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Turning Point on Climate Change? Emergent Municipal Response in Sweden: Pilot Study

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Turning Point on Climate Change? Emergent Municipal Response in Sweden: Pilot Study Turning Point on Climate Change? Emergent Municipal Response in Sweden: Pilot Study Turning Point on Climate Change? Emergent Municipal Response in Sweden: Pilot Study Richard Langlais, Per Francke, Johan Nilsson & Fredrik Ernborg NORDREGIO 2007 Nordregio Working Paper 2007:3 ISSN 1403-2511 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.org Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians form the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Stockholm, Sweden 2007 Table of Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The background for the pilot study..............................................................................10 1.2 Some other perspectives ................................................................................................11 2. Theoretical and methodological considerations .........................................................12 2.1 Regarding the present study ..........................................................................................13 3. The case of Sweden.......................................................................................................14 3.1 Municipal obligations and possibilities ........................................................................15 3.1.1 The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Sweden’s 16 environmental objectives ................................................................................................15 3.2 State investment subsidies: LIP and KLIMP...............................................................17 3.2.1 LIP – Local Investment Programme ...................................................................18 3.2.2 KLIMP – Local Climate Investment Programme ..............................................18 3.3 Networks for municipal cooperation: The Swedish Eco Municipalities & the Swedish Network of Municipalities on Climate Change ............................................19 3.3.1 The Swedish Eco Municipalities (SEKOM)........................................................19 3.3.2 The Swedish Network of Municipalities on Climate Change...........................20 4. The survey ......................................................................................................................21 4.1 Design and implementation of the survey ..................................................................21 4.1.1 Preparing the survey ..............................................................................................21 4.1.2 Preparing the template...........................................................................................22 4.2. The contact and interview procedure .........................................................................22 4.3 Some considerations about the categorization............................................................24 5. Results .............................................................................................................................25 5.1 The selected municipalities............................................................................................26 6. Discussion.......................................................................................................................31 6.1 Observations, reflections and further study................................................................31 6.1.1 The significance of the study as a baseline.........................................................31 6.1.2 Discussion of observations from a sample of active municipalities ...............33 6.1.3 Discussion of more general observations...........................................................34 Selected References............................................................................................................38 Appendix: 1 Map of candidate municipalities ................................................................40 NORDREGIO WP 2007:3 5 Summary The pilot study indicates that the number of Swedish municipalities responding to the issue of climate change appears to be increasing. It also tells us, however, that only some of them are engaged in concrete action. Learning that, an important question arises, “Why are only some Swedish municipalities responding concretely, while the majority is not?” A companion question is, “Who, and what, have made the difference in that smaller group of municipalities?” The pilot study reported on here is a step in addressing those questions. In early 2007, researchers at Nordregio conducted a telephone-interview-based survey of the status of climate change work in all 290 Swedish municipalities. The survey was pursued until the response rate reached 100 percent. That has created an unusual and useful baseline for designing further studies. The pilot study, which includes the survey and its analysis, is the first step in a larger project designed to understand why and how municipalities respond to the issue of climate change. The purpose of the pilot study is to help identify those municipalities that are responding most concretely and actively. This work differs from earlier research in that it focuses on positive cases. In other words, it is not trying to understand why municipalities are not working on climate change issues, but rather, why they are responding concretely to those challenges. The fact that the pilot study establishes an initial baseline with data from each and all of the municipalities in Sweden is a valuable additional outcome. The telephone contacts and the ensuing interviews were conducted by adopting a “citizens” perspective.” We wanted to know what happens when a citizen calls his or her municipal switchboard and asks to speak to “the person in charge of climate-change-related issues,” which is exactly what we did. That manner of enquiring via the switchboard avoids preconceived notions, and allows the municipality’s perspective on what the most appropriate answer might be to dominate. Since we were determined to get a response from each and every one of the municipalities, more than one thousand telephone phone calls were made. That method of exhaustive contacts and enquiries reflects a form of “quantitative- qualitative” methodology. The pilot study’s results reflect that fundamentalist approach. In our efforts to have the switchboard operator determine whoever the most appropriate person in the municipality might be for an interview, we were connected to a variety of different personnel representing a broad spectrum between two extremes. In some (very small) municipalities, for instance, the only persons who were found for us were janitors and technicians in charge of indoor climate-control for the municipalities’ buildings. In another case, the operator interpreted “climate change” with the result that we were connected to a person working in a greenhouse growing vegetables for the local schools. Most of the time, however, the persons we interviewed were either the municipality’s Agenda 21 co-ordinator, or the environmental inspector. Occasionally, we were also able to interview individuals who were obviously at the forefront of thinking, worldwide, on the issue of municipal response to climate change. The purpose of the survey was to provide data for selecting cases for later study of the processes behind municipal climate change response action. That data has resulted in a preliminary selection of candidate municipalities. That result will be used, in the next step of this project, with other material we are collecting, which in turn may result in a modification of our list of candidate municipalities. The survey, perhaps unsurprisingly, did not provide an entirely positive picture of the level of activity among the municipalities in their work on climate change. The survey did clearly indicate, however, some of the many challenges they are confronted with when they do try to move forward. Among other factors, the relative absence of top-down policy from the national level provides little guidance for municipalities, at the same time as that vacuum creates, ironically, much “space” for them to generate local initiatives. Why those local initiatives manage to get started at all is a question for further research and an object of much admiration. NORDREGIO WP 2007:3 7 Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Urban and Regional Planning Programme, at the Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University, for providing the opportunity
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