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Final Report, Task 4 Technologies Preparatory Study on Light Sources for Ecodesign and/or Energy Labelling Requirements (‘Lot 8/9/19’). Final report, Task 4 Technologies Energy European Commission Light Sources, Task 4 Report, Final Prepared by: VITO, in cooperation with VHK Date: 31 October 2015 Prepared for the European Commission, DG ENER.C.3 Contact person: Ruben KUBIAK SPECIFIC CONTRACT No ENER/C3/2012-418 LOT1/07/SI2.668526 Implementing Framework Contract No ENER/C3/2012-418-Lot 1 Main contractor: Consortium of VITO NV, VHK BV, Viegand & MaagØe ApS, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy GmbH, ARMINES, represented by Dirk Fransaer, Managing Director VITO Technical Team Leader: René KEMNA (VHK) Contract Manager: Caroline LEMEIRE (VITO) Other Participants: Roy VAN DEN BOORN, Leo WIERDA (VHK) Stuart JEFFCOTT (external collaboration) Lieven VANHOOYDONCK, Paul VAN TICHELEN, Dominic ECTORS (VITO) Wai Chung LAM (VITO, Quality Control) Status: Final report This report was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. © European Union, October 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge. The authors do not assume liability for any damage, material or immaterial, that may arise from the use of the report or the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). October 2015 2 European Commission Light Sources, Task 4 Report, Final Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................22 1.1. Base cases for light sources ..............................................................22 1.2. Changes in efficacy and sales in scenarios ..........................................22 1.3. Remarks regarding the technical product descriptions ..........................23 1.4. Guide to the report ..........................................................................24 2. LED LIGHTING TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND TIME-LINE ............................26 2.1. Introduction....................................................................................26 2.2. LED basics: the p-n junction, chip/die level.........................................26 2.2.1. Principle and semiconductor materials ....................................26 2.2.2. Light extraction and heating problem .....................................28 2.2.3. Efficiencies related to the LED-chip.........................................28 2.2.4. Current droop......................................................................30 2.2.5. Temperature effects .............................................................30 2.2.6. Substrates ..........................................................................31 2.3. Conversion of light colour using phosphors .........................................32 2.3.1. Phosphor Basics...................................................................33 2.3.2. Phosphor efficiencies ............................................................33 2.3.3. Typical phosphors for general lighting purposes .......................33 2.4. Encapsulation and lenses..................................................................35 2.5. Different types of white LEDs ............................................................36 2.5.1. Survey of types ...................................................................36 2.5.2. Comparison of package efficiencies for white LED solutions .......37 2.5.3. Efficiency details for a pc-LED................................................40 2.5.4. Efficiency details for a cm-LED...............................................42 2.5.5. Filling the ‘green gap’ ...........................................................43 2.5.6. US DoE prediction of efficacies and prices for white LED packages ............................................................................43 2.6. White LED package configurations .....................................................45 2.7. LED control gears / drivers ...............................................................47 2.7.1. Introduction to LED control gears...........................................47 2.7.2. Basic LED control gear, direct-AC configurations ......................48 2.7.3. More sophisticated LED control gear based on switched-mode power supply.......................................................................50 2.7.4. LED control gear and dimming...............................................51 2.7.5. LED control gear and power factor correction ..........................53 2.7.6. LED control gear and product lifetime .....................................54 2.7.7. LED control gear, BAT characteristics .....................................54 2.8. LED lifetime and lumen maintenance .................................................54 2.9. Differences between LEDs and other light sources ...............................57 2.10. LED Timeline for lamps and luminaires ...............................................59 2.10.1. Average LED efficacy and price in 2015 ..................................59 October 2015 3 European Commission Light Sources, Task 4 Report, Final 2.10.2. US DoE prediction ................................................................60 2.10.3. Other predictions regarding LED timeline ................................62 2.10.4. Proposed Timeline for LED lamps ...........................................62 3. OTHER DEVELOPING LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES..........................................66 3.1. OLED lighting ..................................................................................66 3.2. Laser-diode lighting .........................................................................70 3.3. Induction lighting technology ............................................................72 3.4. Plasma lighting technology ...............................................................74 3.5. Graphene light bulbs ........................................................................76 3.6. FIPEL lighting technology..................................................................76 3.7. ESL lighting technology ....................................................................76 4. SMART LAMPS .........................................................................................77 4.1. Definition of ‘smart lamps’ ................................................................77 4.2. Communication of ‘Smart lamps’ .......................................................78 4.3. Aspects of smart lamps that could play a role in regulating them ...........80 4.4. Smart lamps and energy use.............................................................81 4.5. Trends in smart lamps and BNAT .......................................................82 4.6. Conclusion ......................................................................................82 5. BC, BAT AND BNAT TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION PER BASE CASE .....................83 5.1. Introduction....................................................................................83 5.2. Linear fluorescent lamps, T12 ...........................................................84 5.2.1. LFL T12, BC description ........................................................84 5.2.2. LFL T12, Improvement options ..............................................85 5.2.3. LFL T12, BAT description.......................................................85 5.2.4. LFL T12, BNAT description.....................................................86 5.2.5. LFL T12, Special cases and non-availability of improving substitutes ..........................................................................86 5.3. Linear fluorescent lamps T8 with halophosphor ...................................86 5.3.1. LFL T8h, BC description ........................................................86 5.3.2. LFL T8h, Improvement options ..............................................87 5.3.3. LFL T8h, BAT description.......................................................88 5.3.4. LFL T8h, BNAT description.....................................................88 5.3.5. LFL T8h, Special cases and non-availability of improving substitutes ..........................................................................88 5.4. Linear fluorescent lamps T8 with tri-phosphor .....................................88 5.4.1. LFL T8t, BC description .........................................................88 5.4.2. LFL T8t, Improvement options ...............................................90 5.4.3. LFL T8t, BAT description, maintaining LFL technology ...............91 5.4.4. LFL, BAT description, Ballasts ................................................91 5.4.5. LFL T8t, BAT description, LED retrofit tube ..............................92 5.4.6. LFL all types, BAT description, LED luminaire for LFL replacement ........................................................................97 5.4.7. LFL all types, BNAT description ..............................................98
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