Lighting Fundamentals Part 2:
WELCOME!
"PG&E" refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation. ©2017 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved. These offerings are funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Lighting Fundamentals Part 2:
Lamps/Light Sources Ballasts/Drivers Luminaires Lighting Controls
2 Lighting Fundamentals Part 2:
Participant Poll #1: Which industry are you in?
3 Lighting Equipment
4 Lighting Equipment
Overview
• Lamps/Sources • Ballasts/Drivers • Luminaires • Lighting Controls
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Lamps/Sources
• Measuring lamp performance • Legacy sources • Incandescent • Halogen incandescent • Fluorescent • Compact fluorescent (CFL) • High pressure sodium • Metal halide • Induction lamps • Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
6 Lighting Equipment Measuring Lamp Performance
Light Output (lumens) Power (Watts) Efficacy (lumens/Watt) Lamp Life (hours) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (%) Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Color Rendering Index (CRI) Dimmability Voltage Temperature Considerations
7 Lighting Equipment Participant Poll #2:
Which two Lamp Performance metrics have the greatest beneficial impact on the cost of a building?
8 Lighting Equipment Luminous Efficacy A measure of a lamp’s effectiveness in converting electrical energy into light.
A lamp’s luminous efficacy is measured in lumens per watt (lpw).
Efficacy Examples There are ranges of values for each lamp/source type
• Incandescent Lamp ~15 lumens/watt • Metal Halide Lamp ~90 lumens/watt • Linear Fluorescent Lamp ~95 lumens/watt • High Pressure Sodium Lamp ~110 lumens/watt • LED ~100 - 215 lumens/watt
9 Lighting Equipment Luminous Efficacy Zonal Cavity Formula
Where: Lamp plus fixture Eavg = Average Illuminance [fc] Eavg = # fixtures x lamps/fixture x lamp lumens/lamp x CU x LLF CU = Luminaire Coefficient of Utilization L x W LLF = Light Loss Factor L = Length W = Width Integrated LED fixture
Eavg = # fixtures x delivered lumens/fixture x CU x LLF L x W
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Rated Average Lamp Life
vs.
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Rated Average Lamp Life for Conventional Sources
Time, in hours, after which half of a large group lamps are still in operation, and half have failed.
Sometimes rated for a certain number of hours of operation per start.
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Light Emitting Diode (LED) Life Expectancy
Defined using IES LM-80
Effective lifespan of LED’s is considered to be when the LED reaches 70% of its initial output – L70.
May be marketed as life at 80% light output – L80.
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Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
3rd generation T8 Fluorescent
T12 Fluorescent
Describes the decrease in lumen output of Lumens Initial Percent a lamp during its operable life.
Relative terms: Percent Rated Life • Lumen maintenance • Mean lumens
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Beam Spread for Directional Lamps
The angle at which luminous intensity of a lamp is half of the Center Beam Candlepower (CBCP).
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 15 Lighting Equipment Incandescent Operation - Tungsten filament is heated to incandescence.
Features: • Significant amount of infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light. • Lowest efficacy (10-20 lm/W) • Short lamp life (750 - 2,000 hrs) • High operating and maintenance costs • Easy/inexpensive to dim • Point source allows for good focal aiming • Good color, continuous spectrum, red-dominant
Naming codes are generally for shape or function.
A Arbitrary (example: A19 lamp) PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 R Reflector T Tubular PAR Parabolic Aluminized Reflector 16 Lighting Equipment Halogen and Halogen Infrared (HIR)
Operation – An incandescent lamp with a small, transparent capsule filled with an inert gas and halogen around tungsten filament which is heated to incandescence. Burns brighter and hotter.
Features: • High infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light. • Low efficacy (16-24 lm/W) • Increased lamp life (~2,000 hrs) Image provided by GE Lighting • Operates best on low voltage (system requires transformer) • Dimmable, but controls communicate through transformer • Point source allows for excellent focal aiming • Some codes are phasing out their usage
HIR type - A dichroic film is applied to the quartz capsule. • Allows visible light to pass Image provided by Osram Lighting • Reflects infrared back onto filament so filament runs hotter and brighter, for same wattage. 18 Lighting Equipment
Fluorescent Operation - Mercury vapor arc stream emits UV energy. Phosphors convert UV energy into visible light.
Features: • High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W) • Long life (up to 40,000 h) • Low initial cost PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 • Color temperature (CCT) options • Potentially high CRI • High frequency operation • Excellent lumen maintenance • Ballast required for operation • Dimming requires dimming ballast • Not a point source, general light distribution
19 Lighting Equipment Compact Fluorescent Operation - Operates like linear fluorescent lamps. Has curved tubes and curved arc streams, which are inherently less efficient than straight arc lamps.
Features: • Compact size • High efficacy (up to 60 lm/W) • High CRI • Long life (up to 16,000 hr) • High frequency operation • Excellent lumen maintenance • Unique socket per CFL type • Ballast required – as part of lamp in replacement lamps, or separate in some fixtures • Thermally sensitive PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 • Best for sconces, pendant, or ceiling mounted decorative luminaires 21 Lighting Equipment Participant Poll #3:
Which of the following lamps is more “sustainable”?
22 Lighting Equipment High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Operation - sends an electrical discharge between two electrodes and through a plasma, or ionized gas.
An additional gas serves to classify the major types of HID lamps: • Mercury • Sodium (Low- pressure and High-pressure) • Metal halide
High pressure sodium Metal halide
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 23 • INTERNAL Lighting Equipment High Pressure Sodium Lamp
Features: • High efficacy (>100 lm/W) • Long life (24,000 hr) • Universal burning position • Wide range of wattages • Requires ballast • Good lumen maintenance • Warm up/restrike time • Poor color • Cycling • Expensive to dim, with limited performance • Strobe effects Best Uses: • Street lighting • Applications where color is not important
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Metal Halide Lamp
Operation - Pressure builds inside the arc tube. Elements and metals inside the arc tube emits visible light. Features: • High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W) • Good to excellent color performance • Wide range of wattages • Quartz Arc Tube: 50W – 1500W • Ceramic Arc Tube: 20W – 400W • Good lamp life (up to 20,000 hr) • Point source Best Uses:
• Applications where color is important
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Metal Halide Lamp Issues and Types Types:
• Quartz metal halide • Pulse-start metal halide • Ceramic metal halide
Generational development with improved products • Improving CRI • Higher efficacies Design Issues: • Less color shift • Color shift • Better lumen maintenance • Position sensitivity • Longer life • Strobe effects • “Non-passive” failures • Expensive to dim with limited performance • Lumen maintenance (60%-85%) Ceramic metal halide lamp, 4200K, CRI 96
26 Lighting Equipment Induction Lamp Operation - Electrodeless lamps have fewer failures. Induction coil generates magnetic field within lamp. Mercury vapor generates UV energy, converted to visible light by phosphor coating. Features: • Long lamp life (up to 100,000 hrs) • High CRI of 80+ • Instant on, but not dimmable • Good efficacy (60 lm/W) Limited color temperature options • Expensive first cost • Not a point source • Lamp shapes inconsistent among manufacturers PG&E Pacific Energy Center • Limited luminaire selection 2017
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Operation - Produces light by electroluminescence through a solid state light source. Semiconductor chip. LED Spectral Power Distribution • Continuous curve • Blue weighted • Varies for color LEDs Example: LED 5500K, CRI 80 – 89 Image courtesy of l, Gophi via Wikipedia Commons
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Light Emitting Diode (LED) - components
Image courtesy of Infixion 29 Lighting Equipment Spectral Power Distribution
LED 3000K, CRI 80 – 89:
Continuous curve.
Red weighted.
Varies for color LEDs.
30 Light & Color LED Binning • Accounts for color temperature precision
• Statistical area (bin) LED falls into within ANSI defined classification
• Smaller ellipse is more precise CCT designation and less variation in lumens and voltage.
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Light Emitting Diode (LED) Summary
Advantages: Design Issues: • Long lamp life (up to 100,000 hr) • Heat dissipation • Color mixing (R/G/B) • Lamp lumen depreciation • Dimmable <1% • Require LM-79 and LM-80 test reports • Instant on • Driver compatibility with controls • Many colors, including white • High efficacy white light source >215 lm/W • Tunable white CCT Best Uses: • General interior lighting / Exterior area lighting • Colored light and special effects lighting • Situations where maintenance is difficult or costly
32 Lighting Equipment Light Emitting Diode (LED) Efficacy
Most sources show some improvement in efficacy over time
LEDs and OLEDs trending to outpace all others.
Graph courtesy of US DOE
33 Lighting Equipment Light Emitting Diode (LED) Efficacy Trends
Historical trend:
• Haitz’s Law states that every decade, the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20.
Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
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Cool and Warm LED Efficacy Trends
Actual and projected increases in the efficacy of color-mixed (CM) and phosphor- coated (PC) LED packages.
CM LED packages are predicted to have a higher maximum efficacy in the future and the difference between warm white and cool white is expected to diminish.
US DoE – Building Technologies Program – Solid State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet – Energy Efficiency of LEDs 2013 35 Lighting Equipment
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Applications
Color Tuning vs Melanopic Lux:
LEDs provide the opportunity to mix sources with warm and cool CCT’s to provide lighting that is more closely correlated to daylight.
Image courtesyImage Credit: of Courtesy Progress of Progress Lighting Lighting 36 Lighting Equipment LED Replacement Lamps for Incandescent
Fits into a medium screw-base socket
LED A-lamp
LED filament lamp
LED PAR
Fits into a bi-pin socket
LED MR16
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LED Replacement lamps for Fluorescent (T-LED)
LED T8 lamp – Type A • Works with compatible installed Instant Start ballast
LED T8 lamp – Type B • Direct wire to socket requires removal of existing ballasts
LED T8 lamp – Type C • LED lamp and driver are installed as replacements
38 Lighting Equipment LED Replacement lamps for Compact Fluorescent
LED replacement lamps
• Plug and play • LED lamps for a variety of CFL plug bases – 2-pin and 4-pin • Some use existing CFL ballast • Distribution dependent on which flat surfaces emitting light instead of full tube distribution
39 • INTERNAL Lighting Equipment
LED Replacement lamps for HID lamps
LED fixtures in place of exterior Metal Halide, High Pressure Sodium and Induction fixtures.
Some form factors the same, some new ones developed for unique characteristics of LED source
Distribution varies from original depending on LED position and throw
40 • INTERNAL Lighting Equipment Light Emitting Diode (LED) Fixture Types
Dedicated LED versions of most standard fixture types, including:
• Surface-mounted, recessed and suspended linear • Surface-mounted, recessed and pendant- mounted downlights • Direct/indirect pendants • In-ground fixtures and landscape lighting • Decorative fixtures
Image courtesy of Lumenpulse Lighting 41 Lighting Equipment
LED Applications – Tunable White
Real-time ability to change CCT of LED light source Needs controller to use
Image courtesy of Progress Lighting
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LED Applications – Dim-to-Warm
Image courtesyImage Credit: of Courtesy Philips of Philips Lighting Lighting
Color temperature of LEDs change with dimming to mimic incandescent (including halogen) sources. Color comes from mix of LED colors whose relative proportions vary with the dimming.
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Lamp Comparison Matrix
Source Efficacy Lamp Life Color Voltage Temperature Lamp Family LLD CRI Dimmable2 Type (lumens/W) (rated hours) Temp.1 Sensitive2 Sensitive2
Incandescent Point 15 1,000 95% W 100 Y Y N Halogen Point 20 3,000 100% W 100 Y Y N Incandescent Fluorescent Linear 95 36,000 95% WMC 86 Y N Y Compact Area 70 16,000 86% WMC 86 S N Y Fluorescent
Pulse Start Point 100 20,000 85% WM 70 S N N Metal Halide
Ceramic Point 90 20,000 85% WM 92 S N N Metal Halide High Pressure Point 110 24,000 90% W 21 N N N Sodium Induction Lamps Area 80 100,000 75% WM 80 N N N 50,000- White LEDs Projection >160 87% WMC > 80 Y N Y 100,000
1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool) Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance 2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No) LLD – Lamp lumen depreciation 46 Lighting Equipment
HID ballast size Ballasts electronic vs. magnetic
Required for all discharge lamps Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge (HID) What does a ballast do? Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp Regulates (limits) the arc current Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases Electronic versions Operate lamps at high frequency Eliminate perceivable lamp flicker Operates lamp more efficiently
Quiet operation PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 Light weight (no windings) Lighting Equipment
Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Starting
All types found in older buildings. Useful to know for retrofit opportunities: Instant Start (IS) Most energy efficient Fastest start times Reduced lamp life (with frequent starting) Programmed Rapid Start (PS) Increased lamp life Less efficient than instant start Rapid Start (RS) Preheat (PH)
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HID Lamp Ballasts - Electronic
Provides the most constant light output and CRI Self shut down at end of lamp life or adverse operating conditions Improved lamp life, lumen maintenance, and system efficacy over magnetic ballasts
Photo courtesy of Green Electric Supply
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LED Power Supplies
Required for all LED luminaires What does an LED Power Supply do? Converts line voltage to the low voltage needed for the LEDs Supplies sufficient voltage or current to the LED array or module Interprets control signals to dim the LEDs
Image Courtesy of Philips Advance
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LED Power Supplies - Types
Constant Voltage
• Provide a fixed constant voltage to LED modules connected in parallel • 12V or 24V • Good for situations with variable arrays or modules • Can only be dimmed via PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
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LED Power Supplies - Types
Constant Current
• Provides a constant current to specific LED array or module designed to operate at that current level • 350mA, 500mA, 700mA, 1A • Good for situations with fixed arrays or modules • Can be dimmed via PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) or CCR (Constant Current Reduction)
Image courtesy of Cubalux
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Mean Lamp/Ballast System Efficacy Comparison
Halogen PAR38 Incandescent A19 Halogen IR PAR38 CFL PL13 2-Pin Mag. CFL 15W Screw-In MH 400W - Mag. MH 100W - Elec. Pulse T12 - Mag. CFL 26W Double - GEB CFL 42W Triple - GEB MH 400W - Mag. Pulse CMH 400W - Mag. Pulse Biaxial - GEB, Prog.
T5HO - GEB, Prog. Lamp/Ballast System MH 400W - Elec. Pulse Basic T8 - GEB, Inst. Super T8 - EE, Prog.
T5HE - EE, Inst. PG&E Pacific Energy Energy 2015 Center Pacific PG&E Super T8 - EE, Inst. CMH 400W - Elec. Pulse White LED
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Efficacy [mean lm/W]
GEB=Generic Electronic Ballast, EE=Extra Efficient Ballast, Inst.=Instant Start Ballast, Prog.=Programmed Start 53 Ballast, Pulse=Pulse Start Ballast Lighting Equipment
Luminaires
What’s a Luminaire? Luminaire Efficiency Candela Distribution Luminaire Descriptions Distribution Classifications
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What is a Luminaire?
A light fixture includes: Housing Mounting hardware *Ballast *Reflector *Lens *Shielding media Lamps/lamp source
*Optional feature
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 55 Lighting Equipment
Luminaire Efficiency
Fixture Efficacy 10 lm/W Percentage of generated lamp lumens that exit the fixture Only considers absorption within the Fixture Efficacy fixture 35 lm/W Does not offer insight about the appropriateness of any particular Fixture Efficacy product in a given application 42 lm/W
Fixture Efficacy 80 lm/W
Coefficient of Utilization 56 ~53% Lighting Equipment
Candela Distribution
Available in form of photometric distribution plots Shows how the luminaire distributes light in a single plane of a section through the fixture Luminaire assumed to be in the center
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017
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Fixtures are photometered in a lab
Rotating mirror goniometer to produce .ies files and color data Integrating sphere for photometric tests including total luminous flux
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Luminaire Distribution Types
Direct: 90% - 100% downlight Semi-Direct: 60 - 90% downlight Direct/Indirect: 40 - 60% downlight Semi-Indirect: 10 - 40% downlight Indirect: 0 - 10% downlight General Diffuse: uniform distribution Direct Semi-indirect Indirect
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Luminaire Distribution Types
Direct: 90% - 100% downlight Semi-Direct: 60 - 90% downlight Direct/Indirect: 40 - 60% downlight Semi-Indirect: 10 - 40% downlight Indirect: 0 - 10% downlight General Diffuse: uniform distribution Direct Semi-indirect Indirect
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Reflectors and Refractors
To redirect light
Reflectors bounce ray of light Refractors bend light according to the thickness and characteristics of the lens
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Lenses to Direct Light
Refraction – the bending of light as it enters a new medium
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LED and Lenses
Primary optic comes with the diode to protect and shape the output of each LED Secondary optics magnify the intensity towards a direction, and include lenses, reflectors, etc
65 Lighting Equipment IES Roadway Lighting Distribution Types Pole-mounted Luminaires At or Near Center of Area
Type I: Half-max-intensity iso- intensity lies w/in Type 1 width range on both sides of reference line bounded by 1.0-MH house side LRL and 1.0-MH streetside LRL w/in the Type V: Circular symmetry, essentially longitudinal distribution range (S,M, same at all lateral angles around the or L) where point of max intensity luminaire falls
Type I 4-way: Four beams of the width as defined for Type I
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017, Adapted from IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Ed., Figure 22-6
67 Lighting Equipment IES Roadway Lighting Distribution Types Luminaires Near Side of Area
Type II: Streetside segment of half- Type III: Street side segment of half-max- max-intensity iso-intensity trace w/in intensity iso-intensity trace w/in longitudinal the longitudinal range in which the range in which the point of max intensity point of max intensity falls (S, M, or L) falls (S, M, or L) lies partly or entirely beyond does not cross the 1.75-MH street side the 1.75-MH street side LRL, but does not LRL. cross the 2.75-MH street side LRL
Type II 4-way: Four beams, each of Type IV: Street side segment of half-max- the width on the street side as intensity iso-intensity trace w/in the defined for Type II. longitudinal range in which the point of maximum intensity falls (S, M, or L) lies partly or entirely beyond the 2.75-MH street side LRL
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017, Adapted from IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Ed. Figure 22-6 68 Lighting Equipment Light Pollution
Light spilling into the atmosphere Wasted energy Reducing chances of seeing night sky Disrupting nature’s processes
Dis
International Dark Sky Association 69 Lighting Equipment
Light Trespass
When spill light is cast where it is not wanted Usually from unshielded luminaire
Lighting Research Center – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 70 Lighting Equipment Current IES Luminaire BUG Classifications
WHAT IS BUG? BUG is an acronym for defining an outdoor luminaire’s distribution and light pollution potential: B = Back Light U = Up light G = Glare (high angle forward light) Lighting Equipment Current IES Luminaire BUG Classifications
Light Pollution Potential • BVH & BH =Light Trespass • FVH & FH= Glare • UL & UH = Sky Glow
Back Light Forward Light Up Light Lighting Equipment IES Luminaire BUG Rating Classifications
UP-LIGHT How BUG is used • BUG rating evaluates optical performance: - Light trespass - Sky glow - High angle brightness • BUG rating criteria - 0 to 5 rating per category - 0 is minimum spill lumens - 5 is maximum spill lumens BACK-LIGHT GLARE • Model Lighting Ordinance sets max allowed BUG per zone (as do some energy codes) Lighting Equipment
Lighting Controls
Energy Equation
Power = The Rate of Consumption x Time = The Duration of Consumption Energy = Total Consumption
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Control Definition
A mechanism used to regulate or guide the rate of consumption (Power) and/or the duration of consumption (Time). Regulation or guidance is determined by level of automation and/or interaction of end users.
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Effectiveness of Controls
Depends on:
Ability of each component to operate as designed Ability of each of the components to communicate with other components in the system Proper design and application of a system Proper installation of the system Proper commissioning of the system Ability of the end user to operate and maintain the system 76 Lighting Equipment
Control System Design
Input Characteristics Output Desired Type of Operation Desired Commissioning Other Factors
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Input Characteristics
Occupancy Are the occupants out of the area more than 30% of the time? Schedule Is there a reliable schedule?
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Input Characteristics
1.2 Full
1.0 Power ) 2 0.8 Energy Savings 0.6 Daylight Is there enough usable 0.4 Dimmed daylight to offset the 0.2 Power electric lighting? 0.0
Energy Use Lighting (W/ft Load Lighting
12AM 6AM 12PM 6PM 12AM
Time of Day 79 Lighting Equipment Input Characteristics
Daylight enters space All light sensed from photosensor Photosensor provides signal to controller Controller responds according to criteria whether to bring light level up, down or stay the same Controller sends signal to electric source whether to switch on, switch off or dim electric light
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017 80 Lighting Equipment Open vs Closed Loop Sensors
Open loop senses daylight only Closed loop senses all light in room Photosensor provides signal to controller Controller still responds according to criteria whether to bring light level up, down or stay the same Controller sends signal to electric source whether to switch on, switch off or dim electric light
Image courtesy of IntelliBlinds 2020 81 Lighting Equipment
Input Characteristics
Peak Demand Reduction Shaving or shedding non-essential electric loads during peak demand period Peak shaving Lighting can usually be reduced 10% with a minimal impact on visual performance and productivity Best accomplished with automatic dimming controls
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Input Characteristics
Adaptation Compensation Reduce light levels at night to account for contrast between exterior and interior illumination Employs dimming or switching combined with automatic time control Applicable for 24-hour facilities such as convenience stores and gas stations
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Output Desired
On/Off Will the abrupt action of turning off the lights disturb the occupants? Stepped On/Off Do the light levels required for tasks in the space vary enough? Dimming Is the continuous dimming required so occupants are unaware of the change in the in electric lighting and/or is it necessary for esthetics?
Image courtesy of Lighting Controls Association 84 Lighting Equipment
Operation Desired
Manual Can the occupants be relied upon? Automatic What level of manual control is desired to interact with and/or override the automatic system by the typical and/or trained user?
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Commissioning Controls
Ensures equipment and system are operating according to specification Equipment installation Equipment calibration Equipment communication Facility staff training System maintenance
86 Lighting Equipment Commissioning Controls
Testing and Commissioning
• Check compliance with full and complete performance specification • Calibrate sensors and controls • Test equipment (with installation or commissioning contractor) • Ensure that remedial action is taken prior to payment • Require delivery of actual calibration records, balancing reports, and control settings • Conduct periodic system tune-ups for recommissioning • Make sure someone is contractually obligated to perform the services above
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Commissioning Controls
Training • Allocate budget for training • Train building O&M staff on equipment and software
Ongoing System Maintenance • Check and maintain equipment • Issue new contract or find new system support provider • Make sure the contractor/vendor has a good reputation and ongoing commitment to their hardware and software
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Other Factors
User Friendliness Will the occupants understand the system? User Acceptance Will the occupants use all of the features of the system?
89 Lighting Equipment A Control System Component Examples Overview Input People, Schedule, Daylight Receiver Wall Stations, Occupancy Sensors, Time Clock, Photocell
Processor Computer, Processor, Logic Controller Components initiate actions in next component, eventually dimming or switching light source. Actuator Dimmers, Relays/Breakers
Operator Luminaires Output Lighting Equipment
Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers
Wall Stations Switch Multi-scene dimmers Occupancy Sensors Infrared (eyes) Ultra sonic (ears) Dual technology (eyes and ears)
Time Clock Astronomical Standard PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017
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Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers
Time Clock Astronomical Standard Photocell Open loop Closed loop
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2017
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Lighting Control Hardware - Actuators
Dimmers Wall Box Dimmers Dimmer Rack
Relays/Breakers Wall Box Switch Relay Panel
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Concealed Interfaces: Lighting System Components • Interfaces local, network, and/or Central centralized components Grey Fluorescent Lamps: Box Fluorescent Ballast: Centralized Panels: • Deliver Light • Drives fluorescent Local • Wiring Connections for control lamps, determines Black and/or power output level and Box • Hardwired or programmed for power draw localized functionality Ballast Ballast
Occupancy Sensor: Photocell: CPU: • Wallbox • Ceiling mounted • Programming • Ceiling with Relay • Sometimes integral in for overall wall occupancy sensor Input: IN or OUT of space functionality Output: ON/OFF • Open or Closed Loop Local Dimmer: Input: Lighting Level • Wallbox Output: Continuous or • Handheld Remote switched level Software: • Desktop Computer • User Interface for defining
USER USER FRIENDLY Input: Human Preference system settings 94 Output: Continuous or Switched Level Lighting Equipment Protocol Concepts
Each device can be considered a person. Ballast Ballast Between each 2 people, a conversation needs to take place. In order for the conversation to work, each person must: “CLICK” Speak the same language “Turn on Have complementary intellect the lights” Turn on the Know when it’s time to listen or to speak Central lights Grey If any of these conditions does not exist: “Turn on Box May need an interpreter or gateway the lights” May need to find someone else to talk to Turn on The wiring is like air for sound the lights! It must accurately interpret, carry, and speak the language being spoken Lighting controls are like people talking Applies to simple and complex Computer, turn on the systems alike. lights 95 Questions?
Upcoming Topics in Part 3:
• Lighting Design Process • Calculations • Lighting Measurement Tools • Codes & Standards
96 THANK YOU
"PG&E" refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation. ©2017 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved. These offerings are funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission.