KEY

BRAIN

Brain Gross Anatomy Terms

1) Explain each of the following in terms of structure of the brain

a) Central sulcus- shallow groove that runs across brain sagitally

b) Lateral fissure- deep groove that runs anterior to posterior on lateral side of brain

c) Precentral gyri- ridge anterior to the the central sulcus

d) Temporal lobe- rounded region of brain on lateral aspect

2) Describe the structure /location for each of the major parts of the brain

a)Cerebrum-forebrain, forms the bulk of the brains mass

b)Diencephalon-composed of thalamus and hypothalamus in central portion of brain

c)Cerebellum-posterior/inferior brain, consists of two hemispheres

d)Midbrain-in the middle of two other regions: the forebrain and the hindbrain.

e)Brain stem- includes the pons and medulla oblongata

f)Corpus callosum- band of tissue that connects the right and left hemispheres.

3) Meninges

a) Dura mater-most superior of the meningeal layers, it is tough and inflexible

b) Arachnoid mater-middle layer of the meninges, spider web like appearance of the blood vessels below this membrane. CSF circulates through.

c) Pia mater-innermost layer of the meninges, covers the surface of the brain

Brain Lobes and Regions

Brain Region Location Functions Frontal lobe Anterior brain, 2 Concentration, problem solving, cognition hemispheres -Primary motor cortex Posterior frontal lobe Voluntary execution of movement -Prefrontal cortex Anterior frontal lobe Processing area to reason and plan our actions Parietal lobe Posterior to frontal Understanding speech, perception of stimuli, lobe spatial orientation -Primary sensory Anterior parietal lobe Processes and analyzes sensory information cortex Temporal lobe Inferior to frontal and Sound, smell, memory parietal lobes -Auditory cortex Superior temporal Receive information the ears lobe

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-Wernicke’s area Lateral, posterior Perception and language processing parietal -Hippocampus Medial temporal lobe Short term to long term memory Occipital lobe Posterior cerebral Visual images hemisphere -Vision centers Posterior occipital lobe Associate visual information with memories Diencephalon -Hypothalamus In diencephalon, Regulate appetite, thirst, and temperature. below thalamus Produces hormones -Thalamus In diencephalon Relay station for sensory input -Limbic system In diencephalon Regulate emotional responses Pituitary gland Attached to base of Regulates hormone control brain Midbrain Central part of brain Reflex of head and neck in response to sight and sound Pons Anterior bulge of brain Relay center between cerebellum and cerebrum stem Medulla oblongata From pons to spinal Vital functions such as heartbeat, BP, and cord breathing Cerebellum Posterior/inferior to Coordinates complex movements cerebrum

Label the following each of the following structures

First drawing: Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, central sulcus

Second drawing: Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, corpus callosum

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Ventricles

1) What is the importance of ventricles? Produces CSF

2) What is Cerebrospinal fluid? - clear, watery fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It protects, provides nutrients and eliminates waste.

3) Label the correct parts of the diagram. Describe the location of each part

Ventricle Location Fourth ventricle located posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongata and anterior-inferior to the cerebellum Third Ventricle cavity of the diencephalon Lateral ventricles (right and left) is located within the parietal lobe. The roof is formed by the corpus callosum

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EYE

Eye Structure Function A Cornea Protection and refraction of light B Aqueous humor Gives cornea shape and nutrients C Iris Pigmented muscle that controls pupil size D Ciliary body Changes the size of the lens E Lens Refracts light F Retina Photoreceptors that collect light (cones and rods) G Choroid Layer that contains blood vessels H Sclera White of eye that gives eyes shape and support I Fovea Highest concentration of photoreceptors J Optic nerve Sends signals to brain (also blind spot) K Vitreous humor Jelly-like substance that support the eye ball

1)Describe Myopia and Hyperopia and how we correct these eye disorders.

Myopia is nearsightedness. Focal point is before the retina. Concave (divergent) lens corrects

Hyperopia is farsightedness. Focal point is past the retina. Convex (convergent) lens corrects.

2)What is astigmatism? How is it corrected? Irregular shape of cornea. Lens is shape to account for.

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EAR

Eye Structure Function A Pinna External ear that collects vibration B Malleus Hammer bone that amplify vibration C Semicircular canals Rotational equilibrium D Vestibular nerve Carries information for gravitational equilibrium E Cochlea Snail shape structure contains hair receptors that send vibration information to brain F Eustachian tube (auditory) Tube that equalize pressure in inner ear. Connects to back of throat. G Tympanic membrane Vibrates to generate physical vibrations to send them to the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) H Ear or auditory canal Connect pinna to tympanic membrane

1) Trace the path of sound through the ear- include structures and functions.

Pinna auditory canal  tympanic membrane  malleus  incus  stapes  oval window - vestibule  cochlea

2) What are the two types of equilibrium and what controls them?

Gravitational- vestibule

Rotational – semicircular canals of

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