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PHUNC VI A Timeline of Exploration Aboard Magellan’s Ship Letter from the Crisis Director Hello Delegates, My name is Hannah Marsho, and I am your Crisis Director! I am a sophomore double majoring in Economics and Finance here at Penn State. I have participated in Model UN since my junior year of high school, going to away conferences at universities like the University of Pennsylvania, Rutgers University, and more. When I came to Penn State last year, I quickly joined PSIADA and have had the best time staffing and chairing conferences. This is my first time creating my own committee and being Crisis Director, and I am so excited for you to be a part of my committee! As you may have guessed, Abroad Magellan’s Ship is about the circumnavigation of the globe led by Ferdinand Magellan in the 16th century. In this committee, you will play the role of one of Magellan’s captains or other crewmembers. It will be up to you and your fellow delegates to work together and successfully explore and circumnavigate the globe! Though trials and tribulations lie ahead, remember to have fun above all else! Each position possesses their own unique skills and holds many fun opportunities for you to play out in committee and in crisis notes. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact your chair or me. The best way to reach me is at my email [email protected]. I look forward to meeting all of you at PHUNC! Best, Hannah Marsho Presented by Center for Global Studies 1 Letter from the Chair Hello Delegates, My name is Daulton Beck and I am a junior studying International Politics and Psychology. I hail from the land of sunglasses and suntans of Malibu, California. I have been participating in MUN conferences since high school, just like you, and have loved it ever since. I have competed in MUN conferences everywhere from UC Berkeley to UC Irvine as well as from Boston University to New York University as well as chaired a plethora of committees from General Assembly (GA) to full-blown crisis committees. I encourage you to speak your mind and get comfortable with each other for this wild ride. There shall be no holds barred in this committee; thus, do not be afraid to say what you need to say to keep the debate going. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns you may email me, your chair, at [email protected] or the Committee’s Head, [email protected]. As your chair, I am pleased to offer you a one-way ticket aboard this ship to explore the western world in search of gold and glory directed by the light of God. Hang onto your captain hats, keep your crosses close, and your minds open for a time of exploration and adventure. Welcome aboard delegates, Daulton Beck Presented by Center for Global Studies 2 Background “For Gold, God, and Glory!” The Renaissance and the Age of Exploration The Renaissance was a period of booming economic, political, and cultural prosperity in Europe that took place between the 14th and 17th centuries. The name Renaissance translates to rebirth, which was fitting as the region rose out of the Dark Ages, a time of economic and cultural stagnation. Inspired by the revival of Classical teachings and marked by the period’s great merchant bankers, artists, leaders, and traders, the Renaissance revitalized Europe and brought the region great prosperity. This prosperity was defined by the rise of commerce, the prominence of the Copernican model of the solar system and other scientific discoveries, the exploration of new lands, the revival of art and architecture, and the invention of the printing press, gunpowder, and the mariner’s compass. The economic prosperity of the Renaissance was particularly influential as it started the development of global trade and exploration. Many large port cities became economic and cultural hubs such as Venice and Genoa in Italy. Near the beginning of the Renaissance, these cities began sending explorers and traders to the distant Asian continent in search of civilizations and resources, and many explorers indeed found great lands and treasures. Of these explorers, the most well known was Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan and explored the Asian continent. After returning to Europe, Presented by Center for Global Studies 3 Marco Polo published his renowned recollection of his adventures in Travels in 1300. Known for its exceptional descriptions of the places and cultures that he encountered, the book inspired other explorers. Many nations kept sending explorers and began making alliances with the Middle Eastern and Asian civilizations that they encountered, and many spices, weapons, dyes, and other resources were traded. These never-before-seen exotic goods had high prices due to large demand and the high transportation costs. Only royalty and the richest were able to afford such luxuries. Wanting to serve the masses in order to reap insurmountable profits, port cities and the royal courts of many European nations needed to find a way to lower transportation costs. They looked to the seas for a solution. This desire for nautical exploration and trade, fueled by the discoveries of the Renaissance, gave birth to the Age of Exploration. In this Age of Exploration, the European nations of Spain and Portugal were among the first to sail westward in search of new lands and valuable resources. Many merchants brought goods only as far as the notable Italian port cities, and Spain and Portugal wanted to bring some of this commerce to their own cities. With their close proximity to both the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, Spain and Portugal independently decided to find a cheaper and faster sea route to Asia so that they could take the business from Italy. Though it started as a strategy to gain business and profits, the search for a sea route soon took on a greater meaning for the Spanish and Portuguese people. Some wanted to explore new lands and see what the world could offer while some wanted to make important scientific discoveries. Some wanted to create alliances with native civilizations and convert them to Christianity, and still others wanted to receive the fame and fortune of becoming a successful explorer. Overall, the Age of Exploration’s lead participants were driven by three main motives: gold, God, and glory. In gold, they searched for valuable American metals, Asian spices, and other precious resources. These promising riches of the New World had the potential to bring great prosperity to the holder's nation, and so the European monarchs sought them with state-of- the-art maritime technologies including Caravel ships and the Astrolabe. In God and glory, monarchs wanted to spread the teachings of Christianity and their great name as to gain influence and power. Most notably, Spain and Portugal had gained notoriety in the past for spreading Christianity during the Spanish Reconquista and the Inquisition. With such deeply-embedded lofty values and the potential of limitless rewards, the mentality of the Age of Exploration inspired monarchs to send out ships in order to pursue their desires for fame, fortune, and discovery. Searching for Spices The Western European nations of Spain and Portugal dominated the early days of the Age of Exploration. With their advantageous geographic position on the Atlantic Ocean and their strong desire to spread the teachings of Christianity, these nations pulled ahead as they set sail. Their primary goal in sailing westward was to explore the exotic and foreign lands beyond the Atlantic Ocean and to seize control of them and their resources. Gold and silver could be found Presented by Center for Global Studies 4 in the Americas and highly valuable spices such as clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, and black pepper were to be found in the Spice Islands, or Moluccas. During the 15th century, the Venetians controlled the spice trade due to their strategic position near the Middle East. Merchants would travel from the East Indies across the Asian continent to Europe via the Silk Road, bringing spices and other valuable resources with them. They would then trade in the markets of Istanbul and Venice because of their close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East. The Spanish and Portuguese wanted to discover a way to bypass the Venetian markups and, in the process, net enormous profits from trading spices. Though many explorers had successfully sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to the East, like the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, and across the Atlantic to the Americas, such as the Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus, no one had ever reached the East Indies from sailing southwest along the Atlantic. This was all until one man and his crew attempted to find a way to reach the Spice Islands of Indonesia. The Role of Ferdinand Magellan Born to a Portuguese family of minor nobility in 1480, Ferdinand Magellan discovered his interest in maritime trade and exploration while working as a page to the Royal Court. In his young adult years, he pursued this interest as a crewmember of several Portuguese expeditions. He battled and conquered lands in India and African nations such as Morocco, but as he matured, he craved more. Magellan desired the Age of Exploration’s promises of fame and fortune, and he soon realized how he would acquire them. He would find the fabled western pathway to the East Indies. Magellan first sought the audience of King Manuel of Portugal in order to receive the necessary financial support for his expedition. After being denied on multiple occasions, Magellan moved to Spain in the hopes of convincing their King in 1517.
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