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Metodologisk Nasjonalisme

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Metodologisk Nasjonalisme Røtter og vinger Argumenter for en transnasjonal sosiologi Hans Erik Næss Masteroppgave i sosiologi Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Høst 2007 Forord Ingen masteroppgave skrives alene, og Røtter og vinger: Argumenter for en transnasjonal sosiologi er slett intet unntak. Derfor ønsker jeg å fremheve følgende personer som har ytet ulike bidrag i løpet av arbeidsperioden. Først vil jeg rette en takk til mine veiledere Anne Krogstad og Thomas Hylland Eriksen. Dere bekreftet begge mitt håp om hvordan veiledere skal være – grundige, konstruktive, støttende og utfordrende. Takk også til Iver B. Neumann, Sharam Alghasi, Odin Lysaker, Ida Hjelde, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen, Dag Herbjørnsrud, Nils Klevjer Aas og Tore Dybing Myklebust for nyttige innspill og hjelp underveis. Takk til forskningsprogrammet «Kulturell kompleksitet i det nye Norge» (Culcom) for økonomisk støtte, samt til alle mine medmasterstipendiater og andre på Culcom for et særdeles stimulerende miljø. Til slutt vil jeg sende en takk til familie og venner, og endelig, Vibeke – en stor takk for alt du har måttet gjennomgå, og for all den støtte, varme, omtanke og forståelse du har gitt meg alle disse årene. Hans Erik Næss, Oslo, oktober 2007 ii Sammendrag Ifølge Samordna Opptaks søkemotor hadde 33 høyskole- og universitetsstudier i Norge tilbud om sosiologiemner høsten 2006. Gjennom å undersøke utvalget blant de ti institusjonene som tilbyr rene sosiologiske årsstudium, bachelor- eller mastergrader, viste det seg at kun fem av totalt 155 tilgjengelige sosiologiemner i hovedsak tok for seg ulike kombinasjoner av transnasjonalitet og sosiologi. For meg indikerte dette funnet at sosiologifaget i Norge generelt har det jeg kaller et transnasjonalitetsunderskudd – at det ikke har nok fokus på transnasjonale trekk ved vår samtids sosiale fenomener. Selv om flere pensumbidrag og emnedeler ved lærestedene som tilbydde sosiologikurs direkte tok for seg følgene av økende transnasjonalisering, mente jeg å kunne tolke det slik at de bar mer preg av å være sporadiske unntak enn en fagsatt norm. Dette inspirerte meg til å lete etter mer spesifikke sider ved transnasjonalitetsunderskuddet som kunne tas opp til diskusjon. Siden jeg tilhørte Universitetet i Oslo (UiO) falt det meg naturlig å starte undersøkelsene der. UiO skiller seg positivt ut på landsbasis ved å tilby ett av de fem tilgjengelige sosiologiemnene med fokus på transnasjonalitet. Men gjennom forundersøkelser av pensumbidragene til introduksjonskursene «SOS1001 – Introduksjon til sosiologi» og «SOS1002 – Oversikt over sosiologien» i bachelorstudiet i sosiologi, dukket det opp tegn til at transnasjonalitetsunderskuddet også gjenspeiles på andre måter – fremfor alt metodologiske. En fellesbetegnelse på dette er metodologisk nasjonalisme. Spørsmålene jeg stiller i denne oppgaven er altså ikke om det er et transnasjonalt underskudd ved UiO, men hvilket metodologisk omfang dette kan sies å ha, på hvilke måter og i hvilken grad det er til stede i et utvalg pensumbidrag, og hvorfor norsk sosiologi bør integrere transnasjonale perspektiver i sine introduksjonskurs. Denne oppgaven skal med andre ord argumentere for en transnasjonal sosiologi. Måten jeg skal gjøre det på, er å skissere og operasjonalisere en en transnasjonal metodologi gjennom en analyse av filmindustrien samlet under begrepet Hollywood. Basert på denne analysen er målet å formulere noen alternative metodologiske huskeregler for en sosiologi som er iii grunnleggende transnasjonal. Fra disse huskereglene skal jeg så presentere et alternativt pensum for de sosiologikursene ved UiO som jeg har valgt å studere pensumutdragene fra i denne oppgaven iv INNHOLD FORORD ..........................................................................................................................II SAMMENDRAG ............................................................................................................III 1. TRANSNASJONALE UTFORDRINGER................................................................. 7 INTRODUKSJON........................................................................................................................................... 7 Definisjoner og begrepsavklaringer ..................................................................................................... 8 ET SOSIOLOGIFAGLIG PROSJEKT ............................................................................................................... 10 Bakgrunn for utvalget ......................................................................................................................... 12 Hollywood som case ........................................................................................................................... 15 OPPGAVENS VIDERE STRUKTUR................................................................................................................ 16 2. METODOLOGISK NASJONALISME VED UIO?................................................ 20 INTRODUKSJON......................................................................................................................................... 20 SOSIOLOGI VED UNIVERSITETET I OSLO ................................................................................................... 20 METODOLOGISK NASJONALISME .............................................................................................................. 22 Seks idealtypiske prinsipper................................................................................................................ 22 PENSUMUTDRAG 1: SOCIOLOGY: A GLOBAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 25 En global sosiologi? ........................................................................................................................... 25 Metodologisk inkonsekvens?............................................................................................................... 29 DET NORSKE SAMFUNN ............................................................................................................................ 33 Pensumutdrag 2: Makt........................................................................................................................ 33 Pensumutdrag 3: Det flerkulturelle Norge ......................................................................................... 37 FRA UIO TIL HOLLYWOOD ....................................................................................................................... 41 3. KULTURELL GLOBALISERING = HOLLYWOODISERING?........................ 44 INTRODUKSJON......................................................................................................................................... 44 HVA ER AMERIKANISERING?..................................................................................................................... 45 KULTUR, MEDIER OG KINOFILM ................................................................................................................ 46 Hollywood og nasjonalstaten.............................................................................................................. 50 Den uønskede popkulturen.................................................................................................................. 51 KULTUR I GLOBALE HANDELSFORA .......................................................................................................... 52 Eurimages ........................................................................................................................................... 54 MÅ FILM VÆRE NASJONAL?...................................................................................................................... 56 HVOR AMERIKANSK ER HOLLYWOOD?..................................................................................................... 60 BEHOV FOR METODOLOGISKE ALTERNATIVER.......................................................................................... 61 4. METODOLOGISKE ALTERNATIVER................................................................. 64 INTRODUKSJON......................................................................................................................................... 64 METODOLOGISK KOSMOPOLITISME .......................................................................................................... 65 Kritikk av Beck.................................................................................................................................... 66 GLOBAL ETNOGRAFI................................................................................................................................. 68 Et forsøk på å unngå «globaloney» .................................................................................................... 70 GLOBALE KREFTER................................................................................................................................... 73 RØTTER OG VINGER: Å FØYE SAMMEN ØKONOMI OG KULTUR .................................................................. 77 5. RØTTER...................................................................................................................... 79 INTRODUKSJON......................................................................................................................................... 79 NICL: EN NY GLOBALKULTURELL ARBEIDSDELING ................................................................................
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