Table of Contents Silviu Miloiu Editorial Foreword
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Foreign Capital and Finland: Central Government's Firstperiod of Reliance on International Financial Markets 1862-1938
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Arola, Mika Book Foreign capital and Finland: central government's firstperiod of reliance on international financial markets 1862-1938 Scientific monographs, No. E:37 Provided in Cooperation with: Bank of Finland, Helsinki Suggested Citation: Arola, Mika (2006) : Foreign capital and Finland: central government's firstperiod of reliance on international financial markets 1862-1938, Scientific monographs, No. E:37, ISBN 952-462-311-0, Bank of Finland, Helsinki, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:NBN:fi:bof-201408071697 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/212970 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend -
1 Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post
Capitalism under attack: Economic elites and social movements in post-war Finland Niklas Jensen-Eriksen Author’s Accepted Manuscript Published as: Jensen-Eriksen N. (2018) Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post-War Finland. In: Berger S., Boldorf M. (eds) Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe after 1945. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77197-7_11 Introduction For Finland, the post-war era began in September 1944 when it switched sides in the Second World War. The country, which had fought alongside Germany against the Soviet Union from the summer of 1941 onwards, was now left within the Soviet sphere of influence.1 In this altered political situation, new social movements, in particular those led by communists and other leftist activists, challenged the existing economic and political order. However, this article argues that the traditional economic elites were remarkably successful in defending their interests. When the ‘years of danger’, as the period 1944–48 has been called in Finland, ended, it remained a country with traditional Western-style parliamentary democracy and a capitalist economic system. Before the parliamentary elections of 1945, Finnish Prime Minister J.K. Paasikivi, the main architect of the country’s new foreign policy (which was based on the attempt to maintain warm relations with the Soviet Union), urged voters to elect ‘new faces’ to Parliament.2 The voters did so. A new communist-dominated political party, the Finnish People’s Democratic League (Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto, SKDL) received a quarter of the seats. -
International Convention on the Elimination of All
UNITED NATIONS CERD International Convention on Distr. the Elimination GENERAL of all Forms of CERD/C/369/Add.2 Racial Discrimination 13 February 2001 Original: ENGLISH COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONVENTION Initial report of States parties due in 1999 Addendum Lithuania* [20 October 2000] * The annexes to the report submitted by the Government of Lithuania may be consulted in the files of the Secretariat. GE.01-40655 (E) PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/941f3a/ CERD/C/369/Add.2 page 2 I. INTRODUCTION A. Land and people 1. The Republic of Lithuania is situated on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. It borders the Republic of Latvia in the north, the Republic of Belarus in the east and the Republic of Poland and the Kaliningrad province of the Russian Federation in the south. Lithuania covers an area of 65,200 sq km. At the beginning of 2000, the population was 3,698,500. In 1999 the population density averaged 56.6 people per sq km. The capital of the Republic of Lithuania is Vilnius. 2. In January 2000, the average monthly gross wage in the national economy totalled LTL 1,050. 3. In 1999, gross domestic product amounted to LTL 42.65 billion. 4. In January 2000, the inflation rate totalled 1.5 per cent. 5. In January 2000, foreign debt was $2,405 million. 6. According to the data of 1997, the ethnic composition of the population is as follows: 81.6 per cent - Lithuanians, 8.2 per cent - Russians, 6.9 per cent - Poles, 1.5 per cent - Byelorussians, 1.0 per cent - Ukrainians, 0.1 per cent - Jewish, 0.1 per cent - Tartars and 0.6 per cent - other nationalities. -
The Success and Failure of Ethnic Parties in New Democracies: Cross-National and Inter-Temporal Analysis on Post-Communist Europe
G-COE GLOPE II Working Paper Series The Success and Failure of Ethnic Parties in New Democracies: Cross-National and Inter-temporal Analysis on Post-communist Europe. Ryo NAKAI Working Paper No.27 If you have any comment or question on the working paper series, please contact each author. When making a copy or reproduction of the content, please contact us in advance to request permission. The source should explicitly be credited. GLOPE Ⅱ Web Site: http://globalcoe-glope2.jp/ The Success and Failure of Ethnic Parties in New Democracies: 1 Cross-National and Inter-temporal Analysis on Post-communist Europe Ryo NAKAI Research Associate & Ph.D. Candidate Student, School of Political Science and Economics 2 [email protected] Abstract Why do ethnic minority parties succeed or fail? In order to solve this puzzle, this article explores cross-national and inter-temporal differences in post-communist new democracies using statistical analysis and small-N case studies, and argues that policy factors and the rationality of ethnic minorities determine the success and failure of ethnic parties and account for the variance in their standings. As some studies have pointed out, ethnic minorities’ voting behaviour should be rational and strategic. This article represents a basic spatial model and argues that ethnic minorities react to other parties’ policy changes and to the capability of other parties to win seats. Statistical analysis verifies this hypothesis. In addition, I discuss the Baltic States–Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania--as case studies. Although these three countries share a similar history, experience with minority issues and a common institutional design, their party systems indicate significant differences. -
Porkkala - Hanks - Aaland
© Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se GORAN RYSTAD Porkkala - Hanks - Aaland A coaatributisns to the history of the Fimish-Ra~ssiancease-fire amegotiationss, September 1944 011 12 January I 945> the Stockholm evening paper, Afiontid- ningen, printed a relegram from Helsinki which said that the people of Aaland planned to boycott the Finnish parliamentary elections which were due to take place in March. The back- ground was said to be that the people of Aaland hade got the impression that, at the cease-fire negotiations between Finland and the Soviet Union in September the previous year, the Fin- nish government had been willing to exchange Aaland for the Porkkala area claimed by the Russians.' The next day the news- paper, Morgontidningen, gave the news a prominent place under the heading, "AaBand does not wish to be exchanged for Porkkala".' A more detailed account then followed, which the newspaper claimed to have got from sources on Aaland. "Even before the Finnish-Russian cease-fire negotiations, there was lively discussion in certain Finnish circles of the suitability of offer- ing Moscow Aaland in exchange for Hanko, on which the Soviet Union was then expected to renew its claims. The Finns thereby argued that it would not be such a sacrifice to hand over Aaland to the Soviet Union as it would be to lease out Hanko or any other part of the Finnish mainland. Nor did certain Finnish circles miss the © Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se 2 Goran Rystad opportunity for malicious insinuations that 'it would serve the Swedes right to get the Russians as next-door neighbours, since they are so anxious for us to make peace with them'." The article then went on to say that, from a Finnish point of view, it was naturally more advantageous to relinquish Aaland rather than Hanko or Porkkala. -
The Representation of Lithuania's National Minorities Ki L Ka Cian* in the European Parliament: Just Poles?
Kil Kacian* Intersections. EEJSP The Representation of Lithuania’s National Minorities 7(1): 116–135. in the European Parliament: Just Poles? DOI: 10.17356/ieejsp.v7i1.579 http://intersections.tk.mta.hu * [[email protected]] (International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies, Prague) Abstract There are two channels for achieving the representation of national minorities inrep- resentative bodies. One of them is the inclusion of minority representatives on main- stream party lists, while the other is their self-organization via ethnic parties. The arrangements pertinent to the organization of European Parliament elections hypo- thetically provide citizens with equal opportunities to be elected, regardless of their belonging to national minorities. However, some EU Member States are characterized by a relatively ethnically homogeneous population combined with a small number of allocated MEP mandates. Based on the empirical evidence from Lithuania, this article assesses the feasibility of the use of the two channels by politicians with a minority background in relation to their being elected MEPs, and shows that the latter meth- ods represent two different types of representation according to Pitkin’s concept. The article concludes that being elected via the mainstream party lists requires a politi- cian to have a high profile in the public life of Lithuania, whereas the success of use of the monopolized ethnic channel is contingent on the general electoral condition of the ethnic party and its capacity to sustain its constituency among the country’s na- tional minorities. The text’s findings provide a country-specific illustration that may also be applicable in the wider context of East Central Europe in relation to studies focused on the electoral performances of ethnic parties and the inclusion of minority representatives in the activities of mainstream parties. -
Soome Presidentide Visiitide Mõju Eesti-Soome Suhetele Aastail 1918-1940
Tartu Ülikool Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut Uusima aja osakond Patrik Hytönen Soome presidentide visiitide mõju Eesti-Soome suhetele aastail 1918-1940 Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: prof Eero Medijainen Tartu 2016 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. 1918-1922 – AKTIIVNE KOOSTÖÖ .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Soome-Eesti riigi suhete algus .................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Eesti ja Soome saatkonnad Helsingis ja Tallinnas ................................................................. 11 1.3 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlbergi välispoliitiline tegevus ...................................................................... 12 1.4 Riigivanem Konstantin Pätsi visiit Soome 1922 ..................................................................... 15 2. 1922-1934 – ÄRAOOTAV SUHTUMINE ..................................................................................... 18 2.1 Eesti ja Soome suhted kuni 1925. aastani ................................................................................ 18 2.2 Lauri Kristian Relanderi valimine presidendiks ning visiit Eestisse 1925 ........................... 21 2.3 Eesti ja Soome poliitilised suhted ja välispoliitilised suunad 1925-1931 .............................. 26 2.4 Eesti ja Soome riigipeade korraliste külaskäikude -
Pasaulio Lietuvių Bendruomenės Raida Xx A. 5–8 Dešimtmečiuose
VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS INSTITUTAS Daiva SIMANAVIČIŪTĖ PASAULIO LIETUVIŲ BENDRUOMENĖS RAIDA XX A. 5–8 DEŠIMTMEČIUOSE Daktaro disertacija Humanitariniai mokslai, istorija (05 H) Kaunas, 2008 UDK 947.45(1-87) Si-67 Disertacija rengta 2004–2008 metais Vytauto Didžiojo Universitete Doktorantūros teisė suteikta Vytauto Didžiojo universitetui kartu su Lietuvos istorijos institutu 2003 m. liepos 15 d. Lietuvos respublikos nutarimu Nr. 926. Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. habil. dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius (Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija 05 H). ISBN 978-9955-12-419-1 2 TURINYS ĮVADAS..............................................................................................................................................5 1. Pasaulio lietuvių organizavimo idėjų genezė ir patirtys ...............................................................18 1.1. Kolonijų modelis telkiant užsienio lietuvius..........................................................................18 1.2. PLB idėjų ištakos: Draugija užsienio lietuviams remti ir Pasaulio lietuvių sąjunga ............20 2. Pasaulio lietuvių organizavimas po Antrojo pasaulinio karo........................................................26 2.1. Pasklidimo pasaulyje problema ir kompaktinio emigravimo planai......................................26 2.2. Lietuvių tremtinių bendruomenės organizavimas..................................................................30 2.3. Pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenės kūrimas 1947–1951 m........................................................35 -
Priminimas Miją, Laivyną, Paštą, Geležinke Jos Susirinkimas Nepadarė Jo Muitinė Gavo Žinių, Kad Ame Lius Ir Kitas Susisiekimo Įmo Čio Progreso
z;, .. ........... ----- i ‘ne First and Greatest Lithuanian Ąaily (n America The First and Greatest Lithminlan Daily t n America į' ‘ NAUJIENOS NAUJIENOS • 77ie Lithuanian Daily Neves The Lithuanian Daily News Published by the Lithuanian News Publishing Co., Ine. Publlshed by the Lithuanian Neivę Publishing Co., inr 1739 So. Halsted Street, Chicago, III. 1739 So. Halsted Street, Chicago, III. j Telept'.'r'i Roosevelt 8500 THE LITHUANIAN DAILY NEWS Telephone Roosevelt 8500 Lietuvių Dienraštis Amerikoje Entered as second Class Matter March 7, 1914, at the Post Office pf Chicago, III,, Pirmas Lietuvių Dienraštis Amerikoje under the Act of March 8, 1879. r ........ ■ — — ■ ■■ ."■W. M. JUH-S'Į.SaJ.'JSJBgg!!".1!.1.," J!1 ■ 1 ■ !. .'lĮJ-’B. _ ................................................. — . ...... _ VOL. IX. Kaina 3c Chicago, I1L Penktadienis, Gruodis-December 29 d., 1922 - No. 305 Amerikos atstovas Child sų ir esą artinasi laikas, kada šiandie kapituliacijų komisijos ir ši valdžia turės "nustoti Atidavė darbininkams Gal pairs artimyjg ryty Belgija prieš moratoriumą susirinkime pareiškė, kad Tur veikus”. Panaikins Rusijos vardą kija turi duoti niekurias gva- Prezidentas Hardingas šian dirbtuvę konferencija Jei Vokietija neduos tinkamų rantijas, kurios atstotų kapitu die pranešė senatui, kad priė gvarantijų. liacijas su extra-teritorialines mimas Borah įnešimo sušauk NEW YORK, gruodžio 28.— Turkai reikalaus svarstyti Mo BRUSSELS, gruodžio 28. -- teisėmis svetimšaliams, kurias ti ekonominę ir nusiginklavi 27 metai atgal Henry A. Dix tu! klausimą pačioje konferen Kalbėdamas senate apie besi turkai sakosi panaikinę. Jeigu mo konferenciją yra negeisti pradėjo biznį, kuris dabar da cijoje. Krizis rytų konferencijoj artinančią santarvės pnemierų Turkija busianti taiki šiame nas, nes tai ipak'liudytų vald ro apie $1,000,000 apyvartos Į konferenciją, Belgijos užsienio klausime, tai su ja bus elgia- žios veikimui, kuri ir taip metus. -
Resistance Movement in Latvia During Nazi German Occupation 19411945: Research Problems and Achievements
LATVIJAS SOCIĀLĀ ATMIŅA UN IDENTITĀTE MANUSKRIPTI SOCIAL MEMORY OF LATVIA AND IDENTITY WORKING PAPERS Uldis Neiburgs RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN LATVIA DURING NAZI GERMAN OCCUPATION 19411945: RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS ISSN 1691-9017 2011. 5. LAIDIENS / VOLUME 5 Uldis Neiburgs Resistance Movement in Latvia during Nazi German Occupation (1941–1945): Research Problems and Achievements The manuscript is based on reports: “Resistance Movement in Latvia during Nazi German Occupation (1941–1945): Main Tendencies and Problems of Research” (International Conference “Stosunki Polski z Panstwami Morza Bałtyckiego”, Opole, Poland, 2008) and “Cooperation of Resistance Movements in Latvia and Its Neighboring Countries and Foreign Intelligence Services during Nazi‐German Occupation (1941– 1945)” (8th Conference of Baltic Studies in Europe “The Baltics As an Intersection of Civilizational Identities”, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2009). The first version is published in the Lithuanian: Neiburgs, U. (2008). Latvijos pasipriešinimo judėjimas vokiečių okupacijos laikotarpiu (1941–1945 m.): mokslinio tyrimo problemos ir laimėjimai. Genocidas ir rezistencija, 2 (24), 7–121. LATVIJAS SOCIĀLĀ ATMIŅA UN IDENTITĀTE MANUSKRIPTI. 2011. 5. LAIDIENS SOCIAL MEMORY OF LATVIA AND IDENTITY WORKING PAPERS. 2011. VOLUME 5 ISSN 1691-9017 Lauras Āboliņas un Mārtiņa Zandberga vāka dizains Cover design by Laura Āboliņa and Mārtiņš Zandbergs Uldis Neiburgs, Latvijas Universitāte, Latvijas Okupācijas muzejs Pretošanās kustība Latvijā nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas laikā (1941– 1945): pētniecības problēmas un risinājumi Manuskripts ir balstīts uz referātiem “Resistance Movement in Latvia during Nazi German Occupation (1941–1945): Main Tendencies and Problems of Research” (Starptautiskā konference “Stosunki Polski z Panstwami Morza Bałtyckiego”, Opole, Polija, 2008) un “Cooperation of Resistance Movements in Latvia and Its Neighboring Countries and Foreign Intelligence Services during Nazi‐German Occupation (1941– 1945)” (8. -
Lietuvos Tarybos 1917 M. Gruodžio 11-Osios Deklaracija: Kauno Pėdsakas
KAUNO ISTORIJOS METRAŠTIS 2019/17 ISSN 1822-2617 (spausdintas) | ISSN 2335-8734 (internetinis) https://doi.org/10.7220/2335-8734.17.4 Liudas MAŽYLIS Lietuvos Tarybos Rasa ZOZAITĖ 1917 m. gruodžio Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas 11-osios deklaracija: Kauno pėdsakas Straipsnis parengtas remiant Lietuvos mokslo tarybai (reikminis tyrimų projektas P-REP-18-40). Santrauka. Lietuvos Tarybos derybos dėl pirmosios Lietuvos Tarybos nepriklausomybės deklaracijos vyko trijose lokacijose: Berlyne (1917 m. gruodžio pradžia), Kaune (1917 m. gruodžio 9, 10 ir 12 d.) ir Vilniuje (Lietuvos Tarybos posėdis gruodžio 11 d.). Lemiama derybų fazė, kurios metu buvo sutarta, koks bus galutinis (pažodinis) Deklaracijos tekstas, vyko Kaune gruodžio 10 d. Chronologijos požiū- riu, išskirtinos keturios derybų fazės: dokumento derinimas Berlyne gruodžio pradžioje; derinimai tarp įvairių Vokietijos valdžios atstovų, taip pat ir svarstymai Lietuvos Taryboje gruodžio 5–7 d.; lemiama derybų fazė tarp įvairių Vokietijos valdžios atstovų ir Lietuvos Tarybos atstovų gruodžio 10 d. Kaune; diskusijos Lietuvos Taryboje gruodžio 11 d.; Lietuvos Tarybos narių pasirašyto dokumento įteikimas vokiečiams Kaune gruodžio 12 d.; tolesnės peripetijos dėl dokumento panaudojimo Brastos taikos derybose ir Vokietijai pripažįstant Lietuvą 1918 m. kovo mėnesį. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Taryba, Gruodžio 11-osios deklaracija, Kaunas, von Hertlingo kalba Reichstage. yginant su neblėstančiu isto- rikų dėmesiu Vasario 16-osios Aktui, 1917 m. gruodžio 11 d. Deklaracija vis dar tebelieka savotiškojeL -
Vasario 16 Akto Signatarai
ŠIAULIŲ GIMNAZIJOS AUKLĖTINIAI – VASARIO 16-OSIOS LIETUVOS NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS AKTO SIGNATARAI 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Lietuvos Taryba priėmė nutarimą, skelbiantį apie nepriklausomos, demokratinės Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimą. Šis nutarimas dar vadinamas Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktu, jis yra vienas iš svarbiausių moderniosios Lietuvos valstybės dokumentų. Lietuvos Tarybos nariai, 1918 m. vasario 16 d. pasirašę Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktą. Iš kairės sėdi: Jonas Vileišis, Jurgis Šaulys, Justinas Staugaitis, Stanislovas Narutavičius, Jonas Basanavičius, Antanas Smetona, Kazimieras Šaulys, Steponas Kairys, Jonas Smilgevičius; stovi: Kazimieras Bizauskas, Jonas Vailokaitis, Donatas Malinauskas, Vladas Mironas, Mykolas Biržiška, Alfonsas Petrulis, Saliamonas Banaitis, Petras Klimas, Aleksandras Stulginskis, Jokūbas Šernas, Pranas Dovydaitis Fot. Aleksandra Jurašaitytė, TVK Vasario 16-osios Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktą pasirašė 20 signatarų. Keturi iš jų buvo Šiaulių gimnazijos auklėtiniai: Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, Alfonsas Petrulis, Jonas Vileišis. Jų vardai aukso raidėmis įrašyti ne tik Šiaulių gimnazijos, bet ir nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės kūrimo istorijoje. ALFONSAS PETRULIS (1873–1928) Alfonsas Petrulis gimė 1873 m. rugpjūčio 4 d. Kateliškių kaime (dabar Biržų rajonas) valstiečių šeimoje. Iki 1884 m. A. Petrulis buvo mokomas namie, o sulaukęs 11 metų mokslus tęsė Šiaulių gimnazijoje. Paskutiniais mokslo metais (1888–1889 m.) jaunajam A. Petruliui teko mokytis rusų, lotynų, graikų ir vokiečių kalbų, literatūros, istorijos, algebros ir geometrijos dalykų. 1889 m. rugsėjo 11 d. išduotame gimnazijos baigimo pažymėjime rašoma, jog 1884 m. rugpjūčio mėn. A. Petrulis buvo priimtas į pirmą klasę ir mokėsi iki 1889 m. rugsėjo 9 d., kai buvo perkeltas į šeštą klasę. Šiaulių gimnazijoje jis pasižymėjo puikiu elgesiu, mokėsi gerai. Alfonsas Petrulis – Šiaulių gimnazijos mokinys. 1885 m. J. Arnsono fotoateljė, Šiauliai LMAVB A. Petrulis savo paties prašymu iš šeštos klasės buvo išleistas tęsti mokslų kunigų seminarijoje, tačiau tik 1891 m.