasises emphasises he he article, article, his his in in possibilities possibilities and and dilemmas dilemmas the the discusses discusses Sears Sears James James of. of. consists consists does does and and should should behaviour behaviour sexual sexual what what about about assumptions assumptions prescriptive prescriptive as as well well as as information information of of type type this this within within bias bias heterosexist heterosexist inherent inherent an an is is There There behaviour'. behaviour'. sexual sexual responsible responsible and and 'safe 'safe stress stress to to wished wished organisation organisation this this means means cases, cases, HIV HIV reported reported in in nse nse the the with with conjunction conjunction in in This This diseases'. diseases'. transmitted transmitted sexually sexually and and pregnancies pregnancies unplanned unplanned of of 'rates 'rates high high unacceptable unacceptable to to leading leading this this with with people people young young amongst amongst common common are are disempowerment disempowerment and and ignorance ignorance sexual sexual that that programs programs international international about about discussion discussion their their in in state state they they addition addition In In 1988). 1988). Fine, Fine, 1985; 1985; commentators.(Diorio, commentators.(Diorio, by by 101 101 between between itself itself for for place place a a negotiate negotiate must must It It 1992). 1992). (Sears, (Sears, conflict. conflict. community community avoid avoid to to presented presented and and designed designed is is education education sexuality sexuality the the of of much much this, this, to to response response a a as as , , sexuality sexuality surrounds surrounds that that atmosphere atmosphere social social complex complex and and conflicting conflicting to to due due possibly possibly is is This This schools. schools. American American within within least least at at taught, taught, being being or or available available is is curricula curricula of of type type this this of of little little very very that that also also claim claim commentators commentators the the all all However, However, bodiedness. bodiedness. able able and and orientations orientations sexual sexual of of diversitv diversitv on on discussions discussions inclusive inclusive and and sex sex of of issues issues to to responses responses emotional emotional and and sexuality sexuality and and sex sex of of discourses discourses within within issues issues construction construction social social identity, identity, gender gender of of conceptions conceptions existing existing challenge challenge to to call call and and willingness willingness general general a a is is there there encountered encountered have have I I that that readings readings the the Within Within taught. taught. being being programs programs actual actual the the and and curriculum curriculum educ1tion educ1tion sex sex the the within within discussed discussed be be should should that that issues issues the the about about dio;parity dio;parity significant significant a a be be to to read read have have I I what what from from appears appears There There time. time. that that at at occurring occurring were were that that issues issues sexuality sexuality and and sex sex of of exploration exploration the the in in with with existed existed that that intersection intersection physical physical emotional, emotional, the the of of talk talk and and males males with with discussion discussion open open have have to to opportunity opportunity little little was was there there education, education, sexuality sexuality of of accounts accounts autobiographical autobiographical their their in in discuss discuss (1992) (1992) Goodman Goodman Sapon-Shevin Sapon-Shevin & & As As sexuality. sexuality. our our about about comfort comfort and and ownership ownership even even or or arousal arousal of of feelings feelings desires, desires, sexual sexual about about discussion discussion little little recall recall I I as as was, was, There There danger. danger. that that avoid avoid and and avert avert to to try try to to female female as as us us of of and and danger, danger, as as sex sex of of atmosphere atmosphere an an was was There There claimed. claimed. have have critics critics above above the the of of some some what what around around based based was was discussion discussion the the of of framing framing the the of of Much Much questions. questions. ask ask or or these these view view and and class class after after come come to to us us encouraged encouraged and and contraception's contraception's various various contained contained that that box box a a had had instructor instructor the the purpose purpose that that For For requested. requested. we we if if it it about about talk talk and and view view to to able able were were we we although although contraception contraception shown shown be be not not could could we we thus thus Zealand, Zealand, New New in in sixteen sixteen is is activity activity sexual sexual for for consent consent of of age age the the that that fact fact the the to to due due was was this this contraceptives, contraceptives, any any show show or or identify identify to to able able not not was was speaker speaker the the girls girls the the all all of of age age the the to to Due Due old. old. years years Fourteen Fourteen was was I I point point which which at at Year Year form form fourth fourth my my during during place place took took This This Clinic. Clinic. Planning Planning family family Local Local the the from from representative representative 102 102 there there divert divert would would people people that that improbable improbable definitely definitely is is it it statement, statement, unreasonable unreasonable completely completely a a not not perhaps perhaps While While (pp.lll3). (pp.lll3). here." here." described described responses responses the the of of any any identify identify to to attempt attempt and and moment moment a a stop stop fantasies), fantasies), or or thoughts thoughts through through or or physically physically (whether (whether stimulated stimulated sexually sexually are are you you time time next next "the "the comment. comment. the the make make they they women, women, and and men men between between responses responses sexual sexual of of differences differences and and similarities similarities the the discuss discuss they they here here intercourse, intercourse, sexual sexual of of aspects aspects physiological physiological the the on on section section a a present present work, work, task task and and information information with with educators educators sexuality sexuality for for source source a a primarily primarily be be to to designed designed book book their their in in (1988) (1988) Greenberg, Greenberg, Bruess Bruess & & bch<:wiours. bch<:wiours. sexual sexual in in engaging engaging while while rationally rationally think think and and stop stop to to capable capable are are people people young young that that think think to to seem seem educators educators many many relcltions, relcltions, sexual sexual of of reality reality the the about about e1cknowledgment e1cknowledgment of of lack lack general general a a is is There There 1992,pp.13). 1992,pp.13). communication."(Sears, communication."(Sears, sexual sexual intimate intimate of of language language the the and and sexuality sexuality with with associated associated eroticism eroticism the the explore explore to to "failure "failure the the and and making making decision decision rational rational on on overemphasis overemphasis the the is is gives gives Sears Sears that that this this of of example example such such One One force. force. potent potent extremely extremely an an be be can can this this sexuality, sexuality, of of curriculum curriculum hidden hidden a a be be also also to to appears appears There There school. school. in in sites sites other other many many in in place place take take can can education education sexuality sexuality that that mentions mentions also also Sears Sears Education Education Sex Sex in in Discourses Discourses Current Current young. young. our our to to sexuality sexuality explain explain and and teach teach to to try try society society a a as as we we that that way way the the permeated permeated have have discourses discourses of of types types these these But But section. section. next next the the in in these these on on expand expand will will I I it, it, about about teach teach we we what what turn turn in in and and sexuality, sexuality, human human about about think think we we way way the the influenced influenced have have believes believes he he that that ideologies ideologies four four these these identifies identifies Carlson Carlson Dennis Dennis context. context. social social general general the the within within exist exist that that ideologies ideologies contradictory contradictory 103 103 related. related. be be not not may may or or may may that that phenomenon phenomenon psychological psychological emotional emotional some some with with functioning functioning biological/physiological biological/physiological bb bb conceptualise conceptualise to to are are we we that that alternative alternative IS IS sucr(Yf::'Stion sucr(Yf::'Stion an an Yet, Yet, natural. natural. is is sexuality sexuality that that evidence evidence as as given given is is This This also. also. patterns patterns sleep sleep in in regularly regularly occur occur factors factors these these that that also also to, to, early early lubrication lubrication vaginal vaginal experience experience infants infants fc·male fc·male and and birth birth after after just just erections erections have have will will males males infant infant that that fact fact the the di:;cu:;s di:;cu:;s Greenberg Greenberg and and Bruess Bruess lives lives our our in in plays plays sexuality sexuality part part integral integral the the of of example example an an As As personality."(pp.8). personality."(pp.8). of of absence absence an an has has person person a a that that idea idea the the to to similar similar is is sexuality sexuality of of absence absence an an of of idea idea 'The 'The exist. exist. to to ceases ceases she she or or he he unles:; unles:; point point any any at at being being asexual asexual an an be be to to anyone anyone for for impossible impossible is is it it broad, broad, is is sexuality sexuality human human that that believe believe they they that that S!\ S!\ out out point point sexuality sexuality and and age age on on exercise exercise an an discussing discussing while while and and on on go go actually actually authors authors the the that that education education sex sex of of mentality mentality the the within within inclusive inclusive so so is is mindset mindset This This (pp.6). (pp.6). beings. beings. human human of of functioning functioning natural natural the the of of part part a a is is sexuality, sexuality, to to relates relates it it as as functioning, functioning, biological biological that that realize realize to to important important is is lifetime. lifetime. a a It It lasts lasts and and birth birth after after immediately immediately begins begins functioning functioning sexual-erotic sexual-erotic human human puberty, puberty, until until begin begin not not does does functioning functioning reproductive reproductive human human Although Although being being sexual sexual and and grounding grounding biological biological of of notion notion the the to to ascribe ascribe still still but but things things many many of of consisting consisting as as sexuality sexuality define define (1988) (1988) Greenberg Greenberg and and Bruess Bruess instinct. instinct. or or drive drive biological biological innate innate some some is is copulate copulate to to desire desire the the and and sexuality sexuality that that believe believe do, do, educators educators sex sex many many as as if if could, could, they they that that contestable contestable highly highly and and task, task, this this complete complete to to attention attention 104 104 the the and and body, body, the the of of pleasure pleasure of of recapturing recapturing a a with with consistent consistent is is it it discourse, discourse, sexual sexual current current within within \·isible \·isible stronglv stronglv not not is is ideology ideology this this although although that that feels feels Carlson Carlson Dennis Dennis i'vlarcuse. i'vlarcuse. and and Reich Reich with with prominent prominent most most was was that that link link political-sexuality political-sexuality the the in in nested nested is is impact impact historical historical a a had had that that ideology ideology Freudian Freudian radical radical The The to. to. access access haw haw to to public public the the for for appropriate appropriate deemed deemed it it that that information information disseminate disseminate and and know know to to claimed claimed and and prescribed prescribed that that doctrine, doctrine, brother brother big big elite elite centralised centralised a a also also was was policy policy political political of of type type this this However However diseases. diseases. transmitted transmitted sexually sexually especially especially to to regard regard in in programs programs education education mass mass many many installed installed that that ideology ideology influential influential an an was was This This engineering. engineering. social social and and sexuality sexuality to to regards regards with with policy policy national national the the us us gave gave and and problems', problems', 'social 'social to to intcrn·ntion intcrn·ntion of of agent agent an an as as state state the the emphasised emphasised It It view. view. traditional traditional religious religious pre\·ious pre\·ious the the than than approached approached scientific scientific rational rational a a on on more more based based was was ideology ideology progressive progressive The The occur. occur. to to emotions emotions up up pent pent cause cause to to as as much much so so not not but but contained, contained, be be to to need need that that desires, desires, animal animal our our or or 'id', 'id', the the of of notions notions Freudian Freudian the the with with consistent consistent was was also also sin. sin. was was It It body body because because pleasures, pleasures, bodily bodily of of renunciation renunciation self-disciplined self-disciplined of of doctrine doctrine Judea-Christian Judea-Christian the the with with consistent consistent was was itself. itself. It It "civilization" "civilization" to to necessary necessary as as sexuality sexuality of of sublimation sublimation and and repression repression that that held held generally generally that that theory, theory, essentialist essentialist an an was was perspective perspective traditionalist traditionalist The The 1992). 1992). rights.(Carlson, rights.(Carlson, sexual sexual individual individual and and diversity diversity sexual sexual of of ideology ideology libertarian libertarian a a is is final final The The society. society. capitalist capitalist post post and and sexuality sexuality repressive repressive non non of of ideology ideology Freudian Freudian radical radical a a was was third third The The problems. problems. sexual sexual of of management management state state secular secular and and "adjustment "adjustment sexual sexual of of ideology ideology Progressive Progressive a a was was second second The The century. century. 20th 20th the the of of decades decades first first the the within within dominant dominant was was that that sickness sickness and and sin sin sexual sexual of of ideology ideology traditionalist traditionalist a a being being first first The The sexuality. sexuality. and and sex sex about about conceptions conceptions current current our our of of part part be be to to appear appear each each of of remnants remnants but but day, day, present present our our to to history history throughout throughout sequentially sequentially occurred occurred have have to to appear appear These These Carlson. Carlson. Denis Denis by by identified identified ideas ideas four four in in previously, previously, mentioned mentioned as as in in grounded grounded sexuality sexuality human human of of lS lS understanding understanding our our and and discussion discussion this this of of Much Much 105 105 beliefs beliefs and and values values in in changes changes the the view view historical historical to to us us allows allows also also analysis analysis of of type type This This instinct'. instinct'. sexual sexual "natural "natural any any that that structure, structure, power power patriarchal patriarchal wider wider the the of of part part likely likely more more as as st sexual sexual female female and and women women of of framing framing the the and and intercourse, intercourse, sexual sexual of of goal goal the the as as penetration penetration penile penile locate locate to to tend tend that that behaviours behaviours sexual sexual appropriate appropriate of of conception conception the the bias, bias, heterosexist heterosexist the the question question and and critique critique can can we we theories, theories, of of synthesis synthesis Carlsons Carlsons employing employing Bv Bv raise. raise. to to trying trying am am I I issues issues the the on on aspect aspect important important an an also also is is junction junction theoretical theoretical of of type type This This environment. environment. social social given given the the of of naturalness naturalness the the question question to to and and relations relations power power existent existent by by served served interests interests social social of of recognition recognition the the allows allows This This culture. culture. in in relations relations power power of of analysis analysis Freudian Freudian radical radical the the incorporate incorporate to to rights, rights, individual individual on on focuses focuses that that ideology ideology libertarian libertarian the the allows allows disciplines disciplines of of union union This This 1992,pp.56). 1992,pp.56). (Carlson, (Carlson, progressivism. progressivism. and and traditionalism traditionalism to to alternative alternative any any in in focus focus central central a a be be should should minorities, minorities, sexual sexual of of rights rights the the including including rights, rights, sexual sexual of of protection protection the the and and movements; movements; lesbian lesbian an an gay gay and and women's women's the the in in important important is is body, body, one's one's to to happens happens what what control control to to right right the the including including rights, rights, sexual sexual individual individual on on emphasis emphasis ...... an an for for allow allow claims claims he he would would This This libertarianism. libertarianism. and and Freudianism Freudianism radical radical of of integration integration an an is is ideologies ideologies progressive progressive traditional traditional the the to to alternative alternative viable viable most most the the Carlson Carlson For For expressed. expressed. be be to to needed needed that that beings beings human human of of part part natural natural a a was was sexuality sexuality that that ideas, ideas, revolution revolution sexual sexual the the of of part part was was ideology ideology of of type type This This rights. rights. sexual sexual individual individual of of championing championing and and inhibitions, inhibitions, social social from from sexuality sexuality of of freeing freeing the the with with consistent consistent is is discourse discourse of of type type this this ideology, ideology, libertarian libertarian the the is is discusses discusses he he discourse discourse fourth fourth The The society. society. by by repressed repressed is is sexuality sexuality that that notion notion 106 106 films. films. and and video video music music like like things things in in to to responding responding are are adolescents adolescents what what to to attention attention more more pay pay should should educators educators that that suggests suggests she she and and experience experience lived lived students students of of part part are are others others and and issues issues These These it. it. describes describes Whatley Whatley as as culture culture popular popular or or landscape, landscape, cultural cultural immediate immediate the the within within prevalent prevalent appear appear that that conquest conquest of of use use and and women women of of manipulation manipulation and and control, control, and and power power of of issues issues ignored ignored they they size, size, penis penis and and dreams dreams wet wet erections, erections, inappropriate inappropriate of of issues issues to to sensitive sensitive seemed seemed educators educators While While concerns. concerns. their their of of representative representative non non was was education education men's men's young young of of construction construction the the Thus Thus films. films. adolescent adolescent and and education education sex sex of of out out left left were were men men concerned concerned that that issues issues the the of of many many that that noted noted She She gained. gained. have have students students that that sexuality sexuality about about knowledge knowledge the the of of fraction fraction a a only only provides provides education education sex sex formal formal that that is is observations observations personal personal Whatley's Whatley's of of One One controversy. controversy. and and conflict conflict avoid avoid to to way way best best the the in in class class the the direct direct will will many many that that communication, communication, encourage encourage to to way way best best the the in in sexuality sexuality teaching teaching of of instead instead that that finds finds She She controversy. controversy. up up stirring stirring and and notice notice avoid avoid to to made made be be must must effort effort that that and and sexuality sexuality about about teach teach to to danger danger a a is is there there that that feel feel to to seem seem Many Many education. education. sexuality sexuality sex/ sex/ delivering delivering for for training training in in teachers teachers from from encounters encounters she she that that fear fear the the discusses discusses she she it" it" is is sexuality sexuality "whose "whose question question important important the the asks asks Whatley Whatley Mariamne Mariamne Curriculum. Curriculum. the the and and Sexuality Sexuality book book the the within within discussed discussed are are strategies strategies alternative alternative and and recommendations recommendations interesting interesting Some Some encouraging. encouraging. are are curriculum curriculum sex sex the the for for recommendations recommendations resultant resultant and and discussions discussions theoretical theoretical contemporary contemporary the the of of many many ideal ideal from from far far is is classroom classroom the the within within education education sexuality sexuality of of expenence expenence actual actual the the While While psyche. psyche. human human the the within within instinct instinct animal animal inherent inherent some some of of notion notion traditionalists traditionalists the the undermining undermining further further time, time, over over sexuality sexuality about about 107 107 are are or or knowledgeable knowledgeable that that all all be be to to not not tend tend girls girls and and boys boys whereby whereby gender, gender, by by specialised specialised is is sexuality sexuality human human that that message message the the reinforce reinforce to to tend tend scripts scripts sexual sexual these these that that felt felt was was it it But But sexuality. sexuality. and and gender gender of of views views societal societal and and adult adult imitate imitate closely closely scripts scripts These' These' Coodman,1992,pp.89). Coodman,1992,pp.89). & & (Sapon-Shevin (Sapon-Shevin means'" means'" 'all 'all behaviours) behaviours) attitudes, attitudes, feelings, feelings, (sexual (sexual it it what what and and when, when, appropriate appropriate are are acti\·ities acti\·ities whiJt whiJt whom, whom, with with what what does does "who "who adolescents adolescents early early for for define define scripts scripts The;;c The;;c identities. identities. sexual sexual form form way way large large a a in in that that scripts' scripts' 'sexual 'sexual become become meanings meanings learned learned of of messoges messoges disturbingly disturbingly most most that that notion notion the the discuss discuss further further autlwrs autlwrs These These theories. theories. drive drive biological biological natural natural of of educotion educotion sexuality sexuality permeating permeating previously previously notions notions the the with with contrast contrast in in somewhat somewhat is is identity identity gender gender of of construction construction social social of of recognition recognition This This 1992,pp.89). 1992,pp.89). Goodman, Goodman, & & (Sapon-Shevin (Sapon-Shevin symbols. symbols. and and activities activities learned learned socially socially by by influenced influenced are are responsibility responsibility and and intimacy, intimacy, arousal, arousal, desire, desire, eroticism, eroticism, as as such such concepts concepts of of understandings understandings adolescents' adolescents' Early Early identities. identities. sexual sexual their their of of formation formation the the in in active active increasingly increasingly become become they they adolescence, adolescence, early early into into age age children children as as that that recognized recognized widely widely is is It It that that acknowledge acknowledge roles, roles, gender gender of of acquisition acquisition about about article article their their in in Goodman Goodman Jesse Jesse and and Sapon-Shevin Sapon-Shevin Mara Mara image. image. her her of of critique critique a a through through topic topic the the approaching approaching by by sexuality sexuality own own ones ones control control to to means means it it what what about about discussion discussion initiate initiate to to this this use use to to possible possible be be would would it it suggests suggests and and sexuality sexuality her her of of control control in in women women a a as as interviews interviews in in and and videos videos her her in in herself herself portrayed portrayed has has 'she 'she that that stating stating and and icon icon such such one one as as Madonna Madonna to to referring referring culture, culture, popular popular of of use use the the discusses discusses (1992) (1992) Whatley Whatley 108 108 creating creating by by that that showed showed example example The The it. it. understand understand to to therapy therapy the the utilise utilise to to decided decided solution solution a a as as and and therapy' therapy' 'social 'social of of model model the the about about questions questions raised raised they they evolved, evolved, that that issues issues the the and and curriculum curriculum sexuality sexuality the the discuss discuss to to meeting meeting a a to to called called were were who who parents, parents, the the with with starts starts This This presented. presented. is is reconstructed, reconstructed, be be can can such such as as and and constructed constructed socially socially dcn:lopment dcn:lopment IS IS human human that that premise premise the the on on based based activity activity organising organising interpretive, interpretive, non a a as as described described is is which which therapy' therapy' 'social 'social called called employ employ they they practice practice the the of of illustration illustration An An considerable. considerable. is is commitment commitment schools schools the the ambitious, ambitious, quite quite is is claim claim this this that that recognises recognises she she While While repressive. repressive. intl'llectually intl'llectually and and sexually sexually socially, socially, be be to to deemed deemed is is that that state, state, current current the the countering countering of of ways ways develop develop learn, learn, to to children children young young free free that that ways ways in in reorganised reorganised be' be' can can development development and and learning learning sexuality, sexuality, gender, gender, of of organisation organisation current current the the that that posits posits practice practice This This environment. environment. their their of of changers changers and and producers producers are are children children the the that that notions notions on on based based is is pedagogy pedagogy This This 1992,pp.l24). 1992,pp.l24). (LaCerva, (LaCerva, pedagogy." pedagogy." humanistic humanistic radically radically a a developing developing is is that that school school elementary elementary racial racial multi multi independent, independent, an an Harlem, Harlem, in in School School Taylor Taylor "Barbara "Barbara the the in in place place takes takes all all This This playground. playground. the the in in boy boy a a by by kissed kissed being being to to reaction reaction olds olds year year six six a a of of account account a a relays relays who who LaCerva LaCerva Christine Christine from from comes comes Identities Identities of of construction construction sexual sexual of of determinants determinants social social explore explore to to attempt attempt Another Another 1992,pp.l04). 1992,pp.l04). Goodman, Goodman, & & (Sapon-Shevin (Sapon-Shevin resources" resources" and and power power of of allocation allocation the the by by and and justice justice social social and and society, society, women, women, men, men, about about values values and and ideologies ideologies global global more more by by formed formed also also are are but but constraints constraints pragmatic pragmatic in in only only not not grounded grounded are are teach teach to to how how and and teach, teach, to to not not what what teach, teach, to to what what about about "decisions "decisions politics. politics. and and culture culture within within located located are are issues issues these these that that recognition recognition a a for for call call they they pointedly pointedly more more But But education. education. sex sex informal informal and and formal formal both both by by moulded moulded are are relations relations and and roles roles gender gender which which in in ways ways the the of of acknowledgment acknowledgment an an advocate advocate They They sexuality. sexuality. others others each each about about concerned concerned 109 109 adopt adopt they they class class own own their their Within Within others. others. with with interviews interviews and and experience experience own own their their tt'c~ching tt'c~ching around around discussion discussion this this based based They They students. students. education education general general to to taught taught is is it it how how and and identity identity sexual sexual of of topic topic the the discuss discuss authors authors These These l'i7). l'i7). 1992pp 1992pp Marty, Marty, (Fonow (Fonow & & beha\·iour" beha\·iour" and and expression expression tJ tJ '~ '~ sexual sexual recYulatine> recYulatine> in in state state the the of of role role "the "the finallv finallv And And expression. expression. and and desire desire identity, identity, sexuill sexuill constructing constructing in in art art language, language, medicine, medicine, literature, literature, religion, religion, media media as as such such institutions institutions Social Social and and Culture Culture of of influence influence The The meaning. meaning. and and experience experience sexual sexual shaping shaping in in variability variability cultural cultural and and social social of of influence influence The The orientation. orientation. sexual sexual of of variability variability the the sexuality. sexuality. on on discussion discussion most most specifically specifically and and society society throughout throughout runs runs that that Heterosexism Heterosexism of of notion notion The The oppression. oppression. of of source source a a and and liberation liberation of of source source il il both both as as exist exist can can this this how how and and sex, sex, of of nature nature political political the the are are they they authors, authors, these these by by outlined outlined are are sexuality sexuality of of construction construction the the and and sex sex of of understanding understanding 011r 011r to to made made have have analysis analysis feminist feminist that that contributions contributions The The 157). 157). 1992,pp. 1992,pp. Marty, Marty, & & experiences."(Fonow experiences."(Fonow and and lives lives women's women's of of understanding understanding our our to to Sexuality Sexuality of of significance significance the the acknowledged acknowledged long long have have scholars scholars and and activists activists "feminist "feminist Marty Marty Debian Debian and and Fonow Fonow Mary Mary to to According According education. education. sex sex of of discussion discussion the the to to perspective perspective this this of of contribution contribution particular particular the the address address to to intend intend I I but but section, section, following following the the in in discussed discussed be be also also will will this this perspective's, perspective's, Feminist Feminist of of that that is is Field Field Education Education Sex Sex the the within within importance importance of of discourse discourse further further A A 1992). 1992). classes.(LaCerva, classes.(LaCerva, education education sex sex practice practice and and theory theory sexuality sexuality both both of of issue issue the the for for tool tool and and discourse discourse valuable valuable a a me me to to seemed seemed that that education education sex sex critical critical a a created created society, society, of of agenda agenda heterosexual heterosexual and and sexist sexist of of challenging challenging and and assumptions assumptions of of questioning questioning This This Gay). Gay). was was teachers teachers their their of of one one whether whether about about raised raised had had students students the the issue issue an an around around centred centred also also discussion discussion (This (This discussion. discussion. explorative explorative and and open open more more much much enabled enabled that that built built was was trust trust and and cohesion cohesion group group that that dialogue dialogue non-interpretive non-interpretive facilitating facilitating and and 110 110 possibility. possibility. the the optimise optimise to to tried tried have have codes codes cultural cultural and and religious religious that that believe believe authors authors two two these these reproduction reproduction to to lead lead always always not not does does activity activity sexual sexual While While education. education. sexuality sexuality of of focuses focuses main main the the of of one one been been also also has has two two the the between between link link inherent inherent the the about about theme theme This This reproduction. reproduction. and and sex sex of of notion notion the the is is address address they they aspects aspects important important the the of of one one education, education, and and sexuality sexuality sex1sm sex1sm between between link link the the discuss discuss Campbell Campbell Patrica Patrica and and Creenberg Creenberg Selma Selma important. important. extremely extremely is is sexuality sexuality women's women's about about teach teach future future the the in in to to intend intend and and have, have, we we what what of of impact impact the the values, values, societal societal of of reproduction reproduction as as well well as as liberation liberation for for site site a a as as sc·en sc·en be be can can schooling schooling because because teaching, teaching, that that from from result result may may that that inequities inequities social social address address to to effort effort concerted concerted a a be be must must there there students students to to sexuality sexuality teach teach to to endeavour endeavour we we When When society. society. within within oppression oppression women's women's of of issues issues address address to to propose propose who who those those all all for for interest interest of of is is sexually sexually women women of of representations representations Thus Thus lives. lives. women's women's and and sexrsm, sexrsm, understanding understanding in in significant significant is is sexuality sexuality women's women's of of understandings understandings that that discussed, discussed, Marty Marty and and Fonow Fonow that that fact fact the the is is this this with with Coupled Coupled ignored. ignored. largely largely been been women women for for has, has, discussed discussed previously previously as as Sexuality Sexuality Sexuality Sexuality and and Women Women people. people. define define that that differences differences other other and and sexuality sexuality own own students students about about self-reflection self-reflection more more encourages encourages it it that that belief belief the the to to due due is is this this topic, topic, this this teach teach to to approaches approaches constructionist constructionist 111 111 responsible responsible were were women women fact fact in in that that discourse discourse a a within within encapsulated encapsulated was was notion notion This This drive. drive. sex sex no no or or little little had had women women and and drive drive sex sex uncontrollable uncontrollable almost almost an an had had males males how how of of framework framework a a within within done done was was this this of of Much Much 1992). 1992). Campbell, Campbell, & & (Creenberg (Creenberg aggressor. aggressor. and and initiator initiator sexual sexual the the as as framed framed always always males males with with object object sexual sexual the the was was still still she she Thus Thus male. male. statused statused socially socially more more a a by by partner partner sexual sexual suitable suitable a a as as chosen chosen and and evaluated evaluated being being her her on on depended depended this this relationship, relationship, 'proper' 'proper' a a for for her her prepare prepare to to was was upbringing upbringing girls girls a a that that notion notion the the became became then then shift shift The The sexually. sexually. themselves themselves express express to to free free became became women women that that necessitate necessitate not not does does this this avoided, avoided, be be now now can can reproduction reproduction of of aspects aspects certain certain while while But But seeds. seeds. planted planted men men which which in in field field like like were were bodies bodies women's women's that that fact fact the the discussed discussed he he when when found, found, been been has has concept concept this this Aristotle Aristotle as as back back far far As As society. society. within within value value of of source source main main the the became became reproduce reproduce to to ability ability the the and and property property male male as as conceptualised conceptualised were were women women Historically Historically right. right. own own her her in in being being sexual sexual a a as as women women denying denying thus thus reproduction, reproduction, to to sexuality sexuality women's women's reducing reducing of of way way a a as as seen seen was was attempt attempt this this groups groups social social and and religious religious different different among among reasons reasons varying varying For For 1992,pp,20). 1992,pp,20). Campbell, Campbell, & & (Greenberg (Greenberg right". right". not not "just "just somehow somehow or or ''immoral", ''immoral", illegal, illegal, be be to to continues continues and and been been has has reproduction reproduction to to leading leading of of chance chance no no has has that that activity activity Sexual Sexual "unnatural". "unnatural". considered considered times times different different at at degrees degrees varying varying in in been been have have menstruation menstruation during during sex sex even even and and partners, partners, sex sex same between between sex sex any any masturbation, masturbation, sex, sex, Nongenital Nongenital 112 112 women women thus thus demand, demand, rnarket rnarket a a of of indicative indicative is is produced produced being being is is material material the the that that fact fact mere mere the the Secondly Secondly encounters. encounters. sexual sexual enjoying enjoying and and in in acti\·e acti\·e b b b' b' ,..., ,..., b b r- bein'r bein'r wantincr wantincr women women reo-ardinu reo-ardinu discussed discussed have have I I that that r·enresentations r·enresentations general general the the is is first first The The ways. ways. two two in in positive positive as as considered considered be be therefore therefore can can material material video video these these within within represented represented is is it it as as pornography pornography Lesbian Lesbian 1992). 1992). (Rury, (Rury, sexuality. sexuality. female female of of true true not not was was same same The The expression. expression. natural natural requiring requiring force, force, positin' positin' a a considered considered generally generally was was sexua.Iity sexua.Iity male male that that sexuality, sexuality, of of dangers dangers the the highlighting highlighting framed framed been been generally generally had had sexuality sexuality male male on on discussions discussions while while that that notes notes Rury Rury John John apparent. apparent. been been historically historically not not has has which which sexuality, sexuality, "positive' "positive' a a represents represents lt lt considered. considered. been been has has past past the the in in response response sexual sexual and and sexuality sexuality women's women's which which in in way way the the to to regards regards in in issues issues important important raises raises it it that that think think I I materia!? materia!? pornographic pornographic and and erotic erotic lesbian lesbian of of implication implication possible possible a a be be could could What What Pornography Pornography Lesbian Lesbian of of Implications Implications activity. activity. sexual sexual of of pleasures pleasures the the or or genitalia genitalia external external her her with with do do to to anything anything than than factors factors these these about about knowledge knowledge more more have have to to tend tend women women Young Young system. system. reproductive reproductive own own their their of of functions functions the the and and diseases, diseases, transmitted transmitted sexually sexually of of stigma stigma social social the the pregnancy, pregnancy, of of possibilities possibilities the the sex, sex, of of dangers dangers the the about about taught taught are are Women Women education. education. sexuality sexuality and and society society within within prevalent prevalent are are sexuality sexuality women's women's about about roles roles conflicting conflicting These These on. on. men men lead lead or or tease tease to to not not told told also also were were they they approachable, approachable, and and coy coy act act to to encourage encourage were were girls girls time time same same the the at at While While restraint. restraint. sexual sexual male male for for 113 113 analysis. analysis. gender gender and and gender gender to to represents represents it it challenge challenge the the to to respect respect in in useful useful is is This This identities. identities. complex complex visible visible of of site site a a creating creating sterotypes, sterotypes, gender gender subvert subvert and and interact interact who who women women determined determined self self of of are are images images the the Yet Yet men. men. to to relation relation in in not not but but nature nature seXltal seXltal a a of of be be to to deemed deemed behi1\·iour behi1\·iour in in engaging engaging women women sexual sexual the the have have we we Here Here general. general. in in gender gender of of analvsis analvsis an an as as used used be be also also can can pornography pornography l.e;;bian l.e;;bian sexuality. sexuality. women's women's within within explorations explorations for for space space developing developing and and women, women, of of responses responses sexual sexual approbate approbate about about assumptions assumptions and and analvsing analvsing of of way way a a as as pornography pornography lesbian lesbian use use to to useful useful be be can can it it think think I I progression progression small small is is a a It It 1992). 1992). Marty, Marty, (Fonow (Fonow & & concerns concerns minority minority and and hett'rosexism hett'rosexism of of analysis analysis the the illustrate illustrate to to stories stories biographical biographical utilise utilise and and panel panel a a on on sit sit to to women women lesbian lesbian of of group group a a used used Marty Marty Debian Debian and and Fonow Fonow Mary Mary previously. previously. discussed discussed as as already already situations situations educational educational within within utilised utilised been been already already has has perspective's perspective's lesbian lesbian of of use use The The contexts. contexts. education education sexuality sexuality within within used used be be also also can can it it feminism feminism for for analysis analysis interesting interesting an an as as well well as as that that hoping hoping am am I I sex. sex. of of experience experience and and bodies bodies women's women's of of perspective perspective the the through through women women for for exciting exciting be be actually actually may may what what discuss discuss and and view view to to us us allows allows It It sexuality. sexuality. male male to to relation relation in in defined defined and and from from separate separate is is that that sexuality sexuality women's women's discuss discuss and and analysis analysis to to site site a a provides provides also also pornography pornography Lesbian Lesbian \"/Omen. \"/Omen. for for psychologically psychologically and and sexually sexually both both experience experience liberating liberating a a as as pornography pornography of of viewing viewing the the advocate advocate who who Sprinkle, Sprinkle, Annie Annie Paglia, Paglia, Camille Camille Califia, Califia, Pat Pat Butler, Butler, Judith Judith Bright, Bright, Susie Susie Tisdale, Tisdale, Sally Sally as as such such writers, writers, pro-porn pro-porn of of numbers numbers growing growing the the in in apparent apparent also also is is This This behaviours. behaviours. sexual sexual own own their their of of control control in in women women responsive responsive active, active, see see to to want want men men even even perhaps perhaps and and 114 114 of of be be can can writers writers feminist feminist lesbian lesbian especially especially and and feminists feminists by by raised raised critiques critiques and and discussions discussions contemporary contemporary the the where where also also is is This This conceptualisation's. conceptualisation's. academic academic especially especially field, field, that that within within developments developments understand understand to to and and sexuality, sexuality, and and sex sex of of nature nature the the into into inquiry inquiry pursue pursue to to need need educators educators that that feels feels who who 1985) 1985) (Diorio, (Diorio, bv bv raised raised criticisms criticisms with with consistent consistent is is This This gender. gender. and and sex sex sexuality, sexuality, about about discussions discussions alternati\·e alternati\·e of of aware aware be be to to need need educators educators sex sex addition addition In In this. this. of of example example tangible tangible a a provide provide videos videos these these and and women women for for experience experience sexual sexual of of pleasures pleasures the the of of acknowledgment acknowledgment a a be be to to needs needs Their Their below. below. claim claim additional additional Diorio's Diorio's to to respect respect m m important important also also is is field field a a within within adaptability adaptability This This field. field. a a within within exist exist can can perspective's perspective's of of variety variety a a that that ensures ensures it it and and material, material, of of presentation presentation their their in in neutral neutral be be can can teacher teacher no no as as view, view, particular particular their their present present to to able able be be to to teachers teachers for for allows allows response response of of type type This This available. available. material material class class and and resource resource the the within within reflected reflected be be should should field field that that in in opmwn opmwn of of conflicts conflicts any any Therefore Therefore field".(pp.30) field".(pp.30) that that within within understanding understanding of of state state current current the the reflect reflect should should presenters, presenters, all all of of totality totality the the across across viewed viewed when when students, students, to to field field any any of of presentation presentation the the " " that that argument argument the the adopts adopts 1989) 1989) (Diorio, (Diorio, opinions. opinions. individual individual or or views, views, singular singular by by defined defined or or undermined undermined be be not not need need area area non-neutral non-neutral a a of of fields fields educational educational that that notion notion the the on on rely rely should should we we feel feel I I viewed, viewed, be be should should behaviour behaviour sexual sexual and and gender gender sexuality, sexuality, how how about about assumptions assumptions certain certain comprises comprises recommendation recommendation my my since since especially especially possible, possible, not not is is this this so. so. If If do do to to encouraged encouraged be be should should they they feel feel I I material, material, of of type type this this view view to to reluctant reluctant be be may may educators educators sex sex some some that that aware aware am am While While I I dangerous. dangerous. being being women women for for sex sex of of framing framing pervious pervious the the challenge challenge can can they they that that aware aware be be and and this this as as such such material material similar similar view view should should educators educators Sex Sex found. found. be be to to women women for for sexuality sexuality positive positive of of images images are are there there found, found, I I material material video video the the of of analysis analysis the the in in outlined outlined have have As As I I themselves. themselves. educators educators sex sex the the by by instance instance first first the the in in education, education, sexuality sexuality and and sex sex of of curriculum curriculum a a within within used used be be can can pornography pornography Lesbian Lesbian 115 115 facets facets these these All All also. also. situation situation a a such such into into therapy therapy social social of of ideas ideas LaCerva LaCerva Christine Christine incorporate incorporate to to also also possible possible is is 1992). 1992). It It (Whatley, (Whatley, sexuality. sexuality. own own ones ones on on impacts impacts this this how how examine examine to to and and society, society, within within sexuality sexuality of of images images critique critique and and discuss discuss to to icons icons CLtlture CLtlture pop pop use use can can educators educators how how discusses discusses who who Whatley, Whatley, Mariamne Mariamne as as Such Such issues. issues. these these discuss discuss to to opportunity opportunity provide provide and and experience, experience, lived lived adolescence's adolescence's the the understand understand to to able able better better are are they they material material this this to to themselves themselves attend attend educators educators sex sex if if However, However, men. men. and and women women young young to to damaging damaging possibly possibly and and mislee1ding mislee1ding are are images images these these of of Many Many behaviours. behaviours. sexual sexual of of notions notions and and desirable desirable sexuallv sexuallv is is what what desirable, desirable, sexually sexually be be to to means means it it what what activity, activity, sexual sexual appropriate appropriate about about conceptions conceptions stereotypical stereotypical reinforce reinforce and and exploit exploit to to tends tends advertising advertising certainly certainly that that fact fact the the to to respect respect in in problem problem A A educators. educators. sex sex for for opportunity opportunity an an and and problem problem a a both both be be can can This This existence. existence. day-to-day day-to-day in in abundant abundant is is imagery imagery sexual sexual exploits exploits and and uses uses discusses, discusses, that that material material reading reading and and television television advertising, advertising, of of amount amount the the occur occur not not did did this this if if Even Even video. video. or or image image explicit explicit sexually sexually a a seen seen never never have have olds olds year year thirteen thirteen many many that that think think to to naive naive be be would would [t [t life. life. everyday everyday their their in in material material explicit explicit and and suggestive suggestive sexually sexually amount amount large large a a encounter encounter people people young young that that acknowledge acknowledge to to need need also also educators educators Sex Sex issues. issues. sexuality sexuality and and sex, sex, of of complexity complexity and and multiplicity multiplicity the the in in engage engage to to start start can can they they then then material, material, explicit explicit sexually sexually watching watching while while viewings viewings alternative alternative these these employed employed and and background background theoretical theoretical this this with with themselves themselves familiarised familiarised educators educators sex sex If If expression. expression. sexual sexual on on has has turn turn in in this this impact impact the the and and society, society, within within men men and and women women of of role role the the about about ideas ideas changing changing the the with with consistent consistent more more is is itself itself in in This This factors. factors. these these construct construct and and create create that that forces forces societal societal the the acknowledging acknowledging by by behaviours, behaviours, sexual sexual and and sex sex biological biological gender, gender, of of explanations explanations historical historical the the of of many many critique critique commentators commentators These These value. value. 116 116 to to linked linked be be to to seem seem with with associated associated been been traditionally traditionally have have women women that that roles roles these these While While society. society. for for support support a a as as served served have have we we as as men men for for convenient convenient been been have have roles roles Theo;e Theo;e nurturing. nurturing. and and caring, caring, and and compassion compassion of of roles roles into into men men by by invested invested become become have have women women that that state state to to on on goes goes She She 1983.pp.15). 1983.pp.15). eyes(Kitzinger, eyes(Kitzinger, male male through through only only world world the the see see to to permitted permitted are are we we and and us us on on imposed imposed are are sexuality sexuality to to attitudes attitudes male male which which in in way way the the at at look look to to need need we we lives lives and and bodies bodies our our over over control control 1-';ain 1-';ain to to begin begin to to are are we we If If states states Kitzinger Kitzinger Shelia Shelia As As women. women. about about beliefs beliefs stereotypical stereotypical of of frame frame the the within within or or men's men's to to relation relation in in either either placed placed been been has has sexuality sexuality women's women's surrounding surrounding discussion discussion the the of of Much Much identity. identity. sexual sexual a a establish establish to to difficult difficult it it found found have have general general m m Women Women women. women. sexualised sexualised the the recreate recreate help help to to be be could could women, women, of of images images sexual sexual and and pornography pornography lesbian lesbian of of use use important important Another Another Desire Desire of of Discourse Discourse Missing Missing Fine Fine people. people. young young our our educate educate to to way way best best the the surely surely is is This This consideration. consideration. utilised utilised carefully carefully on on based based are are that that choices choices make make to to able able be be thus thus and and lives, lives, their their throughout throughout and and within within encounter encounter they they that that images images those those assess assess and and criticise criticise to to students students enable enable will will 117 117 her her talk talk to to present present man man no no is is There There expression. expression. sexual sexual needs needs and and encounter encounter sexual sexual a a wants wants who who women women a a represent represent They They initiators. initiators. and and instigators instigators sexual sexual actively actively are are women women happening, happening, are are things things two two pornography pornography Lesbi.n; Lesbi.n; With With sexually. sexually. freely freely herself herself express express to to able able truly truly not not therefore therefore and and maintainer maintainer moral moral the the or or police, police, sexual sexual the the object, object, sexual sexual the the as as posited posited were were women women discourse discourse previous previous Within Within aspects. aspects. these these explore explore can can we we where where degree degree a a to to emerge emerge to to space space women-only women-only a a allows allows pornography pornography Lesbian Lesbian 1992,pp.176). 1992,pp.176). Macpherson, Macpherson, (Fine (Fine & & integrity. integrity. and and intelligence, intelligence, independence, independence, (unfeminine) (unfeminine) their their for for respect respect of of out out gender gender (female) (female) their their overlook overlook who who guys guys among among be be to to adolescence adolescence of of place place safe safe the the fantasized fantasized They They ...... females females on on constraints constraints the the and and males males of of adventures adventures the the about about was was adolescence adolescence females females some some for for uncovered uncovered Macpherson Macpherson and and Fine Fine that that meant meant fact fact This This figures. figures. masculine masculine are are adolescent adolescent the the of of that that especially especially and and images images our our of of many many that that point point the the makes makes Fine Fine definitions. definitions. masculinist masculinist from from free free was was that that expression expression sexual sexual with with experiment experiment to to space space a a had had not not have have Women Women have. have. this this does does impact impact what what and and desire desire we we do do how how desire, desire, we we do do Who Who women. women. for for desire desire is is what what is, is, education, education, sex sex within within address address to to and and lives lives women's women's general general in in now now do do to to need need we we What What women. women. of of defining defining exclusively exclusively not not and and positive positive considered considered be be should should that that beings beings human human of of aspects aspects important important are are They They traits. traits. negative negative not not are are nurture, nurture, to to capacity capacity the the sympathy, sympathy, tenderness, tenderness, that that acknowledge acknowledge we we that that Kitzinger Kitzinger for for important important is is it it subordination, subordination, women's women's 118 118 ignored ignored they they that that way way the the for for education education sex sex criticised criticised Fine Fine experience. experience. sexual sexual females females adolescent adolescent of of nature nature the the at at looks looks even even that that conducted conducted been been has has research research little little v·ery v·ery that that states states she she Fine, Fine, Michelle Michelle by by discussed discussed was was experience experience sexual sexual women's women's about about discourse discourse to to access access and and language language of of lack lack This This also. also. medium medium this this used used have have who who men men homosexual homosexual of of true true also also is is this this sexualitv, sexualitv, in in variety variety expresses expresses that that language language and and literature literature images, images, sexual sexual of of creation creation the the mean mean I I here here not, not, have have women women that that realm realm sexual sexual a a explored explored and and produced produced have have men men Thirdly Thirdly men's. men's. to to relation relation in in constructed constructed alwavs alwavs was was behaviour behaviour sexual sexual their their that that so so this this to to opposition opposition in in defined defined were were women women Thus Thus manner. manner. essential essential and and natural natural active, active, positive, positive, a a in in framed framed sexuality sexuality had had always always have have general general in in Men Men also. also. prescribed prescribed is is expression expression for for ability ability whose whose women, women, to to relations relations their their with with intersects intersects this this thus thus and and control control political political as as well well as as economic economic to to extends extends control control male male of of position position This This men. men. by by prescribed prescribed and and controlled controlled is is expression expression sexual sexual therefore therefore group group dominant dominant the the as as status status their their to to due due problem problem this this encountered encountered not not have have Men Men sexuality. sexuality. of of conceptions conceptions male male to to related related been been also also have have performance performance and and arousal arousal response, response, sexual sexual their their men, men, to to relation relation in in sexual sexual been been only only generally generally have have women women Because Because judgements. judgements. stereotypical stereotypical invoking invoking without without desire desire sexual sexual express express can can women women where where site site a a been been really really never never has has There There expression. expression. and and desires desires sexual sexual strong strong denied denied have have females females many many evil, evil, or or weak weak and and immoral immoral be be to to patriarchy patriarchy and and men men by by framed framed was was female female active active an an because because Previously Previously behaviour. behaviour. sexual sexual of of initiation initiation female female active active or or lust, lust, desire, desire, of of discourses discourses a a considered considered be be may may what what and and women women for for purely purely arousing arousing is is what what analyse analyse to to space space a a provides provides This This activity. activity. copulative copulative be be cannot cannot scene scene the the of of goal goal the the course course of of and and actions, actions, of of series series set set a a follow follow to to tend tend not not do do involved involved women women The The expression. expression. sexual sexual her her confine confine and and direct direct to to nor nor desires, desires, he he really really what what into into 119 119 subjectivites. subjectivites. sexual sexual reestablish reestablish to to need need we we that that advocates advocates Fine Fine , , desires desires and and pleasures pleasures bodily bodily their their of of ownership ownership females females young young especially especially and and •.vomen •.vomen allow allow will will thilt thilt desire, desire, of of discourse discourse the the create create to to Therefore Therefore 1990). 1990). (Andrews, (Andrews, settings. settings. school school most most with with consistent consistent is is agenda agenda of of type type This This behaviours. behaviours. sexual sexual of of goal goal main main the the being being copulation copulation heterosexual heterosexual of of threat threat the the with with relations relations heterosexual heterosexual to to pertained pertained they they as as factors factors all all discussed discussed instructors instructors and and program program the the was was that that notions, notions, heterosexist heterosexist on on based based was was education education sex sex about about instruction instruction most most that that was was makes makes Fine Fine that that point point Another Another language. language. homophobic homophobic with with !led !led fi fi was was others others many many like like that that school school high high the the within within existed existed group group This This adolescents. adolescents. for for exists exists it it as as sex sex and and sexuality sexuality explore explore to to place place safe safe only only the the was was students students by by up up set set group group lesbian lesbian and and gay gay the the that that was was identified identified Fine Fine that that situation situation ironic ironic more more The The . . 1988,pp.33) 1988,pp.33) (Fine, (Fine, limits" limits" and and needs needs experiences, experiences, m m grounded grounded undesirable, undesirable, and and desirable desirable bad, bad, and and good good feel feel what what explore explore to to "adolescents "adolescents inviting inviting of of consist consist would would believes believes she she This This developed. developed. be be to to needs needs desire desire of of discourse discourse genuine genuine a a Fine Fine For For 1988). 1988). (Fine, (Fine, financial. financial. and and reproductive reproductive moral, moral, physical, physical, emotional, emotional, as as such such consequences consequences the the of of reminders reminders with with so so done done it it was was noted noted fine fine discussed, discussed, was was desire desire When When addressed. addressed. barely barely women women adolescent adolescent young young for for pleasure pleasure and and desire desire of of naming naming the the with with programs, programs, education education sex sex official official in in all all at at present present hardly hardly was was about about talks talks Fine Fine that that desire' desire' of of 'discourse 'discourse the the However However previously. previously. mentioned mentioned have have I I factors factors these these victimisation, victimisation, and and pregnancy pregnancy dangers, dangers, about about discussions discussions in in couched couched were were programs programs sexuality sexuality and and sex sex based based school school Most Most encounters. encounters. sexual sexual within within agency agency female female 120 120 (STD's). (STD's). diseases diseases transmitted transmitted sexually sexually of of transmission transmission and and rape, rape, date date assault, assault, sexual sexual pregnancy, pregnancy, unwanted unwanted as as such such address address to to want want to to seem seem educators educators sex sex previous previous that that isc;ues isc;ues the the address address thus thus and and inadn~rtently inadn~rtently assertive assertive sexually sexually more more becoming becoming women women to to lead lead may may This This arousal. arousal. sexual sexual acknowledging acknowledging and and owning owning of of importance importance the the and and responses responses sexual sexual into into discussions discussions open open of, of, consist consist actually actually mew mew sex sex and and sexuality sexuality what what discuss discuss to to need need We We women. women. young young our our for for information information adequate adequate not not is is reproduction reproduction about about teaching teaching that that demand demand and and discuss discuss feminists feminists as as well well as as educators educators That That that. that. just just be be should should education education sexuality sexuality that that advocate advocate I I Finally Finally Education Education Reproduction Reproduction not not Sexuality Sexuality Desire'. Desire'. of of 'Discourse 'Discourse missing missing the the find find out, out, points points Fine Fine as as and and women women for for sexual sexual is is what what explore explore to to begin begin can can women women that that here here be be may may It It experimentation. experimentation. and and exploration exploration sexual sexual of of tool tool a a as as used used be be certainly certainly can can it it own, own, their their of of sexuality sexuality a a with with women women provide provide can can that that template template or or site site the the necessarily necessarily are are images images or or erotica erotica lesbian lesbian that that think think don't don't l l While While 1988,pp.36). 1988,pp.36). themselves.(Fine, themselves.(Fine, adolescents adolescents the the by by revealed revealed sexuality sexuality and and gender gender of of experiences experiences and and meanings meanings the the with with work work and and to to listen listen we we which which in in context context empowering empowering an an as as schooling schooling reconstruct reconstruct to to need need educators educators completely, completely, more more women women young young of of subjectivities subjectivities sexual sexual the the understand understand to to order order In In 121 121 the the of of part part be be can can it it how how be be and and may may desire desire this this what what understand understand to to need need We We 1990). 1990). (C1meron, (C1meron, representations. representations. through through partly partly least least at at constructed constructed is is desire desire because because matters matters pornography pornography that that idea idea the the of of favour favour in in reality reality from from separate separate utterlv utterlv are are fantasy fantasy and and fiction fiction that that position position liberal liberal the the reject reject to to seems seems Williams Williams pleasure, pleasure, own own their their seeking seeking for for punished punished not not least least at at are are women women which which in in genre genre a a as as pornography pornography defining defining In In desire. desire. sexual sexual active active an an define define to to trying trying women women to to positive positive something something offers offers pornography pornography that that believe believe who who feminists feminists those those among among is is who who Williams Williams Linda Linda with with agree agree I I exploration. exploration. that that for for avenue avenue possible possible a a destroy destroy will will and and difficult difficult more more even even sexuality sexuality women's women's considered considered be be can can what what of of discovering discovering this this make make only only will will images images pornographic pornographic censor censor or or ban ban To To sexuality. sexuality. of of expressions expressions differing differing experiencing experiencing and and talking talking exploration, exploration, of of amount amount considerable considerable a a means means this this women women for for and and want, want, they they that that way way the the in in sexuality sexuality their their experience experience to to entitled entitled are are People People positive. positive. be be can can and and valid valid is is variety variety this this that that recognition recognition the the be be to to needs needs there there and and practice, practice, sexual sexual in in variety variety acknowledge acknowledge needsto needsto education education sexualtiy sexualtiy of of area area the the especially especially and and general general in in Women Women Implications Implications Relevant?- Pornography Pornography is is How How law. law. moral moral the the uphold uphold to to having having and and desire desire by by conflicted conflicted is is she she if if sex", sex", "safe "safe practice practice women women young young a a can can how how all all After After situations. situations. sexual sexual with with cope cope to to strategies strategies nor nor desires, desires, their their state state to to confidence confidence and and strength strength with with women women young young provide, provide, not not does does it it pregnancy, pregnancy, a a stop stop to to how how or or occur occur may may what what student student the the tell tell only only education education Reproduction Reproduction 122 122 fact fact in in and and superior, superior, nutritionally nutritionally is is that that food food eat eat always always not not do do we we hungry, hungry, are are we we when when eat eat always always not not do do we we that that find find we we food, food, urge, urge, compared compared often often another another of of example example an an As As rates. rates. mortality mortality infant infant decreased decreased and and lifespan lifespan increased increased o\·erpopulation, o\·erpopulation, to to relation relation in in response response biological biological a a as as argued argued be be could could possibly possibly quite quite and and thing, thing, bad bad a a necessarily necessarily is is not not emphasise emphasise must must l l This, This, purpose. purpose. biological biological original original the the distort distort and and influence influence can can context context social social and and emotions emotions and and intellect intellect our our behaviour behaviour human human much much like like But But reproduce. reproduce. to to ability ability our our increase increase that that acts acts in in engage engage to to want want to to predisposed predisposed biologically biologically be be to to us us leads leads that that activity activity sexual sexual to to component component essentialist essentialist underlying underlying an an be be may may there there that that theorists theorists certain certain with with agree agree also also I I general. general. in in patriarchy patriarchy via via constructed constructed and and wants wants and and desires desires male male by by controlled controlled and and prescribed prescribed been been has has expression expression sexual sexual women's women's recently recently quite quite until until that that express express theorists theorists other other various various and and MacKinnon MacKinnon that that point point general general the the with with agree agree I I is. is. sexually sexually their their what what explore explore to to starting starting now now only only are are women women that that believe believe I I Hold? Hold? Future Future the the Does Does What What desire. desire. this this of of interpretation interpretation the the and and body body the the from from generating generating desires desires the the body, body, the the between between made made connection connection a a be be to to has has there there sexuality sexuality own own their their experience experience to to women women For For model. model. disease disease and and medical medical a a around around discussion discussion most most framed framed that that education education sexuality sexuality of of discussion discussion the the in in apparent apparent was was this this 'body', 'body', their their and and bodies bodies their their from from distanced distanced been been have have women women Traditionally Traditionally lives. lives. women's women's of of expenence expenence everyday everyday 123 123 thesis. thesis. this this of of body body the the in in with with tools tools these these of of manv manv addressed addressed have have 1 1 Identity. Identity. sexualised sexualised a a built built too too they they as as appropriated appropriated have have lesbians lesbians that that insights insights clnd clnd tools tools the the using using through through is is this this do do to to wav wav pertinent pertinent very very One One ourselves. ourselves. viewing viewing of of way way new new a a build build to to begin begin to to secondlv secondlv and and by by bound bound ourselves ourselves find find we we sexuality sexuality and and women women of of definitions definitions confining confining the the firstly firstly unravel unravel us us help help will will that that perspective's perspective's alternative alternative offer offer all all These These theories. theories. educational educational and and theories, theories, philosophical philosophical theory, theory, film film postmodernism, postmodernism, science, science, feminism, feminism, to to look look can can we we exploration, exploration, this this for for us us to to available available now now tools tools many many are are There There individuals. individuals. and and society society to to both both beneficial, beneficial, and and liberating liberating exciting, exciting, empowering, empowering, be be will will that that believe believe I I journey journey a a is is it it But But backtracking. backtracking. and and complexity complexity confusion, confusion, with with fraught fraught be be to to likely likely is is it it process, process, quick quick or or easy easy an an be be not not will will this this that that remember remember to to need need also also We We female. female. sex sex the the being being and and gender, gender, the the to to relates relates this this how how and and woman woman a a be be to to means means it it what what question question also also can can we we this this doing doing while while constraints, constraints, stereotypical stereotypical and and inhibitions inhibitions without without so so do do to to free free feel feel to to need need they they this this do do to to and and sexuality sexuality their their explore explore to to need need now now Women Women beings. beings. human human as as experience experience life life our our of of part part integral integral an an less less the the never never but but capture, capture, and and define define to to difficult difficult and and complex complex is is argue argue would would also also I I sexuality sexuality Thus Thus challenge. challenge. or or punishment punishment as as ourselves ourselves to to food food deny deny or or desired, desired, else else something something for for substitute substitute a a as as eat eat also also can can we we 124 124 1988) 1988) (Fine, (Fine, start. start. should should we we where where is is think think I I This This desire. desire. of of discourse discourse missing missing the the locating locating to to said said Fine Fine Michelle Michelle as as look look and and responses responses biological biological on on based based definitions definitions prevwus prevwus the the past past look look to to need need Women Women 125 125 Company. Company. Publishing Publishing MacMillian MacMillian London: London: York York New New & & Edition. Edition. Second Second Practice. Practice. and and J. J. Theon• Theon• !education: !education: Sexualitv Sexualitv (1988). (1988). S. S. Greenberg, Greenberg, C. C. E., E., Bruess, Bruess, & & Littlejohn. Littlejohn. and and Rowman Rowman Lanham, Lanham, : : Masculinitv, Masculinitv, Rethinkinu Rethinkinu (Eds.), (Eds.), Strikwerda Strikwerda K. K. May May & & In In L. L. Sexuality. Sexuality. Male Male of of Alienaticlll Alienaticlll the the and and Pornography Pornography (1992). (1992). H. H. Brod, Brod, Meridian. Meridian. York: York: New New . . ., ., Pornograplw Pornograplw Confront Confront Men Men (Ed.), (Ed.), Kimmel Kimmel S. S. M. M. In In Sexuality. Sexuality. Male Male and and Pornography Pornography Thanatized: Thanatized: Eros Eros ). ). (1991 (1991 H. H. llrod, llrod, Inc. Inc. Press Press C:leiss C:leiss Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania: Reader. Reader. World World Sex Sex Virtual Virtual A A Realitv: Realitv: Sexual Sexual Bright's Bright's Susie Susie (1992). (1992). S. S. Bright, Bright, Press. Press. There There Down Down California: California: Francisco, Francisco, San San Fiction. Fiction. Erotic Erotic Women's Women's of of Collection Collection : A A : Herotica Herotica (1988). (1988). (Ed.). (Ed.). S. S. Bright, Bright, 137-150. 137-150. 3, 3, Theorv Theorv Interpretation Interpretation Literature Literature Imaginary. Imaginary. Masculine Masculine the the and and Pornography Pornography of of Question Question The The Romanesques: Romanesques: Robbe-Grillet's Robbe-Grillet's ). ). (1991 (1991 A. A. Bjornerud, Bjornerud, 69-93. 69-93. 15(1), 15(1), .. .. Culture Culture and and Media Media in in Studies Studies Theoretical Theoretical of of Journal Journal Discourse: Discourse: Community. Community. a a of of Re-making Re-making The The Pornography. Pornography. Lesbian Lesbian (1992). (1992). T. T. Besinger, Besinger, 351-355. 351-355. 2(3), 2(3), Education, Education, and and Gender Gender Agenda. Agenda. the the on on Issues Issues Gay Gay and and Lesbian Lesbian Keeping Keeping By: By: Us Us J. J. Pass Pass Don't Don't (1990). (1990). Andrews, Andrews, References References 126 126 181-206. 181-206. 11\(2), 11\(2), Culture Culture and and Literature Literature of of Journal Journal International International An An 2: 2: Boundarv Boundarv Core. Core. !'lard !'lard of of Reading Reading Foucauldian Foucauldian A A Pleasure: Pleasure: Interupted Interupted (1991). (1991). J. J. Ch,1mpagne, Ch,1mpagne, -73. -73. 55 55 11(1), 11(1), Culture. Culture. and and Media Media in in Studies Studies Theoretical Theoretical the the of of Journal Journal Discourse: Discourse: .-\esthetic. .-\esthetic. Butch-Femme' Butch-Femme' a a Towards Towards (191\H-1989). (191\H-1989). S.-E. S.-E. Casl', Casl', !lc !lc 52-55. 52-55. Standard. Standard. Nursing Nursing Nursing. Nursing. for for Issue Issue Topical Topical A A Sexuality- (1991). (1991). Carr. Carr. C. C. Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York Nl'W Nl'W .. .. Education Education Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the J. J. and and Sexuality Sexuality (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears T. T. In In Curriculum. Curriculum. Sexuality Sexuality the the in in Change Change and and Conflict Conflict Ideological Ideological (1992). (1992). D. D. Carlson, Carlson, 34(1). 34(1). Quarterly. Quarterly. Critical Critical Problem? Problem? the the is is Pornography-What Pornography-What (1992). (1992). D. D. Cameron, Cameron, 784-798. 784-798. ?(4), ?(4), History. History. Literary Literary American American Pornography. Pornography. of of Politics Politics the the and and Feminists Feminists Liberals, Liberals, Desire; Desire; of of Discourses Discourses (1990). (1990). D. D. Cameron, Cameron, Press. Press. University University Columbia Columbia York: York: New New 231-237). 231-237). (pp. (pp. Reader., Reader., : A A : Sexualitv Sexualitv and and Feminism Feminism (Ed.), (Ed.), Scott Scott S. S. Jackson Jackson S. S. In In & & Sadomasochism. Sadomasochism. and and Feminism Feminism (1996). (1996). P. P. Califia, Califia, 1131. 1131. 65(5), 65(5), Review. Review. Law Law Tulane Tulane Perspective. Perspective. Zealand Zealand New New A A Pornography: Pornography: and and Feminism Feminism C. C. (1991). (1991). L. L. Bynum, Bynum, McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill. York: York: New New ). ). ed., ed., (2nd (2nd Men, Men, and and Women Women Between Between Relations Relations the the of of Acccount Acccount Theoretical Theoretical Alternative Alternative Frameworks: Frameworks: Feminist Feminist (Eds.), (Eds.), Rothenberg Rothenberg S. S. P. P. Jaggar Jaggar M. M. In In Revolt. Revolt. in in & & C. C. A. A. Lesbians Lesbians (1984). (1984). Bunch, Bunch, 127 127 42-43. 42-43. 14-15, 14-15, 10(2), 10(2), Backs Backs Our Our On On porn. porn. your your defend) defend) (and (and enjoy enjoy to to 1-fow 1-fow l01: l01: Porn Porn Dyke Dyke (1993). (1993). 1-1. 1-1. Findlay, Findlay, PauL PauL Kegan Kegan and and Routledge Routledge London: London: Societv. Societv. and and Women Women Lesbians Lesbians (1980). (1980). M. M. E. E. Ettmore, Ettmore, 45-56. 45-56. 8(2), 8(2), Angle, Angle, Wide Wide Best. Best. Pcrso11nl Pcrso11nl and and Spectators Spectators Feminist Feminist Pleasures: Pleasures: "Illicit "Illicit (1986). (1986). E. E. Ellsworth, Ellsworth, 106-1[)8. 106-1[)8. 46, 46, Review Review Feminist Feminist 'JLJ2). 'JLJ2). (I (I Reading Reading Cultural Cultural and and Literary Literary Criticism: Criticism: Lesbian Lesbian New New (l994). (l994). S S Dunn, Dunn, Press. Press. Chicago Chicago of of University University The The London: London: Chicago Chicago & & Pornographv. Pornographv. of of Politics Politics New New The The (1989). (1989). A. A. D. D. Downs, Downs, 19-33. 19-33. 24(1), 24(1), Studies. Studies. Educational Educational of of [ournal [ournal Zealand Zealand New New Education. Education. Peace Peace and and Consequentialism Consequentialism (1989). (1989). A A Diorio,]. Diorio,]. 239-254. 239-254. 35, 35, Theorv Theorv Educational Educational Literature. Literature. Education Education Sex Sex of of Barrenness Barrenness Theoretical Theoretical the the and and Domination Domination Copulation Copulation Contraception, Contraception, (1985). (1985). A. A. J. J. Diorio, Diorio, Press. Press. Harvester Harvester The The Kent: Kent: 197-198). 197-198). (pp. (pp. Anthologv, Anthologv, An An Feminisms: Feminisms: French French New New (Eds.), (Eds.), Courtinon Courtinon D. D. l. l. Marks Marks E. E. In In & & Feminism. Feminism. Materialist Materialist a a For For (1985). (1985). C. C. Delphy, Delphy, 127-151. 127-151. 3(1), 3(1), Literature. Literature. and and Law Law in in Studies Studies Cardozo Cardozo Adolphe. Adolphe. Feed Feed to to Going Going Just Just I'm I'm (1991). (1991). E. E. Grasia, Grasia, de de 26-34. 26-34. 11, 11, Out/Look. Out/Look. Difference? Difference? the the What's What's Sex: Sex: Sex/Gay Sex/Gay Lesbian Lesbian (1991). (1991). J. J. Creet, Creet, Pepper. Pepper. Cherry Cherry Darwin: Darwin: from from Distributed Distributed [Video]. [Video]. Lovers Lovers Lesbian Lesbian Video. Video. Pepper Pepper Cherry Cherry 128 128 Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New . . Education., Education., Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the and and Sexualitv Sexualitv (Ed.). (Ed.). Sears Sears I. I. In In T. T. . . . . Practice. Practice. and and Policv Policv in in Education Education Sexuality Sexuality Foreward: Foreward: (1992). (1992). W. W. D. D. flaffner, flaffner, 741. 741. 712- 13(Summer), 13(Summer), Inquiry. Inquiry. Critical Critical Violation. Violation. Female Female of of Depictions Depictions and and Criticism, Criticism, Feminism, Feminism, Pornography: Pornography: Representing Representing (19f\7). (19f\7). S. S. Gubar, Gubar, Oi-i-111. Oi-i-111. l l 46(Spring), 46(Spring), Review Review Feminist Feminist Like. Like. Looks Looks Lesbian Lesbian a a What What lonTs lonTs & & Twilight Twilight and and Girls Girls Odd Odd Review: Review: Book Book (1994). (1994). Griffin, Griffin, C. C. 1564-634. 1564-634. 86(7), 86(7), review. review. Law Law Michigan Michigan Idea. Idea. and and Act Act as as Pornography Pornography of of Regulation Regulation The The Suppression: Suppression: of of Apologetics Apologetics The The (19f\8). (19f\8). S. S. Grey, Grey, Press. Press. York York New New of of Uni\·ersity Uni\·ersity State State York: York: New New . . Education., Education., in in Sexuality Sexuality and and Equitv Equitv Sex Sex (Ed.), (Ed.), Klien Klien S. S. S. S. In In Now. Now. and and Then Then Thought Thought Feminist Feminist Education: Education: and and Sexuality, Sexuality, Sexism, Sexism, (1992). (1992). B. B. P. P. Campbell, Campbell, S., S., & & Greenberg, Greenberg, Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New . . Education., Education., Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the J. J. and and Sexualitv Sexualitv (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears In In T. T. Perspectives. Perspectives. Feminist Feminist from from Identity Identity Sexual Sexual about about Students Students College College Teaching Teaching (1992). (1992). D. D. Marty, Marty, M., M., M. M. & & Fonow, Fonow, Press. Press. Michigan Michigan of of University University The The Arbor: Arbor: Ann Ann Research., Research., Feminist Feminist of of Possibilities Possibilities The The Voices: Voices: Disruptive Disruptive (Ed.), (Ed.), Fine Fine M. M. In In Bodies. Bodies. Female Female Adolescent Adolescent and and Feminism Feminism Dinner: Dinner: Over Over (1992). (1992). P. P. Macpherson, Macpherson, M., M., Fine, Fine, & & 29-53. 29-53. 58(1), 58(1), Review, Review, Educational Educational Harvard Harvard Desire. Desire. of of Discourse Discourse Missing Missing The The Females: Females: Adolescent Adolescent and and Schooling, Schooling, Sexuality, Sexuality, (1988). (1988). M. M. Fine, Fine, 129 129 Spinifex. Spinifex. Melbourne: Melbourne: Revolution. Revolution. Sexual Sexual Lesbian Lesbian the the on on Perspective Perspective Feminist Feminist A A Heresv: Heresv: Lesbian Lesbian The The ). ). (1993 (1993 S. S. Jeffreys, Jeffreys, Press. Press. University University Columbia Columbia York: York: New New . . Reader, Reader, : A A : Sexualitv Sexualitv and and Feminism Feminism (Eds.), (Eds.), Scott Scott S. S. & & Jackson Jackson S. S. In In Sexuality. Sexuality. and and Women Women on on Debate Debate of of Years Years e e Twentv-fi, Twentv-fi, Factions: Factions: Feminist Feminist and and Skirmishes Skirmishes Sexual Sexual (1996). (1996). S. S. Scott, Scott, S., S., Jackson, Jackson, & & 23-46. 23-46. 34(spring), 34(spring), Review Review Feminist Feminist Jeffreys. Jeffreys. Ia Ia Shei Shei of of Feminism Feminism Revolutionary Revolutionary the the and and Movements Movements Purity Purity Social Social liberation: liberation: Women's Women's of of De-eroticization De-eroticization The The (1990). (1990). M. M. Hunt, Hunt, 207-14. 207-14. 8, 8, Chan"e Chan"e Social Social and and Law Law of of Review Review York York New New Media. Media. and and Pornography Pornography in in Women Women of of Images Images 978-1979). 978-1979). ( 1 1 ( T. T. Hommel, Hommel, Plume. Plume. York: York: New New Fiction. Fiction. Short Short Lesbian Lesbian American American of of anthologv anthologv An An 2: 2: Women Women on on Women Women J. J. (1993). (1993). (Eds.). (Eds.). Nestle, Nestle, N., N., Holoch, Holoch, & & Sll-53. Sll-53. 1995 1995 [uly [uly More, More, Pornography. Pornography. Enjoy Enjoy Who Who Women Women Talk: Talk: Dirty Dirty (1995). (1995). K. K. Holdom, Holdom, Virago. Virago. London: London: Wars. Wars. Sex Sex Lesbian Lesbian (1996). (1996). E. E. Healey, Healey, 69-82. 69-82. 21(2), 21(2), Imagination, Imagination, Literary Literary the the in in Studies Studies Visions. Visions. Pornographic Pornographic Shephards' Shephards' Sam Sam (1988). (1988). L. L. Hart, Hart, 414-433. 414-433. 52(4), 52(4), Review, Review, Partisan Partisan Pornography. Pornography. on on J. J. Reflections Reflections (1985). (1985). Hart, Hart, 161-204. 161-204. 5, 5, Philosophy. Philosophy. Ancient Ancient Love. Love. Call Call Men Men What What and and Eros Eros Platonic Platonic (1985). (1985). M. M. D. D. Halperin, Halperin, 187-202. 187-202. 37, 37, Text Text Social Social Resistance. Resistance. and and Rage Rage Representation, Representation, Violence, Violence, J. J. Violence/Queer Violence/Queer Imagined Imagined (1993). (1993). Halberstam, Halberstam, 130 130 36,37,44. 36,37,44. [une, [une, Mav- Backs. Backs. Our Our On On ...... To To Goes Goes Heart-On Heart-On the the And And ...... (1990) (1990) LaBia, LaBia, L. L. 53-65. 53-65. 3, 3, Studies. Studies. Leisure Leisure Obscenity. Obscenity. and and Indecency Indecency of of Case Case The The Private: Private: Public Public (1984). (1984). A. A. Kuhn, Kuhn, \'S \'S Books. Books. Penguin Penguin L(>ndon: L(>ndon: Sex. Sex. of of Experience Experience Woman's Woman's (19H3). (19H3). S. S. Kitzinger. Kitzinger. Meridian. Meridian. York: York: New New . . Pornographv, Pornographv, Confront Confront Men Men (Ed.), (Ed.), Kimmel Kimmel S. S. M. M. In In Li\·es. Li\·es. Men's Men's m m Pornography Pornography Pleasures- Guilty Guilty lntroducton: lntroducton: (1991). (1991). S. S. M. M. Kimmel, Kimmel, 2195-2242. 2195-2242. 81(6), 81(6), JournaL JournaL Law Law Georgetown Georgetown Meaning. Meaning. Pornography's Pornography's Complicating Complicating Doing: Doing: and and Viewing Viewing (1993). (1993). E. E. S. S. Keller, Keller, 1297-1307. 1297-1307. 26(-1), 26(-1), Review, Review, Law Law England England New New Women. Women. for for Pornography Pornography Royalle's Royalle's Candida Candida Please: Please: to to Powerless Powerless (1992). (1992). S. S. Keller, Keller, publications. publications. Re/Search Re/Search CA: CA: Francisco, Francisco, San San ). ). 13, 13, (Vol. (Vol. Women, Women, Angry Angry (Eds.), (Eds.), Vale Vale V. V. juno juno In In & & Acker. Acker. A A Kathy Kathy (1991). (1991). K. K. Acker, Acker, Juno, Juno, A, A, & & publications. publications. Re/Search Re/Search CA: CA: Francisco, Francisco, San San ). ). 13, 13, (Vol. (Vol. Women, Women, Angrv Angrv (Eds.), (Eds.), Vale Vale V. V. Juno Juno In In & & Bright. Bright. A A Susie Susie (1991b). (1991b). A. A. Juno, Juno, publications. publications. Re/Search Re/Search CA: CA: Francisco, Francisco, San San ). ). 13, 13, Vol. Vol. (Vol. (Vol. Women, Women, Angry Angry (Eds.), (Eds.), Vale Vale V. V. Juno Juno In In & & A A Sprinkle. Sprinkle. Annie Annie (1991a). (1991a). A. A. Juno, Juno, Press. Press. York York New New of of university university State State York: York: New New Challenge. Challenge. Ethical Ethical An An Heterosexism; Heterosexism; (1993). (1993). F. F. R. R. Smith, Smith, B., B., P. P. & & Jung, Jung, Routledge. Routledge. York: York: New New London London & & Experience,. Experience,. Gay Gay and and Lesbian Lesbian of of Fragments Fragments Homosexualities: Homosexualities: Modern Modern (Ed.), (Ed.), Plummer Plummer In In K. K. Problem. Problem. Categorization Categorization the the and and Identities Identities Lesbian Lesbian Out: Out: Coming Coming (1992). (1992). V. V. Jenness, Jenness, 131 131 Press. Press. University University Columbia Columbia York: York: New New 182-190). 182-190). (pp. (pp. Reader., Reader., A A Sexualitv: Sexualitv: and and Feminism Feminism (Eds.), (Eds.), Scott Scott S. S. Jackson Jackson S. S. In In & & Theory. Theory. for for Agendea Agendea An An State: State: the the and and Method Method Marxism, Marxism, Feminism, Feminism, (1996). (1996). A. A. C. C. MacKinnon, MacKinnon, Press. Press. Westview Westview Oxford: Oxford: Francisco, Francisco, San San Boulder, Boulder, 134-161). 134-161). (pp. (pp. Application., Application., and and Reinterpretation, Reinterpretation, Theorv. Theorv. in in Readings Readings Essential Essential Philosophv: Philosophv: and and Feminism Feminism (Eds.), (Eds.), Tong Tong R. R. Tuana Tuana N. N. In In & & Patriarchy". Patriarchy". Under Under "Pleasure "Pleasure Method: Method: and and Pornographv, Pornographv, Sexuality, Sexuality, (1995). (1995). C. C. A. A. MacKinnon, MacKinnon, 10-17. 10-17. 36(3), 36(3), Quarterly, Quarterly, Film Film Watcher. Watcher. Porn Porn Feminist Feminist a a of of Confessions Confessions (1983). (1983). S. S. McKDonald, McKDonald, Well. Well. The The In In Frog Frog California: California: Analvsis. Analvsis. Feminist Feminist Radical Radical A A Sadomasochism Sadomasochism Against Against (1982). (1982). (Eds.). (Eds.). S. S. Star, Star, L. L. R., R., H, H, E. E. & & Diana Diana R., R., D. D. Pagano, Pagano, R. R. R., R., Linden, Linden, 405. 405. 374- 7(3), 7(3), Studies. Studies. Cultural Cultural Women. Women. of of Representation Representation Film Film Gunfire) Gunfire) of of Blaze Blaze a a in in Bursting Bursting Rage Rage (or (or Pleasures Pleasures Popular Popular The The (1993). (1993). K. K. Lentz, Lentz, Press. Press. University University Columbia Columbia York: York: New New Postmodern., Postmodern., Lesbian Lesbian The The (Ed.), (Ed.), Doan Doan In In L. L. Backs. Backs. On On Our Our Position: Position: Lesbian Lesbian Postmodern Postmodern The The (1994). (1994). C. C. Lamos, Lamos, 93-113. 93-113. 20(1), 20(1), Society. Society. and and Law Law of of Tournai Tournai Dichotomy. Dichotomy. Public/Private Public/Private the the and and Porn Porn Practice? Practice? into into Theory Theory (1993). (1993). N. N. Lacy, Lacy, Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New . . Education., Education., Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics The The Curriculum: Curriculum: J. J. the the and and Sexualitv Sexualitv (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears T. T. In In Possibilities. Possibilities. of of Organization Organization The The Sex: Sex: About About Talking Talking about about Talking Talking (1992). (1992). C. C. LaCerva, LaCerva, 132 132 of of Accounts Accounts Theoritical Theoritical Alternative Alternative Frameworks: Frameworks: Eeminist Eeminist (Eds.), (Eds.), Rothenberg Rothenberg S. S. P. P. Jaggar Jaggar M. M. & & A. A. In In Friendship. Friendship. Female Female (1984). (1984). J. J. Raymond, Raymond, 15(154-168). 15(154-168). Culture., Culture., and and Media Media in in Studies Studies Theoretical Theoretical Discourse: Discourse: Pornography. Pornography. Representation, Representation, Narrative, Narrative, Allegories: Allegories: Obscene Obscene (!992). (!992). D. D. Pendleton, Pendleton, 56-60. 56-60. 6 6 Forum Forum Women's Women's Australian Australian Porn. Porn. is is Star Star A A October). October). (1995, (1995, M. M. Pearson, Pearson, address]. address]. [Internet [Internet tml, tml, I I porno.h porno.h m m I I user user /fr~edo /fr~edo well.com well.com I I I I www. www. http: http: Expression Expression Free Free For For Feminists Feminists In In Series. Series. Pamphlet Pamphlet Speech Speech Free Free The The l'ornography. l'ornography. Speech: Speech: Free Free and and J., J., Feminism Feminism (1997). (1997). B. B. Nathanson, Nathanson, Maguire, Maguire, & & P., P., Britton, Britton, 299-328. 299-328. 4(2), 4(2), Tournai.. Tournai.. Law Law Women's Women's UCLA UCLA Another. Another. One One To To Ties Ties Our Our Strengthening Strengthening and and Stereotypes Stereotypes Sexual Sexual Of Of Bonds Bonds The The Escaping Escaping Pornography: Pornography: Lesbian Lesbian (1994). (1994). M. M. Schraibman, Schraibman, T., T., Packard, Packard, & & Crown. Crown. 1989.NZ 1989.NZ Committee, Committee, :The :The Pornographv. Pornographv. into into Inquiry Inquiry of of Committee Committee Ministerial Ministerial the the of of Report Report : : Pornographv Pornographv (1989). (1989). Pornography. Pornography. into into Inquiry Inquiry of of Committee Committee Ministerial Ministerial Zealand. Zealand. New New 321-355. 321-355. 15(2), 15(2), Societv., Societv., and and Culture Culture in in Women Women of of Tournai Tournai Signs: Signs: Sexuality. Sexuality. and and Art Art Pornography Pornography Nude: Nude: Female Female The The (1990). (1990). Nead, Nead, L. L. 87-116. 87-116. 37, 37, Text Text Social Social Power. Power. Gender Gender and and Fetishism Fetishism Commercial Commercial Order: Order: to to Maid Maid (1993). (1993). A. A. McClintock, McClintock, Press. Press. Wingbow Wingbow California: California: Oakland, Oakland, Sexualitv. Sexualitv. Sacred Sacred Lesbian Lesbian (1995). (1995). M. M. Martin, Martin, D., D., & & Mariechild, Mariechild, 335-357. 335-357. 22, 22, International. International. Fiction Fiction Introduction. Introduction. Compulsory Compulsory J. J. Academe: Academe: and and Pornography Pornography (1992). (1992). Mainil, Mainil, 133 133 and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the and and Sexuality Sexuality (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears T. T. In]. In]. Adolescence. Adolescence. Early Early in in Scripting Scripting Sexual Sexual and and Education Education Sexuality Sexuality Sex: Sex: Opposite Opposite the the be be to to Learning Learning J. J. (1992). (1992). Goodman, Goodman, M., M., in, in, & & Sapon-She' Sapon-She' Press. Press. York York New New of of University University State State York: York: New New Education.,. Education.,. in in Sexualitv Sexualitv and and Equitv Equitv Sex Sex (Ed.), (Ed.), Klien Klien S. S. InS. InS. Perspective. Perspective. !!btorial !!btorial in in Education Education and and Equity, Equity, Sex Sex Sexuality, Sexuality, Power: Power: and and Passions Passions (1'JY2). (1'JY2). ]. ]. Rury, Rury, 23-32. 23-32. 37, 37, Text Text Social Social USA. USA. the the in in Porn Porn ( ( 19'13). 19'13). C C lie, lie, a a Roy Roy Routledge. Routledge. London: London: 221-243). 221-243). (pp. (pp. Reader, Reader, Studies Studies Cultural Cultural The The (Ed.), (Ed.), During During S. S. In In Pornography. Pornography. of of Popularity Popularity The The (1993). (1993). A. A. Ross, Ross, productions. productions. Rosebud Rosebud [video] [video] Vamps Vamps and and Kittens Kittens (1992). (1992). Cirls. Cirls. Rosebud Rosebud Routledge. Routledge. York: York: New New London London & & 187-199). 187-199). (pp. (pp. Experience., Experience., Gav Gav and and Lesbian Lesbian of of Fragments Fragments Homosexualities: Homosexualities: Modern Modern (Ed.), (Ed.), Plummer Plummer K. K. In In Sexualities. Sexualities. Lesbian Lesbian Constructing Constructing (1992). (1992). D. D. Richardson. Richardson. 56-67. 56-67. 13(Feb), 13(Feb), Review Review Feminist Feminist World. World. Hard Hard Issue, Issue, Soft Soft Anti-porn: Anti-porn: (1983). (1983). Rich, Rich, B. B. R. R. Press. Press. University University Columbia Columbia York: York: New New . . Reader, Reader, : A A : Sexuality Sexuality and and Feminism Feminism (Eds.), (Eds.), Scott Scott S. S. Jackson Jackson & & S. S. In In Existence. Existence. Lesbian Lesbian and and Heterosexuality Heterosexuality Compulsory Compulsory (1996). (1996). A. A. Rich, Rich, Pandora. Pandora. London: London: Writing. Writing. Women's Women's of of Anthology Anthology An An Erotica: Erotica: (1990). (1990). (Ed.). (Ed.). lv!. lv!. Reynolds, Reynolds, 127. 127. 112- 15(1), 15(1), Discourse Discourse Dildo. Dildo. the the of of Law Law The The J. J. Genderfuck: Genderfuck: (1992). (1992). L. L. Reich, Reich, McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill. York: York: New New 334-339). 334-339). pp. pp. ed., ed., (2nd (2nd Men. Men. and and Women Women between between Relationships Relationships 134 134 152-159. 152-159. 34(Spring), 34(Spring), Review Review Feminist Feminist Film. Film. on on f'ornography f'ornography Lesbian Lesbian at at Looking Looking Threshold: Threshold: Pleasure Pleasure The The (1990). (1990). C. C. Smyth, Smyth, address.] address.] ntemet ntemet fact/fact0003.htrnl,.]I fact/fact0003.htrnl,.]I I I siecuslpubsl siecuslpubsl I I I I www.siecus.org www.siecus.org http: http: Page, Page, Horne Horne SIECUS SIECUS In In Education. Education. Sexualitv Sexualitv for for Comprc~hensive Comprc~hensive Guidelines Guidelines Sheets] Sheets] Fact Fact [S!ECUS [S!ECUS (1997c). (1997c). SIECUS. SIECUS. address.] address.] [Internet [Internet . . labou0002.htrnl, labou0002.htrnl, about about I I www.siecus.org www.siecus.org II II http: http: Page, Page, Home Home SIECUS SIECUS In In Believes. Believes. SIECUS SIECUS SIECUS: SIECUS: About About (1997b). (1997b). SIECUS. SIECUS. address.] address.] [Internet [Internet /, /, //www.siecus.org //www.siecus.org http: http: , , Page Page Horne Horne SIECUS SIECUS (l997a). (l997a). SIECUS. SIECUS. Press. Press. Virago Virago London: London: . . Debate, Debate, Pornographv Pornographv the the and and Sexualitv Sexualitv Exposed: Exposed: Sex Sex (Eds.), (Eds.), Mcintosh Mcintosh M. M. Segal Segal & & In In L. L. Desire. Desire. rleterosexual rleterosexual of of Perils Perils the the and and Pornography Pornography Pleasures: Pleasures: Painful Painful Sorrows, Sorrows, Sweet Sweet (1992). (1992). L. L. SegaL SegaL Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New . . Education., Education., Sexuality Sexuality of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the and and Sexualitv Sexualitv (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears T. T. J. J. In In Politic. Politic. Body Body the the Reproducing Reproducing Education: Education: Sexuality Sexuality of of Possibilities Possibilities and and Dilemmas Dilemmas (1992). (1992). T. T. J. J. Sears, Sears, Sexualitv. Sexualitv. and and Sex Sex Lesbian Lesbian of of Book Book The The Out: Out: Making Making (1995). (1995). L. L. Jaugey-Paget, Jaugey-Paget, Z., Z., & & Schrarnrn-Evans, Schrarnrn-Evans, Thomas. Thomas. C C Charles Charles Illinois: Illinois: Springfield Springfield Education. Education. of of Language Language The The (1960). (1960). I. I. Scheffler, Scheffler, Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New . . Education., Education., Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Practices Practices 135 135 Longman. Longman. York: York: New New and and London London ed.). ed.). (second (second 1800. 1800. Since Since Sexualitv Sexualitv of of Regulation Regulation The The J. J. Society: Society: and and Politics Politics Sex, Sex, (1989). (1989). Weeks, Weeks, Vire1go. Vire1go. London: London: . . Debate, Debate, Pornographv Pornographv the the and and SexLwlitv SexLwlitv Exposed: Exposed: Sex Sex ), ), (Eds. (Eds. Mcintosh Mcintosh M. M. Segal Segal In In & & L. L. Pornography. Pornography. on on Commision Commision Ceneral's Ceneral's Attorney Attorney the the in in Gender Gender and and Sex Sex Negotiating Negotiating (1LJ92b). (1LJ92b). S. S. Vance, Vance, C. C. 205-238. 205-238. Internation,lLJ-2, Internation,lLJ-2, Fiction Fiction Images. Images. Visual Visual Versus Versus Pornography Pornography on on Commissilln Commissilln Cenerals Cenerals Attorney Attorney The The Looking: Looking: of of Pleasures Pleasures The The (1992al. (1992al. Vance, Vance, C. C. Press. Press. Westview Westview lxford: lxford: ( ( Francisco, Francisco, San San Boulder, Boulder, Application. Application. and and Reinterpretation, Reinterpretation, Theory. Theory. in in Readings Readings Essential Essential Philosophy: Philosophy: and and Feminism Feminism (1995). (1995). (Eds.). (Eds.). R. R. Tong, Tong, N., N., Tuana, Tuana, & & 22-27. 22-27. 15, 15, Out/Look, Out/Look, Ph.D. Ph.D. Chicana Chicana a a of of Confessions Confessions (1992). (1992). Trujillo, Trujillo, C. C. 167-174. 167-174. 17(2), 17(2), Culture. Culture. Popular Popular of of [ournal [ournal Missed? Missed? Feminists Feminists have have What What Pornography: Pornography: Toward Toward Attitudes Attitudes (1983). (1983). Toolin, Toolin, C. C. 37. 37. 284, 284, Harper's., Harper's., Me. Me. To To Dirty Dirty Talk Talk 01). 01). FEB FEB (1992, (1992, S. S. Tisdale, Tisdale, 40-44. 40-44. 29(Feb), 29(Feb), Media, Media, Contemporary Contemporary of of Review Review A A Cut: Cut: [ump [ump Audience. Audience. Lesbian/Feminist Lesbian/Feminist Best: Best: Personal Personal (1984). (1984). Strayer, Strayer, C. C. 38-60. 38-60. 23(5), 23(5), Screen. Screen. Problem. Problem. Pornography Pornography the the of of Review Review Critical Critical A A Evidence. Evidence. as as Body Body The The (1982). (1982). Stern, Stern, L. L. Video. Video. Angel Angel Evil Evil Auckand: Auckand: distrubuted distrubuted [video]. [video]. Sweat. Sweat. Girls Girls J. J. the the Where Where (1994). (1994). Stagliano, Stagliano, Academic. Academic. HarperCollins HarperCollins London: London: . . Studies, Studies, Cultural Cultural and and Feminism Feminism J. J. : : Off-Centre Off-Centre (Eds.), (Eds.), Stacey Stacey Lury, Lury, & & Franklin, Franklin, C. C. S. S. In In Sexuality. Sexuality. of of Regulation Regulation the the and and 28 28 J. J. Section Section Normality: Normality: Promoting Promoting (1991). (1991). Stacey, Stacey, 136 136 Pandora. Pandora. London: London: Visable". Visable". the the of of "Frenzy "Frenzy the the and and Pleasure. Pleasure. Power, Power, Core: Core: Hard Hard (1990). (1990). Williams, Williams, L. L. Press. Press. College College Teachers Teachers London: London: and and York York New New Education.,. Education.,. Sexuality Sexuality of of Practices Practices and and Politics Politics the the Curriculum: Curriculum: the the and and Sexuality Sexuality J. J. (Ed.), (Ed.), Sears Sears T. T. In In Anyway? Anyway? it it is is Sexuality Sexuality Whose Whose (1992). (1992). H. H. M. M. Whatley, Whatley, 132. 132. 56-61 56-61 Edition. Edition. US US Penthouse Penthouse Clubs. Clubs. Strip Strip Tours Tours Paglia Paglia Camille Camille Goddess: Goddess: As As Woman Woman October). October). (1994, (1994, M. M. Wells, Wells, 137 137