Communicative InterfacesforPlanning Social learninginparticipatorylocalnetworksaSwedishcontext THESIS FOR THE DEGREEOFDOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY LISA BOMBLE

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Gothenburg, Sweden2016 Chalmers Reproservice See fig.2page14 I visualizeitasaplaneonwhichcommunication takesplace. [ Cover: Telephone +46(0)31-7721000 SE-412 96Gothenburg Chalmers Universityof Technology of Architecture Department ISSN 0346-718X Ny serienr4097 Doktorsavhandlingar vidChalmerstekniskahögskola © LISA BOMBLE,2016. ISBN 978-91-7597-416-3 LISA BOMBLE - SociallearninginparticipatorylocalnetworksaSwedishcontext Communicative InterfacesforPlanning Participation takesplacebetweenandamongallstakeholders. ]

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DRAFT Keywords: societalplanning,participation,communication, narrative,network,co-production shared knowledgeinalocal network. with. Powerisshared between municipalityandlocalcommunity, asdecisionsbecomedependant onthe always successfulinitsefforts,canmakeadifference andisbetterthanhavingnonetworktocollaborate dialogue tostart.ThestudyinGråbo,,showed thatevenanetworkisnotfullyrepresentative nor Local networksofstakeholders,delimitedgeographically, are suitablearenas foracontinuousparticipatory spective ofaplanner. within andbetweenadelimitedgeographicalarea andthemunicipalorganization, lookedatfrom theper a commonnarrativeabouttheirlocalcommunity. Thestudieshavefocusedonthecommunicativeinterfaces network, where localstakeholderssitatthesametableasmunicipalpoliticiansandadministrators,creating The Co-Production Group ofGråboinLerum,hasbeenstudiedasanexamplesuchaparticipatorylocal visualization todescribethisnon-hierarchical perspectiveonparticipationandpower. an on-goingprocess inwhichplanningprojects cantaketheirstance.Themosaic isusedasametaphorical The result isanew perspectiveonplanningaspartofaprocess ofsociallearningandonparticipationas ratives. Someofthecontextandcoherence ofthenarrativesiseasilylostininterpretation. Another discoverywasthatregardless ofparticipatorymethod,theinhabitantsparticipateinstoriesornar the municipalityhowever, communicates from different offices,sectors,aimsandobjectivesinmanyvoices. habitants sawcommunicationwiththemunicipalityasoneon-goingdialogue.Thecomplexorganization of A communicative gapbetweentheinhabitantsofmunicipalityanditsorganization wasfound,asthein been audio-recorded. A vastempirical materialhasbeencollectedininterviews,workshopsandmeetings,mostofwhichhave case studyinthemunicipalityofLerum(2011-2014) focusedonorganizational changes. nicipality ofUddevalla(2009-2011) dealtwithspecificparticipatorymethodsinpractice,whilethesecond sions havebeendrawnaboutparticipationinmunicipalplanninggeneral.Thefirstcasestudythemu After havingfollowedtwomunicipalities’ effortsintryingtheirhandatsuchalternative methods,conclu tive, parallelmethodsofparticipationare calledfor. tory participatorymeetingsinmunicipalplanningare criticizedforbeingslowandinefficientalterna as weallneedtobepartofthesolutionwhenitcomesclimatechangeandresource scarcity. Themanda Swedish municipalitiesconnectparticipationstrategiestoobjectivesconcerningsustainabledevelopment, ABSTRACT Chalmers Universityof Technology of Architecture Department LISA BOMBLE - SociallearninginparticipatorylocalnetworksaSwedishcontext Communicative Interfacesfor Planning

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------IV III II I referred tobyRomannumeralsinthetext: This thesisisbasedontheworkcontainedinfollowingpapers, LIST OFPUBLICATIONS submitted toPlanningPracticeandResearch(PPR) Rather Network Conference Paper, ChangingCities,SkiathosGreece,June2012 Lost inInterpretation submitted toPlanningPracticeandResearch(PPR) The ParticipatoryMosaic summary oflicentiateÅhlström2011 Case 1Uddevalla-summaryoflicentiate ,

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4 DRAFT 5 DRAFT 4. REVISITINGKEY CONCEPTS OFPLANNINGTHEORY 3. RESEARCHDESIGN 2. RESEARCHQUESTIONS 1. INTRODUCTION TABLE OFCONTENTS 4.5 Theoretic Framework 4.5 Theoretic 4.4 Necessaryperspectives 4.3 OtherKeyConcepts 4.2 Participation 4.1 Communication 3.2 Method 3.1 ResearchContexts 1.3 Why Am IWriting Why Am 1.2 1.1 Acknowledgements 4.5.4 Planningingovernance 4.5.3 Anyone against? 4.5.2 ResearchEnvironment 4.5.1 Communicative/CollaborativePlanning 4.3.3 Project/Process 4.3.2 Efficient/Effective 4.3.1 Co-production/Co-creation 4.2.3 Ladderormosaic 4.2.2 Successfactors 4.2.1 Swedishcontext-Mandatoryparticipationandnecessaryparallelmethods 4.1.2 Beyondconsensus 4.1.1 Communicationandconflictmanagement 3.2.4 3.2.3 Adaptive/ accretivestudies 3.2.2 Embeddedresearcherand(trans)formativeassessment 3.2.1 Casestudies 3.1.4 inthecontextofsustainability 3.1.3 MistraUrbanFutures 3.1.2.1 task:methoddevelopment 3.1.2 MötesplatsMedborgare–anEUinterregproject – amasterstudio 3.1.1 DesignandPlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocalContext 4.5.2.4 Transdisciplinarity 4.5.2.3 Localcontextsandglobalchallenges 4.5.2.2 Interplace 4.5.2.1 Interspace Why Empirical materialandresearcherbias Am IWriting This? WhatIsMyProblem? I Writing

This? This ? Scope And Content 6

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26 10 13 37 36 34 30 26 22 16 16 15 10 11 24 44 43 41 40 39 38 38 37 35 34 34 32 31 30 29 28 24 23 22 19 18 18 17 16 8 PAPERS I-IV 10. REFERENCES 9. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION-CONTINUATIONS 8. RESULTS 6. SUMMARY PAPERS 5. THECASES 6.4 SummaryPaperIV 6.3 SummaryPaperIII 6.2 SummaryPaperII 6.1 SummaryPaperI 5.2 CaseLerum/Gråbo 5.1 CaseUddevalla 5.2.3 reportJanuary2014 5.2.2 reportFebruary2013 5.2.1 Pre-study

7 DRAFT 55 54 53 53 47 46 66 60 58 56 53 46 48 47 47 closer collegial unitandIamproud thankfultobepartof this“team”. In thelastyearsdepartment Urban/Stadundertheleadershipof Anna-Johanna Klasanderhasbecome a (MPDSD) forlivelydiscussions andwarmunderstandingsbetweenlikeminded andpassionatepeople. Special thankstotheteacher colleaguesattheMasterProgramforDesign forSustainableDevelopment for topicaldiscussions,collegial supportaswellinterestingmusingsby theprinterorcoffee machine. I alsoneedtothankmyfellowPhDstudentsatChalmers Architecture andothercolleaguesattheinstitution communicate withotherpractitionersaboutmyresearch there. I wouldliketothankLisaStrömforincludingme inthatgroupandfortheopportunitytotakepart development, connectedbothtoMistraUrbanFutures andthemunicipalitiesofGothenburg region. The Göteborg Region Association ofLocal Authorities (GR)haveanetworkforsustainableurban interdisciplinary researchprojectsKAIROSand Mellanplats formuchwisdomandinspiration! And whileInevercollaboratedformallywiththem, Iwouldliketothankallinvolvedinthe you haveprovidedforeventsandresearchseminarsmyexperiencein Almedalen thisyear! due abigthankyouforcontributingtothatsenseofbelonging! Thank youespeciallyfortheopportunities plinary context(s). At MistraUrbanFutures,Ihavefoundahomeandsenseofbelongingformyresearchitstransdisci Gråbo (Medskapandegruppen)aswellthePilotpoliticalcommission(Gråboberedningen). for yourpatience,withmypresenceandaudiorecorder, toalltheparticipantsinCo-ProductionGroupof Sandström, PiaEhrenberg aswellallmunicipalemployeesconnectedtoPilotGråbo. And abigthankyou process. OtherpeopleworthextrathanksinLerumare Andreas Benkel,ElinElebring,Elisabeth collaborating withLerumintheadvisoryboardtoneworganization ofthecomprehensiveplanning for alltheefforts giventoourcollaboration. And thankyoufortheopportunitytocontinue to followseveralprocessesatonce. A specialthankstotheprocessleaderofPilotGråbo,ChristianMattsson the timeandeffort tounderstandtheembeddedresearcherapproachandhelpmefindmyfootingintrying I needtothankeveryoneinvolvedatLerummunicipality, forlettingmesitinonyourmeetings,taking inspirations andexperiencesofwhichIneedtomentionafewinparticular: continued inLerumthemannerthatIdid.Bothcasecontextshaveinvolvedseveralpeople,institutions, municipality. Iamstillgratefulfortheopportunitycreatedmethere,withoutwhichcouldnothave Before thestudyinLerum,IdidcaseformylicentiatedegreecollaborationwithUddevalla planning thatwentintoformulatingtheframeworkformycasestudyinLerum. Mistra UrbanFuturesanditsGothenburg platform.Iamdeeplygratefulforallthework,organisation and municipality ofLerum,throughthecenterforsustainableurbandevelopmentandknowledgeproduction This thesisistheresultofresearchinatransdisciplinarysetupbetweenChalmers Architecture andthe co-advisor. Warm thanksalsotoKrystynaPietrzyk,forvaluableadviceandsupportwheneverIhaveneededit,asmy and PlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocalContextwiththebothofyou. thank youbothsomuchfortheopportunitiestoworkwithyou,teachin,andjoybepartof,Design have happenedthewaytheydidwithoutmasterstudiodevelopedbetweenyouandLenaFalkheden.I tures withoutyouandyourroleingettingthecenterestablishedGothenburg. Neitherofmycaseswould pep-talks andguidance. And Iwouldnothavehad theopportunitiesthroughcontextofMistraUrbanFu Malbert hasbeenmyrock.Iwouldliketothankyoudeeplyandheartfelt,fordiscussions,support,advice, Through thiswholePhDexperience,startinginDecember2008,myheadsupervisorandexaminerBjörn Acknowledgements Everyone connectedtothecenter, especially theGothenburg platformanditsprojectsare 8 DRAFT

- - And tomy Tobbe andour Alve: Thank youforgroundingmewhenIworryaway. Iloveyou. Thank youmum,EvaÅhlströmforconstantsupport,reading,proof-readingandlove.Ilove too! and sparkingmyinspirationoveragain,stitchby-thankyou! To myyarns andneedlestotheknittingcommunityofcraftingwonderfulfriendsforcalmingmynerves Josefin, Johanna,Erikaand Amanda. whining throughthickandthin: Thank you!Specialthanksinthiscategoryofmanymuchlovedpeopleto To myever supportingfriendandfamilycheerleaderswhohaveapplaudedsuccessesputupwithmy andthe Västra GötalandRegion. opportunity tobepartofthestartanddevelopmentwhatisnowanestablishedfieldpractice in mentorship andMieSvennberg andMania Teimouri foryourshared passion fortheseissuesandthe with youthandchildren.IwouldliketoacknowledgethatbythankingGunillaLindeBjurforyourearly I wouldnotbewhoaminmyprofessionwithoutyearsworkingwitharchitectureandplanningfor Thank you! taught measmuchIhavethem,throughinspiredideasandinterestingtrainsofthought; your inspirationandtrust.SpecialthanksthoughtstoLocalContextstudiostudentswhohave To allthestudentsthatIhavehadprivilegetointeractwiththroughoutthisjourney- Thank you!For capacity asurbanplannerinthemunicipalityof Vänersborg. research throughoutmystudiesandfortheopportunityfuturecollaborationonourtopicsinyour I alsowanttothankPålCastellespecially, forcollegialsupportinthebeginning,inspirationfromyour Björling andElkeMiedema. Anna Kaczorowska,MajaKovacs,MarieStrid,JennyStenberg, Jaan-HenrikKain, Tobias Engberg, Nils Pernilla Hagbert,SigridÖstlund, Anna-Maria Orrù,JohannaEriksson,HelenaHansson,LimHye-Kyung, during whathasbeenalongjourney, toJoannaGregorowicz–Kipszak,JuliaFredriksson,EmílioBrandão, I alsowanttoextendextracollegialthanksforinspiration,supportanddiscussions,atonepointoranother

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tend tobeprioritized, anditisnotregulated how, onlythat,the planning authorityhasto considerdisputing Other functions behindtheproblems ofthecurrentsystemare howlandownershipor economicalinterests referred tointhiscontext. inhabitants thatseemedto resistallchange.So-calledNIMBY (NotInMyBackyard)attitudeswereoften planning professionalswas thattheprocessestendedtobehijackedandstalled throughappealsby planning authoritynorparticipantsfeltheardorgot constructiveinput. Another commentmadebyseveral municipality wasnotalwaystheissueprioritized bylocalinhabitants. This leadtomeetingswhereneither works asintended.Mycaseintervieweespointed toadiscrepancyintiming,astheissueathandfor given intervals.However, practitionersandinhabitantsfrombothmycasesagreethatthissystemseldom exhibition ofprogressthroughouttheprocess developing newplans(comprehensiveanddetailplans)at actually mademandatorythrough With thePlanandBuildingact( area’s development. the processbehinditopensmanypossibilitiesformoreparticipationandgroundingofissuestodo withan local measurestrytoanswerglobalchallenges. The comprehensiveplanisanotherdocument,where municipal visionarypoliciescansetupambitioussustainabilityaimsrespondingtoaneedforchange, where as tosocietalplanningarebeingsetupondifferent levelsofpowerinaglobalhierarchy. InSweden,the Policies thatapplytothewickedproblems(Ritteland Webber 1973)ofsustainabledevelopmentaswell successful participationinordertosetuppossibilitiesforit. be neededtomeetthechallengesofclimatechangeandresourcedepletionforexample,weneed todefine However, successfulparticipationisinitselfachallengeyettotakeon. While successfulparticipationmay do withparticipationforsustainability’s sake(UddevallaKommun2008and2011, Lerums Kommun2009). Both themunicipalities,whereIhaveconductedmycasestudies,formulatedaimsandobjectives to planning onamunicipalscaleanditsorganization inthisratherspecificscaleandcontext. In aSwedishcontextplanningispartofthemunicipalarearesponsibility, thusplacingparticipationin promote sustainabledevelopmentinSwedishcities. They stateintheirfinalreportfrom2012that The DelegationforSustainableCitieswasappointedbytheSwedishgovernmentin2008toinvestigateand making therightsustainablelifestylechoices,thusparticipationinsocietalplanningnecessary. sustainable futureisnotonlyaquestionofpolicymaking.Itthechallengegettingeveryoneinvolvedin Current challengesofsustainabledevelopmentalsocallforparticipation.Becausestrategiestowardsa live ingeographicalcontextswhichweallunderstand,useandfeelfordifferently. a communicativetask. And communicationaboutplacehappenseverywhereandamongeveryoneasweall All aspectsmeansthatmanyvoiceswanttoand/orshouldbeheardandparticipationinplanningistherefore design solutions. sure thatallaspectsofaplanningprojectareconsideredbyincludinglocalknowledgefromstakeholdersin influence fromtheparticipants’ pointofview. Oritcanbelookedatfromaplanner’s pointofview, making Participation inplanningisadiversetopicandcanbelookedatfromperspectivesofdemocracy 1.1 1. INTRODUCTION new waysofthinking.Theclimateissueisalsoaboutbehavioursandultimatelypeople’s survival.” “The mostimportantactorsincitiesare, notsurprisingly, thepeoplewholivethere. Sustainableurban development isdependentonpeople’s capacitytounderstandproblems, changetheirvaluesandadopt Why Am IWriting This? WhatIsMyProblem? Plan- ochBygglagen samrådsprocessen ; amandatorysetofparticipatorymeetingsand 10 , PBL)from1987,participationinplanningwas DRAFT(Take Action Now-DelegationenförHållbaraStäder2012,p3)

on theprocesses leadinguptobuildings beingbuilt,Iended up inplanning.Myresearch hasthentakenme how architecture andplanningareconveyed betweenpeople, notonlyarchitects. And having focusedmore I amanarchitectaccording tomymaster’s degree, butIhavespecializedinthewords. The wordsabout believing. Butthesebeliefs setmystartingpointforinvestigatingparticipation inplanning. in turnleadstoincluding morepeopleinthedecisionsthatareeventually made.Scienceisnotabout decisions areformedalongtimebeforethey made andthatcommunicationleadstoempathy. Empathy I seeplanningassomethinghappeninginthediscourse, thecommunicationaboutaplace.Ibelieve Why Am 1.2 setting. lateral viewonparticipationinrelationtopowerandasuggestionforanapproach insucha approaches forsustainability’s sake. The experienceshave resultedintheoryaboutamoreinclusiveand The studiesbehindthistexthavefocusedontwoSwedishmunicipalitiestryingnewparticipatory the administrativerealmsofmunicipalandregionalorganizations (Langlet2013). broaden itsscopetootherformsofcitizendialoguethough,astheydiscoveredoverlapsandparallels with the termwastosignifyonlydialoguebetweenpoliticalrealmsandtheirconstituents. (SALAR) startedtheprojectMedborgardialog (CitizenDialogue-own translation)in2006,andinitially qualities” (SOU2001-owntranslation). The Swedish Association ofLocal Authorities andRegions governmental officialreportfrom2001calledforamore“participatorydemocracywithdeliberative But inputfrominhabitants,citizensorconstituentshasnotonlybeeninfocussocietalplanning. Indeed,a and researchersinthefieldofplanning. collaborating withtheinhabitantsorstakeholdersofaplaceispressingimportancetobothpractitioners even morediverseinterpretationsofparticipationandcitizendialogue(s),theinterestinnewways of Danielsson andBerg ed.2013,Lindholmetal.2015). With thechangestoPBL suggestingtheneedfor has accordinglybeenthefocusofseveralstudiesinSwedishacademiathesepastdecades(Seefex The interestforparallel,complementaryformatsandmethodsmorequalitativeparticipatoryinfluence tion meetingsinthereportreads: can, toagreaterextentthanbefore,decidewhotheyconferwith. The recommendationabouttheparticipa were madeandacceptedinJanuary2015. The participatoryprocessisstillmandatory, butthemunicipality governmental reportfrom2013titled A moreefficientplanning-andbuildingpermitprocess.Somechanges Also, thepressingneedofhousinginSwedenisobjectivechangestoPBL tend toexcludecertaingroupsallthesame(Listerborn2015b). exemplified byListerbornindiscussionsaboutsafetyplanningdiscourse,ef participatory efforts, butSwedishpracticecannot besaidtomeetthatdemand(Stenberg 2013).Or, as 2015a). Agenda 21(1992)actuallystressesthatpreviouslyexcludedgroupsshouldbeprioritizedin people actindividuallybasedonvestedinterestsandnotaspartofthecommunityorforitssake(Listerborn, interests. (Stenberg 2013)Or, asPBL focusesonsingularsakägare(stakeholder orinterestedparty),itmakes “Instead ofgeneralrulesabouthowtheparticipatoryprocess isorganized, wesuggestthatthemunicipality must conferwithaffectedstakeholders.Furthermore, anewdemandforthemunicipalitytoreport howthe I Writing Because weare talkingabouthowyoucantalk houses

and weare doingsomethingwitharchitecture, right?” need forjointinfluencehasbeenmet,isintroduced.” This? “Talking abouthousesisalsoarchitecture. 11 participating inaworkshopabouttheirschool,BuråsskolanGötebor (own translation/slightlyparaphrasingthewordsofachild13-15yearsold, forts aimedat“everyone” DRAFT suggestedinanofficial The projectcameto

(SOU: 2013:34p234)

g, in2008)

- a planner’s perspective. objectives behindtheneedforparticipation.Iended upincontextsbeyondmyplanningprofession,butwith My studieshavefocusedonthefunction,scopeand timingofparticipation,ratherthanonthesustainability the placeandopportunitywheresuchcommunicationcantakeplace. the needforparticipatorydialoguetostartinacommon,mutualunderstanding.Ihavebeenlooking for ipants wereaskedtocommunicateincontextstheydidnotunderstandaboutacontextknew well.Isaw same knowledge,contextandstoriesregardlessofmunicipalopponentinthedifferent meetings. The partic ings occurredastheinhabitantsandlocalactorsparticipatedindifferent meetingsandworkshopswiththeir from themunicipalitydiscussedlocalcontextsdifferent perspectivesandtime-lines.Misunderstand looking foranexchangethatwasn’t there.InsteadIfoundanewcommunicationgap,wheredifferent actors discussions triedtofindplanningproblemssolveinavisionputtogetherbypoliticians.Ifound myself I wasinvitedtofollowthediscussionsaboutanewcomprehensiveplaninLerum,butfoundhow those according tomyresearchquestions. following andreflectingonon-goingpracticeintwospecificcontexts,ratherthanconducting my cases participatory processesinplanning(samrådsprocesser)twoSwedishmunicipalities.Ihavedone soby I havebeensearchingforparticipationsustainability’s sake,parallelanddifferent tothelegallydefined planning. (municipal) planning”,combiningmymaininterestsoffacilitatingcommunicationandphysical, societal even moresothanarchitectureorplanning.Ihavecometostudywhatcall“communicativeinterfacesfor kinds ofknowledgeaboutourcommonbuiltenvironments.Myfieldinterestiscommunication,maybe myself assomekindofinterpreter, butnowbetweendifferent professionallanguagesorbetweendifferent between twopeople,whootherwisewouldnotunderstandeachother, appealedtome. And Istillidentify career withlanguagestudiesandtheideaofbecominganinterpreter. Beingthelinkofunderstanding since thedayIwasacceptedtoarchitectureschool.camefromhumanitiesasstartedmyacademic I havehadafrom-the-side-lineskindofperspectiveonmyprofessionandfield(architectureplanning) is commonvocabulary, wastofindahomeformyinterestinwords. position asaPhDstudentinresearchenvironmentwherecommunicativeandcollaborativeplanningtheory and professionals,deepenedmyinterestforthewordsaboutarchitectureplanning. A fewyearscommunicatingaboutarchitectureandplanningoutsidetheprofession, betweenchildren with childrenandyouthprimarilylearningbydoing… architecture schooltoworkwithandcommunication,managingparticipatoryprojectsprimarily and planningputmeinthedirectionoftheorybehindmyPhDstudiesbeforetheybegan.Ileft Planning theoryisaspecificfieldofacademicthough,andmyfocusonthewordsaboutarchitecture a theorist. further inthatdirectionandIamnowlookingathowplanningisbeingplanned.Byanylayman’

12 DRAFT To thenfinda s termsIam

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- (See alsochapter participatory communicationprocess,planningis whatfollowsparticipation,nottheotherwayaround all communicationtodowithknowledge,interests andideasaboutageographicalareaasvalidinputto events thathadnothingtodowithplanning,but will orcouldbeofuseinplanningprojectstocome.Seeing communication betweenothers(noplannersinvolved). Manyrealisationsaboutparticipationarefrom perspective hasbeenthatofaplannerfocusingon planningissues,Ialsodrawconclusionsfrom and otheractors,butIlookatthesecommunicative interfacesasoneandthesame(Seefig.2). The planningtheoryIleanmostheavilyagainst, describes thecommunicativeinterfacebetweenplanners Lerum addedasaprocess withinthatframeworknarrowing itdownthrough strategiesfoundwithinthekeyconcepts. Fig. 1:Research framework formystudiesonparticipationinplanningaspresented ataseminarJune52013,butwiththecase organize thelocal that process,andIcametostudyhowitiscanbeused(see process strategies foundinthekeyconcepts.FirstIdescribedaperspectiveonparticipationas case andthenajourneywithinthatframework,butnarrowinginonmyperspectiveconclusionthrough Summary Papers IV presentedinthisthesisarestillsomethingofareflectiontheprocessthroughthese concepts(See experience inLerumtightenedthestudyfromkeyconceptstostrategieswithinthem.PapersII,IIIand I keptwithinthatframworkofkeyconceptsandphrasedmyresearchquestionsinfromit.Butthecase in thecasecontextofdecision-makingmunicipalplanning. the participantswereabletoshare. This wouldinturnconnecttotheconceptof there Iwouldinvestigatewhatkindof further investigatethecommunicativegapIhadfoundbetweenmunicipalityanditsinhabitants.From explored inthesecondcase. The mainkeytomytopichasalwaysbeen questions andconceptspresentedinmylicentiatethesis(Åhlström201 participation municipalities -UddevallaandLerum(Seechapter As willbedescribedbelow, myresearchhasbeenconductedfollowingtwocasestudiesinSwedish 1.3 Why Am IWriting andsociallearning(see andplanninginaSwedishmunicipalcontext. Within thattopicthefirstcase resultedin ). Ihaveseenmystudiesintheshapeoffig.1below: A frameworksetupbytheprevious Other KeyConcepts– network is astrategytoshareknowledgeinorderhaveinfluence(see This municati dish con o t Paper II om n we ex c S t ? Scope And Content knowledge case

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better, together, andcontinuously. summarize myexperiences,reflectionsandconclusions.Ihopetohavepointedoutsomethings we cando planning. Itcannevercoverallaspectsornarratecompletesequencesofevents,butithopefully this formatontheotherhand,forsakeofcontributingtobodyknowledgeaboutparticipation for write itdown;Formycasemunicipalities’ sakeontheonehand, inreportsandpresentationsforthem.In more andsenseasIcouldcomparethemtomyownexperiencesovertime.Eventuallyhave triedto I haveinterviewedpeopleandlistenedinonmeetings.readtextsbypredecessorsthat made many aspectsofsaidcontext,notjustthephysicalityormorphologyactualplace.(Seealso I choosetoaddressageographical geographically delimitedcontext. planning tobeembeddedincommunicationatlarge betweenmunicipalandcivilactorstiedtoaspecific a stanceincommunicativeandcollaborativeplanningtheory, butconsideringcommunicationabout My studyoftwocasesinSwedishmunicipalitieshasgivenmethereasontophrasemyresultsbasedon All actors'different sets ofknowledgeisinterest forplanningprojects influencingtheirarea. geographical area andcontext.Ivisualizeitasaplaneonwhichcommunicationaboutthatarea takesplace. local stakeholders,municipalpoliticiansandadministrators(amongwhichwefindtheplanners),r Fig. 2:Participationtakesplacebetweenandamongallstakeholders context ratherthan 14 place . The communicativeinterface(s)betweeninhabitantsor DRAFT, asIwanttoaddresscommunicationdowith elates toacertain

Paper III

) orinfluenceovermunicipaldecision-making? – – – – This iswhathasbeeninvestigated: with questionsandconceptstobestudiedfurtherinthesecondcase(Åhlström201 Through experiencesfromtwocasestudiesanewperspectiveonparticipationevolved. 2. RESEARCHQUESTIONS Can participatoryeffortswithoutformalandexecutivemandatefrom themunicipalityhavepower Can participationbesetuptogiventheproblem formulationprerogative? and municipality? How islocalknowledgeofvalueforaplanningproject communicatedbetweencivilsociety Cancommunicationbetweenlocalcivilsocietyandmunicipalityworkasonecontinuousdialogue? 15 1, seealso

DRAFT The firstcaseleftme Paper I

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projects carriedout inpartBand tothecommunication andpresentation ofthe projectsinpart C. My rolehas been thatofanassistant teacherthroughoutthestudio aswelladvisor tosomeofthein-depth to meetsustainabledevelopmentobjectives. The courseislaidoutinthreepartsover13weeks. Much focusisthusontheunderstandingandanalysis ofalocalcontextanditsprerequisitespossibilities In theflyerintroducingstudiotofuturestudentsitsaysthatstudio’ (Falkheden andMalbert2004). (The PracticalInterpretation results ofaprojectaboutcollaborationsbetweenacademiaandpracticecalled of Bohuslänandeventuallywithinlandmunicipalitiesthe Västra Götalandregion.Itstartedasoneofthe The studiohasdevelopedsince2003incollaborationwithdifferent local actors,firstalongthewestcoast construction ofthisstudioanditsaimsisinteresttounderstandmycases. cases behindthisthesis,andsincethathasalsobeenmyownintroductiontothesemunicipalities, the Since Ihavefollowedthemasterstudentsintheirintroductiontoandanalysesoflocalcontexttwo years 2009and2013(Inorder:Uddevalla, Alingsås, Lerum,, ). assistant teacherandadvisorinbothmycasemunicipalities,aswellothermunicipalitiesbetweenthe been casestudies,notonlyforthisthesis,butmasterprogram.Ihavefollowedstudioasan Sustainable DevelopmentinaLocalContext Sustainable Development Chalmers Architecture hastwomasterprograms,oneofwhichisthe 3.1.1 DesignandPlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocalContext–masterstudio background andframeworksfortheresearchthenmadeonempiricalmaterialgatheredincases. tures, wasconnectedtothesecondcaseinLerum. All theseconnectionsandcontextsaredescribedbelow, as center fortransdisciplinaryknowledgeproductionaboutsustainableurbandevelopment,MistraUrbanFu European UnionfundedInterregprojecttogetherwiththemunicipalityofFredrikstadinNorway the researchbehindthisthesishasbeenconnected.Furthermore,caseinUddevallawasconnectedtoa Both casemunicipalitieshavebeencollaboratingwithChalmers Architecture inamasterstudio,towhich 3.1 ResearchContexts 3. RESEARCHDESIGN ... totraintheabilitydescribe,analyseandinterpret thelocal situationinabroad perspective,including broader context, workoutandtryvisionaryprinciplesofplanningdesignspatialstructures andthe communicating theoutcomes ofthestudioandcontainsworkonanexhibition andpresentation onsitefor design strategiesinsupport ofasustainabledevelopment.PartBcontains workonplanninganddesign ... to,withapointofdeparture inanunderstanding oftheconditionsplaceinalocalaswell functional context,identifying localdevelopmentobjectivesandworkon comprehensive planningand “Part A focusesonunderstanding andanalyzingalocalsituation,alsoinlarger geographicaland “... toincrease knowledgeandunderstandingoftheplanningdevelopmentproblems aswell possibilities ofsmallandmediumsizedmunicipalities/communitiestownsintheperspective spatial andarchitectural characteristicsaswellenvironmental, socialandeconomicaspects. projects thatcansupporttheobjectives andstrategiesdevelopedinpart A. (…) PartCisabout built environment, insupportofapositiveandsustainabledevelopment.” (MPDSD). Within theprogram,onestudioiscalled , owntranslation),conductedat local stakeholdersandinhabitants.” sustainable development. (Local Contextforshort)andbothUddevallaLerumhave (Studio Flyer:DesignandPlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocal Context2015) 16 Chalmers Architecture

Master Program Designfor s overallaimsare: (From information flyeraboutthestudio,2013) Design andPlanningfor Den PraktiskaTolkningen

DRAFT between1997and2003 . And the

As an

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on attitudesand factsofandabouttheSwedish population 1 StatisticsSweden (StatistiskaCentralbyrån SCB)doesregularsurveys called evaluation anddocumentation oftheproject(UddevallaKommun,201 municipal planningpractice anddirectinfluencebytheinhabitantswas described as“successful”inthe planning whichisdemanded bylawinSweden. The attemptsatnewmethodsweremeantto improve set-ups weredescribedas complementarytoeverydaypracticeandthemandatory participatoryprocessin In Uddevallatheplanning officewasinvolvedinallthemethodstried. Participatory meetingsindif Kommun 2011) to beimplementedineverydaypracticeofdifferent departmentswithinthemunicipality. (Uddevalla in themunicipalorganisation. The assessmentsoftheprojectalsoshowthatmethodsdeemed successfulare say thatpoliticiansparticipated,butthemethods usedwerechosen,testedandassessedatanexecutivelevel decided onapoliticallevel,butaftersuggestions bytheprojectmanagementteam.Onemaygeneraliseand used. All thesemethods werecollaborationsbetweenofficialsandinhabitants. Whatmethodtousewas budgeting, matchmakingconferencesandaroleplaying gameaboutvisionarysustainabledevelopmentwere dialogue withthecitizensofUddevalla.During projectperiodmethodslikesafetywalks,participatory involvement” (MSMprojectdescription2008). The projectsetouttotestachosenvarietyofmethodsfor aims intermsof“developmentlocaldemocracy”and“strengtheninginitiativesense of their municipalauthorities The municipalityofUddevalla,discoveredinanSCBsurvey2008thatitsinhabitantshadlow trustin and howIstartedmyPhD. The PhDpositionwasadvertisedbyChalmersandIapplied. This ishow Icameincontactwiththeproject , from2008to2011 (UddevallaKommun,2008and2011). Venue Citizen(s)–athreeyearEUfundedinterregproject betweenUddevallainSwedenandFredrikstad Both ofthesecollaborationsbecamepartMötesplatsMedborgare (MSM),whichtranslatestoMeeting (see above)andinco-fundingaPhDpositionwithresearchfocusedonparticipatorymethodsplanning. Uddevalla municipalitycollaboratedwithChalmers Architecture inboththemasterstudioLocalContext 3.1.2 MötesplatsMedborgare–anEUinterregproject somehow neutralvoicesuggestingchangesordevelopments. discourse oron-goingplanningprojectsand/ordetail-planprocessesandalsootherreactionstothis example seenhowtheyusethematerialleftbystudentsandprojectshaveaf I havealsohadtheopportunitytofollowuponstudioinmytwocasemunicipalities.for Fig. 3:Studiolay-out. six groupexercises Part A - Analyses andstrategies6weeks years. limited toafewlectures,andIhavenothadanyopportunityforcomparativestudiesonmyowninthese making assumptionsorobservationsinmycases.In2014and2015contributionstothestudiohavebeen visited in2010,2012and2013hasalsogivenvaluablecomparativematerialcontactstohave,when Having followedpart A andafewofthein-depthprojectscloselyinothermunicipalitiesthatstudio have achievedcomingalone. municipalities havebeenveryorganized, fullofinformation,meetingsandpeople,inawayIcouldhardly inhabitants andkeyactorsinthecommunity. As partof thatintroduction,myfirstvisitstocasestudy municipality introducesitselfaswellprovidesopportunitiesforinterviewsandvisitswithboth assistant teacherIhavecomealongontheintroductoryfirstweeksitewithstudents,where 1 . These surveyresultsbecame thestartingpointof projectMSM,whichhad individual ourinagroup Part B-In-depthprojects7weeks 17 Medborgarundersökningen DRAFT1). fected local compilingstatistics exhibition onsite Part C-1week

ferent

constituted by severalorganisations in theGothenburg region,combined withkeyinternationalpartners, let The centre’s build andorganization intheinterfacebetweentheory andpractice,fundedonaconsortium researchers fromotherfields, concernedwithsustainableurbandevelopment seenfromotherperspectives. Being partoftheMistra Urban Futuresnetworkalsoallowedmetotake part inseminarsandmeetingswith possibility tocontinuemy researchinasecondcase,co-fundedbyLerum andMistraUrbanFutures. Research) andaconsortiumofpartners. Thus thefortunateconnectiontothesetwocontextscreateda sustainable urbandevelopmentfinancedbyMistra (theSwedishFoundationforStrategicEnvironmental Chalmers andLerum.Buthehadalsoplayedamajor partindevelopingMistraUrbanFutures,acentrefor Malbert wasinvolved,asprofessorandcourseexaminer, forthemasterstudioinnegotiations between At thesametime,centreMistraUrbanFutures hadbeenstartedinGothenbur Chalmers, throughmycontinuedresearchonparticipation. semester. Leruminturnwasinterestedtocombinethestudiowithamorelong-term collaborationwith itself, asthemasterstudioofLocalContext(see above) wastocollaboratewithLerummunicipalitythat thesis in August 2011, therewasabriefdiscussiononhowtocontinue. A secondcasehoweverpresented As theprojectMSMinUddevallawasconcludedandmymethoddevelopmentdescribedalicentiate 3.1.3 MistraUrbanFutures library orUddevallamunicipalityonrequest. studies, furtherexplainedinPaperI. These analysesareinSwedishandcanbeobtainedfromme,Chalmers (, Bokenäset,LaneRyr, Dalaberg/Hovhult and Tureborg), basedoninterviewandworkshop reflected uponinthisthesisPaperI.Itresultedfiveareaanalysesofdif for Participation–Interpreting NarrativestoPlanningDocuments a reportpresentedasmylicentiatethesisinSwedish2011. Itstitletranslatesto questions andreflectionsemerging cametohavealarger scope. Themethoddevelopment isdescribedin The researchpartofmyPhDwastoviewthismethoddevelopmenttaskasempiricalstudies, while Areas associations wereaskedtotakeonanewroleasdialoguepartnersthemunicipalityin“ The areaswerechosenforme,paralleltooneoftheothermethodstestedinproject,whereexisting local method forsiteanalysesbasedonparticipation. of theseareaspecificdocumentswithideasfornewmethodsparticipation. 1993) mostlyfocusingonphysicalenvironmentandcharacter. The taskinUddevallacombinedthepurpose the municipality, inessenceaccordingtotheNorwegianmethodofStedsanalyse(Miljøverndepartementet, from Fredrikstad,whereanarchitecturalfirmhadmadeanalysisdocumentscharacterizingdif of thegeographicallydelimitedareasanalysed. The ideaofmakingsiteanalysesinthefirstplacecame carried outbythePhDstudent(me).Ilaterchangedtermto The contractbetweenChalmersandUddevallastatedthatthecollaborationwouldresultin“siteanalyses” 3.1.2.1 task:methoddevelopment project. planning (Metodboken2011). Possiblyduetothetrialsbeingmadewithinframeworkofatimerestricted were generallypreferredtotheslowbuildingofnewpracticewithinoverallprocessmunicipal The evaluationoftheprojectlistedsuccessfulaspectsdif was laterchangedto“ inhabitants asenseofbeinginvolved 2009, owntranslation)whiletheinitialprojectdescriptionphrasedaimoftobe“ decisions different actors.Onepoliticiansaidthat“ The aimwasto“ ” (namedsobytheproject,fromhereonreferredtoasLDAs) ” (EsamelNaggar, municipalpolitician,meetingwiththeboard’s supportcommission, improve localdemocracy giving inhabitantsapossibilitytoinfluencelocaldecisions ” (MSMprojectdescription,2008,owntranslation). A phrasingthat Successful participationleadstobetterandmore relevant ”, aphrasethatcouldbe,andwas,interpreteddifferently by 18 ferent methodstried. The “quicker”methods Area Analyses (Åhlström2011). Itissummarizedand ferent partsofUddevalla Thus mytaskwastodevelopa duetothecharacterandsize ” (owntranslation). g. MysupervisorBjörn DRAFTArea Analysis asaTool Local Democracy ferent partsof giving the

Kisumu andCape Town), myresearchhasstayedonSwedishsoil. The centrehashoweverhadguestsfrom While thecentreisinternational,withfourplatformofficesspreadoverworld(Gothenbur been rewarding. own. Bothbeingabletoinvitesuchavastnetworkandinvitedwidelyreachingevents,has its networkofpartners,researchersandpractitionerswheninvitingtoaseminarortopicaldiscussionmy Furthermore, thecentreMistraUrbanFutureshostsevents,seminars,lecturesandmeetingscanoffer in otherclose-bymunicipalities. not onlytopresentmyresults,buttakepartinwhatishappeningonthetopicofparticipationplanning regularly todiscusssustainableurbandevelopment. This networkhasgivenmereoccurringopportunities, being partoftheMistraUrbanFuturesconsortium,hasanetworkmunicipalrepresentativesthatconvenes Thus theGöteborg Region Association ofLocal Authorities (Göteborgregionens Kommunalförbund, GR), which totestanddiscussmyfindingswithpractitionersfromsimilarcontextsascasestudies. the consortiumpartnersparticipatinginnetworkmeetingsandseminarshavegivenyetanotherarena The centre’s ideaistoco-create knowledge,throughpracticeandresearchsimultaneouslytogether. Thus vocabulary andraisond’être–transdisciplinarity(seefurtherinchapter me bepartofanorganizational contextthatgavemywayofconductingresearchbothaframework, 1.1 Conservinganecological balancebyavoidingdepletion of naturalresources 1 Abletobemaintained atacertainrateorlevel:‘sustainable economicgrowth’ sustainable aiming forbalance). difference inmeaningbetweensustainableeconomy(assuming aimingforgrowth)andecology(assuming The definitionoftheadjectivesustainableisactually dividedintwotheOxfordDictionary Castell (seefig.4)andissomehowstumbledover intheOxfordDictionarydefinition. to besustainedcanhardlysynonymsandtheinherent paradoxoftheexpressionwasaptlyillustratedby “over time”to“indefinitely”byreferring“the needsoffuturegenerations”inplural.Buttodevelopand development fromOurCommonFuture(WCED, 1987)couldbesaidtoextendtheunderlyingmeaningof sustainability isthustheabilitytoupholdsomething (overtime). To sustainderivesfromthelatinprefixsub-(frombelow)and tenere(hold).Inextension,theliteralsenseof the casemunicipalitiesuseword. (Uddevalla kommun2008,Lerums2009,seealso Both mycasemunicipalitieshaveinitiatedparticipatoryefforts withobjectivesofsustainabledevelopment the municipalities’ understanding anduseofthisconceptsetssometheframeworkforcasestudies. and discourseaboutsustainabilitybothattheChalmersschoolof Architecture andatMistraUrbanFutures, (See fex As mymainfocusisanother, Irefertoothershavinganalysedorscrutinizedtheconcept morethoroughly The conceptofsustainabledevelopmentisworthyof,andcomplexenoughtoearnitself,alifetime ofstudy. these studiestocomeabout. as objectiveandvisioninthemunicipalitieswhichstudieshavetakenplace,beenaprerequisite for and useofthisconceptthatmattersforresearch.Butthecontextsustainabledevelopment has rather, First, thetermsustainabilitywasdescribedinchapter 3.1.4 inthecontextofsustainability students ofsustainableurbandevelopmentfromboththeUKandKenya. its internationalplatformsgivingmeopportunitiestomeetandexchangeexperienceswithresearchers and Thematic Paper AThematic : adjective in Castell2010).

And whilemyresearchisconnectedtoformulations,activity 19 Other KeyConcepts Introduction The classicdefinitionofsustainable Method ). Iwillthereforejustclarifyhow , butitisnot

DRAFT). my understanding (Oxford Dictionary 2015) , hintingata g, Manchester,

translation of theseis: in specifyingchaptersand strategiesunderthreekeywords: that Lerummeanstobe a leadingmunicipality“ says literally“ (Lerums kommun2009). The word “miljö”isdirectlytranslatedinto“environment” andthewholephrase The politicalvisionofLerummunicipalityisphrased inSwedishas“ Fig. 5themunicipallogotypeforVision 2025(2009) middle overlap. times referredtoasdifferent kindsofsustainability, whichmayruntheriskofmissingpoint above, sometimesaddingafourth,cultural,dimension.However, thethreedifferent dimensionsaresome sustainable development,themunicipalityofLerumhavereferredtoclassic Venn diagrammentioned issues” (miljöfrågor)havebeenusedassynonymsinmunicipalmeetingsIattended. (green) environmentandecology. Indeed“sustainability issues”(hållbarhetsfrågor)and“environmental Sustainable developmentinthemunicipality’s discoursehasatraditionofbeingfirstandforemostabout Kommun 2009). in thedriver’s seat,beingthenecessarydrivingforceofsustainabledevelopmentasawhole(Lerum discussing participationandsustainability. Lerum’s approachtothisisplacetheinhabitants orparticipants dictionary definitionabove,thesocialdimensionisonemissing,andmostoftenreferredtowhen social, economicalandecological/environmentalconcernscomingtogether. Intheexamplesof is oftenexplainedwiththreeinterlockingcirclesina Venn diagram,showingsustainabilityastheresultof example ofmaintaining(economic)growthandontheotherconserving(ecological)balance.Sustainability It somehowsuggeststhatthewordhasbeengivencontextualmeaningbyitsuse;ononehandwith balance andacyclicviewontime,whiledevelopmentsuggestslineartimeindefinitegr Fig. 4:TheparadoxofsustainabledevelopmentasillustratedbyCastell2010.word sustainablereferring tostabilityand Sweden’s leading environmental municipality by2025 Sustainability, Creativity, Influence.

in termsofsustainability 20 Hållbarhet, Kreativitet, Inflytande ”. However, Iwouldratherlike tosay Sveriges ledandemiljökommun2025 ”. Butthevisionisnarrowed down DRAFTowth orprogress. When discussing

. Aliteral

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document asquotedabove. sustainable development,Ichoosetoreferitin accordancewiththephrasingof While acknowledgingtheoveruseand“greenwash” aswelltheinherentparadoxofexpression addressed alsoonalocallevel(seeFalkheden1999). such acurrenttopic.Itisabouthowglobalissues,asclimatechangeorresourcedistribution, needtobe related tolifestylechoicesmadebyeachandeveryone,correlateswellwithwhyparticipationin planning is The wayLerumphrasesparticipationasadrivingforceinsustainabledevelopment,andsustainability being presenting PilotGråbotoaseminaratSALARin2013. “Making thesustainablechoiceeasychoice” already there.Becomingpartoftheinhabitant’s everydaylifestyleandconsumerchoicesfor example. sustainability, notasanewadditiontothecomplexityofcommunity, butas(becoming)partofwhatis This quotebytheprocessleaderofPilotGråbowellillustratesaimswithintodiscuss discussed. supply ofsustainablegoodsandservicesaccessibilitybybikeorfootwithinGråbo,havebeen translation). Referringtothisparticularphrase,issuesasdiversewastemanagement,localdemand and sustainable developmentoftheircommunity the pilotcannotbeconsideredsuccessfulunless“ towards sustainabledevelopent.ItsprojectnameisPilotGråbo.Lerumhasphrasedinitsobjectivesthat In workingtowardsthisvision,theurbansettlementofGråbohasbeenselectedasapilotareaforefforts phrased moreasstrategies. shape theirlifeaswellparticipationandresponsibility towards thecommunity”- innovation andnewtechnology”- Sustainability seemstosummarizethevision,whileCreativity( Comparing thisformulationtothefirstparagraphsunderothertwokeywordsin Future (1987)whilelinkinghumanneedstothedimensionsof of Hållbarhet(Literaltranslation:Sustainability)theyparaphrasetheclassicalformulationOurCommon simplification ofthe Vision seemstohelpthemunicipalityspecifywhatitmeans.Underspecification While thismadetheconceptsandvisionsomewhatconfusingtotranslateorexplainfortext, “What ifwecouldcreate consumerdemandforsustainablesolutions,ratherthanbathroom renovations, individual, culturally, sociallyandenvironmentally, withoutriskingfuture generations’ possibilitytohave the same.Butdevelopmentalsoneedtobeeconomicallysustainable.Urbansettlementsmustco-exist “A sustainablecommunitymeansadevelopmentofthatensuringthebasicneedseach with surrounding countrysideandacyclicsystemisprerequisite.” own translation)andInfluence( wooden verandasorkitchenislands?” ” (paraphrasedfromLerumskommun,PilotGråbo,2009,own , asthesameChristianMattssonphrasedit,when (Christian Mattsson,processleaderPilotGråbo,LerumNovember2015,owntranslation) the inhabitantsofGråboare thedrivingforce behindthe 21 “Need formeetingplacesandwelcoming Venn diagram: “Every individual’s rightandneedto (Lerums kommun2009–owntranslation) fered byLerum’s vision

DRAFTown translation)seem Vision document,

ning -mycomment) research. As suchthedefinitionwould read: Yin’s definition shouldbereplaced bytheword“setting” tobemoreapplicable architectural(andplan is tomepartofthecase study methodology. Wang andGroat (2013)suggesttheword“contemporary”in might betrueformytwo cases,butcomparingthemtopreviouscasestudies andpilotsconductedbyothers Yin (1994)claims acasestudyneedstoaddresscontemporary situations,notsituationsinthepast. This case studiescanbeofvaluetoscienceingeneral, bothwhenfalsifyingandverifyingexistingtheory. one individualcasestudyhasbydefaultcontributed generalizableknowledge. Thus, Iargue thatsingular municipalities aswell.But,Flyvbjerg alsopointsout,ifonecasefalsifiesestablishedgeneraltheory, that ipalities tocomparewith,Icanspecifyratherwell whatiscasespecificandcanbeconfirmedinother izable knowledge. As Icomparetwocasesinsimilarcontexts, andhaveafurther288otherSwedishmunic a blackswan,anditcanbeargued thatonlyseveralcasestudiesincomparablecontextscanemerge general The generalizationofoneindividualcasemight run theriskofbecomingwhatFlyvbjer study issimplythelaboratoryofsciencestodowith life-worldpractices,suchasplanningandarchitecture. not onlyinthespecificcontext,butapplicationoftheoreticalknowledgepractice. claim thatcontext-specificknowledgeisvaluableasitis.Itcanverifyorcontradicttheoreticalknowledge, theory onthesubjectisapplicabletothisparticularcontext–i.e.Swedishmunicipalplanning.Itherefore general theoreticknowledgefromelsewheretothem. Thus Ihavebeenabletoverifywhetherexisting My caseshavebeenveryspecific,andratherthantakinggeneralknowledgefromthem,Icompared by Yin andGiddens. method (Flyvbjerg, 2006p.221),hesumsupandconcretizessomeofthethingsIdidnotagreewith,intexts Against? I foundthatwhileFlyvbjerg mightcriticizethepremisesofmytheoreticalframework(seechapter conducted. Thus givingthereaderpossibilitytoweighvalidityofmyclaims. observations, reflectionsandconclusionsfromthem,aslongIamclearabouthowthestudyhas been been atemporaryobserverandparticipantinmytwocases,Idon’ reflecting onandcomparingexperiencesinthatlife-world,totheorycasesphrasedbyothers. Ihave its contextsandevents,regardlessofdependentonmypresence. Thus, thecasestudyismymethodof My definitionofthecasesisthussimplylife-worldrealityinmunicipalitiesUddevalla andLerum, enable thereadertoassessrelevanceoraccuracyofmyfindings. addressed. Idosobydescribingmyroles,tasksandhowhaveconductedstudies,asclearlycan,to jargon, socialcodesandunderstandingofdiscourse.However, issuesofobjectivityandbiasmuststillbe sions frommyexperiences. The casecontextis,inallrelevantaspects,myaswell,forexample cases areinaSwedishcontext,mainlyconcerningissuesofplanning,Ifindmyselfsuitabletodrawconclu happen inacontextof“’mutualknowledge’,sharedbyobserverandparticipants”(Giddens,1982). as Giddensclaimsisnecessarytodrawanyconclusions(Giddens,1982).thatthestudymust Giddens andIhadmoreincommon,butwouldhavenopossibilitytobeasimmerged inmycasecontexts questions. on-going practice(see tory processesinplanning( ticipation andcommunicationaboutalocalcontext,paralleldif ‘how’ and‘why’ researchquestions(Yin. 1994).Iwaslookingfora‘what’ question–searchingforpar as somethingdifferent to Yin’s ratherrestrictivedefinition,wherethecasestudyisdeterminedbyonly (i. e. Yin 1994,Giddens1982and1984Flyvbjerg 1998and2006)Iquicklyformulatedmycasestudies The empiricalmaterialhasbeencollectedintwocasestudies.Lookingatothers’ 3.2.1 Casestudies 3.2 Method ), Iagreewithmanyofhisviewsoncasestudy. When helistsfivemisunderstandingsaboutthe

The Cases samrådsprocesser and Paper I ) ratherthanconductingmycasesaccordingtoresearch ) intwoSwedishmunicipalities.Ihavedonesobyfollowing 22 ferent tothelegallydefinedparticipa t seeaproblemwithsharingmy

DRAFT definitionsofcasestudies g (2006)discussesas The specificcase Anyone As my

------at anothermeeting whichIhadalso attended. Icouldnotcontradict thespeculationswith thefactsthenand could havehelped. But,asanexample, participantsofonemeeting speculatedabout what wasbeingsaid practice. Butthesilentobserver rolehasmeantthatIhavekeptsilenteven onoccasionswheremyinput case haveonoccasionasked mequestionsaboutthingstodowithexpertise onforexampleplanning Lerum/Gråbo municipality). Ihavebeen asilentobserveratmeetingsandeventstodo with PilotGråbo(seechapter observations havebeenreported backinplannedfeedbacksessionstothe projectorprocessowners(the Gråbo. Thus, inourproject,transformativeassessmenthasmeantthis: Assessments basedonparticipatory to aspecificcontext.Inmycase,theoriesofparticipation andcommunicationappliedtothecontextof Transformative knowledge iscontextual,ortheknowledgethatcomesoutofapplyingtheoretical knowledge (Polket.al2009).Iwill,fromnowon, usetransformativeassessmenttodescribemymethod. more aptlyhavebeencalled and isusedinavarietyofways,mostlythefield ofeducation.Myversionthemethodshouldperhaps affects theteachingmethod(Blackand William, 1998).Butthetermdoes nothaveoneaffirmeddefinition usually usedintheworldofeducationandrefers toanadaptiveprocesswherethestudent’ In thissecondcaseofLerum,mypracticaltaskonsitewasdescribedas allowed toinfluenceeachother. being inatransdisciplinarysetting(seechapter empirical materialtoreflectupon,muchinthesamewayasLerum,makesmedescribemystudies as research, beingapartofandclearlyinfluencingthecase.ButusingexperiencesinUddevalla asmy case too.Butmytaskofmethoddevelopmentwithintheirpracticemademethinkthatasasort ofaction than conducting,hisorhercasestudy. InhindsightIwasmuchofanembeddedresearcherintheUddevalla concept afterHabermas1987,usedhereasdescribedbyMalbert1998,p35-37)context,following, rather I learnedtocallmyselfanembeddedresearcher. That istosay, aresearcherembeddedinlife-world(a chapter The caseinLerumhasbeencollaborationwithMistraUrbanFutures(mistraurbanfutures.org, seealso 3.2.2 Embeddedresearcherand(trans)formativeassessment study. the real-lifecontextofmycaseandinthisbook.Ithinkthatistobuildorcontributetheory my fieldof become explanatoryasIhavetriedtomakesenseofmyunderstandingandfindwaysconvey it –bothto standing andbroadenmyviews.ButasIhavealsocometosomeconclusionsorresults,studyhas having challengedandtestedmypre-understandingpre-existingviews,inordertodeepenunder- Exploratory -tounderstandthephenomenonandcasehowtheycorrelate(seeabove).Iseethisas well. Or, asphrasedby Wang andGroat(2013),mycasestudy hasbeenbothexploratoryandexplanatory. about howcasestudiesaremostlytoformhypotheses,isamisunderstandingvis-à-vismyas out whenappliedtothelife-worldcontext. Thus, thethirdmisunderstandingaccordingtoFlyvbjerg (2006) my twocasestudiesareanswersandresultstohowhypothesesIcamecaseswith,developedfell study totestmyownandothers’ pre-understandingofparticipationandplanning.Conclusionsdrawnfrom It wasdesrcibedinothercasesaswelltheoreticaldescriptionstheliterature.Ihaveusedmycase more thananythingIcomparedlife-worldoccurrencesinthecasestoliteratureonparticipationplanning. I cametomycasestudieswithaviewontheworld. The casesbothchallengedandconfirmedthatview. But context andcasephenomenonwhichmakescasesofsimilarcontextscomparable. and contextareinterdependentoverlapping.Itisthisoverlapor“unclearboundary”betweencase but wherethephenomenon(participationinplanningaSwedishmunicipalityforsustainability’ The combineddefinitionworkswellwithhowIseemystudiesastotallydependentonthecasecontext(s), “A casestudyisanempiricalinquirythatinvestigatesasettingphenomenonwithinitsreal-life context, Case Contexts especially whentheboundariesbetweenphenomenonandcontextare notclearlyevident” ), butallthosepresenthave knownorbeentoldaboutmyroleandtask. The participantsofmy – Mistra UrbanFutures transformative assessment Transdisciplinarity and Theoretic Framework –Transdisciplinarity 23 , asMistraUrbanFuturesreferstotransformative ), whereresearcherandcasehavebeen formative assessment DRAFT(Yin 2009combinedwith Wang andGroat2013) s learningability – A term ) andthere s sake)

Case

communicated it: rationality andpower(Flyvbjerg 1998),butforthewayheconducted hiscasestudyandhowhe researcher. Flyvbjerg, ismostknownforhiscasestudyin , .Notonly forhisresultsabout discussions aboutthevastamountofempiricalmaterial themethodaccruesandaboutobjectivityof Two difficultiesofcasestudyasmethod,isaddressedbyboth Flyvbjerg (1998and2006) and myselfin and morespecificallymyresearch. with thepublic,andinmunicipalityoffices. But therearealsomoresubtleethicalissuesthatconcernme issues likeracism,segregationanddiscrimination arealsodealtwithexplicitlyanddirectlyinthemeetings has aimsconcerningintegrationissues,youthinterestsandruraldevelopmentproblems.Blatantethical is respected,intervieweesarechosentorepresentdifferent groupsorcategories,andtheEUprojectinitself Working withpeople,thereareofcoursemanyethicalconsiderationsmadealmostautomatically. Privacy 3.2.4 are describedveryfreefromtheoryandcomparedtoorthroughsetorderslogicsafterwards. I mightnowthinkofitasaveryhonestwaylearningandvalidatingmyfindings. findings andadapttothetheorymostrecentlylearned. WhileIinitiallyfoundthistobeaproblem, that Ihavechosentheoriesbasedonmyempiricalevidenceandviceversa,thuslettingtheoryadapt tomy Since myempiricalstudiesandreadingofdifferent theorieshavebeenparallelitisnaturaltoassume adaptive theoryasquotedby Tahvilzadeh describesmyperspectiveonempiricalstudiesbest: practice ratherthanhavingatheoreticalbackgroundtoanacademicfield,IfindLaydersdescriptionof my preconceivedknowledgeofthefieldplanningguidesme.Eventhoughtraininghasbeentowardsa both Ichoosetocallmystudiesaccretive(Tahvilzadeh, 2012). While Icompareempiricalfindingstotheory, the general,thusimprovingorexplaininganalreadyestablishedclaimprobability),butsinceIcan observations aftercomparisonwithotherdescribedcases)andinductive(specificknowledgecontributingto One couldargue thatmystudiesarebothdeductive(generalconclusionsbeingdrawnfromspecific 3.2.3 Adaptive/ accretivestudies results andrecommendationsalongtheway. Lerum/Gråbo ed myfindingsandreflectionsalongthewaytodifferent groupsconnectedtothecase(Seechapter I haverecordedandtakennotesofeventsdiscussions. At giventimesandwhenasked, Ihavereport tions andreports,ifasked,astheywerealreadyavailablemeanttoinfluencechange. organization workedshouldavoidbeingtaintedbymymanipulation. Thus Icouldrefertomyownpresenta mation withoutmypresenceornot.Iftheydidnot,Icouldnotbeitssourceifobservationsofhowthe It wasabalancingactwhereIchosetointerferebyaskingmyselfiftheyhadaccesstheinfor activities toavoidspeculation. there. Instead,Iexplainedatalateroccasionthatthesetwogroupsneededinformationabouteachothers’ “Adaptive theoryisaccretive, itisanorganic entitythatconstantlyreformulates itselfbothinrelation tothe concepts andmodelssuggestpatterns‘order’ intheemerging datawhilebeingcontinuouslyresponsive happened onsuchaday, insuchaplace,context. Eventsare thenstructured intoanarrativeby immediate plotofactors andactions,theconceptualplotofrelationship betweenrationalityand the conventionalmeans of time,place,actorsandcontext.Thenarrative is developedwithtwoplots,the “(…) the Aalborg caseisdepicted notintermsofcodesbutevents,simply recording what dictates oftheoretical reasoning andthe‘factual’ characteroftheempiricalworld.Priortheoretical Empirical materialandresearcherbias ), andLerummunicipalityhavethushadthechancetochangetheirpracticeaccordingmy to theorder suggestedorunearthedbythedatathemselves” power…” 24 (Layder 1998:27asquotedby Tahvilzadeh 2012:73)

DRAFTThus myempiricaldata (Flyvbjerg 1998,p.8)

Case -

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- that however, letsmy readersweighmyfindingsagainstthoseof opposition. influenced mychoiceof career, topicandmethod and undoubtedlythereforemyresults.Beingopen about Jackson (2009)andothervaluebuildingopinions, doinfluencemyresearch.Basicpersonalvalueshave my personalviewsonfairdistributionofresources, genderequality, ano-growtheconomyasdescribed by economic growthandafreemarketassystemsto buildasustainablesocietyon,asIdonot. And Idothink It mightbeinterestingforexample,tohavemyresults testedorchallengedbysomeonewhobelievesin weighed againstotherresultsdependingonwhat thatbiasentails. tion ofyourfindings. Theresearchmightnotbebadbecause ofabiasedresearcher, butitmightneedtobe ibility toreflectonyourobjectivityorbiastowards thecaseandincludethosereflectionsinpresenta develop toyourcaseispartofthemethod.Ifind however, thattheresearcher’s rolegivesyouarespons- Giddens claimsthatyouhavetobepartofacontextunderstandit(Giddens1982)andthe biasyou or someonedoesnotovershadowanill-performedtaskmisplacedfunctionality. activities, eveninsocialsettingssuchasgroupsofwellmeaningparticipantsmycases,liking something tend tolikethoseandthatwhichreflectyourownviews.Butwhenlookingatde-personifiedfunctions and excuse moreoftheirfailures.Becomingembeddedinacase,formingrelationstoactorswithinthe case,you experience, comesfromourhumannature. When weunderstandsomeone’s goodintentions,wetendto My ownbiasismorecomplicatedtoaddressorcircumventasdirectlyopenly. Casestudybias,inmy data orinformationinitsoriginalcontext. - Myempiricalmaterialhasbeenstoredandorderedinsuchaway, that,uponrequest, Icanproducequotes, quote bequestionedorinneedoffurtherexplanation. quoted arethuspossibletofindinmyrecordingsondemand,shouldaconclusionofeventsormeaning ofa present whenarecordingdevicehasbeenused. The audiofilesarehoweverarchivedbydate,andevents - Audio recordingsofmeetings,interviewsandworkshopsarefor my earsonly, asagreeduponwiththose attribute isconsideredofimportancetotheunderstandingacontextorquote. - Participantsandactorsofthecasesareanonymous,unlessanindividual’ In relationtomytopicandmethodofstudy, Ihavemadethefollowingethicalconsiderations: conveying knowledge(see dissertation formatcallsfor, asmyfindingsalsoshowthenarrativeacommunicativelyeffective meansof with mycaseexperiences.ButIhavealsoletlanguagestaynarrativeandperhapsmoreprosaicthanthe sure Ishowandrefermyfindingscorrectlyasbuildresultsconclusionsonothers’ style ofwritinghasalwaysbeennarrativeandprosaic.Ihavewrestledwiththeacademicformat,making The secondplot,ofhowconclusionsandresultshavebuiltontopeachother, isaccruedinthistext.My becomes avastamountofdocumentationasthecasecontextdoesnotwait. comparable andlinkedtotheirsoundrecordingswiththehelpofapplicationEvernote).Itquickly crued intheformofaresearchdiaryaswellmeetingnotesandsoundrecordings(Meeting The continuousnarrativephrasingtheimmediateplotofactorsandactionsinmycasestudieshasbeenac dependant onaresearcher’s methodologicaldiscipline. causalities ofalaboratoryexperiment,makestheaccruedempiricalmaterialcasestudysprawlingand valid researchmethod. The casestudycontextofalife-world’s chaoticcharacter, notatallwithpredictable understanding, butitisamisunderstandingthatthesedifficultieswouldinanywaydismisscasestudyas on thebasisofspecificcasestudies” study asdescribedabove. Yes, itis I recognizedmuchofmyownmethodinthisdescriptionasitalsoresonatestheaccretivenature Paper III “difficult tosummarizeanddevelopgeneralpropositions andtheories ). asFlyvbjerg’s (2006)lastmisunderstandingreads. That isnotamis 25 s title,age,genderorother DRAFT workcombined

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- - depending on whatmetaphoryouchoose. described byStenberg 2004), communicationistheglue,excavatingtool, crowbarorkeytothatprocess, sets ofunderstandingand thesedifferent agendastocometogetherandmakenewknowledge emerge (as Research Environment -Interplace agenda. Infact,thatisa prerequisite forinterplace(Stenberg 2004,Forsénand Fryk1999,seealsochapter People willcometoaparticipatorymeetingabout theirplacewithownsetofideas,knowledgeand the keytoalmosteverything. about prerequisitesIseeasrequiredforwell-functioning communication. As such,Iseecommunicationas two-way communicationisalwaysgoodcommunication. Iwouldliketogiveafewclarifyingparagraphs communicative planningtobeconceivable,“two-way communicationiskey”(Sager1994),butnoteven Almost everythingcanbeaboutcommunication. Noteverythingisaboutgoodcommunication.For writing, orusingsomeothermedium The impartingorexchangingofinformationbyspeaking, Communication 4.1 Communication interest here. which Iseemyresearch. Therefore, somereflectiononhowIuseandunderstandthesetwoconceptsareof participation My pre-understandingoftheconcept planning butofwhichispart. for mythoughtsonparticipationbeingacollaborative,communicativeprocess,notonlyconnected to result. Combined,thenotionofcollaborativeplanningandcultivationgoodideasgivesme aplatform planning, whenchoosinganddesigningthatsolutioneventuallyimplementingusing thebuilt Thus, allstakeholders’ knowledgeisofvaluewhenformulatingaproblemtosolvethroughphysical innovation tohappen. knowledge toeachotherandputtingtherightintouchwithcontextorderfor collaborative planning(Healey, 1997).Itisaboutconnectingideasanddifferent expertiseorrealmsof The environmentsJohnsondescribesas“cultivatinginnovation”seemtohavealotincommonwith sometimes bytwoverydiversesetsofknowledgecomplementingeachotherinanewway(Johnson,2010). cultivated inenvironmentswheretheycangrow. They growovertimeandbybuildingoneachother, thought hitme…),ideasareoftenconclusionsorresultsofcollaborativeefforts. Indeedideas needtobe tend tofocusonaninstantaneousandsuddeninsight(epiphany, divineintervention,strikeofgenius,a tive processofconcretizingideasintophysicalform. And whilemostfiguresofspeechsurroundingideas But linkedtosocietalplanningandchangesinourphysicalenvironment,becomesacommunica connections betweenevents,functionsandinstitutions the sametimeanon-goingprocess,constantlychangingdirectionand“ The wordplanningisambiguous.Itgivestheideaofthinkingahead,projectingadesiredfuture,butat licence mustbeobtainedtobuildanewpropertyorchangeanexistingone 1.1The controlofurbandevelopmentbyalocalgovernmentauthority,fromwhich 1.The processofmakingplansforsomething planning 4. REVISITINGKEY CONCEPTSOFPLANNINGTHEORY – andviceversa.Fromaplanner’s pointofview, thesetwoconceptsaretheglassesthrough

- ) toform–different perspectivesonthesamething.In orderforthese communication 26 ” (Madanipour, 2010,p351). initselfhasshapedhowIaddressthetopicof

DRAFTmaking, formalizingandexpanding (Oxford Dictionary2015) (Oxford Dictionary2015)

- communicating parties.This is whatIcalltruecommunication. needs tobeinfluencedbyand buildonprevious input, sothatcommunicationbuildsunderstandingandknowledge betweenthe Fig. 7b:Two setsofmonologues aimedateachothercannotbeconsidered two-waycommunication. Instead,eachresponse actual exchangewouldbetwomonologuesaimedateachother, withneitherpartylistening. actual exchangeaimingtowardsamutualunderstanding,decisionorcompromise. The anti-thesistothis do withempathyandtheabilitytoactuallyleteachothers’ inputinfluencetheresponse(s). Thustohavean But Ihavehadtodevelopthatimageexplainfunctioningandmal-functioningcommunication. Ithasto Fig. 7a:One-wayinformationandtwo-waycommunication exchange betweenthetwo. nication, whereinformationisone-waymessagesfromonetoanotherandcommunicationatwo-way as theonefromOxforddictionaryabove.Itdistinguishesdifference betweeninformationandcommu My owndescriptionofcommunicationstartsincommondefinitionsasanexchange,such Here depictedinamatrixasnotedatseminarwithForester atSLU,Uppsala,2009-01-12 ing withDifferences (2009)p175-187. Fig. 6.Forester discussestheusefulnessandrisksofthree different kindsofcommunicationintheconcludingchapterDeal two oppositesetsofmonologue. kind ofconversationIaminorlisteningto,butalsotodistinguishwhenitisnotcommunicationhear, but all communicationiseitherdialogue,debateornegotiation. This categorizationhashelpedmeidentifywhat I takethenotionofhowweinfluenceeachotherwhilecommunicatingfromForester(2009)whosaysthat QUESTION GOAL HELP RISK

What doyoumean? Understanding Talk, talk,talk DIALOGUE Facilitate (Weakened relations) Winners andlosers DEBATE Why areyouright? 27 Who’s right? Moderate

(Lose-lose insteadof Bad compromises What canwedo? NEGOTIATION Agree onaction win-win) Mediate

DRAFT - - tion hadbeen aboutprocessdesignand managementasdescribed bymyheadadvisor Malbert(1998).But was myentry toconflictmanagement aspartofplanningproject facilitation.Upuntil thiscourse,facilita itself. Ialsoknowthatthe method,likemostmethods,isnotapplicableto allgroupsorcontexts,butthis I realisethatthisisjustone ofmanymethodsphrasedonconflictmanagement andthatisawholefieldin getting theirway. the wholegroupworktowardsacommongoalwithout thenaysayersevenlookingdisgruntledovernot This gavetheoppositionopportunitytoinfluence ortoacceptthemajoritydecision,inawaythatmade majority thatanotherquestionisneeded:“What would ittaketohaveyouacceptthemajority’ answers givenmaytheninfluenceoradjustthe solution chosen.Or a deeperunderstandingforthedecisiontaken.“Why areyouagainst?”isaskedafterthevote,and opposition identified.Byjustrecognizingand“listening totheno”asmethodtaughtus,onecouldreach wish, butamethodtopointouttheopposition thesolutionchosen. The closerthe vote,themore majority decisionsandhowthisisnotonlyamethod forcountingvotesinordertofollowthemajority’ with meandhasinfluencedmywayoflistening tootherpeoplecommunicating. phrase themisunderstanding,difference ofinterestorreasonfordisputebetweenthem.Oneexercisestayed The mediatormethod(s)taughtfocusesonanempathic,neutralunderstandingoftheopponentsin orderto engagement inlocaldevelopment. understanding ofcommunicationandconflictiscrucialinordertounderstandparticipation civic While athreeday-coursedoesnotgivemediplomatstatus,thecoursereinforcedmybeliefthat established byGregandMyrnaLewis(deep-democracy.net), over athree-daycourseinOctober2012. With thatinmind,Itooktheopportunityto familiarizemyselfwiththemethodDeepDemocracy, as collaborative processes “Assessing, fascilitating,moderatingandmediatingeffortsare neededtoshepherd alongparticipatoryor skills dependantonanunderstandingofcommunicationandconflictmediation.Foresterputsitin termsof: p. 39)andtheabilitytophraseplanningstrategiesstraddlethatgap,couldbecalledparticipatory planning Therefore, communicationskills,bothintermsofunderstandingallsidesMalbert’ a facilitatorinlineswithMalbert(1998)assometimescrucialforthatunlockingmechanismtowork. help tocomefurther. SowhileImaintainthatcommunicationiskey, Iseetheneedoffacilitation/ as somethingthatcanbeusedkeyandtoolformutualunderstanding.Communicationfail andneed It isasaprocessfacilitator, amoderatororconflictmediatorIhavecometomyviewsoncommunication 4.1.1 Communicationandconflictmanagement one anotheretcetera. when adecisionneedstobemade.Fromdebatedialogueiftheopponentsshowlackofunderstandingfor can steerthedirectionofcommunicationtoanothercategoryinmatrix;Fromdialoguenegotiation efforts. Recognizingthetypeofcommunicationandweighingitagainstobjectivesexchange,one moderator ofcommunicativeprocessesIseemyunderstandingForester anticipate andfacilitateforexampleconflictinginterestsbiases.Havingactedasafacilitatoror it havinganunderlyingperspectiveof“ to achieveanythingincommunicative(Sager1994)orcollaborative(Healey1997)planning.Forestercalls Understanding orhavinganopiniononhowcommunicationworksdoesnotworkisimportantinorder successful participationinacommunicativesettingdependingonyourperspectivetheprocess. Paper II prepared tochangeone’s viewdependingonthe other’s inputorthepossibilityforsociallearning(seealso predecessors (FexMalbert1998,Svennberg and Teimouri 2010): That itistheopennesstochange,being of themeeting.Notinvitation. The sameprerequisiteforparticipationhasbeenpointedoutbyseveral ically toinvitethemparticipate. The possibilitytoinfluence,learnand interactistheparticipationpart tory doesn’t makeitso It isthesamedifference Forester pointstowhenhesaysthat“ ) thatconstitutestheprerequisitesforsuccessfulcommunicationinaparticipatorysetting.Or ” (Forester2009,p12).Heclarifiesthatinvitingpeopletoameetingisnotautomat ” (Forester2009,p13). collaborative andcriticalpragmatism 28 calling aprocess collaborativeorparticipa , theanswerissomuchcontraryto ’s matrixasausefultoolinsuch ” (2009,p15),wherewecan The exercisewason

DRAFTs interspace(seefig.12 s choice?”.

s - - -

planning solutionstobedesignedasareplyto,inanon-goingdialogue. to adaptationandpartofsociallearning,notaimingatconsensusasagoal,butratherstarting pointfor described above. And mydefinitionordescription ofthecommunicationneededistherefore: Two-way, open Forester 2009)roleofaplanner, canactuallybesummedupinthesecomprehensionsofcommunication as Thus, communicative,intrinsicplanning(Sager1994),andthefacilitating,mediating(Malbert1998, And theplanningitselfcanbemediatingandvisualizingconsiderationsinaconflictriddenprocess. task ofaplannercaneasilybemadesubjecttoaninterpretationandfacilitationhisorher colleague. description ofdifferent taskswithintheplanningprofession;Inatransparentenoughprocess,technical that havebeenmadebetweenconflictinginterestsalongtheway. Thus,drawingonMalbert(1998)andhis be seenascommunicatingwhatpartsofasolutioncamefrompartyandcompromises ordeals mediate andrespondtoallinterestsintheparticipatoryprocessbehindit. Beyond consensus.Becauseinchoosingasolutionasconcretebuiltenvironment,that needsto This iswhereIpersonallythinkplanning,architectureanddesignsolutionsbecomeinteresting; 2009, Margerum 2011, Susskind1999). how. Buttogofromconsensusdecision-makingisacommunicativeprocessinitself(seefexForester also betoagreeonwhatconflictsareofinterestwithinanissue,orconflictingissues mediateand agreement onacommonnarrative,contextordescriptionofcurrentstate. The consensusaimedforcan qualitative orrationalcommunication,ofwhichconflictispart.Consensuscanbeveryusefulwhenitthe essential. Communicativeplanningrequires,notonlycommunicatingbutfocusandefforts towards However, itraisestheexpectationsonfacilitationormediationdescribedaboveasnecessaryand to asparticipation(see conflicting agendasanddifferent perspectivesas essentialprerequisitesforthesociallearningprocessIrefer of consensusbuildingasastrategyfordevelopment(SeefexFlyvbjer The criticismofcommunicativeorcollaborativeplanningthatIhavecomeacross,oftenaddressestheflaws 4.1.2 Beyondconsensus rather thantoproposesolutions. standings andtorespectresistance.Ihavefoundthatfacilitatingismediateunderstandingbetweenparties communication inparticipatoryprocesses.Ithashelpedmetoheardifferent agendas,tolistenformisunder comforting explanationcombinedwiththecourseonDeepDemocracyhasformedmywayoflookingat as somethingnaturaldependingonthelocalcontext,inForester common issues,inforexampletheareaofLane-Ryr. Butmyfrustrationwasexplainedandevenunderstood I wasfrustratedoverbeingthrownintoamediatorrole,whenallwantedtodofindtheinterviewees’ even approachfacilitationofparticipationinplanningissues(Åhlström201 my experiencesinUddevalla,hadshownmethatconflictmanagementwassometimesnecessaryorderto Paper II and chapter

Participation 29 below) thatcriticismbecomesmoot. ’s DealingwithDifferences (2009). This g 1998andPurcell2009). As Isee The planner’s taskcouldtherefore DRAFT1, seealso Paper I ).

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However, bothpoliticians, plannersandinhabitants inmycaseshavereferred tothissystemasflawed in participatory meetings(samråd)tobe heldalongtheprocess of developingdetailplans (detaljplaner). to offer participatoryinfluenceby stakeholders. Thereisasysteminplaceforexhibitions ofplansand In Sweden,planningisthe onlysectoroutsidepoliticswheretheauthority (municipality)isrequiredbylaw 4.2.1 Swedishcontext -Mandatoryparticipationandnecessaryparallel methods memory). said, itissureto“complicate,prolongandmess up theprocess”(ownparaphrasingandtranslationfrom frustrated andnegativeresponse. While understandingthe“goodintentions”of participation,onecolleague When tellingcolleagueplannersandarchitectsthat Istudyparticipation,havemorethanoncegota disregarding thecontextinwhichdevelopmentschemes aretobeimplemented. Therefore, Idon’t see awayaroundparticipationinplanning,withoutlandingtyrannicaltechnocracy theory” around. Or, inthewordsofPatsyHealeywhendescribing Participatory planningisthereforeinmanywaysaddingtoparticipation,ratherthanthe otherway general, weaffect theirworldspecifically. Theyalreadytakepartinit. We areatbestjustvisiting. expertise topeople’s environmentsandworlds,regardlessofourexpertiseonbuiltenvironmentin to havesomesayinwhatisbedonehisorhers.Likewise,weasplannersarchitectscome withour their patients. The doctormaybetheexpertonbodyanditsfunctions,butpatientsurefeelsentitled I havemorethanonceusedthesimileofplannersandarchitectsbeingtotheirclients,whatdoctors areto Fig. 8:Thefiveskinsaccording toHundertwasser, inRestany1998. regardless oflandownershiporwhatpolicyitisruledunder. ment aroundusanditispartofus. We alltakepart(seedefinitionabove)inthebuiltenvironmentaroundus 1998) (Clothesbeingthesecondskin)andmyinterpretationofthatiswearepartbuiltenviron Architecture issometimesreferredtoasourthirdskin(SeefexHundertwasser The actionoftakingpartinsomething Participation 4.2 Participation “Public policy, andhenceplanning,are thussocialprocesses through whichwaysofthinking, : -

valuing andwaysofactingare activelyconstructed byparticipants” 30 “interpretive, communicativeturninplanning

DRAFT’s fiveskinsfig.8,Restany (Oxford Dictionary2015) (Healey, 1997,p29)

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process can provide fruitfulinsights. To thenon-planner participant,this feedbackiscrucialtounderstand project better. Thus thefeedback betweenplannersand other participantsthroughout atransparentdesign Participating informulating theproblemopenspossibilitytounderstand thefollowingdesignorplanning project. if connectedtoatrusting relationshipbetweenlocalcommunityandauthorities inthebroadercontextofthat p 1). While Iacknowledgetheriskstheystress, successfulparticipationwithinaplanningproject ispossible, intents havebeen“undertakenritualistically(and) turnedouttobemanipulative”(CookeandKothari2001 by practitionersaswellparticipantsdiscussing failedparticipatoryprocesses,wherethe voices abouttherisksofparticipation.Cookeand Kotharirefertoa“mildlyhumorouscynicism”expressed Placing participationbeforeoroverlappingtheactual planningprojectmayalsocircumventmanycritical hand. invited toaplanningproject.Itisaboutinstigating it,orwhateverprocessisneededfortheproblemsat 2010) andmanagestodescribewhytheearlystages areimportantinthatexpression.Itisnotaboutbeing Gothenburg, phrasedthisphaseas“ occur beforetheplanningprojecthasbegun.MonaSeuranen,previouslyurbanplannerwithCity of process. Itcanbedebatedwhethertheseearlystagesaretoseenaspartoftheplanningproject orifthey Description ofneeds,thePrestudyandProgramming(Fröst2004)ascrucialearlystagesinany design Peter Fröst,hasfocusedonparticipationbyusersinthedesignofhealthcarefacilities,buttalksabout the transparency andfeedback. not. Ihavetakentoheartacoupleofthingsoftenpointedoutasessentialintheseassessments:early stages, other. Nevertheless,theassessmentsshowsimilarconclusionsonwhyorhowproject wassuccessfulor prerequisites orconditions,becauselocalcontextmattersthatmuchandmakesexamplesdiffer fromeach 1999, UddevallaKommun2011). Generalconclusionsaredrawn,butoftenillustratedwithspecificandlocal or executivepowerofplanningdecisions(SeefexSvennberg and Teimouri 2010,Peterman2001,Forester pilot projectsorsingularexamples. Assessments ofsuchexamplesoftenshowimmediatechangeintrust My ownexperienceaswellstudiesbyothersshowhowparticipationinplanningisoftenconducted in 4.2.2 Successfactors in MSM,Uddevalla(UddevallaKommun,2011) andsucharetheaimsofparticipatoryefforts inLerum. parallel andcomplementarytothisprocessofsamråd.Suchwastheobjectivewithallmethods tried When discussingparticipatorymethodsinplanningaSwedishcontext,weusuallyrefertoothermethods, does notworkaswellitneedsto. translation) The combinationoftheseperspectivessuggeststhattheSwedishsystem,whilewellintended, “Planners are peoplewhomakeupproblems theyalready knowtheywillbeabletosolve” complicated, isunderstandable. At thesametime,oneofmyfirstintervieweesinUddevallasaidthat In thatperspective,theviewonparticipationasbeingbothexcessivelytime-consumingandunnecessarily view onthe While referringtoaslightlydifferent American context,IfoundthisformulationpoignanttotheSwedish other issuesthataremorepressingtothelocalinhabitants. inhabitants tomeettheplanningauthorityandmeetingsonaspecificsitearesometimeshijackedby the process”asexpressedbyaplannerinLerum. At thesametime,thesemeetingsarean opportunityfor many ways. The processesareprolongedmainlybecauseofneighboursappealingtheplanand“hijacking single-issue reactionaries, andtoengageinendlesssmallbattlesjustensure thatwhateveritisdoesn’t “We havecreated aregime thatalmostrequires public-spiritedcitizenstomobilizeasnarrow-minded, samråd context: giving participantsthe happen intheirbackyard.” 31

DRAFTproblem formulation prerogative” (Own (Seuranen,

(Brain2006)

steps leadme astraywhentryingtophrase myunderstanding oftheconcept. or taken,by an authority, toorfromthose“below”. As thisisnotmyviewon participation,theladder or general, itpresumesahierarchical systemofauthorityaboveparticipants andofpowerassomethinggiven and b,CollinsIson2009, Tritter andMcCallum2006).Inshort: As avisualization ofparticipationin SALAR 2006),butIagree withthecriticismofstepsorladdersinthis context(Seefex,Castell2013a Arnstein’s ladderhasinspiredimages ofparticipatoryladdersorstepsinmanysettings (seefexHart1997, Fig. 9: Arnstein’s ladderfrom 1969,redrawn verbatim. structure, astwoopposingwaysof“climbingaladder”. Tahvilzadeh 2015).Sheclearlyrelatesthequalityofparticipationtohierarchicalrelationshipsinapower tokenism), whilebottom-upinitiativeshadmorepossibilitiesto“climbhigher”(Arnstein1969,see also how top-downinitiativesriskedgettingstuckonthelowermostrungsofladder(manipulation and participation thantheuseofhervisualizationbyotherswouldsuggest. Arnstein herselfshowed forexample organizing aparticipatorysetting.Indeed,IbelieveSherry Arnstein andmyselfagreemoreontheconceptof patory didweget?”.Shenot,asfarIcanreadfromher, intend herladdertobeusedasatoolwhen Sherry Arnstein (1969–seefig.9).Herladderwashoweveranassessment tooltoanswer“Howpartici Participation isoftendiscussedinrelationtoaladderorsetofsteps,thefirstwhichwasdescribedby 4.2.3 Ladderormosaic and responsibility(SeealsoSvennberg and Teimouri 2010). to moreinclusive,likelyusedandlikeddesignsolutionstowardswhichtheparticipantsfeltownership back throughoutrelativelyshortprojectslikethisalsoshowedthatkindofcommunicationtobebeneficial as theytalkedaboutanageago,whenweadultsstillsawitthepresent.Havingtousecontinuousfeed outgrow thesolutionstheyhelpdesignquitequickly. Feedbackonlyinhindsightwasseldomagoodidea, processes. Norweretheyrelatedtoprojectbudgetswithenexpirationdate.Childparticipantssimply that continuousfeedbackisnecessary. The timerestraintswerenottiringvoluntaryparticipantsinlong My experiencefromworkingwithchildrenandyouthinparticipatoryprojectsbetween20042009,is back canbecomparedtothecommunicationexchangeasdescribedinfig.7p.27. next participatoryeffort hastostartallover, tryingtoearnthatsocialcapitalback.Instead,continuous feed from atransparentprocessislost.InPutnam’s wordsitisalossinsocialcapital(Putnam2000). And the and hasinfluencedthedesignproposal,trust,mutualrespectsociallearningthatcouldhavecome important participatoryinputfromtheearlystagesispartlywasted.Evenifthathasbeenconsidered doors, chancesaretheparticipantsdonotrecognizetheirearlyinputatall.Insuchaclosedprocess,that the builtresultasthatkindoffeedback.Butifbuildingcomesupafteradesignprocessbehindclosed thing tobedealtwithattheendofprocess,assessingresult.Inaplanningprojectonemightevensee how hisorherinputistreatedandconsidered. This isoftenoverlooked,andfeedbackconsideredsome

32 DRAFT

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- - - participants takepartin(forinstance)planning. Gråbo issues orreasonsforcollaborativeefforts onsite(Seefex.thestoryaboutdirtpilesinchapter are appliedtotheappropriateissues.Meanwhile someplanningissuesmayturnouttobemoreinformation education, maintenance,safety, accessibilityandothermunicipalissuesof consideration, planningsolutions engagement intheirlocalcontextfocuses.Bycombining methodsandmeetingswithotherrealmssuchas It isthereforealsoofinteresttoconsiderplanning asjustoneoftherealmsinterestinwhichpeople’ our expertiseandroleinplanningasawhole. planning participatingintheon-goingcommunicationaboutaplace,canonlybeofbenefittoour profession, understanding ofthemanyconflictinginterestsaplannertriestomediateindesign. planner isseentorespectothers’ interests.Respectforand trust intheplanningprofessionfollowsenhanced stakeholders (aswellastakingothercriteriasuchpolicyandagreedconventionsintoconsideration), the Each planningproposalisdevisedtomeet,explain,highlightorrespondthelatestinputfrom other Efficient/Effective interests inadesignproposal. This, forinstance,canbeamosteffective andevenefficient(seechapter becomes partofatransparent,communicativeprocess,theplanner to theon-goingcommunicationinmosaicornetworkofactors(seealso proposal arepiecesofthesameparticipatorymosaic. The planners’ proposalsandsketchesaremadeasinput Politicians, businessowners,civilsocietyaswelltheplannerstaskedwithdesigningadevelopment than oneofthewhitebackground pieces.Theyare allhoweverpiecesofthefullimage. Fig. 10:Mosaicfrom Pompeii.Onecaneasilyclaimthepiecesthatmakeeyeofdogare more importanttothefullimage particular issue. actively participatingintheissueathand),canbesaidtoparticipate.Justnotthisorthat delimited area.Eventhebackgroundpiecesthatarenotevenpartofmotifinfocus,(whoperhaps kind ofstakeintheissue,beitaplanningproposalorotherdevelopmentaldiscussionsgeographically McCallum (2006)(seealso I foundmyviewonparticipationfitinnicelywiththeimageofmosaic,asdescribedby ). Ithereforeseeparticipationinseveralscales;planning activitytakesitsstanceinparticipationand ) roleofplanninganddesigninaparticipatorysetting. Paper II ). That istosay, thatthe“wholepicture”includeseveryonewithany 33 ’s expertiseismediatingconflicting Paper IV

DRAFTplanning ). When The wayIseeit, Tritter and Case -Lerum/

s

Sweden, how thewordefficient,while validfortheturbines, missesmuchofthedemocratization andsocial planning. Stefan Larssonargues inhisdissertation from2014inthe contextofwindpower instalmentsin The pairingandcomparing ofthewordsefficientandeffective isagoodwaytoargue forparticipation in not alwaysnecessarilyefficiently. thus ensuringitsfutureas awellunderstood,used,appreciatedandneeded addition,istoworkeffectively, if project ensuresthequality oftheresultingbuildinganditsuse. quickly, witha minimumofwastedtimeandmoney. Effective wouldincontrastmeanthat theplanning Efficient inmyresearch'scontextwouldthenmean towalkthroughthenecessarystepsofaplanningproject assesses theprocessactivityandeffective referstothequalityofresult. I donotargue withthedictionarydistinction (seeabove)betweenthetwo,whereefficientreferstoand concepts isinfactcrucialtointerpretingmyresearch. attempts), butitmaybemoreeffective. The difference inmeaningbetweenthesedeceptivelysimilar Participation inplanningmightnotbethemostefficient waytogetthingsbuilt(atleastnotinthefirst “Too long”impliesthatitcouldbedonefaster, butalsothatfasterisbetter, whichmightnotbethecase. Participation A commoncritiqueofparticipationinplanninggeneralisthatittakestoolong(Seealsochapter Successful inproducingadesiredorintendedresult. effective 2(Of aperson)workinginwell-organizedandcompetentway. expense 1(Of asystemormachine)achievingmaximumproductivitywithminimumwastedeffort or efficient 4.3.2 Efficient/Effective in mywork. throughout andavoidthewordco-creation,eventhoughitmaybeapttodescribepartprojectsor outcomes referring tothegroupinGråboasaname,above. Therefore Ialsosticktothetermco-production further distinction.Iwilldistinguishthedifference inmeaningbetweenthegroupand concept by English ( However, sincemycasehascometocalltheirparticipatoryefforts inGråbo Gråbo almost tangible,asinajointorganization (suchasthedevelopmentprocessof in theoryandpractice.Ontheotherhand,Iseeco-creationasbeingmoreaboutproducingsomethingatleast co-production asproductionofnewknowledgeinthemerge ofdifferent setsandapplicationsofknowledge co-production ofknowledgeforsolutionstocomplexorwickedproblems(Ritteland processes behindtheestablishmentofMistraUrbanFuturesinGothenbur reasonings onco-productionbyPolk(2015),notleastbecauseherworkispartofthediscussionsand different kindsofprocesses.ForthesakemyworkandtextIfollowconcurwithdefinitions have becomesomethingofbuzzwordsandaresometimesusedsynonymously, sometimesdescribing The conceptsofco-productionand/orco-creationaredevelopingandbeingusedrapidlybroadly. They 4.3.1 Co-production/Co-creation them. and theyhavecometomeansomuchorbecomespecific,thatIsimplyneededexpandonsomeof text inparticularreferstoawordorconcept. A fewkeyconceptshavefollowedmethroughoutmywork It isbothpracticalandcommontoprovidesomethingofadictionaryanacademictext,clarifyinghowthis 4.3 OtherKeyConcepts ) oranactualphysicalobject(suchastheartwallinGråbodescribed Medskapandegruppen – – ). Orinotherwords,thatparticipationdelaystheplanningprojectandyoustartbuildinglater inSwedish),eventhoughthey(we?)couldhaveusedeitherterm,Ineeda 34 To me,anchoringittoalocalcontext and g (Polketal.2009). That istosay, the Co-Production Group Paper IV

DRAFTCo-production Group of Webber 1973).Isee ). (Oxford Dictionary2015)

in

. and stakeholders.From withinthisprocesspart studied awayoforganizing dialogueandcommunicationamongbetween localandmunicipalactors With my case example I wouldargue that the sustainable development of Gråboisa context behindit. scale ofplanningprojects,theycantaketheirstance in,bepartof,challengeoraffirmtheprocessoflocal designing newdevelopments(interviewwithSeuranen asreferredtoinÅhlström201 qualities andpotentials. Through thateffort theyalsounderstoodthecomplexitythat planners facedin became moreefficient(andeffective!) followingaparticipatoryeffort whereinhabitantsphrased theirarea’s through examplewhensheworkedasaplannerin Gothenburg. Sheexplainedtomehowaplanningproject This coincideswithMonaSeuranenswayofphrasing on thewayprocessisorganized ormanagedandthusagreeonhowtheproblemformulationismade. down projectformulationscanonlyfollowaprocessformulationwhereeveryoneinvolvedagree either and agreewiththearguments phrasedbydeBruijnetal.(2010)in change overtimeinadeliberatebutalsoiterativeway, withouttherestraintsofaproject.IndoingsoIjoin solve andhastimerestraintsand/oradeadline. The word Throughout thistextIwillusetheword 4.3.3 Project/Process eventually alsoleadtomoreconsistentlyefficientsingularprojects. a smallscale,itbecomesmoreeffective. Aiming forlong-termeffectiveness ofparticipatory efforts, will My experienceandviewisthatbylettingtheparticipatoryeffort occasionallybeextraefficient,evenon it. initiative isstillreferredtobygroupmembers,whenarguing fortrusting theprocessorintentionsbehind May 2012(Seealsochapter show theymeantbusiness,byquicklyprovidingsomemoneyforaneventinGråboafterthefirst meetingin larger process.Forexample,theCo-ProductionGrouphadaflyingstart,asmunicipality wasableto been shownhowachievingquickandtangibleresultscangivetrust,optimismmomentumtoaslower, and tofutureplanningbuildingprojectsaswelltheparticipatoryprocessingeneral.However participatory processbuildsmutualtrustandunderstandingthatcanbebeneficialtoboththeprojectassuch Thus, inalong-termperspectivetheeffectiveness ofparticipationseemsmostimportant;i.e.thatthe In mytwocasestudies,theaimsandobjectiveshavebeenphrasedinrelationtosustainabledevelopment. relation withanaimorobjective. and toplanning.Neitherefficientnoreffective planningnecessarilyequalsgoodplanning,ifnotputincor However, acombinationofefficientandeffective measureswouldbeideal,whenitcomestoparticipation cient/efficiency throughout,whileinmanywaysreferringmoretowhatIwouldcallef tive onparticipationinplanningspecifically. Fung, Wright and Tahvilzadeh alikedohoweverusetheeffi their ideaofEmpoweredDeliberativeDemocracy(EDD),whichinmanywayscomesclosetomyperspec authorities comingclosertoandunderstandingalocalcontext.HedrawsfromFung Tahvilzadeh (2015)showsefficiencyasoneofthereasonsforparticipatorygovernanceandlinksitto other andtotheirlocalcontextmoreintimately. more long-termperspective,willeventuallyrendertheshorterprocessesefficientastheyrelatetoeach times moreexpensiveinthebeginning,workingeffectively withparticipationtowardsobjectivessetina for morelong-termpositiveeffects. (Larsson,2014)Similarly, Iargue thatwhiletime-consumingandsome aims ofthecaseshehasstudied.Hethenshowshoweffectiveness couldbeamoreaccuratewayofarguing Case Lerum/Gråbo project about issuesofchangethatarerestrictedtooneproblem and projects Paper II 35 the problem formulationprerogative process emerge, merge, counter-act andhappen. and IV on theotherhandwillbeusedtodescribe Process Management ). This quickresponsetoalocal

DRAFTprocess 1). Therefore, onthe fective/effectiveness. ; thatnarrowed Wright (2001)and , assheshowed , in which I have , ithas

- - - - (See anecdotalexamplesinPaperIIandIV). the possibilitiesforalocalnetworktofinddifferent perspectivesontheircommonissuesamongthemselves knowledge aboutacommonissuemeetanddevelopideas.Participationincontinuouscommunication gives of theseshiftsalsotendtohappenbackandforthinlocaldiscussionswhendifferent setsofinterestsand communication, inwhichparticipatoryprojectsandsolutionsareco-initiatedco-produced.But several These mentalshiftsarealsoapplicabletomyresultsonlocalparticipatorynetworksforcontinuous come. outcome, andaboutstructuraldiscriminationtheneedofsupportingstructures forreal changeinout 7. From formalrightstoreal rights–abouttheneedtofocusonjusticenotonlyinpossibilitiesbutalso of governanceandamore co-creative leadershipinthepublicsector 6. From focusonlyoncustomerbenefittoabroader publicvalue–abouttheneedfora newmode 5. From invitationtodialogueaco-creative democracy–abouttheneedforanewlocalsocialcontract. to lookuponcivilsocietynotascounter-parts butasco-creators indevelopingasustainablesociety. consisting ofassociationsbutalsosocialmovements,networksandengagedcitizensabouttheneed 4. From lookinguponcitizensasobjectstoseeingthemsubjects–openupforacivilsocietynotonly control tosocialinteraction school byandwithchildren andyouths,from learningaboutdemocracytolivingdemocracy, from social 3. From control tomore ofco-creating inthesystemofeducation–from aschoolfororder ofsocietytoa between publichealthandsocietaldevelopment. 2. From apurely market-orientedgrowth mindsettoamore healthydevelopment–abouttheconnection negative securitybutalsopromotes socialcapitalandtrust(i.e.positivesecurity). that handlesunequalpowerstructures andconflictinggoals,acitydevelopmentthatfocusnotonlyon 1. From negativetopositivesecurity–abouttheneedforamore inclusiveandco-created citydevelopment encompass socialsustainability: mental shifts(Swedishword: sustainability asastablerelationshipbetweenSecurity, JusticeandDevelopment,hasshownhowafew (Knowledge aboutand Approaches toFairandSociallySustainableCities). This projecthasdefinedsocial (www.mistraurbanfutures.org, seealsochapter been exploredandsummarizedbyafellowresearchprojectatthecenterMistraUrbanFutures for myresearchtobevalid.Someofthechallengessuchademandpre-understandinghasalready All conceptsabovearepresentedfromthenotionthattheyneedtobeunderstoodinacertainwayorder 4.4 Necessaryperspectives synvändor ) withintheseconceptsarenecessaryinorderforthemto Research Contexts-MistraUrbanFutures 36 DRAFT ) calledKAIROS

(KAIROS, 2015)

- same time,the analysisphaseofaplanning projectwilltake national andregionalinterests offorexample and involves theothermunicipalsectors, simplybecauseitis setinthesamegeographical context. being healthcareandeducation) andfollowinganyplanningproject,one will quicklyseehowitrelatesto Or inasimplercontext, planning isoneofthreemunicipalareasresponsibility inSweden(theothers also chapter for exampletieglobalissuestolocalcontextsand toconcretizesomepartsofsustainabledevelopment(see link theglobaltolocal(Falkheden1999).Ilook atcommunicative/collaborativeplanningasthewayto climate changeandpollution,civilsocietyhow weallfacethesechallengesandhowlocalpolicymust processes thatplanningispartof.Forexample, canplayacrucialrolelinkedtochallengesof Sager’s incrementalviewonplanningalsorelatesit,not onlytootherversionsofitself,butcontinuous Polk ed.2015). communicating. This kindofknowledge productioncanbeexplainedasco-createdknowledge(seefex. True two-waycommunication createsanewunderstanding,orknowledge,betweentheparties version.), beseenfrom twoperspectives,bothofwhichare true. convincing. Manyissuesofdifference could,likeWittgenstein’s duck-hare (firstseenin1892.Thisismyown other’s pointofview. (Seealsochapter Fig. 11: True two-waycommunicationmakesitnecessaryforeachpartytotakeinandunderstandthe other, buthearingandto beopentochangingeachother. (seealsochapter Two-way communication isindeedthekey, butnotasolutioninitself.Itisjustaboutlisteningtoeach will alwayscomeupandthingsbedealtwithincrementallyalongtheway put, notallthingscanbeforeseenandthusplanningprojectscannotfullydesignedinadvance. theories ofplanningagainst,asthelattertendstoleanonautopianorimaginedreality(Sager1994).Simply different setsofplanningtheory. Therefore, hesays,theincremental viewisnecessarytocontrastsynoptic political sidelinkedtocommunityandstakeholderinvolvement,Sager(1994)explainshowthiscallsfor As planninghasitstechnical,executivesidelinkedtotechnicalprecisionandexpertiseaswell changes inplanningpracticeduetosocietal,political,regionalorurbanchanges. Healey, relatingargumentative, communicativeandinterpretiveplanningtheory(Healey1997,p29-30)to descriptions ofincrementalplanning(asopposedtosynoptic)(Sager1994)andthepragmaticviewtakenby (Sager 1994)andcollaborative(Healey1997)planningtheory. Itakemytheoreticalstanceinthe My outlookonmytopicledmetoawarmembraceoffamilytheoriststalkingaboutcommunicative 4.5.1 Communicative/CollaborativePlanning Framework 4.5 Theoretic democracy. Thisdoesnotonlyimplymajoritydecisionsonplanningmatters.Theinterested partiesdemand “Local planningisaclosecompaniontolocalpolitics,anditfacedwithconstantlyrecurring claimsfor to bekeptinformedandhavetheopportunityargue theircasethroughout theplanningprocess. Two- way communicationisthekeyword. (…)Theplansare notonlytofunctionwellastechnicalsolutionsbut In theContextofSustainability Communication even aspoliticalones.” ). 37 , fig.7p.27)Understandingismore importantthan

Communication DRAFT. ) (Sager 1994)

Things At the

(Malbert 1998) hand thesamegapbetweentheoryandpractice(research basedknowledgeandpracticeknowledge). experts andusers(publicplanningsystemscommunities ofthelife-world)ononehand.Onother gap betweentheoryandpracticeintwodirections (seefig.12).Hedescribesacommunicativegapbetween and thegapbetweentheorypracticeinhisdissertation from1998.Inithedescribes My headadvisorhasbeenprofessorBjörnMalbert whoaddressedfacilitationofparticipationprocesses 4.5.2.1 Interspace projects. A briefwalk-throughgivesmoreunderstandingfortheshapeofmyPhDproject. succession ofresearchonthetopicparticipation inplanning,goingbackthreegenerationsofPhD Stenberg 2004,Castell2010),whichinmanywaysweremystartingpointsforthisthesis.Isteppedintoa and (trans)formativeassessment practice (seealsochapters This focusonthetransdisciplinaryinterface(interspace/interplace-seebelow)betweentheoryand 4.5.2 ResearchEnvironment theoretical framework. Hoch’s planningmovementtothisscale,italsoaddstheinfluenceofoutsideworldmymap describing theplanningprofessiononsomethingofaslidingscalebetweenpracticeandtheory I leanmystudiesagainstthisbodyofplanningtheoryknownascommunityplanning,butseethem as describes aplanningtheorythattakesitsstanceinplanner’s professionalroleasadeliberativepractitioner. Based onaplanningpracticethatdealswithstakeholderinvolvementandparticipation,JohnForester changes inhomesaswellurbanspaces. And itmusttrynottorepeatpastmistakes. equipped. Planningmustforexamplemeetsustainabilitychallengessuchassettingthestage lifestyle er thelocalcontextfrommanydifferent perspectives,itmissesitspurposeofmeetingthefuturecorrectly the historicalperspectiveofaplacedescribedbyanelderlyinhabitant.Becauseifplanningdoes not consid public opinioninhisorherelectoralareas.Orfromachild’s knowledgeofshort-cutsthroughavillageto a geographer’s expertiseonthedifferent meaningsandcontextsofaplacetothepolitician’s expertiseon ment” mightnotbeplanningprofessionals,theyareexpertsondif with planningprojects,simplybecausewearetalkingaboutourcommonenvironments. We needtheplanningdisciplinetoinfluencebothpracticeandallstakeholdersoractorsdo and thefieldusingdisciplinaryideas” Friedmann, beinganattempttobridgeallthreedomainsas He thencontinuestosaythatefforts todescribeacommunicativeplanningtheory, referringtoHealeyand political andcivicassociationstheirmemberscontributetothemovement.” the practiceofspatialplanningasalegitimateandusefulorganised practiceandprofession. Various social, and bodyofknowledgetodowithplanning,themovementis 2011): The fieldreferstopurposefulactions by planningprofessionals. Thedisciplineisthetheoreticfield faces betweenthreespatialplanningdomains: The field,themovementanddisciplineofplanning(Hoch Hoch distinguishesplanningtheory, upuntil communicative planningtheory, asdescribingthethreeinter larger process(Seealsochapter the planningproject,butprojectispartofallcontinuouscontext(s)aplace,thus conventions andglobalissues.Butifturnedaroundthedifferent contextsofdifferent scalesarenotaffecting preservation andnaturereservesintoaccount. And itwillrefersomeconsiderationstointernational Research Contexts–MistraUrbanFutures Other KeyConcepts–Project/Process ) alsocomesfrommypredecessorsandcolleagues’ foci(Malbert 1998, (Hoch2011 p10).Iconcur. 38 “They hopetoinspire theplanningmovement ferent perspectivesonplanning.From “collective effortstodevelopandpromote and ). Method –EmbeddedResearcher

DRAFT (Hoch2011 p8). interspace While “themove . Adding asthe

- - -

graphical place. group ofactorspresentbecause ofinterest,responsibility, professionorpoliticalmandatetiedtothe geo non-hierarchical participatorygroupofactorsconnected toaspecificlocation.Itsparticipantsaremixed tion orinterpretationofInterplace,whendescribing “themeetingtable”(canbeusedmetaphorically)ina is necessaryinStenberg’s descriptionofaneverchanginginterplace. Therefore IdouseStenberg’s descrip (see fex planned changesofsomesort.Itisverymuchapplicable totheCo-ProductionGroupofGråboinmycases connected toaspecificgeographicalcontext.In Stenberg’s description, alsotiedtodevelopmentplansor Interplace asacombinedconceptdescribingthe imagined, lateralspacebetweenactorsandstakeholders for whathappensinagroupofdifferent actorswithdifferent agendasmeetingaroundacommonissue.Isee geographical context.Stenberg’s descriptionofInterplacehasgivenmealotunderstandinginmycases, tives oflocalauthoritiesotherthanplannersinthisgapbetweenactorsaprocess. meeting knowledgecreatesnewinthisinterplace,butsheincludespoliticiansandrepresenta actors involvedinoraffected bydevelopmentplansinacertainplace.Shedescribeshowknowledge In myinterpretationStenberg’s interplacedescribesthetransdisciplinaryspacebetweendifferent she takesfromForsberg andFryk(1999),butadaptstoincludetheperspectiveofplanning.(Stenberg 2004) authorities andinhabitantsmeetorinteractindifferent developmentplans.Shetalksof Jenny Stenberg’s researchinsuburbanareasofGothenburg inlarge scale housingareasstudiedhow 4.5.2.2 Interplace mediation ofdifferent setsofknowledgesaroundproblemformulation,ratherthaninsolutiondesign. empirically provenandexperienced. Again, Ifoundmyselfbecoming morecomfortableinthewords, understanding thatplanningexpertiseisofusewhenissuesinterlinkanddependuponeachother became interview andworkshopmaterialduringmymethoddevelopmentinUddevalla(seepaperI). with planningexpertise,gavemeafootingandtheconfidencetoattemptbeinginterpreterof qualitative community bridginginterspaceinaplanningproject.Malbert’s viewonfacilitationasatask forsomeone as expertsandcoordinatorswithintheplanningproject. The facilitatorwouldworkclosetothelife-world of thesesolutionsistheprofessionalroleprocessfacilitator, tocomplementtheplanners’ existingroles in thismodelgivesabroadbutdeliberativebrushwithwhichtodrawupsolutionsbridgethegap. One Malbert cametobearesearcherafterseveralyearsofplanningpracticeandhisunderstandingallrealms The hatchedarea representing Interspace. Fig. 12:InterspaceasdepictedbyMalbert1998p40 Paper II and IV ), withtheoneexceptionofconnectiontoon-going developmentplans,which 39

DRAFTAll relatingtothesame interplace There, the , aconcept

- - - tion inurban designandplanning C.Therole ofurbanopen green spaces. Compare tofig.2p.14 2010, p11. Hestudiestherelations between Fig. 14:Theframework for Castell’s studiesontogetherness intenantmanagementofcourtyards published delimited areaisfoundinallcommunicationwithinandbetween Communication ofvaluetoco-producedknowledgeforthe(sustainable)developmentageographically interfaces forplanning”inacombinationof A, BandC(seefig.2p14).IfrelatedtoCastell’s figure: scale ofGråboislarger than“opengreenspaces”,itwasthisimagethatletmephrase“communicative in threedifferent relations,Icouldphrasewhatdoandnotforthefirsttime(see fig.14). Whilethe itself (thecourtyardinquestionforexample)(Castell2010). As Castellphrasedthedelimitationofhisstudy, within thelocalcommunity, participationinurbandesignandplanningprojectstheroleofspace complexes. Hedescribeshowhisresearchlooksatthreethemesofkeyrelationsinsociety–social relations concrete scale,studyingtenantinvolvementinopenspacessuchascommoninnercourtyardsofhousing Pål Castellcontinuedresearchwithintheinstitutionandinthistradition.Hefocusedonaverytangible and 4.5.2.3 Localcontextsandglobalchallenges power relations. Own comment:Thediagramsshownlaterallyemphasisehowitisnotaboutpowerhierarchy butabout local empowermentintheaboveschematicdiagrams. Fig. 13Castell(2010,ThematicPaperC,p10)illustratesexclusion,inclusion,meetingininterplaceand A. Socialrelations inthelocalcommunity, B.Citizen participa 40

DRAFTA andBinrelationtoC.

- context; academic researchinfluencing practiceandviceversa. Seefig.15a,band c. Thus, myresearch cannotinitselfbe saidtobetransdisciplinary, butisconductedinatransdisciplinary Polk 2014,ed.2015). problem contexts,co-producing knowledgebetweentheoryandpractice (See also Transdiciplinary Research inplanningas such isinterdisciplinary, that istosaydependantoninputfromseveraldisciplines. disciplinary approaches. Thus, theproblemformulationbehindparticipation inplanning(forsustainability’ It callsforpluralisticsolutionsandproblemformulation dependantontheirapplicationinalocalcontext. tively orevensatisfactorilydefined,canalsobe used forchallengesofclimatechangeandsustainability This wayofdescribingawickedproblemassomething, whereneitherproblemnorsolutioncanbedefini Societal planningandpolicymakingwasindeedtheoriginal tives towardsasustainableurbandevelopment. for sustainableurbandevelopment,openedin2011, joiningpracticetotheoryand researchthroughinitia my researchsettings.MistraUrbanFuturesisaknowledge-buildingplatformandtransdisciplinary centre collaboration withMistraUrbanFutures(mistraurbanfutures.org, 2015)gavemethevocabularytodescribe I didnotknowtocallitatransdisciplinaryapproachbeginwith,butthesecondcasebeingorganized in Research Contexts ment andthetimingofresearchintwocasescombinedwitheducationamasterstudio(see chapter The closerelationshipbetweenpracticeandtheoryinmyresearchisadirectresultofthe environ 4.5.2.4 Transdisciplinarity something donetogetherinthewaysuitableorpossibletothisthatlocalcontext. tion toplanninginaverycommunalsenseoftheword. And sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenreferredtoas Thus myresearchprojecthasbeensetinarichtraditionandenvironmentlinkingnon-hierarchicalparticipa a masterstudio chapter settings. This studiohasinturnhadagreatimpactonthepracticalframeworkofmyresearch project(see combines herperspectiveonsustainabledevelopmentwithMalbert’ challenges findtheirsolutionsinverylocalandcontextualsituations(Falkheden1999). together withBjörnMalbertatChalmers Architecture school.Falkheden’s researchisonhowtheglobal founded andrunsthemasterstudioDesignPlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocalContext Castell referstheconnectionsbetweenlocalandglobalissuestoanothercolleague,LenaFalkheden.She Context ofSustainability restricted tothemunicipalities’ ownobjectivesanddefinitionswithinthatconcept(Seechapter understand, listentoandconsiderissuesthataresaidaimatobjectivesofsustainability, evenwhen sustainable development,landingintheconceptofrobustness,hashadaprofoundimpactonhowI common courtyardstodifferent perspectivesonsustainabledevelopment.Castell’s discussionsabout even inlarge orabstracttheoreticalcontexts. This isdescribedmostclearlytyingtenantinvolvementin As Castell’s studieshavesuchatangiblescale,hisdescriptionsandcasesbecomesharp andtothepoint sense totalkabout‘optimalsolutions’ totheseproblems...Even worse,there are nosolutionsinthesenseof of equity;policiesthatrespond tosocialproblems cannotbemeaningfullycorrect orfalse;anditmakesno “...in apluralisticsocietythere isnothingliketheindisputablepublicgood;there isnoobjectivedefinition Research Contexts–DesignandPlanningforSustainableDevelopmentinaLocalContext- ). researchisdefinedbyits closenesstopractice-based/situatedexpertise and real-life ). ). definitive answers” 41 wicked problem s viewonplanninginparticipatory (Ritteland Webber 1973): s sake)callsfortrans- Westberg etal2013,

DRAFT The masterstudio (Rittel and Webber 1973) in the

.

- -

-

- and meinmy cases. Therefore –mywork isconductedinatransdisciplinary context. phrased otherwise:knowledge hasbeenco-produced(ed.Polk2015)and understoodbetweenpractitioners and myunderstandingof thetheoryhasbeenallowedtoinformandinfluence practitionersinmycases.Or phrased farfromthecontext ofmycasestudies. The caseshaveinformedmyunderstandingof thetheory, palities, throughtheexpertise ofanarchitect/planner, leaningonacademicplanningtheorythathasbeen planning indifferent contexts.Mystudy haslookedatplanningpracticeinthecontextofSwedishmunici- be understoodasknowledge-buildingintheinterface betweenacademicplanningtheoryandthepracticeof discipline andfield(drawingonHoch2011) ofarchitectureandplanning, andthustransdisciplinaritycan The distinctionbetweentheoryandpracticeasdescribed intheexampleabovecanbedirectlyappliedto application, connectingtheorytopracticebyco-creating newknowledge. interface betweentheoryandpractice,informing eachotherwithdifferent kindsof knowledgeand the academicbodyofknowledgewasyetanother stepaway. Myunderstandingoftransdisciplinarity isthis work ofthepractitionercamemuchlater. And addingthepractitioners’ experiencebasedexpertisetoinform These craftsmenwerethesurgeons . The applicationofthetheoreticalknowledgeacademicsto were thepractitionerscopingbesttheycouldwithmendingpeople’ illustrations andthesciencehadtodowithunderstandingdescribing–nomore.Onother hand,there and buildofhumanotherbiologicalbodies. They discussedandargued theirfindingsintextsand time. Ontheonehandtherewasmedicineacademiawherescientistschartedanddiscussed functions Liedman describedhowthedisciplineofmedicineasweseeittoday, wastwoseparatethingsforalong Eric LiedmaninalectureattheDepartmentofConservation,Gothenbur The firsttimeIunderstoodthetermtransdisciplinarywasinanexamplemadebyprofessoremeritus Sven from aprofessional background inarchitecture andplanning. itself. Insteaditissetinatransdisciplinarycontext.Iunderstandthelife-worldcontextfrom mypositiononwayintoacademia context inGråbo(b).Knowledgeisco-produced bothaboutandwithinmycasestudy, butmyresearch is not transdisciplinaryin done here. Instead,Istudyaco-production ofknowledgeandactivitybetween themunicipalityandageographicallydelimited practice andacademia–betweenmyplannercolleaguesatthemunicipalitymeasaresearcher (a),butthatisnotwhat Fig. 15c:Transdisciplinary research would,according toPolk’s definition(2015),beifknowledgewasco-produced between many different disciplines. is intrisicallyinterdisciplinary, asitisdependantofinputfrom becoming partofaresearch environment. Research inplanning Fig. 15a: Academic context:DoingaPhDislearningand sciences engineering political sciences social

UNIVERSITY art economics UNIVERSITY

research planning

42

GRÅBO/ LERUM professional colleaguesandbackground. is themunicipalplanningauthority, whichiswhere Ifindmy decides whatitsadministrativerealm does. Among itsoffices Fig. 15b:Practicecontext:Themunicipality’s politicalrealm administrative realm s bodiesandcuringthemfromillnesses. (planning office) b g UniversityonMarch22,2011. a

DRAFT CITY HALL

CITY HALL political realm

technocratic ruleofdifferent kinds. A mixed approachwhereexpertise informscommunal decisionsistobe But asbothPurcell andFlyvbjerg alsoagree,thealternative tocommunicative orcollaborativeplanning is (See fexBrorström2015a and2015b). implementation stageof a planningprojects.Ireferthatdiscussiontoother studieswithotherscopes decision makingprocess inanetwork,thatisstillrisk,butmostlyatmuch laterprocurementor being madeontheright,commonlyagreedupon, basis. As formarketinterestsand/ordeviationsfromthis still existinthenetwork(see This textwilldescribetransformedratherthanneutralized powerrelationsasIacknowledgethathierarchies act neoliberalizationenoughandargues fortransformedratherthanneutralizedpowerrelationstothat end. Purcell (2009)argues fromthestandpointthatcommunicative orcollaborativeapproacheswillnotcounter a strategycould,inreality, strengthenorupholdunbalancedpowerrelations. on whattodecide,couldstillbesaidinpower ofthedecisionmade.Inthisway decisions, sincethesedecisionsweremadebetween choicesdeterminedbeforehand. through hiscasestudy, thatpowerrelationsweremoreinstrumentaltopracticaloutcomesthanmajority agendas. Flyvbjerg (1997)alsoaddressesproblemsofconsensusbuildinginrelationtopower. Heshows the processvulnerabletomalfeasanceormanipulationsofillintent,sincewedon’t knowpeople’s hidden in Aalborg. Inother, ormy, words;totrusteachotherinthewaysaparticipatoryprocess requires,istomake philosophy anddogmaratherthanadescriptionofpracticalreality, withexamplesfromhisextensivestudy (Flyvbjerg 1997,p274).Hecontinuesthatthismakesthewholerationalityquestionable,asitbecomes discourse ethicsdoesn’t dealwithhumanevil,butassumesthatthegoodinbeingswilldominate to thesamecritique,astheyrelyonthisrationality. Very simplyput:Flyvbjerg writesthatHabermas’s 1997). ItmakestheworlddescribedbybothSager, Healey, ForesterandHoch,thusmine,vulnerable chapter Bent Flyvbjerg isclosetomyfieldofresearchprimarilywhenitcomesmethodologicalapproach(See (Bryson andCrosby, 2005)tothearticle and whileIwilldescribethisinshorthere,refermyviewondecision-makingashared-power world also forunderstandingwhatitisIstandfor. The criticismIfeelcompelledtomeetisaboutpowerrelations, There areobviouslycriticsoftheperspectiveIhavedescribed,andunderstandingtheircriticism is crucial, against? 4.5.3 Anyone on definitionsofco-productionandtransdisciplinarityusedbythiscenter(SeealsoPolked.2015). As thisresearchprojectisconductedaspartofMistraUrbanFutures(mistraurbanfutures.or constitute theempiricalworkbehindmyreflectionsandconclusions. material forandwritingareaanalysesinonecaseassessknowledgeproductionanetworkanother) Furthermore, thepracticaltasksbeingaskedofmebecausemyperspectiveasaplanner(Compiling ciate thoughtsaswellmyapproachandfocusinthetasksathandaresearcher(seeEngber Deliberative Practitioner(1999).Mybackgroundbeingthatofanarchitect/plannerinfluenceshowIasso- idea oftheReflectiveResearcher(1983/1995)andJohnForester’s playonSchön’s conceptrephrasingitthe John Forester(1999).IrefermytransdisciplinarymethodofstudytotheinterplaybetweenDonaldSchön’ The knowledgebehindthistextissiftedthroughtheexpertiseandperspectiveofaplanner, asdescribedby chapter from. Fromaplanner’s pointofview, Iseeitasthecontinuitytowhichplanningprojectslatchon(seealso patory influenceonplanning. Thisiswheremyfocusonlarger time-linesandoverlappingcontextscomes placed mystudiesclosertoideasofgovernanceandparticipationdif theory comesfrommyexpertiseandsubjectofstudy, butthecontextofcasebeingwiderthanthat,has employee focusedonanyofthemunicipalsectorsresponsibility dealing withplanningissuesinamunicipalcontext;beitasaninhabitant,politicianor It needstobenotedthatthepractitionersinmycasehavenotallbeenplanningprofessionals,butpeople Method Other KeyConcepts–Project/Process ). HeishowevercriticalofcommunicativerationalityaccordingtoHabermas(Flyvbjer Paper IV ), butthatinterdependenciesofknowledgeandtrust securesdecisions Rather Network ) 43 ( Paper IV . The focusonplanningand ) andthechapter ferent kindsratherthanjustpartici- Results Thus, theonesdeciding DRAFT, consensusbuildingas g 2015),itrelies ofthisthesis. g 2010).

g

s

- (2011). (Healey 1997)orspanning overplanningfield,disciplineandmovement accordingtoHoch’ claim thatmystanceisthe necessaryoutcomeofseeingplanningasincremental (Sager1994),collaborative relation totheplanningprofession Iplacemyselfastepasideoftheframework ofplanningtheory context canbeaddressedwithparticipatoryaims andmeasures,beforeanyplanningprojectsstart. My findingsshowhowplanningprojectsmuststart anddependonalocalcontext,howthis knowledge, fromaplanner’s standpoint. from apoliticalsciencestandpoint.Butbeingme, Ineedinsteadtoscratchthesurfaceofthatrealm planning’s particularity withinknowngovernancesystematics,bysomeonewritingaboutthesamething ment andauthority–inmycases,themunicipality. Inmanyways,Ithinkmy thesiscouldbedescribedas planning fromagovernancepointofview. That istosaythecontinuousrelationshipbetweencivicengage Landing incivilsocietyoutsideofanyon-going planning projectforcesmetodescribemyperspectiveon one development/planningprojectatatime. government/authority/municipality continuously, asopposedtoparticipationinplanningusuallyfocusedon my reflectionsoncases. The difference beinggovernanceastherelationshipbetweencivicsocietyand rather thanplanning,findingmoreanddescriptionsofdifferent kindsofgovernancethatseemtofit Over theyearsofstudyIhaverealizedthatmystudiescouldeasilybeenrelatedtopolitical science local civilsociety, inwhichIclaimparticipationstartsandcontinuouslytakesplace. are viable. The wordgovernance isthususedtosignifytherelationshipbetweensystemofruleand Swedish municipalities,thatscaleandcontextbecomesmygovernanceframeworkwithinwhich myresults repercussions theymighthaveonmyideaofcontinuousparticipation.Instead,sincecasesboth relateto part ofalarger context.Inthistext,Iwillnotdelvedeepintodifferent formsofgovernanceanddifferent Fung and Wright 2003). Thus, whendescribingparticipatoryefforts ingovernance,planningissuesbecome rule, to govern, and signifies type of relationship between civil society and its governing institutions (see f ex ent typesofrule,suchasrepresentativedemocracyandcorporatism.Governanceisbydefinition, wayto Healey (1997)describesdifferent kindsofgovernanceandhowcollaborativeplanningrelatestothediffer 4.5.4 Planningingovernance municating (seealso cation of participation.Isharemyviewonconflictbeinganaturalpartcommunicationinchapter necessarily alreadyhavingresolvedthem.Conflictandhowtohandleconflictmustbeintrinsicthisview Also, consensuscansometimesmeanthatthegroupagreesonwhatconflictsofanissueare,without behind acloseddoorisenough,asdiscussedby Torfing etal2012: mean thateveryonehasaccesstoeverythingatalltimes.Sometimesknowingameetingistakingplace opinions, interestsandroles. Transparency mayalsomeandifferent thingsatdifferent intervals.Itdoesnot consensus building,butabouttransparencyandmutualunderstandingofdifferent andcontradictory planners’ tasks,responsibilitiesandprofessionalexpertise. Thus, communicativeplanningisnotabout get understandingofthelocalcontextparticipants,participantsalso contrary, two-waycommunicationiskey, asSager(1994)says. What Imeanbythatiswhileplanners participatory orinclusivecanneverbemistakenforanarchythateveryonedoeseverything.Onthe part ofplanningisjustoneitstasks–instrumentalstillneedsprofessionals.Communicative, preferred, butwemaydiffer onhowthatisobtained.Ibelieve,asMalbert(1998),thecommunicative and havetheopportunitytoassessfinaloutcomesmeanssanctionthosewhoar “(...)as longasvoters,clients,andstakeholdersaccepttheexistenceofthosemomentssecrecy, andinbothmycases,conflictresolutionhasbeennaturaloccurrencestodowiththeprocessofcom Paper I )

for thoseoutcomes.” 44 DRAFT (Torfing et al 2012,p225) s description e responsible Communi- . ButIwill With this

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ties (see possible regardlessofpoliticalruleandwithintheframeworkor examples, andphrasedtheorganization oflocalnetworks (basedontheGråboexample)inorderforittobe Guided byHealey’s formulationofinstitutionalneeds,Ihavestayedclearpoliticallycharged issuesinmy all, possiblywithdifferent politicalobjectivesbehindit. scribed (liberalism,welfarism,neoliberalism),Ifindtheorganization oftheGråboexamplepossibleinthem But tryingtohypotheticallyplacetheGråboexampleagainstothertypesofgovernmentalrationalityde Gråbo couldbeseenasatop-downinitiatedshiftofresponsibilityorpowerfromauthoritytolocalactors. mirrored inSwedishpoliticalhistorythereareparallelstobefound. the backgroundandreasonsforemerging themeof“localism”inaBritishcontext. While notexactly Davoudi andMadanipour(2015)describedifferent rationalitiesandtechnologiesofgovernmenttoexplain planning practice(s). stays clearofideologicalorpoliticaldiscussion,bysimplyreferringtotheworkingscollaborative two municipalitieswithclearopposingpoliticalstandpointstotheirsolutionsorhandling.Healeyhowever cases inSwedishmunicipalities,withouttakingpoliticalsides.Examplesendupparticularissuesthe It isimpossibletoapplyHealey’s “particularinstances”andexamplesoffairresourcedistributiononthe p 301). tive planningneeds“resourcepots”ofvariouskindstodistributeinparticularcircumstances(Healey1997, equals powers(asdescribedbyGiddens1984),anypoliticalcommunitywhichseekstopromotecollabora then describegovernancewithinthatsystem.Forexample,shedescribeshowbecausehavingresources practice(s) toworklikethis.Settingupbothplanningtheoryandthecontextitneedsin,shecan planning practice,fromtheperspective.I.e.contextneedstoworkthus,inorderfor (Healey 1997,p284-314),doingwhatIdescribeabove–addressingthecontinuouscontextsurrounding Healey describeshowthesystemicinstitutionaldesignneedstobesetupforcollaborativeplanningwork Paper IV ). 45 And thepracticalexampleinLerum/ DRAFTganization(s) ofSwedishmunicipali

- - - from meinpdf formatonrequest. The licentiate reportonthemethod(also inSwedish)canbe downloaded viaChalmers Libraryoracquired The analysesdocuments (inSwedish)canbeacquiredfrommeinpdfformat onrequest. not fortheareainquestion. content oftheinterview and workshopmaterialdecidedwhetheraheadline fromthatchecklistwasvalidor and theNorwegianmanualforsiteanalysis, ( comprehensive planofUddevallamunicipality, thereport onsiteanalysis analysis assignmentgiventostudentsinthemaster studioLocalContext(seeabove),thecurrent The analyseswerethencompiledinrelationtoa tableofcontentthatIhadputtogetherbasedonthesite transcribed ifandwhenusedfordirectquotations. spontaneous interviewsonsite(see Each analysisisbasedonbetweennineandfourteen in-depthinterviewsatleasttwoworkshopandseveral (Tureborg) assomewhatofanassessmentthemethoddeveloped. while EmmaPersson,anewlygraduatedarchitectatthetime,triedmymethodandconducted lastone trial anderror. Iconductedthefirstfourbymyself(Ljungskile,Bokenäset,Lane Ryr, Dalaberg/ Hovhult) The areaanalysesconductedwasthelaboratoryinwhichItriedmynewmethodforparticipation through halftime onthisconsultanttaskofmethoddevelopmentfortheprojectMSM. However, someoftheefforts duringtheUddevallacasestudyneedtobenotedasitrequiredmework Contexts The initiativeandcontexttohowthestudyinUddevallamunicipalitycameaboutcanbefound 5.1 CaseUddevalla Uddevalla. commuters goingbackandforthtothebiggercity, thoughLerumismoreinthedirectvicinitythan west ofSweden(seemap).Bothmunicipalitiescanbedescribedto“outsideGothenburg” with Both casesareinmunicipalitiesthecountyof Västra Götaland(Västragötalandsregionen) inthesouth Fig. 16:TheVästraGötalandRegion.UddevallaandLerummunicipalitiesinblack. cases. contexts ofthesetwocasesneedtobeexplained.Somethemethodsuseddependon to understandandhaveanopinionontheresultsorstandpointsofthisthesis,setups,backgrounds This thesisisbasedonexperiencesandobservationsfromtwocasesinSwedishmunicipalities.Inorder 5. THECASES Lär KännaDinOrt! as wellin

UDDEVALLA ) bytheSwedishNationalBoardofHousing,Building andPlanning(Boverket2006) Paper I LERUM . Therefore, Iconsidertheeventplotofthisfirstcasemainlytold elsewhere. Paper I formethoddescription). All ofwhichwereaudiorecorded and Stedsanalyse 46 (Miljøverndepartementet1993).However, the

DRAFTGet To KnowYour Community!

Research

Group ofGråbo hadbeeninitiated(See The nextwritten reportwaspresented inFebruary2013.Inthe yearthathadpassed, the Co-Production 5.2.2 reportFebruary 2013 which Ivisitedforspecific inputonmunicipalcommunicationstrategies. The reportalsocompares withexperiencesfromtwoothermunicipalities (MalmöandUpplands-Väsby) fossil fueldependencyforexample. challenges, aprojectonbikeandpedestrianaccessibility canbeusedtodiscusstheissueofpeakoiland architecture andplanningconcretizemakestangible whatismoreabstractinphrasingsofglobal are agoodstartingpointfordiscussionsonmore abstractthemessuchassustainabledevelopment. As sectors andbetweenpoliticaladministrative realm ofthemunicipality. Ialsoargue howplanningissues planning issuesas“trans-sectorialissues”tobeused ascommunicationcatalystsbetweenadministrative projects beingdiscussedindifferent realmsofthemunicipal organization. FromthatIpresenttheideaof I summarizethe and maintenanceaswedevelopmentofphysicalenvironment. Healthcare. The societalplanningsectortakescareofcomprehensiveanddetailplanning,buildingpermits divided betweenthethreemainareasofmunicipalresponsibility:SocietalPlanning,Education/Learning and thematic commissiondedicatedtoPilotGråbo.Ialsobrieflymentionthemunicipalityadministrative sectors (Kommunfullmäktige) andincharge ofcitizendialoguewithintheirthematicissue.Iwastofollowthe where thecommissionsdedicatedtocontemporaryissuesareappointedfrommunicipalcouncil The pre-studyreportalsosummarizesmyunderstandingofthepoliticalorganization ofLerummunicipality, detail planforcentralGråbo. working ontheseissues,throughtheirpoliticalvisionandorganization andintheefforts towardsanew (See aboveand political realmofthemunicipality. Inthis,itdrawsfromtheresultsofpreviouscasestudyinUddevalla how Iwilllookatcommunicationaboutplanningspecificallyinmunicipalactivity The pre-studyreport(whichisinSwedish)hasafewmainthemes:Firstitsummarizestheareaof studyand municipal board(Kommunstyrelsen)in April of2012. for sustainability’s sake.Ireportedthispre-studyperiodinareportandanoralpresentationtothe pre-study whereIwasfreetophrasewhatobservedandwantedfocusonwithinstudiesofparticipation Gråbo wastobecomesustainablethroughparticipationofitsinhabitants. was connected.IjoinedthepoliticalcommissionassignedtoPilotGråbo. ings, bothpoliticalandadministrative,tostudyhowcitizendialogueparticipationinplanning to themunicipalitybecamemystartingpointaswell. At thesametimeIwasinvitedtoparticipateinmeet Context The studyinLerumstarted,asUddevalla,withmefollowingandassistingthemasterstudio 5.2.1 Pre-study on request.Ialsoattachameetingcalendarinanattempttoshowthescopeofcasestudy. between September2011 andJanuary2014. All reportscanbeaquiredfrommeorLerummunicipality assesment (seechapter the casestudyIreportedbacktomunicipalityinreportsandpresentationsaprocessoftransformative The casestudyinLerum/GråboanditsresultsarepresentedPapersII,IIIIV inthisbook,butduring implementing successfulmethodsandorganizational modelstotherestofmunicipality. towards sustainabledevelopmentareappliedtothecontextofGråbofirst,withaimeventually has pointedouttheurbansettlementofGråboaspilotintheirefforts. With thetitlePilotGråbo,efforts Lerum municipalityisworkingtowardsapoliticalvisionofsustainability(Lerum2009)and 5.2 CaseLerum/Gråbo . The studentsarrivedinLerum/GråboSeptember2011 andtheiranalysisintroductionof Paper I Local Context Method ). IalsosummarizemyunderstandingofhowthemunicipalityLerumisalready ). BelowisanattempttosummarizewhatIreportedbackthemunicipality studio , itsanalysisandprojectshowIhavefoundissues fromthe Paper II and 47 Paper IV

) andIhadfollowed themeetingsof thisnew These firstmonthswerecalleda DRAFTTheir taskwastoestablishhow , butalsointhe Local

- this visionary description.Itwassimilar tothepointregarding thePilotGråboCommission Report-Ifthe sector tobe considered aspoliticalassignment. The pointIdecided tomakeinthereport however, was on I foundtheprocessofless interesttomystudiesatthatpointasitwashanded overtotheSocietalPlanning phrase apoliticalvisionary descriptionofafutureLerum. While the methodapproachwasinterestingtome, started. Ichosenottofollow thatprocessasithadalreadycompletedavast dialogueprocessinorderto The reportalsotouchesupon theprocesstodevelopanewcomprehensive planforthemunicipalitythathad the forefrontofsustainabledevelopment. summary, withoutthepoliticaldebatethatimmidiatelyflaredwhentrying tosuggestpoliticalobjectivesin met bytheawarenessand/orexpectationsof inhabitantsofGråbo.Unfortunately, theyendedupinthe willing todointermsofsustainablelifechanges -ortheyweretosuggestpoliticalmeasuresthatcouldbe could interpretitintwoways: They wereeithertosummarize whattheGråboinhabitantswereawareofand politics ofitall specific planningissuesormaintenanceina“half-time report”in2012andthisfinalreportneededtobe“ the groupdiscussedhowitwastobereported. They hadalreadysummarizedthepracticalitiestodowith order tofindthelocalfactorsspecificGråbocontext. Thecollectedmaterialwasbroadandvast also tookituponthemselvestolookatdiscourseaboutsustainabledevelopmentinabroadercontext in master studioandfollowedthatwithseveralmeetingsworkshopstheinhabitantsofGråbo. They able developmentmeantinGråboparticularly. They started inthematerialhandedoverbyChalmers report bythePilotGråbopoliticalcommission. The commissionhadatwoyeartasktophrasewhatsustain Gråbo andtheactivitiesofCo-ProductionGroup(seealso The lastwrittenreportwaspresentedtothemunicipalboardinearly2014.Itlistssomemajorevents in 5.2.3 reportJanuary2014 local planningissuescouldhelpthegroupfinditsformandpurpose: Peterman toaquotebythenewlyappointedchairpersonofCo-ProductionGroup,tryingshow how (planning) issueslocallyandintersectorially. Iendthereportbytyingaquotefromlecturewith William to manyoftheissuesraisedinpre-studyreport,suchastyinggeographicalcontextsanddiscuss I continuetosummarizetheearlydevelopmentofCo-ProductionGroupandhowitworksasaresponse tions first,butcouldmeetwiththeCo-ProductionGroupinspecificissues. even thoughtheysharedmyconcerns. They weresimplytryingtosortouttheirownoverlapsandcollabora intersectorial groupofadministratorsstillhadtroubleopeninguptotheCo-Productionprocessatthispoint, Co-Production GroupofGråbowas,andstillis,ananswersolutiontomanytheseconcerns.Butthe misunderstandings andoverlapshappeningdespiteefforts tomerge orcollaboratebetweenthem. The I continuebyshowingthatPilotGråboisconductedinsimultaneousandparallelprocesseswithriskof exchange throughouttheprocess.Orinshort: Timing andtransparencyasbasisfordeepenedtrust. pation requiresthatparticipationintheimportantearlystagesisfollowedbyunderstandablefeedbackand is notrecognizabletotheparticipantafteradesignprocessbehindcloseddoors. Thus, successfulpartici factors inparticipation. The problemtobesolvedishowtheinhabitants'inputintoaparticipatoryprocess summary ofmyfindingsaspresentedinthattext.Ihadpointedout During thisperiodIhadwrittenthefirstdraftofwhatwastobecome an intersectoralgroupofadministratorsworkingwithPilotGråbo. group aswellthemeetingsofpoliticalcommissiondedicatedtoPilotGråboandafewwith “There are manypeoplehere willingtoparticpate.Buttheyneedunderstandwhatbecomeapartof. “People needtounderstandwhatthey’re fightingfor. Theirownneighbourhood theyunderstand. ” asonecommissionerputit(owntranslation).However, theirtaskwasphrasedsothatyou Sustainable development...notasmuch.” We needtoclarifywhatweare.” - chairpersonoftheCo-ProductionGroupGråboSeptember32012owntranslation 48 Paper IIandIV time Paper II , trust

and , andthereportstartswitha ), butalsocommentsthefinal

DRAFTtransparency - William Peterman April 172012 as success

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allowing, informing orjustinformabout them. I showthatthe municipalityparticipates theresimplybybeing informedaboutthem and eithersupporting, ipants oftheCo-Production Groupwithoutmunicipalinvolvement. ity acknowledgesthatsome co-productionprojectsareinitiatedandconducted locally to localinitiativesaswell asthelocalnetworkrespondstomunicipalproposals. Butalsothatthemunicipal I phraseitas a possibilityfortruesuccessfulparticipationifthe municipalitytakestheconceptofco-producingseriously. for municipalprocessesthroughcontinuoustrue communication. And IaddresstheCo-ProductionGroupas As aconclusionofmywrittenreportstoLerummunicipality, thelastchaptersinthisreportaddressestrust (See alsochapter development, forthatconceptnottobecomemeaningless ifitisusedtodescribeallmunicipaldevelopment. necessary forallmunicipalactorstoshareadefinition ofwhatthemunicipalitymeansbysustainable One paragraphinthereportalsoaddresseshow sustainabilityvisionofthemunicipalitymakesit worked almostaswellashoveltogetridofthedirtpileannoyance. responsibility ofthemunicipalityatallandknowingcircumstance,timelimitcontext dirtpiles use thatspottodepositsomematerial(thedirtpiles)aspartoftheirsponsoragreement. They werenotthe ative fromLekstorpsIF, thelocalsportsclub,raisedhishand. The sportsclubhadletoneoftheirsponsors meeting tooknotestoinvestigatewhoseresponsibilitythesemysteriousdirtpileswere,whenarepresent he considereduglyandaffecting theimageofwholecommunity. The municipalrepresentativesatthe authorities clearlydidnotcareaboutGråbo,referringtoafewdirtpilesrightattheentranceGråbo that complaint duringthemeetingsayingthathedidnotbelieveinthiseffort inGråboasthemunicipal missing oraddedsetofinformationcan“killsavetherabbitinfigure”:Oneparticipantraised a An anecdotalexamplefromthefirstmeetingofGråbohasbeenusedtoillustratethis,whereIshowed howa perspectives, wecanunderstandmore orthebiggerpicture. Fig. 17:Combinednarrativesinthesimileofadot-to-dotpuzzle.Byknowingorjustbeingaware ofmore partsofthestory, more place cantellamorecompletestory. Iusethesimileofadot-to-dotpuzzle(seefig.17) is builtthroughtherelationshipsandconnectionsbetweendata,sothatacombinationofnarrativesabout Lost inInterpretation Furthermore thereportdiscussesconceptof under generictermssuchas“renewableenergy sources”or“strategiclocations”. politicians failtophrase“ co-production mustbeco-produced In theContextofSustainability (see the politicsofitall Paper III )

when summarizedintoquantitativematerial.Ialsoshowhowastory ”, itfallsontheadministrationtochoosedebateablesolutions

narratives ) givingexamplesonhow themunicipalityneedstorespond

49 asconveyerofknowledgeandhowis DRAFTWith afewexamples ofsuchprojects, , betweenlocalpartic

- - - sustainability’s sakeandisclearlyapartofreferredtointhenational discourseonthetopic. Gråbo hasbeenpresented,discussedandinfluenced byseveralothercontextsofparticipationfor Futures (UrbanLunchtime2013,,UrbanResearch 2014, Almedalen 2016). Combined,theefforts inPilot Association ofLocal Authorities (GR2012-2016) andeventshostedorinthecontextofMistraUrban Changing Cities2013)aswellinseminarswith anetworkofmunicipalitiesattheGöteborg Region been giventosharemyresearchandbeinspired byothersatafewseminarsandconferences(IFHP 2012, 2012, SALAR(SKL)SwedishEnergy Agency (Energimyndigheten) 2014).Ihavealsotakenand/or accompany themunicipalitytonationalseminars andconferencesinthepublicsector(Tällberg, Sigtuna nationally (LerumKommun2011, LerumKommunstyrelse2011). Ihavebeengiventheopportunityto efforts inGråbonoticedandcomparedtootherparticipatoryinnovationelsewhere,nationallyinter their processes,Lerummunicipalboardhopedtheresearchwouldgivethemopportunitytohave the In theintentionsformulatedbymunicipalitywhendecidingtoinviteanembeddedresearcher tofollow projects. one seehowtheprocessismovingforwardanditalsoavoidsunnecessaryoverlapsorparallellprocesses/ meetings” inPilotGråbo,butrathertrytoputeachmeetingitscontextsandtime-lines. This letsevery reports, butfrommywordingandpresentationoffindings. Asanexample,theyavoidwhatIcall“first 2012, 2013).Buttheadministrationhaschangedtheirpractice,maybenotfromspecificallyreadingmy mendations tobeconsideredbytheadministration(LerumKommun2012,2013,LerumKommunstyrelse the otherreportstomunicipalboardsimplysaythattheyhavereceivedreportandreferrecom- found viaLerumKommunstyrelse(2014)andKommun(2014).Protocolsfromthepresentationsof These decisions,myreportandtheadministrativeofficiallettertogowithitmunicipalboardcanbe Three ofthesedecisionsare already beingexecuted(…)” - toinvestigatehowstrengthen representativity intheCo-Production Group ofGråbo. unclear tasks,riskingweakpoliticalguidancefrom thecouncil. - toraiseadiscussioninthemunicipalcouncilonLisa’s observationthatourcommissionshavebeengiven - tostrengthen theprocess managementofPilotGråbo. matters. dialogues were more fruitfulthantheconversationsthatwere hadaround thePBL (PlanandHousingLaw) also inplanningmatters.Thepoliticalsecretariat hastraininginthisandLisa’s workshowedthattheir - toinvestigatewhetherthepoliticalsecretaries ofthemunicipalityshouldbeinvolvedincitizendialogue come later). At thatoccasiontheboard madeafewdecisionsdirectly derivingfrom Lisa’s ‘final report’: January a‘final report’ tothemunicipalityinthatsession (Inotedthatthere isanacademicfinal reportto This springweclosedtheresearch project vis-à-visthemunicipalboard, asIchosetocallherreport from “Lisa hasbeenafantasticassettousandbothherpersonworkhavehighlyappreciated. The processleaderofPilotGråbowritesinOctober2014: from correspondencebetweenLerumMunicipalityandmyhomeinstitutionatChalmersaboutresearch. 52). ButIchoosetoshowhowmyresearchhasbeentransformativebyquoting(andtranslating)apassage at SALARandtheSwedishEnergy Agency tomentionsomeofthem(see my recommendationsinothersettings. To themunicipalcouncil,Co-Production Groupandinseminars follow myrecommendations(LerumKommun2014)andIhavealsopresentedfindings,method The presentationsIhavedonetothemunicipalboardareallnotedinprotocols,sometimeswithmeasures 5.2.4 Transformative impactonthecase Process LeaderPilotGråbo,LerumChristianMattssoninanemailtoChalmers,BjörnMalbertOctober62014,owntranslation 50

DRAFTEmpirical Material and fig.18p.

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discussed inmeetings. The voidleftin2015representsmyparentalleaveofabsence. “follow-up interviews”asIhavesometimesaskedforcomplementaryexplanationsorelaborations ofthings conversations, draftsofmeetingagendasandsimilar. Someemailconversationscouldpossiblybecalled absent fromduetochoiceandpriority, sicknessorleaveofabsence.Materialsavedalsocontainsemail therefore partoftheprocessIhavestudied,asareothermeetingsrelatedtotheseprocessesthat havebeen meetings thatpreceedtheCo-ProductionGroupmeetings,butIhavebeengivennotesfromthem. They are protocols and/orbeenpartoftheplanningfor. Forexample,Ihavenotattendedall,butafew, oftheboard there havebeenmeetingsrelatedtotheseprocessesthatInotattended,butfromwhichreceived process arrows,asitistheprocessesofcase(Thethreemiddlearrows)thathavebeeninfocus.Because of eachterm,withalonggapovervacations.Ihavechosentonotjustshowcalendardates,butrather representation. Itisachoicemadeforlegibility’s sakeasmeetingstend togroupinthebeginningsandends The datesarespreadevenlyovertheyearinfigure,butacloserlookatshowthistobefalse Group norpoliticalcommission. in Gråbo(twomunicipalinformationmeetingsandaharvestfestival),nothostedbyneitherCo-Production or discussmyresearchoutsideofacademiccasecontext. Added herearealsoacoupleofpublicevents The lastarrowofothermeetingsandeventsisanattempttogatheralloccasionsIhavehadpresentand/ meeting recordingshasbeensavedconnectedtotheGråbocase. All meetingsrepresentedherearerecordedinnotes,protocolsand/oraudiorecordings.Over60hoursof teaching occasionssuchaslecturesorworkshopsIhaveconducted,evenifconnectedtomyresearchtopic. to athirdparty. Administrative, tutoringorprojectgroupmeetingsarethusomittedfromthischart. As are representation tomeetingswithcaseactorsthatIhaveattendedoratwhichpresentedmyresearch followed inCaseStudyLerum/Gråbowithmeetingsandspecialeventsadded.Ihavechosentorestrictthe The flowchartinfig.18isanattempttoshowtheextentofmaterialgatheredandmainprocesses 5.2.5 Empiricalmaterial

51 DRAFT appropriate toshowasitalsogave inputtowhatandhowconclusions inthecasecouldbe drawn. In green atthe top,teachinginthemasterstudio connectedtothecase, a conference and seminarsaboutmyacademic textsare Fig. 18:Theprocesses Ihavefollowedincasetwo, plusotheroccasionsforpresentation/discussion ofmywork. nationaldagsfirande Stadsbyggnadsdialoger Konferens kommundelsträff Urban Lunchtime Tankesmedja framtidstomten GR GR Skördefest GR styrgrupp :

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 re-written even iftherearestillafew fullsentencesleftofthe originaltext. statements in theformertitle. This paperis the resultofthatinitialtext beingre-arranged,re-focused and most intriguingandsuccessful intheGråbopilotstudy:Continuity. Indeed,itisthekeybehind allthree appreciating partsofit.I wasencouragedtochoosethesuccessfactormost closelyrelatedtowhatIfound Eventually, Isubmittedatextthencalled description ofprerequisites forsuccessfulparticipationthatIwanteditto be. topic. Itsimplycameoutasasummaryofexperiences beingconfirmedbyliterature,ratherthantheconcise was toowide,itsobjectivesfarreachingand the texttoosuperficiallytouchinguponmuchwithin bryo orstartofthistextwasverymuchdifferent andithasbeenwithmefora long time. The initialscope participation tobefruitfulorevenadvisableasapproach inarchitecturalorplanningprojects. some ofthesuccessfactorsthatotherpilots,projects aswellcolleaguesagreedwithmewerecrucialfor titioners involvedinparticipatorymethodsandprojects ofdifferent kinds. Very earlyIwantedtosumup But IalsoarrivedtoUddevallaandmyPhDposition withownexperiencesaswellanetworkofprac I leftthecaseinUddevallawithquestionsaswell asanswersaboutsuccessfulparticipation(See - TheParticipatoryMosaic An exampleofparticipation,co-production andsociallearning 6.2 SummaryPaperII The actualareaanalysisdocumentscanbeobtainedfrommeorUddevallamunicipalityon request. stand papersII,IIIandIV better. areas formysecondcasestudy. This summarizingpapercanthusbeseenasabackgroundchapter tounder for details.Howeverthelicentiateresultedinquestions,reflectionsandconclusionsthatgaveme myfocus The paperpresentsthemethodbasedoninterviewsandworkshopsinshort,butreferstolicentiate report early stages”. thus participationstartsbeforetheactualplanningproject(s)orwhatisnormallyreferredto as“the rather thanonspecificplanningissuesorproblems,givestheparticipantsproblemformulationprerogative, comprehensive planningundertakenbythemunicipaloffice.Focusingoncurrentstate of af The analysesaretobeseenasinputinthedialoguebetweeninhabitantsandmunicipalityparallel tothe interpreting andsummarizinginterviewworkshopinputfrominhabitantsintoananalysisdocument. the projectMötesplatSMedborgare (MSM–Meeting Venue Citizenowntranslation). The methodisabout The papersummarizesthecontextofUddevallamunicipalityandtaskmethoddevelopmentwithin Into MaterialForSocietalPlanning lish translationis Områdesanalys somdeltagandemetod-atttolkaochförmedlaberättelsertillplaneringsunderlag This paperisinitselfasummaryofmylicentiatereport,presentedanddefended201 – CaseUddevallaand Area Analysis asaParticipatoryMethod 6.1 SummaryPaperI after casestudiesconductedbetween2009and2014. my conclusions. These papersaretheresultsoflongwritingprocesseswithpartswrittenbefore,duringand between. Itmadeformoreinitiatedinsightsinthecases,butleftmewithunusablereadingnoteswriting cannot, myinitialreadingandwritingthesepapersendedupwithalltheexperiencesofcasesin to mediatetasksondifferent time-lines. As academiacanwaittosomeextent,whilethelife-worldcontext cases. Partofthechallengetransdisciplinaryformat(seechapters project hasbeensetupparallelltomycasestudiess,muchofthewritingdoneaftertasksin Before addressingeachpaper, afewwordsabouttheprocessbehindthemareneeded. As myresearch 6. SUMMARY PAPERS Area Analysis As A ParticipatoryMethod -Interpreting andCommunicatingNarratives . Time Trust Transparency 53

, whichwasrefusedbut with reviewers Method and

DRAFTResearch Contexts 1. ItsSwedishtitleis Thus, theem Paper I . The Eng . The

fairs

) is - ).

- - - organization. Infactthestudy shows howparticipants share thesamestoryoftheir localcontextinallmu make municipal employeessiftaway informationthatcould be ofvaluetootherparts ofthemunicipal in participatoryinterviews andsurveys. This isbecausethepurpose(s)and addresseeoftheinterpretation The papertriestoshowin fourshortexampleshowinformationislostin theinterpretationofmaterialgiven narrative indicators. Lerum. Butthemainfindingwasratherhow shortanswersonnotesandinasurveyLerumshowed valla, andmorequantifiablesurveyresponsesfrom citizendialoguemeetingsconductedbypoliticiansin The intentionwastostudyandcomparethedifference betweennarrativeanswers fromthecaseinUdde coherence. The definitionofnarrativeforthispaperis:aset ofdatalinkedtogetherbytemporality narrative behindtheanswers,ratherthaninterpreting thestoryintoquantifiablecategoriesofdata. ferent narrativeanalysismethods,thepapershows howmoreinformationmightbefoundifconsideringthe my twocasestudies. The quotesarethenshowntobefragments oflarger narratives,andbyapplyingdif The paperpresentsacomparisonbetweenfewchosenquoteexamplesofresponsesgivenbyparticipants in of narrativehasbeenfurtherstudiedanddiscussedforwiththemunicipalityLerumsince this paper. edited forlanguageandreadabilitysincethen,itispresentedhereasattheconference.However the concept The paperwaspresentedattheconferenceChangingCitiesSkiathos,GreeceinJune2013. – LostinInterpretation 6.3 SummaryPaperIII context ofmunicipaldecisions. es isalreadytosharepower, asinformationandknowledgeletsstakeholdersunderstandinfluencethe tion(s). This viewonparticipationalsoletsmeconcludethatinvitingstakeholderstoparticipatoryprocess of valueforseveralmunicipalprocessesandfromwhichplanningprojectscanfindtheirproblem formula to beorbecomethearenaforcontinuousparticipatorycommunication,co-productionoflocalknowledge and Ison2009,p366).Iargue thattheCo-ProductionGroupofGråbohasinstitutionaldesignandset-up they arefulfilled.IcomparemyfindingstoCollinsandIson’s designheuristicforsociallearning(Collins learning. The paperlistssomeoftheprerequisitesforsuccessfulparticipationrelatedtogroupandhow The Co-ProductionGroupofGråbocanbeseenasanexampleaparticipatorymosaicandarena forsocial describing thesuccessfactorsofparticipationinGråbomodelorcase. and theparticipatorymosaic.Neitherismyowninvention,butcombinationoftwoworkswellwhen concepts areintroducedtodescribeaframeworkandoutcomeofsuccessfulparticipation:Sociallearning But communicationneedstoworktransformativelyandcreatenewknowledgeintheexchange Thus two of different kindscanbridgethatgap. Mistra UrbanFutures Annual Report2011). What Ifoundisacommondenominatorthatcommunication one maylookatthearchitecturalvisualizationsanditspotencyascommunicativetool(SeefexStahre2009, 2001). Onemaystudyjargon andlanguagecreatingadiscrepancyinunderstanding(seefexPorter2000)or tory efforts asaddressingthiscommunicativegap(seefexForester1999and2009,Healey2006,Peterman between planningpractitionersandstakeholders(seefexMalbert1998,Stenber practice describedfromdifferent perspectivesbyseveralscholarswithinthefieldofplanning; Thegap The theoreticbackgrounddescribedinthepaper, delimitsittothecommunicativegapbetweentheoryand of establishingtheCo-ProductionGroupGråbo. The papersummarizesthecontextofLerumCasestudyinordertoarriveatPilotGråboandefforts set upforsociallearning,whichcanbedescribedusingthesimileorvisualizationmodelofamosaic. The threeconceptstime,trustandtransparencystillsumupthesuccessfactorsbehindaparticipatoryarena

54

DRAFTg 2004)butalsoparticipa , causality, contextor While slightly ------rather agoodlocal networkforparticipationthannoatall. The titleofthepaperisintentionally double-facedandoddlychopped.It derivesfromtheconclusionthat actors andthemunicipality. a groupabletotakeoncontinuousparticipatory communication betweeninhabitants/stakeholders/local ment, bylettingtheissuesathanddecidewhoparticipates (throughinvitationorvoluntarily),slowlybuilds While overlappingtheresultsofPaperIsomewhat, thispaperconcludesthatthenetwork’ two waysofbeingakeyactorinlocalnetwork –throughformalresponsibilityorconnectivity nicipality aswellthecivilsociety. The experiences fromtheCo-ProductionGroupofGråboalsoshows The paperclarifieshowtheinitialset-upneedsto be,withrepresentativityofthedif ences andsharedknowledgewithmunicipalactorscomespossibilitiestoinfluencethe agenda. ative experiencescanbevaluabletotheGroup’s learninganddevelopment.Fromcommonexperi municipal taskorsector. Itdevelops throughcommonexperiences,andIshowwithexampleshowevenneg This papersummarizesthedevelopmentofalocalnetwork,delimitedbygeographicalarearather thanby how anetworkgrewandevolvedbytyingnewactorstothegroupdependingonissuesdiscussed. My notesonhowknowledgewassharedandco-producedintheCo-ProductionGroupofGråbo showed me Mosaic responsibility ratherthanpower. Ihadalreadyformulatedmyviewonrelationalpowerin ally formedand/ormade. This paperisnotexactlywhatIimaginedasthecaseinGråbomademefocuson and theconceptof Early inmystudiesIimaginedlastpapertobeabouttherelationshipbetweenparticipatoryprocesses - RatherNetwork 6.4 SummaryPaperIV areas. Group efforts inGråbotoageographicalarea,ratherthanhavingparticipatorygroupsworkingthematic *A noteoutsidethepaperisthatLerummunicipalityreferstothisideawhendelimiting theirCo-Production at politicaldialoguemeetings*. ity. Forexamplebyhavingpoliticianspresentatparticipatorymeetingsaboutplanningandplanners they respondtomorecomplexissuesandseesynergies withothersectors orrealmswithinmunicipalactiv The papershowsthatifdifferent municipalactorshearandreadthesameresponsesgivenbyparticipants, sectors inthemunicipalorganisation orevenpoliticalvisionswithissuesofhands-onmaintenance. contexts orcoherencesmightletusfindsynergies, problemformulationsorsolutionsthatoverlapbridge fying mypoint;localissuesareinterdependentofoneanother. Understandingtheirbroaderscalecausalities, Co-Production GroupmeetingsinLerum/Gråbothatsummarizeoraddressseveralissuesatonce,exempli example inthepaperisfromoneoflongerinterviewsUddevalla. There areseveralrecordings from keeping allthecomparisonswithinandselectingexamplesfromLerumcase. The longernarrative theme wasrevisitedandeditedforafuturesubmissionpublicationelsewhere,Iwouldmakepointof The versionofthepaperpresentedhereissameasthatatconference.However, ifthis stories. a meeting,theymayhoweverstarttheirstoryfromdifferent perspectivesorgivechosenfragmentsoftheir nicipal encounters,beitapoliticalmeetingorplanningworkshop.Dependingonthequestiontopicof (See Paper I power ). . About definitionsofpowerthatmightexplainwhereexecutive decisions areactu 55

DRAFTferent realmsofthemu s organic develop The Participatory . ------but wheresome piecesdocarrymore importancethanothers dependingontheissue in focus. This hierarchy image ofthe mosaiccanvisualizethis ideaofparticipation,where everyoneisneeded toseethefullimage, process; participationas a collaborativeeffort and asmutualunderstandingofaplaceanditscontexts. The common versionofwhat Gråbowas,isandneeds. The conceptofsociallearningwasfoundtodescribe this its inhabitantsasthestory ofGråbowastoldinfull;firstbyeachonearound thetable,andeventuallyina key toresolveoldmisunderstandings andtheareaissuesofGråbowere understoodfromthecontextsof successes seemedtocorrelatewithmyprevious results. Communicationandmutualunderstandingwasthe Eventually Icametofollowthedevelopmentof the co-productiongroupofGråboandtheirfailures “full story”astoldbytheparticipantswasheard and understood. municipal actorswithdifferent fieldsofresponsibilitywere presentataparticipatorymeeting,moreofthe rial fromforexampleaparticipatoryworkshopis necessary. ExperiencesinLerumshowthatwhen several otherwise simplifiedformats.However, simplification orsummarizationofvast,diverseandlengthymate given bytheparticipants,whenwepickandchoose different partsofthenarrativetosortintoquantifiableor will begivenasanouttakefromorinacomplete narrative. We runtheriskofloosingvitalinformation understanding. Thus theanswer toanyquestionrelatedspatialplanningorchangesintheirsurrounding knowledge aboutthatplaceisalreadypackagedincontexts,time-lines,causalities,relationships and spatial through thenarrativematerialparticipantsbring. To theinhabitantsorbusinessownersofaplace,their used wheninterviewing,makingasurveyorhostingworkshoparesimplytoolsfortheorganizers tosort another conclusionwasdrawn:Peopleparticipateinplanningwiththeirstoriesornarratives. The methods Adding myinterviewstudiesfromUddevalla,tothemanydifferent kindsofmeetingsIattendedinLerum, successful participationmustbeginbeforetheearlystages,inhavingproblemformulationprerogative. fix theroadhere?”–inessenceameetinglost,asneitherpartygotwhattheycamefor planning officeaboutschoolsinthearea. Theparticipantsstartedthemeetingwith“Whenareyougoingto solve. As anexample,intervieweeinUddevallareferredtoaparticipatorymeetingheldbythemunicipal planning seemedtoolate,iftheparticipantswerenotalreadyonboardwithwhatproblemdesign wasto ning and/orchangesinthephysicalenvironment.Earlystagesasdescribedotherparticipatory methods in participation startsalreadyinthefindingandformulationofproblemsthataretobesolvedthrough plan the inhabitants’ storiesbeforeanyplanningprojectwasevenstarted. The conclusionbeingthatsuccessful context. Inresponsetotheissueoftiming,myinterviewstudiesinUddevallashowedvalue hearing connecting politicalvisiontopracticalreality, or, intheperspectiveofsustainabilityissues,globaltolocal as brokenlightingfixturesorthelackofbikeracks.Planningissuesspanovertheseparalleltime-lines, thus sionary andlongtermtomeetrespondtheinhabitants’ practicalwishesandmaintenanceissuessuch context”. InLeruminthemeantime,politiciansofGråbocommissionfoundtheirperspectivetoovi nicipal planningofficesometimesreferredtocommentsfromstakeholdersbeing“toolate”orinthe“wrong crucial factorsforsuccessfulparticipation.InUddevalla,thepracticalparticipatorymethodsusedbymu Secondly, theparticipatoryefforts studiedbothinUddevallaandLerumshowedhowtimetimingare what context. explaining fieldsofresponsibilitywithinthemunicipalorganization andfiguringoutwhohadsaidwhatin and anadministrativerealm,severaloldconflictsmisunderstandingscouldactuallybesolvedsimplyby pality did…”. As theMunicipality isarathercomplexorganization, notleastbyconsistingofbothapolitical opponent inanon-goingdialogue. They commonlyreferredto“theMunicipalitysaid…”or“TheMunici My mainfindingfromthecaseinUddevallawashowinhabitantsconceivedMunicipalityasOne the problem,andcommunicationiskeytobridgingthatgap. misunderstand eachotherduetolackofknowledgeorunderstandingabout (See fexMalbert1998,Healey1997,Forester1999,Stenberg 2004,Castell2010)andconcludedthatwe ners/ municipality(chooseexpressiondependingonauthorandcontext)asseveralpredecessorshavedone I haveobservedthesamecommunicativegapbetweeninhabitants/stakeholders/publicandauthority/plan 8. RESULTS

56 DRAFT . Ithereforeclaimthat ’s context(s). That is ------solutions canbeformulated. vation ofideasasphrasedbyJohnson(2010). An environment fromwhichcommonproblemsand social learningasdescribedbyCollinsandIson(2005). Ormaybeasanenvironmentsuitablefortheculti well asthemunicipality’s politicalandadministrativerealm,theCo-Production Groupbecomesanarenafor the kinddescribedinthistext.ConsideringGråbo throughdifferent setsofknowledge, fromcivilsocietyas the communitytheyaimtorepresent. Their openformatandideaishoweveranexampleofparticipation The Co-ProductionGroupinGråbocannot(yet) be saidtorepresentativeorreachallpartsandgroupsof through truecommunicationwithactorsandstakeholders onsite. societal planningcanbecomebothmoreefficientandeffective, connectedtoacontinuousfeedbacksystem project thenneedstostaytransparentandpresentinthaton-goingparticipatorydialogue.Municipal dialogue lettingfutureplanningprojectstaketheirstanceinacommonstoryaboutplace. dialogue withandamonglocalstakeholders.Planningprofessionalsneedtoparticipateinthison-going the earlystagesofanyplanningprojectbeginmuchearlierthanitself–incontinuous call themthecommunicativeinterfacesforplanning.Fromthere,Iargue thatparticipationinplanning,and and policythatintriguedmewhenItriedtoputmyfingeronwhatparticipationinplanningis. came to was theconnectionsbetweenplanningandothertopicsofcommunication,tiedtogeography, place-making I foundthatparticipationinplanningcanbepartofabiggerprocessandcommunication. It hanced understandingoftheplanner’s profession and task. considerations outsidetheirownrealm. The participatoryprocessisthereforealsoanopportunityforen At thesametime,transparentprocessalsoentailsthatnetworkbecomesinformedaboutinterests and transparent, istosharepower. influence overdecision-makingispower. Iargue, thatjustinvitingtoparticipation, makingsomethingmore mentum andpossibilitiesforfutureparticipatoryinitiatives.Inotherwordsinformationgivesinfluence. decisions contradictingthelogicknowntoco-productiongroupornetworkwithoutlosingtrust, mo hold trueforotherkindsofissuesthatthenetworkdealswithtoo. The municipalauthoritiescannotmake planning projectanditsconsiderations,butalsoapossibilityforinputastowhatproblemsolve. Transparency oftheprocessandaccesstorelevantinformationgivesalocal networkunderstandingforthe comes fromthestakeholdersthemselvesorelsewhere. stabilizing interplace,overtime.Fromthisforum,planningprojects,canstartorlatchon,whethertheidea whether thereareon-goingdevelopmentplansornot,letsmephrasethissettingforparticipationasawayof A forumorgroupoflocalactorsthatmeetregularlyaroundissuestodowiththeir area,regardlessof happened untilnowandhowthismeeting/workshop/interventionconnectstothaton-goingprocess. just givingfeedbackonhowtheparticipatoryeffort influencestheplanningproject,orshowingwhathas opportunity toparticipate.Continuitycanthussometimessimplyreferacommunicativetask; where “nothingcameoutofit”.Hencetheyfeelarejuststartingalloveragainwheninvitedtoanew again. Participantsinbothcaseshavetoldstoriesaboutpastparticipatoryprocessesthat“leadnowhere”or that canbemoreefficientand/oreffective thanplanningprojectsthattryandstartfromscratchagain This mademethinkofplanningprojectsassomethingthatcanlatchontoanon-goingdialogue,andhow sional roleorpoliticalmandate. network carrykeyrolesthroughconnectivityintheorformalresponsibilitysuchasprofes between themosaicpieceswasdescribedaspowerrelationswithinanetwork,wherecertainactorsin

57 DRAFT The planning This can - - And - - determined in thescaleandcomplexity ofthelocalcontext.For example,SaraBrorström’ Other studies andmethodsalsosuggest thatthereareprerequisites forparticipationand influencetobe scale whenitcomestoearly stageparticipationinareaswherenooneisyet astakeholder? Designdialog know-how indiscussions about in place?Maybeco-productioninitiativesformunicipal planning,liketheGråboexample,canfinduseful place, whichdoesnot(yet)haveanyactorsorstakeholders butwillhaveseveraloncedevelopmentplansare in focus: Where, andwithwhom,would youforexampleestablishtheon-goingcommunicationabouta esting todiscussfromthisstudy’s pointofview, raisingnewquestionsandputting newpartsoftheproblem on alarger cityscale. The on-goingdevelopmentplansofcentralGothenburg forexample,wouldbeinter the center, without toomuchconflict. Thesestudies,inthisformat,wouldpresentotherissuesandquestions a neighbouringvillageoradjoiningareamaybe included, justtobeexcludedinthenextissuefocusingon in Lerumareallareaswithclearownidentities,which separatethemfromsurroundingareas.Issuebyissue the organization ofsocietalplanningin aSwedishcontext. The areasinUddevallamunicipalityandGråbo Both casesbehindthesestudieshavegivenamanageablesub-municipalscale,whendiscussingchanges in has hadinfluenceandthatissomethingwecantake responibility fortogetherasthedialoguecontinues.” scratch everytime.Through tellingthemthesereasons itwillalsobecomeclearhowprevious participation ”Every meetingwithourinhabitantshasareason andweneedtotellthemthatreason, nottostartfrom ing fromscratch”feeling,bystartingeachmeetingwithasummaryonwherethatfitsintolar Gråbo founduseful.Organizers ofmeetingstodowithPilotGråbonowconsciouslytryavoidthe“start One thingthatdidchangeandkeepschangingistheviewonprocess/projectseveralactorswithin Pilot ed tothatthepeoplenotattendingstillknowthesemeetingsaretakingplaceandwhy. comes totheconclusionthatevenatransparentprocesshasclosedmeetings. The transparencyisthenlimit on thetopicmirroredwelldiscussiontransparencyandgovernancein pal actorsneededaforumtoprocesstheirlearningandadjustingnewwayofworking.Ourdiscussions would dotheopposite. We agreeditwassomethingtowork towards,buthisargument wasthatthemunici In myviewthatwouldhaveincreasedtrustandtransparency, buttheprocessleaderofPilotGråboargued it they couldopenthosemeetingstotheCo-ProductionGroupofGråbo(LerumsKommun2013and 2014). true. Forexample,Iargued thatiftheycouldopentheirmunicipalmeetingsonPilotGråbotomyscrutiny, influenced practice.Itwasanexchangewhereresultsfromtheresearchweretestedandnotalwaysproven The casesetupinLerumhasensuredthatexperiencesandconclusionsfromthestudydissiminatedinto my casesandperspectivesonthem. power, time,trust,transparency, continuity... andIhavephrasedwhattheymeanentailincorrelationto ly andsimilarlyinassessmentsaswellproblemformulations:Communication,participation,knowledge, ticipatory methodsandcollaborative/communicativeplanningfoundkeyconceptsunderstooddifferent and/or decision-makinghavebeentried.Icomparedthesecasestootherstudiesandexamplesexploringpar I havereflectedontwocaseswherenewmethodsandorganization forparticipationinmunicipalplanning there between. from problemformulationprerogative,toassessmentsafterthebuiltresultandplanning/designstages setting. Accumulated knowledgeaboutsuccessfulparticipationforplanningshouldencompassallstages 2013), thosecanonlybenefitfromproblemformulationsmadeand/orunderstoodinanalreadyparticipatory for participationinplanning(fexPeterman2001,Fröst2004,Svennber “one projectatatime”. While thereareseveralwellestablishedmethods,assessmentsandsuccessfactors My hopeisthattheresultsofthisresearchcancontributetoadiscussionaboutparticipationtranscends 9. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION-CONTINUATIONS methods (Fröst2004,Eriksson 2013).I.e.couldtheurbanplanningscale learnfrombuilding joint buildingventures

58 (Alm andÅwall2015,see alsobyggemenskap.se)or Elin Elebring,secretarytotheMunicipalBoard,Lerum,owntranslation. g and Teimouri 2010,Eriksson DRAFTTorfing et al (2012),which s studieson public ger timeline. ------new set-upandorganisation behindtheircomprehensiveplanningprocess. of aso-calledadvisoryboard.Expertsfromdifferent fieldsareinvitedtheretodiscussandgiveinputa Lerum municipalityhasalsoshowedcontinuedinterestinmyperspective,astheyhaveaskedme tobepart a similarorganization astheGråboexample,butadaptedtolocalcontextandparticularities. ance andparticipation.Myfocusisnowthe(co-)initiationofaco-productionnetwork,aimingeventually for with municipalitiesfromthe Västra GötalandRegiontoshareexperiencesandmethodsaroundlocalgovern and testmyresultsinthemunicipalityof Vänersborg 2016-2017. The projectwillalsocontainaconference I aimtofindoutmore,ashavebeengrantedaCommunicationProjectbyFORMASspread, implement (Højrup 1996, Arén 1994),whichcouldbothbeusedtofindandinvolve localstakeholdernetworks. be foundinmethodslikeforexampleCulturalPlanning(Lundberg andHjort2011) andLifeMode Analysis mapping andinitiationofco-productiongroupsliketheGråboexample. There shouldbesimilarsynergies to of mymethod.Inowseesynergies betweenmywayofgettingtoknowtheUddevallacaseareasand it wouldbeinterestingtocompareothermethodsofareaanalysisandhowtheymeettheobjectives Already inmylicentiatethesisonareaanalysisasparticipatorymethod(Åhlström201 further. participation andknowledgeproduction,co-initiationofsuchprocessesissomethingthatneedstobestudied a municipalityandlocalnetwork. While Iamconvincedthatco-productionisagoodideaandmethodfor per I depending onhowthatassociationalreadyinteractedwiththeirareaandstakeholders(Åhlström201 experiences fromUddevalla,thecollaborationswithdifferent areaassociationsthereworkedbetterorworse table, raisesquestionsaboutmappingthelocalnetworkbetterbeforeinitiatinggroup.Comparedwith ently. The criticismoftherepresentativity ofthegroupandconstantdiscussionsonwhoare in hindsight,theinitiationofgroupseemedlikesomethingthatcouldorshouldhavebeendonediffer elite toameetingtabletogetherwithmunicipalactors. This researchprojectjustfollowedandstudied Pilot Gråboefforts (see The GråboCo-ProductionGroupwasinitiatedasaresponsetoseveralthingshappeningatoncewithinthe Therein Brorströmechoesmyfindingsoncontinuitybeingkey. highlights theneedofanongoingdialoguebetweencitymanagersandinhabitants.” users ofpublicsectorinnovations,here theinhabitants,mightdemandotherthingsthatexpected,which receive andaddressbytherightactorattime.Brorströmconcludesamongotherthingsthat process involvedactorswithcontraditoryaimsandobjectivestheinhabitants’ tory objectivesandefforts onseveralscalesthatwere lostlaterintheprocess. The large scaledevelopment sector innovationandimplementationinGothenburg (Brorström2015aand2015b)showinitiateparticipa ). Irealisethereareyetthingstobelearntaboutwho,howandwheninthestartofinteractionbetween Paper II and IV ). Butitwasinallessenceonemunicipalemplyoeeinvitingalocal 59

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------Vol 4,p155-169 Rittel, Horst W Jand Webber, Melvin(1973), Cologne p10-11 Restany, Pierre(1998) New York Putnam, Robert(2000), ments? Purcell, Mark(2009), Polk, Merritted.(2015) framework forsocietalproblem solving Polk, Merritt(2015), Excellence forSustainableUrbanFutures Polk, Merrit,Kain,Jaan-Henrik,Malbert,Björn(2009), USA, Peterman, William (2001), Norway, inNorwegian Miljøverndepartementet (1993), Cambridge, MA:MIT Press Margerum, RichardD.(2011) Chalmers Universityof Technology, Dptof Architecture, Chalmers,Gothenburg Malbert, Björn(1998), Madanipour, Ali (2010) Kommentus MediaochSverigesKommunerLandsting,inSwedish Lundberg, KerstinandHjorth,Christina(2011), of Women’s Studies11 Listerborn, Carina(2015b), dialogens problem ochpotentialisamhällsplaneringen holm, Sandra Oliveira e Costa, Sofia Wiberg, Listerborn, Carina(2015a) Doctoral DissertationSeriesNo2014:11 Power and3GMobileInfrastructures inSweden, Larsson, Stefan(2014), Kommuner ochLandsting(SKL/SALAR)InSwedish Langlet Lena(2013), velopment Commission(SDC) Jackson, Tim (2009), , Planning Theory Vol 8(2)p140-165 Transdisciplinary co-production: Designingandtestingatransdisciplinaryresearch Prosperity withoutGrowth? Thetransitiontoasustainableeconomy Medborgardialog somdelistyrprocessen Resisting Neoliberalization:CommunicativePlanning OrCounter-Hegemonic Move The Powerof Art, Hundertwasser, ThePainter-King withtheFiveSkins Urban PlanningParticipation:LinkingPracticeandTheory Law andSpatialPlanning-Socio-legalPerspectivesontheDevelopmentofWind Bowling Alone: the collapseandrevival of American community Connectivity andContingencyinPlanning Co-producing KnowledgeforSustainableUrbanFutures Neighborhood PlanningandCommunity-basedDevelopment Medborgarinflytande :ommakt,genusochstadsutveckling Feminist struggleoverurbansafetyandthepoliticsofspace Beyond Consensus:Improving CollaborativePlanningandManagement Stedsanalyse -innholdoggjennomføring,veileder , Futures,01/2015, Volym 65 , Application DocumenttoMISTRA,Göteborg Dilemmasin aGeneralTheoryofPlanning, Medborgardialog – demokrati eller dekoration? Tolv röster om Att fångaplatsenssjäl-handbokiCulturalPlanning BlekingeInstituteof Technology, DptofSpatialPlanning, 62 , Arkus, Mistra UrbanFutures: TheGöteborg Centerof , ProjectMedborgardialog 2006-,Sveriges , Planning Theory Vol 9(4)p351–368 , MistraUrbanFutures , T-986, Regjeringen, DRAFT, Doctoraldissertation, inEd. Teresa Lind , SagePublications, , EuropeanJournal , Simon&Schuster, , SustainableDe Policy Sciences , Taschen, , SKL , - - - licentiate thesis,ChalmersUniversityof Technology, dpt of Architecture, Gothenburg, inSwedish Åhlström, Lisa(2011), Yin, RobertK(2009), versity Press,Oxford WCED, World CommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment(1987), OurCommonFuture,OxfordUni Wang, DavidandGroat,Linda(2013), beyond Arnstein ing Tritter, JonathanQuetzal andMcCallum, Alison (2006), Practice, 8:2,p238-254 idealist andcynicalperspectivesonthepoliticsofcitizendialoguesinGöteborg, Sweden Tahvilzadeh, Nazem(2015), tratörers företrädarskap Tahvilzadeh, Nazem(2011), demokratisk metodiGöteborg Svennberg, Mieand Teimouri, Maniaed.(2010), Handbook Susskind, Lawrence,McKearnan,Sarahand Thomas-Larmer, Jennifer(1999), 575–586. a synthesisofSLIM’s lessonsforresearch, policyandpractice Steyaert P, JigginsJ.(2007). Swedish ling and Berg, Martined.(2013), Stenberg, Jenny(2013) gy, dptof Architecture, Gothenburg At SocialInclusion And SustainableDevelopment Stenberg, Jenny(2004) SOU: 2013:34 Swedish. SOU, Sager, Tore (1994), , ResearchProjectMellanplats,Formas,Göteborgs MiljövetenskapligaCentrum,GMV, p22-26,In A SustainableDemocracy:PolicyforDemocracyintheTwenty-First Century , SagePublications En effektivare planoch bygglovsprocess Communicative PlanningTheory , HealthPolicyvol76,p156-168 Case StudyResearch, DesignandMethods Områdesanalys somdeltagandemetod;atttolka berättelser tillplaneringsunderlag Medborgarens roll iplanering–globaltochlokaltperspektiv, Planning inInterplace?:OnTime, Power And LearningInLocal Activities Aiming , Göteborgs Universitet,Förvaltningshögskolan,InSwedish Representativ Byråkrati–enstudieomledandekommunalaminoritetsadminis Governance ofcomplexenvironmental situationsthrough social learning: Understanding participatorygovernancearrangementsinurbanpolitics: Framtiden ärredan här!-Hurinvånare kanblimedskapare istadensutveck

, Movium,Mölnlycke,InSwedish Architectural Research Methods Barns RätttillStaden–omarkitekturpedagogiksom , Doctoraldissertation,ChalmersUniversityof Technolo , Aldershot : Avebury, Aldershot 63 InSwedish The snakesandladdersofuserinvolvement:Mov , EnvironmentalScienceandPolicy10:p , 4thed., Thousand Oaks,CA,Sage , 2nded.John Wiley &Sons TheConsensusBuilding

DRAFT (Stockholm:2000).In in Danielsson,Sara , UrbanResearch& - - - - , - mistraurbanfutures.org (2016) byggemenskap.se (2016) INTERNET RESOURCES Uddevalla KommunandFredrikstadsKommune (2011) Uddevalla Kommun(2008), Sorted bydate. All inSwedish. are alsoarchivedwithmeasaudiorecordingstogethertheirprotocolsandmeetingnotes. Meetings notedinfigure18p53fortheCo-ProductionGroupofGråboandPilotmunicipal group http://www.lerum.se/Kommun-och-politik/Kallelser-handlingar-och-protokoll1/ Municipal politicalprotocolsotherthanthosereferreddirectlytointhetext,canbefoundsorted by dateat: Lerum Kommunstyrelse(municipalboard)(2014),protocol2014-05-21:198 Lerum Kommun(2014b), Tjänsteskrivelse (administrationresponse/directive)2014-04-08KS11.69 Lerum Kommun(2014a), Gråboberedningen (2013b),Slutrapport(BeredningenförKlimatochMiljö) Lerum Kommun(2013a), Gråboberedningen (2012),Delrapport1(BeredningenförKlimatochMiljö) Lerum Kommunstyrelse(municipalboard)(2011), protocol2011-05-02:199 Lerum Kommun(2012b), Tjänsteskrivelse (administrationresponse/directive)2012-04-03KS11.69 Lerum Kommun(2012a), Lerum Kommunstyrelse(municipalboard)(2011), protocol2011-12-21 Lerum Kommun(2011), Lerum kommun(2009b), Lerum kommun(2009a), Sorted bydate. All inSwedish. MUNICIPAL DOCUMENTS Tjänsteskrivelse Vision 2025 NyPon Hur gårdet?-januari2014 Hur gårdet?-februari2013 En förstudieommedborgardialog Projektbeskrivning MötesplatsMedborgare

(NyPolitiskOrganisation/ NewPoliticalOrganization) (administrationresponse/directive)2011-11-23 KS11.69 64 , transformativeassessmentreport , transformativeassessmentreport Metodboken , transformativeassessmentreport MSM (MSM)2008 DRAFT

Almedalen seminar: seminars/meetings between2012-2016(seefig.18p.52) Göteborg Region Association ofLocal Authorities (GR)Networkforcitizendialogueandparticipation Gothenburg Urban Researchconference: Uthållig Kommun,Stockholm2014-11-06 Swedish Energy Agency seminar: 2013-03-08 Urban Lunchtime, SALAR seminar: IFHP conference: Changing Cities Tällberg Conference: sorted bydate. EVENTS

2014-11-26 conference,SkiathosGreece,2013-06-20/21 Hur kanviskapalokaltengagemangförhållbarutveckling? 56th IFHP World Congress Hållbarhet ochinflytandeikommunalaplaneringsprocesser Medskapande förattmötakomplexasamhällsproblem –hurdå? Nya handslag,nyavägar,

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2012-09-16/19 , Stockholm2012-12-10 DRAFT, Stadsmuseet,Gothenburg, , Visby, 2016-07-07 ,

,