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Home , Antonio Pigafetta, Duarte Barbosa, Ferdinand Magellan, Gaspar de Quesada, Juan de Cartagena, Trinidad (ship)

PHUNC VI

A Timeline of

Aboard Magellan’s

Letter from the Crisis Director

Hello Delegates,

My name is Hannah Marsho, and I am your Crisis Director! I am a sophomore double majoring in Economics and Finance here at Penn State. I have participated in Model UN since my junior year of high school, going to away conferences at universities like the University of Pennsylvania, Rutgers University, and more. When I came to Penn State last year, I quickly joined PSIADA and have had the best time staffing and chairing conferences. This is my first time creating my own committee and being Crisis Director, and I am so excited for you to be a part of my committee!

As you may have guessed, Abroad Magellan’s Ship is about the of the globe led by in the . In this committee, you will play the role of one of Magellan’s captains or other crewmembers. It will be up to you and your fellow delegates to work together and successfully explore and circumnavigate the globe! Though trials and tribulations lie ahead, remember to have fun above all else! Each position possesses their own unique skills and holds many fun opportunities for you to play out in committee and in crisis notes.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact your chair or me. The best way to reach me is at my email [email protected]. I look forward to meeting all of you at PHUNC!

Best,

Hannah Marsho

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Letter from the Chair

Hello Delegates, My name is Daulton Beck and I am a junior studying International Politics and Psychology. I hail from the land of sunglasses and suntans of Malibu, . I have been participating in MUN conferences since high school, just like you, and have loved it ever since. I have competed in MUN conferences everywhere from UC Berkeley to UC Irvine as well as from Boston University to New York University as well as chaired a plethora of committees from General Assembly (GA) to full-blown crisis committees.

I encourage you to speak your mind and get comfortable with each other for this wild ride. There shall be no holds barred in this committee; thus, do not be afraid to say what you need to say to keep the debate going. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns you may email me, your chair, at [email protected] or the Committee’s Head, [email protected].

As your chair, I am pleased to offer you a one-way ticket aboard this ship to explore the in search of gold and glory directed by the light of God. Hang onto your captain hats, keep your crosses close, and your minds open for a time of exploration and adventure.

Welcome aboard delegates,

Daulton Beck

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Background “For Gold, God, and Glory!”

The and the Age of Exploration

The Renaissance was a period of booming economic, political, and cultural prosperity in that took place between the 14th and 17th centuries. The name Renaissance translates to rebirth, which was fitting as the region rose out of the Dark Ages, a time of economic and cultural stagnation. Inspired by the revival of Classical teachings and marked by the period’s great merchant bankers, artists, leaders, and traders, the Renaissance revitalized Europe and brought the region great prosperity. This prosperity was defined by the rise of commerce, the prominence of the Copernican model of the solar system and other scientific discoveries, the exploration of new lands, the revival of art and architecture, and the invention of the printing press, gunpowder, and the mariner’s compass.

The economic prosperity of the Renaissance was particularly influential as it started the development of global trade and exploration. Many large port cities became economic and cultural hubs such as Venice and Genoa in . Near the beginning of the Renaissance, these cities began sending explorers and traders to the distant Asian continent in search of civilizations and resources, and many explorers indeed found great lands and treasures.

Of these explorers, the most well known was Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan and explored the Asian continent. After returning to Europe,

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Marco Polo published his renowned recollection of his adventures in Travels in 1300. Known for its exceptional descriptions of the places and cultures that he encountered, the book inspired other explorers.

Many nations kept sending explorers and began making alliances with the Middle Eastern and Asian civilizations that they encountered, and many spices, weapons, dyes, and other resources were traded. These never-before-seen exotic goods had high prices due to large demand and the high transportation costs. Only royalty and the richest were able to afford such luxuries. Wanting to serve the masses in order to reap insurmountable profits, port cities and the royal courts of many European nations needed to find a way to lower transportation costs. They looked to the for a solution. This desire for nautical exploration and trade, fueled by the discoveries of the Renaissance, gave birth to the Age of Exploration.

In this Age of Exploration, the European nations of and were among the first to sail westward in search of new lands and valuable resources. Many merchants brought goods only as far as the notable Italian port cities, and Spain and Portugal wanted to bring some of this commerce to their own cities. With their close proximity to both the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, Spain and Portugal independently decided to find a cheaper and faster sea route to so that they could take the business from Italy.

Though it started as a strategy to gain business and profits, the search for a sea route soon took on a greater meaning for the Spanish and . Some wanted to explore new lands and see what the world could offer while some wanted to make important scientific discoveries. Some wanted to create alliances with native civilizations and convert them to Christianity, and still others wanted to receive the fame and fortune of becoming a successful explorer.

Overall, the Age of Exploration’s lead participants were driven by three main motives: gold, God, and glory. In gold, they searched for valuable American metals, Asian spices, and other precious resources. These promising riches of the had the potential to bring great prosperity to the holder's nation, and so the European monarchs sought them with state-of- the-art maritime technologies including Caravel and the Astrolabe. In God and glory, monarchs wanted to spread the teachings of Christianity and their great name as to gain influence and power. Most notably, Spain and Portugal had gained notoriety in the past for spreading Christianity during the Spanish Reconquista and the Inquisition. With such deeply-embedded lofty values and the potential of limitless rewards, the mentality of the Age of Exploration inspired monarchs to send out ships in order to pursue their desires for fame, fortune, and discovery.

Searching for Spices

The Western European nations of Spain and Portugal dominated the early days of the Age of Exploration. With their advantageous geographic position on the Atlantic Ocean and their strong desire to spread the teachings of Christianity, these nations pulled ahead as they set sail. Their primary goal in sailing westward was to explore the exotic and foreign lands beyond the Atlantic Ocean and to seize control of them and their resources. Gold and silver could be found

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in the Americas and highly valuable spices such as clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, and black pepper were to be found in the Spice Islands, or Moluccas.

During the 15th century, the Venetians controlled the due to their strategic position near the Middle East. Merchants would travel from the across the Asian continent to Europe via the Silk Road, bringing spices and other valuable resources with them. They would then trade in the markets of Istanbul and Venice because of their close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East. The Spanish and Portuguese wanted to discover a way to bypass the Venetian markups and, in the process, net enormous profits from trading spices.

Though many explorers had successfully sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to the East, like the Portuguese explorer , and across the Atlantic to the Americas, such as the Spanish explorer , no one had ever reached the East Indies from sailing southwest along the Atlantic. This was all until one man and his crew attempted to find a way to reach the Spice Islands of Indonesia.

The Role of Ferdinand Magellan

Born to a Portuguese family of minor nobility in 1480, Ferdinand Magellan discovered his interest in maritime trade and exploration while working as a page to the Royal Court. In his young adult years, he pursued this interest as a crewmember of several Portuguese expeditions. He battled and conquered lands in India and African nations such as , but as he matured, he craved more. Magellan desired the Age of Exploration’s promises of fame and fortune, and he soon realized how he would acquire them. He would find the fabled western pathway to the East Indies.

Magellan first sought the audience of King Manuel of Portugal in order to receive the necessary financial support for his expedition. After being denied on multiple occasions, Magellan moved to Spain in the hopes of convincing their King in 1517. Though it took a couple years for Magellan to make the connections necessary for requesting an audience with the King, he soon found them through his friendship with fellow ex-Portuguese citizen Diogo Barbosa. They bonded over their common nation of origin, and Magellan even fell in love with Barbosa’s daughter Beatriz. Soon after the

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birth of Magellan and Beatriz’s son Rodrigo, the Barbosa family connected Magellan with some influential Spanish officers who gave him the audience with the Spanish King that he so deeply desired. It was then in King Charles I, grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, that Magellan finally found an investor for his ambitious expedition.

Fears for the Treacherous Journey Ahead

Many expeditions had sailed before Magellan and his crew set sail. Though a few had made monumental achievements and unimaginable discoveries, those were the expeditions that returned and were remembered. Dozens of other expeditions had set sail and never returned. Some crewmembers died by the hands of others as they faced the wrath of pirates and native civilizations. Others died by the hands of their own in mass mutinies and betrayals. At times, rumors arose that horrifying creatures such as giant squids and sea monsters attacked ships. Some of these larger battles and more mysterious occurrences were remembered, but many other expeditions were ended by the more mundane. These expeditions had failed due to poor leadership, terrifying storms, diseases, and a lack of resources. With so much at risk, each crewmember understood that upon stepping aboard they might very well never step foot on land again. On the morning of their departure, Magellan bid farewell to Beatriz and his young son Rodrigo, hoping that they would some day meet again.

Committee Structure

In this committee, you will play the role of one of the two-hundred and fifty captains, navigators, scientists, boatswains, or other members of Magellan’s crew. Though Magellan’s

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fleet included five ships, all of you will gather in one committee room for the sake of simplicity. Since Magellan commanded the lead ship , it shall serve as this common meeting place. Each of the six committee sessions takes place three months apart from each other in order to allow for development. Each month, which is represented by an hour of committee time, allows the most influential crewmembers to gather together and discuss a variety of topics including boat conditions, options, and encounters with different islands and people. Each proposed option or solution will be presented as a directive and debated by the delegates, and a simple vote at the end determines which solution is chosen.

Gaining and maintaining followers as well as playing an active role in committee debate is essential to seeing your vision executed in the expedition. Whether you believe in spreading Christianity, in protecting Native populations, or in finding another sea route for the fleet, your participation in debate is of the utmost importance.

At times, different crises may also arise during the natural course of debate. These crises represent outside forces impacting the fleet’s condition whether through other interfering parties, through changing weather and sailing conditions, or through other impending threats. These crises may also impact current directives and topics of debate. Using crisis notes may help to solve these crises, but debate will also prove to be crucial. In the case that an outside party is involved in the crisis, which would be the case in encounters with Native populations, members of the crisis staff may be asked in by the delegates in order to conduct negotiations for land, goods, and other concerns. Through crises, many unique opportunities such as this may open up for the delegates as you partake in the adventure of a lifetime.

Crisis:

Crisis will act as all entities not represented in the committee. For example, crisis will represent foreign powers not represented in the committee, the domestic populations of each nation, and the economic forces of the nations. You will communicate with crisis primarily through notes, but you may request that an attaché enter and meet with a crisis staffer who will represent the person you would like to meet.

When communicating with crisis, use detailed yet simple notes. An example of a note to move troops would look like this:

Front Inside

To: Crisis Please move 1,000

soldiers from From: Name of your Philadelphia to position Pittsburgh.

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Crisis will respond to your request. If they deny it, Your troops encountered X you’ll be told “you don’t have enough supplies to move number of enemy soldiers. these soldiers” or whatever other reason it is that you You lost 600 soldiers in cannot do so. Perhaps your soldiers, on their way to the battle. You now have Pittsburgh, encounter an enemy force in State College. In 400 soldiers camped in that case, you will receive a note that looks like the one to the left. Here it is important to remember that your troops State College. They are never made it to Pittsburgh, they are trapped. They require unable to continue to reinforcements to move on to Pittsburgh. Crisis will Pittsburgh provide periodic individual updates on your financial and military situations as well as newsworthy alerts.

While these notes are simple, they also include all the information Crisis will need. Crisis cannot move soldiers unless it knows where they are coming from and where they are going. This same process works for all things you do be they economic, humanitarian, political, etc. Value detail and quality over quantity. Your effectiveness in Crisis is determined by your ability to use it to your advantage and play to your own strengths.

Topics of Debate

Three main goals guide Magellan’s crew in their expedition. These goals will underlie the majority of the debate and will even conflict with each other at times. As you debate the many solutions to crises, keep these topics in mind and decide what balance of the three best suits your crewmember and their individual beliefs.

1. God: Spreading Christianity and Preserving Life The voyage ahead brings many potential dangers such as storms, raids, and diseases. As good Christians, the crewmembers have an obligation to protect their fellow crewmembers and any encountered Natives. It is important to preserve human life and convert non-believers to Christianity so that their souls may be saved. Christian values are what should guide and govern all decisions. 2. Gold: Profiting off of the Riches of the East Indies The higher purposes of the journey of spreading Christianity and receiving recognition are ever present in debates, but the crewmembers are mainly sailing and risking their lives for the promised riches at the journey’s end, for risk requires reward. All of the crewmembers seek the endless riches that the spices and treasures have to offer. The financial rewards may sway their opinions when visiting Native civilizations, gaining followers and influence, and deciding whether or not to help other crewmembers. Delegates should be aware of the riches that lie ahead and factor them into their discussions and decisions. 3. Glory: Completing the Voyage and Receiving Fame and Recognition The ultimate goal of Magellan’s expedition is to reach its destination, the Spice Islands. Though the journey may be treacherous, the crewmembers are all prepared to make sacrifices for the sake of the expedition. Most debates will be centered on this purpose of reaching the Spice

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Islands. 4. Diplomacy: Working Together to Achieve a Common Goal – Magellan and his crewmembers have gathered together in one fleet in order to achieve a common goal: to reach the Spice Islands. Some are partaking in the treacherous voyage in order to amass incredible riches, some to reunite with family members, some to spread Christianity, and some to regain their lost honor. Despite their individual aspects, the crewmembers all desire a perfect union of captains and crew alike. All debates must consider the elements of God, Gold, and Glory but be built on the foundation of unity and diplomacy.

Learning Objectives

1. How can we most effectively communicate and work to solve the issues that face us? Is it best to work individually and to focus our time and resources to solve problems in the particular way that we want? Is it better to combine resources and work in a party of several like-minded individuals? Or is it better to bring the whole group together to consider the issue from a wide variety of perspectives? Do any of these methods sacrifice effectiveness for efficiency?

2. When working in a group, opinions may clash. At times, a few members may agree with each other, but deliberation may hardly bring about a clear consensus. In what situations is it necessary to set differences of opinion aside and compromise, if any? What kinds of consequences are there when a group values correctness and finding the most accurate truth and fitting solution over compromise and piecing together the insights of many to

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create a potentially imperfect but agreed-upon solution?

3. The real Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition to circumnavigate the globe was grueling and even fatal for most of the crew, including Magellan himself. The hardships experienced aboard resulted, in part, due to the leaders’ lack of cooperation and their stubbornness. However, other forces like greed and the desire for power also brought on the many hardships. How did these forces impact you and the other delegates around you? Were you ever more inclined to act in your own self-interest over that of the group, just as many of the real captains, boatswains, and sailors were while aboard the real Magellan’s ship?

Delegate Positions

Duarte Barbosa (Magellan’s Brother-in-Law) – Influential officer, interpreter of , author of the Book of , and arguably Magellan’s right-hand man, Barbosa is a man of many talents. A strong Native sympathizer, Barbosa specializes in negotiating with Natives and enjoys spending time observing them during the expedition. Barbosa is also Magellan’s brother-in-law as he is the brother of Magellan’s wife Beatriz. Due to their familial relation, Barbosa has quickly become close to Magellan and has gained influence in the fleet. Also close friends with Juan Serrano, Barbosa frequently works with him and sides with Serrano on many issues.

Juan Serrano (Captain of the Santiago) – Serrano joined Magellan’s fleet for a chance to visit his influential relative, Francisco Serrano, who resides in the Spice Islands. Before joining the crew, Serrano was a pilot in the 4th Armada under Vasco da Gama in 1502 and later worked alongside Francisco and Ferdinand Magellan in the escapades of the 7th Portuguese India Armada in 1505. He knew Magellan during his early years of conquering and gained leadership in the fleet because of this. Serrano regularly collaborates with Barbosa but commands with an iron fist and little sympathy.

Antonio Pigafetta (Magellan’s Assistant and Record-keeper) – The Italian scholar and traveller keeps a detailed daily log of the expedition’s journey. He assists Magellan throughout the expedition and communicates between him and the crew. Pigafetta also records the expedition’s hardships, its encounters with people and places, and even detailed descriptions of sharks, insects, and other creatures. As a scholar, Pigafetta can identify many species of plants and animals, inform the leaders of the known facts about Native civilizations, and offer advice based on his knowledge of the Classics. Pigafetta will be integral to writing an accurate history

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of the expedition, and his accounts can control outsiders’ perceptions of the expedition.

Andres de San Martin (Cosmographer) – The mathematical genius Andres de San Martin is the best cosmographer in the fleet, with his skills even exceeding those of Ferdinand Magellan. He can calculate latitudes and longitudes with little to no error and works with Estevan Gomez to navigate the treacherous and unknown waters. He also has an interest in astrology, the study of astral objects in divination. San Martin can study the stars to predict the future and he does so in an oddly religious way, trying to convince the captains and crewmembers to believe him and trust in his astrological predictions. With so much uncertainty in the times that lie ahead, Magellan and his men often listen to the advice of San Martin.

Juan Sebastian Elcano (Naval Commander to Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) – Elcano worked as a merchant ship captain in Spain before the expedition. After breaking Spanish laws by surrendering a trade ship to the Genoese, Elcano requested a pardon from King Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. In exchange for his pardon, Charles V required Elcano to work under him as a naval commander and to join Magellan’s crew. He is a great orator, able to persuade others with ease and to rally the crew behind him. Magellan has begun to notice this, and he perceives it as Elcano’s natural leadership ability.

Mari Hernandez Hernialde (Swashbuckler) – The seductive swashbuckler Mari Hernandez Hernialde is a master swordswoman and one of only two women aboard the ships. She is currently engaged to Elcano, an influential crewmember and the naval commander of Charles V. Her relationship with Elcano was what first brought attention to Hernialde, but her feminine charm and unrivaled swordsmanship established her fame and influence in the fleet. Many of the crewmembers cannot resist her allure and have come to respect her. In addition to her unparalleled fighting skills, Hernialde is also very persuasive and perhaps even a bit cunning.

Juan de Cartagena (Inspector General and Quartermaster) – A Spanish accountant and the Captain of the San Antonio, Cartagena has many responsibilities. He supervises the expedition’s financial and trading operations, reports directly to King Charles V on the expedition, and leads the San Antonio as its captain. Having so many responsibilities can prove to be tiresome and difficult for Cartagena. He also has a certain disdain for Magellan and refuses to salute him, though he is required to do so.

Francisco Albo (Pilot and Chief Accountant) – Albo is the expedition’s chief accountant and the pilot of the Trinidad, the ship that Magellan captains. He is in charge of accounting for and managing the fleet’s funds and its inventory, which includes Spanish treasures, supplies, and rations. In managing the fleet’s funds, Albo works with Cartagena. In creating the records for the inventory, Albo frequently consults Rochela. Albo has created a strong bond with Magellan while working as the pilot of the Trinidad, and he is fiercely loyal to him. Albo would protect Magellan and his vision for the voyage with his life.

Enrique (Magellan’s Slave) – Originally from , Enrique was brought to Europe by slavers and quickly became Magellan’s slave. He fought alongside Magellan in his glory days in Africa and in his worst days when the Portuguese Court disgraced Magellan. The two have now lived together for decades, and as Magellan’s slave, Enrique has exclusive access to Magellan

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and his quarters. Talking to the other slaves and low-ranking crewmembers aboard, Enrique has created quite the following. He speaks several of the Native languages of the Spice Islands, and now returning to the Spice Islands for the first time since his enslavement, Enrique sees potential for plans aboard the ship and on the Islands.

Padre Sánchez de la Reina (Priest) – Reina is the elected priest for Magellan’s expedition. A zealous Catholic, Reina strongly embodies the “God” part of the saying “For Gold, God, and Glory!” He serves as the crew’s priest and is in charge of conversions and the spread of Christianity. Reina helps to restore the Faith for many suffering sailors and supports many crusade-like ventures throughout the expedition.

Estevan Gomez (Navigator and Cartographer) – Gomez spent much of his youth on Portuguese ships in India. In his time on these ships, he learned the cartography skills that gave him great renown. After later leaving Portugal for Spain, Gomez met Magellan and accepted a position as the expedition’s primary cartographer. It is Gomez’s responsibility to advise Magellan during the journey and to map the surrounding lands. If the ships were to become lost or approach uncharted territory, Gomez would prove to be indispensible.

Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa (Major Sheriff and Military Leader) – Espinosa was appointed by royal decree to act as the Major Sheriff of Magellan’s expedition. This entails that he is in charge of sailor recruitment, of leading Magellan’s army, and of keeping legal order throughout the journey. In the case of a mutiny or a need for military action, Espinosa is in charge of the troops, armor, and weaponry for any battle. As a royally appointed crewmember, Espinosa is held in high regard and could be considered for greater leadership in the case of an emergency.

Simon de la Rochela (Provisioner) – Rochela is in charge of the food rations and supplies during the expedition. He has access to the chickens, pigs, water, grain, and other supplies onboard, and he makes the decisions regarding rations. In times of famine, disease, and when exploring new lands, Rochela is in charge of deciding what every crewmember receives, whether supplies should be thrown out, and whether to look for food when ashore, for example. He cooperates with Cartagena when it comes to trading goods since Natives are usually willing to trade spices and food for Spanish treasures.

Ricarte de Normandia (Carpenter and Cooper) – Though not much is known about Normandia, he is the expedition’s trustworthy carpenter. He conducts repairs on the ships and helps to monitor their condition. If there were to be a problem such as a leak, a decaying beam, or a broken sail, Normandia would work tirelessly to fix the problems. He also works as the

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expedition’s cooper, or barrel-maker. This job was essential as he crafted and repaired the means to store all rations and supplies. He works most closely with Miguel de Rodas, the boatswain, and Francisco Martin, the assistant cooper and crafty inventor.

Francisco Martin (Assistant Cooper and Inventor) – Francisco Martin is the assistant cooper of the expedition, working under Normandia. However, Martin’s genius far exceeds his ordinary duties. Trained to be a skilled craftsman from a young age, Martin can help to create new weaponry and helpful tools and items. He is also an inventor. Though it takes him some time to gather supplies and tinker around, Martin has the ability to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of existing items and the intellect and creativity to make his own inventions.

Gaspar de Quesada (Captain of the Conception) – King Charles I of Spain appointed Quesada to be the captain of the Conception, the third largest ship in Magellan’s fleet. He isn’t satisfied with his position and desires more power. Quesada frequently works with Mendoza. The two of them share many common values and ideas, including their focus on raiding Native civilizations over exploring. Quesada also has a certain charm, which has blinded Magellan and many crewmembers from seeing his true desires.

Hernando de Bustamante (Barber-surgeon) – As the barber-surgeon, Bustamante’s duties include tending to the sick and wounded, operating on injured sailors, and acting as the crew’s dentist. Though Bustamante has had no formal training and is merely stepping in as the expedition’s makeshift doctor and dentist, he is interested in learning more about the medical field and in improving his skills while on the expedition. With the help of Pigafetta, Rochela, and other crewmembers, Bustamante can also create remedies and other concoctions from supplies and collected specimens.

Miguel de Rodas (Boatswain) – From the distant island of Rhodes in Greece, Rodas left his father Papaceli and his mother Diana to join the expedition as its prestigious boatswain. Rodas runs the day-to-day operations of the ships. Some of his duties include handling insubordinate crewmembers, reporting directly to the captains with updates, and raising morale as to avoid mutinies and desertions. He also leads the deckhands in charge of rigging, anchors, and keeping the deck clean and operational.

Andres de Bristol (Master Gunner) – Many nations are represented in Magellan’s diverse crew. Even one Englishman named Andres de Bristol has joined the ranks. Bristol moved to Spain several years prior to the expedition, married a woman from , and started to raise a family there. He is the expedition’s master gunner. Bristol is a skilled fighter and the leader of the fifteen gunners, who operate the cannons of the ships. He also orders around the powder monkeys. The powder monkeys have one of the most dangerous jobs on the ship. They handle the gunpowder and place it into the cannons. These gunners and powder monkeys are young and impressionable, following Bristol’s every order as his underlings.

Luis de Mendoza (Captain of the ) – From the prestigious House of Mendoza, Mendoza is the strong-willed and fierce captain of the Victoria. Mendoza has little sympathy for low- ranking crewmembers and the Natives of the lands to be explored. He thinks that the fleet should pillage the existing civilizations and create new Spanish . Many crewmembers despise

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his harsh demeanor but respect his conviction and combative strength.

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Awards Criteria

Effectiveness in Crisis Effectiveness in Committee • Frequency of communication. • Initiative in proposing solutions. • Appropriate use of portfolio powers. • Quality of proposed solutions. • Impact of portfolio actions on crisis. • Contribution to directives. • Coherence and quality of communication. • Direction of committee.

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Creativity Diplomacy • Originality of ideas. • Eloquence of speech. • Ability to adapt actions to evolving • Influence amongst other delegates. crises. • Leadership during moderated caucuses. • Ability to manipulate existing powers • Ability to negotiate and collaborate with beyond their initial capacity. fellow delegates. • Professionalism and consideration.

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