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UNIVERSITY AHMED DRAIA OF ADRAR FACULTY OF ARTS AND LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH THE USE OF PRAGMATIC MARKERS IN AN ALGERIAN SOCIAL CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY OF OUEDI RIGH SPEECH COMMUNITY Dissertation submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements of a Master’s Degree in Linguistics & Didactics Presented by: Supervised by: Mr. Amine OUNISSI Pr. Bachir BOUHANIA Academic Year: 2016-2017 I DEDICATION I dedicate this humble work to the most precious people to my heart; to the ones who always support me and whose words of motivation ring in my ears: To my dear mother and beloved father To my respectful and beloved wife To the light of my heart and my eyes; my sons: Abderrahmane and Youcef To my beloved brothers: Walid and Farid To my dear sisters To my Brothers-in-law: Abdelbaset and Mohammed To all those who know me and gave me support during my study II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I thank and praise Allah for providing me the blessing and strength to accomplish this research work. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Pr. Bouhania Bachir for his help, guidance and encouragement during the two years of study. I also thank him again for the excellent lectures in the two modules of sociolinguistics and sociology of language. I also would like to extend my thanks to all the faculty and teachers in the Department of English at the University of Adrar for the respect they showed, and also for giving us an opportunity to learn new things from them. I must express my deepest appreciation and thanks to my honest friends; Abdelbaset Redha, Faysal, Yacoub, and all the inhabitants of Ouedi Righ for their help and providing me with valuable information. Last but not least, I cannot imagine myself conducting and achieving this work without the aid of my parents, my older sister, and my wife. III ABSTRACT The present research investigates the natural and noticeable phenomenon of El Hchachna vernacular which is the use of the pragmatic markers [bba] and [wa] whether at the beginning or at the end of speech. This speech behavior is prevalent in Ouedi Righ’s speech community; the area located in the south-east of Algeria. In addition, El Hchachna who are descendants of the Berber Zenata tribe tend to use [bba] and [wa] in their daily-life communication to express different purposes. As a result, this study sheds some light on Ouedi Righ’s spoken variety through exploring a number of tribal groups that live in the area and use either the Tugurtian Colloquial Arabic or Temmacine Tamazight (Tašәlḥit). Furthermore, our work also mentions the different factors that make the residents of Ouedi Righ use the two markers [bba] and [wa] in their vernacular. Another point is that the use of the mentioned particles is still preserved and maintained by the majority of Ouedi Righ’s speakers, especially among families and friends in streets. As a research methodology, the plan that has been selected to conduct this study is a mixed-method strategy. The obtained final results show that the majority of Ouedi Righ’s inhabitants still maintain the utilization of [bba] and [wa] in their vernacular, and 90% of both genders widely use the mentioned markers in their spoken variety which is considered as a high proportion in this desert region. IV LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS Table 1: Arabic Phonetic Symbols Arabic Letters Transcription (IPA) [ʔ] ء [b] ب [t] ت [θ] ث [ʤ] ج [ħ] ح [x] خ [d] د [ð] ذ [r] ر [z] ز [s] س [ʃ] ش [sˤ] ص [d̪ ˤ] ض [t̪ ˤ] ط [ðˤ] ظ [ʕ] ع [ɣ] غ [f] ف [q] ق [k] ك [l] ل [m] م [n] ن [h] ھـ [w] و [j] ي V Vowels Transcription (IPA) / aː / /uː/ /iː/ VI LIST OF ACRONYMS AA: Algerian Arabic DA: Discourse Analysis DMs: Discourse Markers IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet MSA: Modern Standard Arabic MSL: Middle School Level MT: Mother Tongue PSL: Primary School Level SCL: Secondary School Level UL: University Level VII LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.5: Ouedi Righ’s Respondents Figure 3.6: Using [bba] or [wa] in Ouedi Righ’ Speech Community Figure 3.7: The Pragmatic Markers Used in Ouedi Righ’s Spoken Variety Figure 3.8: The Frequent Use of [bba] and [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Figure 3.9: The Frequent Use of [bba] and [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Figure 3.10: The Various Contexts of Using [bba] / [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Figure 3.11: Using the Two Markers [bba] and [wa] among Ouedi Righ’s Residents Figure 3.12: The Use of the Markers [bba] and [wa] with Foreigners Figure 3.13: The Use of [bba] and [wa] during Traveling outside Ouedi Righ Figure 3.14: The Use of [bba] and [wa] among Speakers of the Area and with Foreigners Figure 3.15: The Maintenance of Using [bba] / [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Figure 3.16: The Use of [bba] and [wa] among Ouedi Righ’s Families Figure 3.17: The Use of Pragmatic Markers [bba] and [wa] in some Areas of Ouedi Righ VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Words and Phrases Used in Ouedi Righ’s Spoken Variety Table 1.2: Tamazight Words used in the Berber Language of Ouedi Righ Table 2.3: The Ten Types of English Discourse Markers Table 2.4: Major Types of English Tag Questions Table 3.5: Ouedi Righ’s Respondents Table 3.6: Some Professions of Ouedi Righ's Respondents Table 3.7: The Use of [bba] or [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Spoken Variety Table 3.8: The Pragmatic Markers Used by Ouedi Righ’s Inhabitants Table 3.9: The Distribution of the Use of [bba] and [wa] in Some Ouedi Righ’s Areas Table 3.10: The Frequent Use of [bba] and [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Table 3.11: The Frequent Use of [bba] and [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Table 3.12: The Various Contexts of Using [bba] / [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Table 3.13: Using the Two Markers [bba] and [wa] among Ouedi Righ’s Residentst Table 3.14: The Use of the Markers [bba] and [wa] with Foreigners Table 3.15: The Use of [bba] and [wa] during Traveling outside Ouedi Righ Table 3.16: The Use of [bba] and [wa] among Speakers of the Area and with Foreigners Table 3.17: The Preservation of Using [bba] / [wa] in Ouedi Righ’s Dialect Table 3.18: The Use of Pragmatic Markers [bba] and [wa] among Families Table 3.19: The Use of Pragmatic Markers [bba] and [wa] in some Areas of Ouedi Righ IX TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………… I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………………. II ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..... III TABLE OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS……………………………………………………….. IV LIST OF ABREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………….......V LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..VI LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………..VII GENERAL INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN . OUEDI RIGH, TOUGGOURT SECTION ONE: A SOCIO-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA Introduction…………………………………..………………………..……………………….4 1.1. Presentation of Ouedi Righ and Touggourt…………………………………………….4 1.1.1. Historical Background………………………………………………..……………6 1.1.2. Demographic Status…….…………………………………………………….……6 1.2. Human Social Structure…………………………………………...……………………7 1.2.1. El Rouagha…………………………………………………………………………7 1.2.2. Arabs……………………………………………………………………….………7 1.2.3. African Descendants …………………………………………….………………...8 1.2.4 The Muladi …………………………………………………………………………8 1.3. Ethnic and Social Groups……………………………………………………………....8 X 1.3.1. El Hchachna……………………………………………...……..…………………8 1.3.2. El Medjahriya……………………………………………………..….……………9 1.3.3. Ouled Sayeh………………………………………………………..………...……9 1.3.4. El Ftayet……………………………………………………………..…………….9 1.3.5. Ouled Nayel…………………………………………………………..………….10 1.3.6. El Souafa…………………………………………………………………..……..10 1.4. Languages Present in Ouedi Righ……….……………………………………………10 1.4.1. Modern Standard Arabic ………………………...……........................................10 1.4.2. Ouedi Righ Colloquial Arabic ………………………………………………..…11 1.4.3. Ouedi Righ Berber Variety (Tašәlḥit)…………………………………………....13 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..……15 SECTION TWO: THE USE OF LINGUISTIC PARTICLES AS PRAGMATIC MARKERS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...17 2.1. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………...17 2.2. Discourse Analysis…………………………………………………………………….19 2.2.1. An Overview of Discourse Analysis......................................................................19 2.2.2. Dissimilarities between Spoken and Written Discourse…………….………...…20 2.3. Pragmatics……………………………………………………………………………..21 2.3.1. What is Pragmatics?...............................................................................................21 2.3.2. Speech Acts………………………………………………….…………………...23 2.3.3. Types of Speech Act……………………….………………………...…………..23 XI 2.4. Discourse Markers…………………………………………………………………….25 2.4.1. Discourse Markers vs Pragmatic Markers…………..…..……………………….25 2.5. Tag Questions…………………………………………………………………………27 2.5.1. What are they?.......................................................................................................27 2.5.2. How are they formed?...........................................................................................28 2.5.3. Intonation………………………………………………………....……………..29 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………31 CHAPTER TWO: THE USE OF PRAGMATIC MARKERS IN THE AREA OF OUEDI RIGH (DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS) Introduction...............................................................................................................................33 3.1. Qualitative Data.............................................................................................................33 3.1.1. The Interviews……………………………………………………………………33 3.1.2. Note-Taking…………………………………………………………………...…34 3.1.3. Audio Recordings………………………………………………………………..35 3.2.