Ferdinand Magellan

FE R D I NAND M AGE L L AN FE R DI NAN D M A G E L L A N

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F R E D E R I C K A . O B E R

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FE R D I NA N D M A G E L L A N

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A KING I N C E N S E D T H E B E GINNING OF THE VO YAGE M U R D ER AND M U T IN Y P AT AGONIA AND THE GIANT S T H E L O NG-SO U GH T STRA IT FIRST TRANSPACIF I C VO YAGE D I SCO VERY OF THE P H I LI PPI NES “ ” C O NVER T ING THE N ATIVE S D EATH OF M AGEL L AN TREACHERY AND M ASSACRE T H E SPI CERI ES AT L AST

VO YAGE OF T H E Vi cto ri a

IL L U ST R A T IO N S

FERDI NAND MAGELLAN Frmti' s pif ece

T H E W E OF B ELEM aci n 1 8 TO R F g p .

E I F M GELL 1 1 6 TH SH PS O A AN . A DESCENDANT O F THE PATAGON IAN 1 6 0 M A P OF THE STRA IT OF MAGELLAN

F M O N U M ENT TO MAGELLAN ON THE SPOT W HERE HE W A S KILLED NATI VES OF LU Z ON

E VI C TOR IA E F I VE EL TH , TH RST SS TO C OMPLI SH THE CIRC U MNA VI GATI O N O F THE GLO B E S O U R C E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N

T h e aut h o ri tat i ve s o urce s o f info rmatio n o n M age l e n o r mar and s e o n ar t h e lan may be divid d i t p i y c d y , firs t clas s including t h e jo urnals Of tho s e w h o kne w n o o ar i n hi s re a e e o n as t h e hi m a d t k p t g t xp diti , “ n no n o r e s e o f R amus i o ran s o A o U k w P tugu , ; F ci c lb , “ ” lo - o o r s t o r o ra me n ar who s e g b k (t u w thy , th ugh f g t y) ’ i s co ntain e d i n N avarre te s famo us C o le cci o n ; t h e “ ” — Ge no e s e o t w h o ro e e e e n o r e s e Pil w t xc ll t P tugu , b -t h e - w a and A n o n o P i afe t t a o s e a o n o f y y ; t i g , wh cc u t h o a e t h e e s and mo s o m e e w as rs t t e v y g , b t t c pl t , fi n n I a an writte i t li . T h e s e co nd clas s co mpris e s " M aximilian T rans yl e n s and e e r ar r o o n e m o rar e s w h o v u , P t M ty , b th c t p i , co nve rs e d with t h e M age llan s urvivo rs i n Se ville ; O e o w ho w as e n i n D ar e n C o rre a a o r o f vi d , th i ; , uth ndas da I ndi a e rre ra S an s s to r o ra e r L e H , p i h hi i g ph , n o r a d th e s . T ho ugh P i gafe t t a Obtain e d pe rmis s io n t o print as e ar as 1 2 i s n o t no n a h e a a e ms e ly 5 4 , it k w th t v il d hi lf “ o f t h e r e e e o re 1 6 t h e a e o f t h e rs p ivil g b f 5 3 , d t fi t ” I a a o n T h rs n ran n f hi t li n e diti . e fi t E glis h t s latio o s ’ wo rk i s co nt aine d i n R ichard E de n s D e cade s o f the N ewe Wo rld L o n o n I and o o s ar r R a , d , 5 5 5 , f ll w M ty , m s o and T ran l an s v us . u i , y A n e xce lle nt tran s latio n w as publis he d by t h e ’ H akluyt So cie ty (L o rd Stanle y Of A lde rle y s ) i n 1 8 74 ; far th e e s as e as mo s t re e n i s a but by b t , w ll c t , th t by — . . R o e r s o n ro m and t h e o r na e a J A b t , f , with , igi l t xt m e e o n t h A C ar C o n e e an e . H . m a C li it d diti , l k p y , l v l d , O o 1 0 6 . A o m o m hi , 9 c pact and co mpre he ns ive v lu e i s t h e L i e o f a e an all a o r e s e f M g ll (with uth iti cit d) , by

F. H . . Gui lle mar L d o n o an N w o r 1 8 0 . H , d n d e Y k , 9

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N from their compatriots o f the coast ; but its i o f waves are rigid , mmovable , and their qualities the ignorant mountaineers seem to o ne partake . Indeed , may visit Saborosa t o -day and find there men and women un ’ changed from their ancestors o f Magellan s r time , fou hundred years Ferdinand Magellan was born a moun t ai ne er , and though he became a sailor (and through having become a sailor achieved the voyage which made his name immortal) he carried with him to sea the ch aract eri s o ne tics f o reared amid rugged surroundings . e His vi ws were elevated , his confidence in . lf I himse was supreme , his integrity unim p e achable ; yet was he bound by obstinacy as o f by hoops steel . His courage was daunt and less , his perseverance knew no limits , his belief in a fortunate star amounted to a superstition . ’ A t the time o f Ferdinand s birth and o f youth , his father ruled as the little lord dal o o r Saborosa , and was called a fi g , noble man . He was wont to boast that his fam ily belonged to “ the oldest in the king ” o n dom , and many a time cautioned his s t o never forget that he was a Magellan . no o f Ferdinand did not forget , and deed his T H E Y O U N G M O U N T A I N E E R

e i n b smirched the family escutcheon , which , “ o f the language heraldry , was On a field che e k argent three bars y , gules and argent ; ” the crest an eagle , wings displayed . ” The eagle, it is true , looked more like a cormorant than any other bird; but there “ ” was no mistaking the three bars checky o n a silver shield , which signified that some distant progenitor had signally achieved o n something , pr bably i conflict with the al O t he M a al Moors . There was S legend g ” hd es h below the shield , w ich was the family P cr d n name , In ortuguese , ins ibe as Ferdina d himself was wont t o write it in his auto f graph . Respecting the di ferent spellings

' o f i t l his name , may be as we l to make o f mention them now , in this connection , n since there are several , depending upo which language is adopted—Whether Portu

ue s e S . g , panish , or English o f o ur In the vernacular hero , his name was written Fernao de Magalhaes ; in Span c ish , Fernando de Magallanes , whi h we have r anglicized into Fe dinand Magellan . The ﬁrs t name was bestowed upon him at his ni christe ng , the second when he made Spain o the his ad ptive country , and third after his deeds became world famous and the F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

chronicle of them was translated into Eng

lish . Those familiar with him , doubtless , o r addressed the young man as Fernan , Of Hernan , these being abbreviated forms

Fernando and Hernando , which have the

same meaning in Spanish and Portuguese . n o ur Fernan Magellan , then (assumi g W hi m selves to be on a familiar footing ith ) , a was the son of Pedro (or Peter) de Magalh es , o f -o s a M o nt e s an hidalgo repute in Traz , who was possessed o f some wealth and owned a castle , together with vast estates consisting mainly o f wild and mountainous lands co v I o ered with forests . n these forests r amed wild boars and deer , which Fernan , when de ll ht e d arrived at a suitable age , greatly g to hunt The shaggy crests o f the moun n tai s were also the haunts , tradition relates , of nomadic brigands , who would have de sired no better fortune than to capture the k son of a nobleman li e Peter Magellan and , hold him for ransom . If they had designs , however , upon Ferdinand , they were des tined to be disappointed , for he was a reck less rider o f the native horses for which the

region is celebrated , and though he had, many mad adventures , a capture by brigands o f was not one them . T H E Y' O U N G M O U N T A I N E E R

the streams o f Traz- o s -Montes and o f i were many them , little and b g,

- mountain born and fed by springs o f. crystal — clearness ran , sooner or later , to the sea , in nﬂ co uence with the Douro , near the mouth o f which sat the rich Old city o f ul Oporto . From the beautif vale in which

i s - Saborosa situated , a swift moving stream plunges directly into the Douro , and along the bank s o f both run roads which lead c from the mountains to Oporto . This ity , celebrated for the delicious wine which ﬁf bears its name , is scarcely more than ty “ ”

. miles , as the crow ﬂies , from Saborosa , and was early favored with visits from n Old you g Fernan , who found there a ﬁne aristocracy much to his liking . 1 His father may have passed a portion o f each year in Oporto , together with his l fami y , then consisting of Fernan , a younger son whose name is not known , and two I was daughters , Isabel and Tereza . t nec o f if essary , to break the monotony l e in o f that isolated community Saborosa , to

“ o f seek , occasionally , the social pleasures o f Oporto , where the hidalgos the country were wont to meet and indulge in stately r c . ao e reations Here , doubtless , Fernan F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

quired his liking for the sea , as the harbor and of Oporto was crowded with shipping, of many a seafarer came here , with tales adventure which the youth may have lis o n o r o n tened to , sitting the quays , the decks o f vessels just in from foreign ports . A t the time Fernan Magellan was grow ing to manhood all those great voyages took place which have since become ﬁxed as important events in the annals o f the e o f a e world . He was twelve y ars g when Columbus sailed from P alo s ; seventeen ‘ m when his famous country an , Vasco da o f A Gama , doubled the end frica and found a new way to India ; and twenty when d Cabral , though by mistake , reveale the coast o f the country since known as Brazil Later in life he met and conversed with the navigators and soldiers who advanced the

‘ ‘ arms of Portugal in the Far East , and it is believed that he early sought acquaint ance with such as were accessible in o r near Oporto . ’ If the early period o f Magellan s life had received a tithe o f the attention bestowed upon his latter years , we might present a more nearly adequate account o f his life f at Saborosa , brie as it was ; but , truth to 6 T H E Y O U N G M O U N T A I N E E R

tell , the material for it is scanty in the o f extreme , for next to nothing is known

his youth . Much has been imagined , many half- truths have been expanded into state ments o f facts ; but in the foregoing para graphs are embodied all that has been as ce ai ne d rt to be authentic .

an active youth , delighting in hl u at etic , tho gh slight Of frame , and given to o ut - door exercises rather than

in - no t to door studies . In fact , it is known that he ever received systematic training o f fo r under the eye a tutor , his father e e probably shared the beli f , then g nerally e o f preval nt , that the sons hidalgos needed no education , save that which fitted them fo r attendance at court and the pro fe s s IOn o f arms . It was the custom for noblemen t o to send their sons to court , dedicated o f the service their sovereign , to whom they fo r e looked direction in their studi s , and from whom they expected t o rece ive their rewards if successful ?" Just when Fernan Magellan left his moun n tain home for Lisbo , where he took his ur no t first lessons as a co tier , is known , but it was probably before, he was fifteen a Of i s ye rs age . This inferred from the fact F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A that (according to Bartolomeo rgensola , author of the C o nques t of the M o luccas ) he ﬁrst entered the service o f Queen L eonor as a page . Queen Leonor was the widow “ a o f King Jo o (or John) , surnamed the r 1 8 1 Pe fect , whose reign began in 4 , and during which (in 1 486- 1 487) that brave navigator , Bartholomew Dias , discovered and doubled the Cape of Good Hope . o f Six years before the sailing Columbus , Dias turned his prow into the waters o f the

Indian Ocean , and , returning to Portugal , told his king what he had discovered . Owing to the terri ﬁc gales and seas he had encountered in rounding the Cape , he named C abo de Todos los Tormento s t he it (or , Cape o f all -the Storms) ; but King John the

Perfect demurred to this . He had not experienced the storms , and had no vivid remembrance o f t empestuous seas and baf

ﬂing winds , as Dias had . He looked upon the discovery from a more lofty , world - Na embracing view point , and he said , y , o f gallant Bartholomew , the Cape Storms it o f shall not be , but the Cape Good Hope ” (el C abo de Buena E s peranza) I The hopes of King John were no t realized by him , as he delayed sending Dias back 8

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

King Emanuel , fortunately , was wise enough to grasp what King John had let fall when his hand was palsied by death . He had also the sagacity t o continue the voyages which for several years had been intermitted , but for which great prepara tions had been made . His reign has been ’ called , and perhaps rightly , Portugal s gold en age but he merely harvested what his roy al forerunners had sown . The golden grains dropped by their navigators and

- o ff t he colonists in the sea sands Senegal , u of e G lf Guinea , and the Kongo , yield d h t eir increase to Dom Manoel . On the t o ll death of John II . he fell heir a that had been accomplished , accumulated,by him t o and by others , and thus it came pass that in his reign there sailed such expeditions as ’ ’ m t o Vasco da Ga a s India ; Cabral s , which resulted in the discovery o f Brazil ; Corte ’ o f A I real s to the coast Labrador , and ’ mei da s to the Indian Seas . was in 1 495 that Manoel succeeded Ohn . o f r J II as King Portugal , and sho tly after received into his service the youthful who page , Fernan Magellan , was warmly s o n o f f welcomed as the a faith ul hidalgo , who kept in order the wild and stubborn I O T H E Y O U N G M O U N T A I N E E R

o o people f Traz s Montes . It was at the court o f Do m Manoel that Magellan passed what may be called the formative period o f e his lif , in which he was really educated . S That he received an education , in the ense o f r being inst ucted in schools , there is no ; record to show but his mind was always , ’ a o f open and receptive . The vicin ge king s courts is not generally considered favorable t o the acquisition o f learning ; but to be at ’ Do m M ano el s court , in the closing decade o f that most wonderful century in the his o f f tory Portugal and Spain , was in itsel an t o M a ellan education a youth like g /t] "H e had only to Open his eyes and observe what was going on about him to be placed , as it were , in touch with the farthest ends o f the earth . For he was in Lisbon when a Gama s iled forth to discover , if possible , an ocean route t o India around the Cape o f Good H o p e and through the Indian and Ocean ; he was there , also , still a -o n hanger at court , when the triumphant navigator returned with s ucces s inscribed e upon his bann rs . He heard the salvos of artillery that wel o c med the veteran home , he listened to the praises that were showered upon him by I I F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

k the ing and the nobility , and witnessed the enthusiasm o f the populace over the great est event since the return o f Christopher C o

" A lumbus from his voyage to merica . More than all this—more than forming merely a unit in the unrecognized masses that wel — comed back Da Gama he became acquaint ed with the navigator , and is said to have visited him at his house in Lisbon . There , o wn no doubt , he received from his lips the story o f wonderful adventure " adown the

- A West frican coast , around the Cape , along the east coast nearly to the equator , and then the bold dash across the Indian Ocean to Calicut? Vasco da Gama had set o ut for hi s Indian 1 voyage in July , 49 7, and returned in Sep 1 tember , 499 . Three years later he sailed again ; but , meanwhile , Dom Manoel the

Fortunate had despatched Cabral , with ad thirteen ships , to follow up the ﬁrst venture and take possession o f ports which Gama had merely reported to exist but could not hold . Cabral bore farther west ward than Gama , and hence , unwittingly , discovered the unknown coast o f Brazil ; half' hi s but he lost nearly ships , and among the brave men wh o went down with o ne o f I 2 T H E Y O U N G M O U N T A I N E E R

them (of which he was commander ) was a o f B rtholomew Dias , who ﬁrst all led the

way around the Cape of Storms .

Thus , while Fernan Magellan was spend o f ing the days his youth as a courtier , probably in idleness by day and in dissipa .

tion by night , these great events happened o V f which he was a witness . asco da Gama

sailed for India twice and returned , before

the courtier , Magellan , felt deeply enough t he inspiration towards adventure to him o ut self set for the Orient . How he could o r have remained so long in idleness , at l east inactive , while such great things were and o f happening , he in the midst them ,

seems inexplicable . "While expedition after expedition was being ﬁtted o ut and despatched fo r the far o f — ends the earth to Labrador and Brazil , A frica and India— Fernan Magellan stayed in rv Lisbon an idle obse er . Of their coming o f and going , their many victories and rare o f o r defeats , their successful venture dis ho w " astrous loss , much he must have heard The whole country was seething with ex c t ement ne w o f i . The worlds , alike the

East and of the West , held out a brilliant picture o f inﬁnite possibilities to the hum I 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

- blest in rank . The dock yards rang with o f the sound axe and hammer , and the ships were barely launched ere they sailed fo r the lands that were to bring riches and di st i nc o ne o ne tion to every to every , at least , " who lived Men left their country in shoals , o f dl o f - careless danger , hee ess death rates , mindful only o f the possible glory that ff awaited them . We can imagine the e ect that experiences such as these must have o ne n had upon so adventurous as Magella . A t such a time , when all around him were up and doing , it was impossible that he

should remain a mere spectator . I N THE E A ST I ND I E S

R OUSE D n o f at last , after lo g years

lethargy , Magellan applied for permis sion t o absent himself from court and join an expedi tion then in preparation fo r the E di I o f ast In es . n the latter part the year I 0 5 4 , after making a hasty and final visit t o ff Saborosa , and taking an a ectionate fare o f hi s nl well father and family , he e isted as a volunteer in the armada then being fitted ’ o ut fo r Do m d A lme i da Francisco , who was ’ to di V sail as In a s first iceroy . While the gallant Da Gama had been ennobled and showered with honors fo r his great achieve no t ment , still he was considered by Dom Manoel as the proper person t o represent

- n un mi him in authority , as vice ki g with li t ed sway , in the new settlements to be estab li she d in India . Though a s o n o f the Portuguese Duke o f I S F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

’ A d A lmei da brantes , Dom Francisco had o f been a soldier in the Moorish wars Spain , m where he had acquired im ense prestige , aside from that which came to him as the o s scion of a distinguished family . He p sessed great talent as an organizer , and his fame was such that when it was announced m that he was to co mand the expedition , the ’ noblest o f Portugal s citizenry swarmed to nn sail beneath his ba er . Of all the fleets that had left Lisbon fo r A frica and the e East , none was so large , so w ll equipped , armed , and manned as this , the last , com mande d A by lmeida . There were twenty vessels in all , comprising eight great car naos o f acks , called , six caravels , and six intermediate size , which carried , also , ma t eri al for the construction of two galleys and a brigantine , to be put together at some port in India . They contained two o f thousand men , fifteen hundred whom were soldiers , four hundred seamen , and the a s chem rem inder artisans , merchants , and ing adventurers . A fter a winter of feverishly active labor , the great fleet was finally pronounced ready for sea . It would seem that all the arti sans o f Portugal had been employed in 1 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N solemnity as well as with the signiﬁcance

o . f his mission He was going forth , he realized , not only to seek his fortune at the ’ sword s point , but as a ﬁghter for his king and for his faith . 5 A few miles down the river stands the o f tower Belem , with its church and mon ast e r o f y , erected in honor the great seaman o f Portugal . It was then but recently

- completed , for its corner stone was laid nl o y four years previously , in commemora ’ tion o f Da Gama s great voyage and success ful return . Within this magniﬁcent struct ure to - day rest the bones o f the great o f i o r navigator , those the k ng by whose ders he sailed , and of the poet Camoens , who mm i ortalized in verse his vast achievements . ’ But at the time A lmeida s ﬂeet dropped o ff anchor Belem , in order that prayers for its success might be Offered o n the spot hallowed by association with Prince Henry N the avigator , who erected his chapel here , only seven years had passed since Vasco da Gama had himself knelt here and prayed A f for heavenly guidance . ter the voyagers n had performed their orisons , Ki g Manoel came down from Lisbon with a great retinue , ’ o n and , taking his stand the viceroy s ship , 1 8 T H E T O W ER O F B ELEM

I N T H E E A S T I N D I E S greeted the captains of the squadron as they swept past him on the tide towards A nd the bar at the mouth o f the river . with his sovereign ’ s wishes for a prosperous w voyage in his ears , perhaps ith the pressure o f ﬁn o n his gers his palm , Fernan Magellan went with the rest over the bar of Tagus and o ut upon the sea . N othing had been omitted to make the departure impressive , yet it was not with o ut its amusing incidents , which provoked some laughter and relieved the tense feelings o f i f o f the sailors , not the cavaliers . One Of these incidents was connected with the then recent introduction of the terms larboard and starboard ” (or their equivalents in P ortuguese) into the nautical language of nf o n the navy . Great co usion ensued weigh o ff B ing anchor elem , and at a time when

every sailor wished to do his best , in view ’ o f his sovereign s presence in person , some o f the captains were put to shame . o f a One them , Jo o Homem , becoming impatient at his sailors ’ confusing the terms “ ” bombardo o r , larboard , with o r t o starboard , cast his cap the deck with " an oath , exclaiming Pilot , you must speak to my men in a Speech they can I 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

" u understand Here , cook , bring me a b nch

o f o f . garlic and a bunch onions There , see , I t he o n l hang garlic this side the he m , and N o w these onions on the other . , when I say ‘ ’ s tarboard garlic I mean , and when I say ‘ ’ ’ omons I mean larboard ; which is a lan guage any fool can understand "” Onions and garlic are said to have saved the situa

- tion , by making the sea terms apparent to the most stupid of sailors , through their o f senses hearing and smelling , as well as of seeing ; and as there were vast stores o f both aboard the ﬂeet , all the captains quickly followed the example o f clever

‘

Joao Homem . P ortuguese sailors were no longer com p elle d to crawl slowly and timorously from ’ nr e cape to cape , as in Prince He y s tim , so the ﬂeet proceeded directly southward . The o n a t h Tagus had been left March s , and four o r o n A a t h days over a month later , pril 9 , o n the equator was crossed . Sailing forty A lrne i da degrees to the southward , then reck o ne d upon having passed the meridian o f o n the Cape of Storms , or Good Hope , and June 2 0 t h bore northeasterly and entered the Indian Ocean , with the loss of two ships . 2 2 d r On July , o four months after the 2 0 I N T H E E A S T I N D I E S

o f departure from Portugal , the monotony the long weeks o f sea- sailing was relieved A by an engagement with the rabs of Quiloa , o f Fo l a port to the southward Zanzibar . o f lowing the instructions the king , which were peremptory, as well as comprehensive , A lm eida was to construct a fort at Quiloa , u h and also to b ild t ere the brigantines , ma l t eri a fo r which he had brought with him .

But the residents here , who may have o f descended from the founders the place , which was first settled by Ar abs in the tenth century , strenuously objected . They wanted neither the fort nor the presence o f P in their harbor the ortuguese fleet , and Do m Francisco found himself compelled to o f storm the city . He landed a party o th e soldiers , and while they advanced up n forts amused the A rabs with cannon- play from the ships so successfully that the o ut works were soon carried , and within a short A t time the city itself fell into his hands . this assault , it is said , Fernan Magellan first drew sword in battle with an enemy ; but he bore himself so creditably as t o be f complimented by his superior o ficer , and henceforth was regarded as a veteran fighter . We do no t know the position Magellan 2 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

occupied aboard the ﬂeet , nor the name of the ship he sailed in ; but he was probably o ne o f s obres ali entes — o r the supernumeraries , as the Spaniards described the free lances that sailed o n these voyages without stated - i n o f occupations being search adventure , o merely , without a thought as to what s rt it should be . He had borne the discomforts of the voyage with equanimity , but when ff o n this opportunity o ered for a dash land , had accepted it most e agerly . no t no r What position he held we know , is there aught to enable o ne to determine the -ﬁve manner of man he was at twenty , which Al was his age when he set sail with meida . er We may , however , glimpse his charact and gain an impression o fhis affairs by inspecting the will and testament he executed , previous to setting forth o n what he had good reason I to consider a hazardous undertaking . t is 1 1 0 dated at Belem , December 7, 5 4 , but was not brought to light until three hundred and

‘

ﬁfty years later , when it was discovered by a descendant of his family . “ o f I desire , he states , in the ﬁrst clause i this instrument , if I die abroad, or in th s armada in which I am about to proceed for o f India in the service my sovereign , the 2 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o ut re desire may be carried justly , and main without alteration , henceforth and forever , should I die without legitimate

Offspring ; but should I have such , I desire that he or she may succeed to all my estate , together with the same obligation o f the

entailed bequest , that it may remain estab li hed s as such , and not in any other form ;

in order that the barony may increase , and that it may not be deprived Of the little o wn property I , the which I cannot better , ” or in any other manner , bequeath . The provisions of this will were never ’ complied with , owing to Magellan s change o f residence from P ortugal to Spain ; and e x e cut Sd e in another , later , the littl quinta o f and church Saborosa are not mentioned . But the instrument shows the serious tr end ’ o f the young man s thoughts , his love for e home , and his d sire to transmit to posterity

an honorable name . There is nothing in his East Indian record to belie this intention ; s and that he was studiously inclined , at lea t during the long voyage outward to the

East , is shown by the fact that , thrown as he was in company with Da Gama ’ s veter an sailors , he became an expert navigator . Leaving a garrison in the fort which the 2 4 I N T H E E A S T I N D I E S

Portuguese had hastily constructed at Quiloa , Do m Francisco saile d next for the port o f e n Mombaza , where again opposition was countered which gave him an excuse fo r o ne bombarding the city , of the largest and most important trading- posts o n the east o coast f A frica . He was surprised by an answering cannon- fir e to the roar Of his fo r artillery , he had supposed the natives o f r A destitute of guns la ge caliber . fter — the city was taken as taken it was , follow ’ — an ing a two days _ siege and storm ex planation was found in the fact that these were once Vasco Da Gama ’ s cannon which had been turned upon the invaders . He had lost them overboard during an attack from the harbor a few years before , and after his departure the natives had fished m mm the up , somehow obtained a unition , and loaded them for use against Da Gama ’ s countrymen . These cannon aided materi ally i n the resistance offered by the M o m bazas ; but the Portuguese were at. that i time nvincible , having supreme confidence in themselves , and being armed in a superior manner ; so the native army , though said to i number ten thousand men , was put to g no mi ni o u s flight . 2 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A nother fort was erected , though the King of Mombaza professed the most ardent friendship for the Portuguese , after the chastising they had given him , and pre sented Dom Francisco with a sword and o f collar pearls , together valued at more than ﬁfteen thousand dollars . Thirty thou sand crus ade s was the value placed upon the ’ gifts by Dom Francisco s treasurer , and probably at that time this was equal to as k many dollars of our money . To ma e it

seem yet more magnificent , it may be stated that this woul d be equivalent to more than rei s o r n a million ; , agai , to swell it to its greatest proportions , let us say a billion mi lrei s — a f " very magnificent gi t , indeed A marble column was set up at Mombaza o f in commemoration the conquest , and , the king having agreed to pay a yearly o f s era ns Al tribute ten thousand fi , meida sailed away with his fleet . It had been his a intention to proceed yet f rther northward ,

to the port of Melinda , where Da Gama had found his pilot for the voyage across the

. Ar Indian Ocean This pilot was an ab , and without him the voyage might never have been accomplished . But the Portuguese o f o wn now had pilots their , and it was not 2 6 I N T H E E A S T I N D I E S

necessary to seek one at Melinda ; hence , A lmeida pushed straight o ut towards the ﬂe et e s t o f Malabar coast , where the ships the squadron arrived the last week o f Oc tober . ’ o f Thus , after a voyage seven months duration , and mainly following in the track o f V asco da Gama , who had led the way less than eight years previously , Fernan

Magellan arrived in the Indies . He had , so f far as opportunity O fered , given a good o f f o n account himsel the way , having been foremost in the ﬁghts that had occurred , and wo n a reputation as an expert swords a man as well as gallant soldier . By his t o alertness , and willingness perform what ever came in his way , he had acquired great favor with the energetic Viceroy , who the very next morning after his arrival at the o f An chedi va be island , in the Indian Ocean , gan the construction of a fortress . Then he despatched some ships o f his squadron in search o f three A rabian galleons laden with S fo r pices Mecca , which he desired to inter cept with their precious cargoes , and while they were absent laid the keels of a car a wo no vel and t brigantines . There was rest fo r soldier o r sailor under such an active 2 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

commander as Dom Francisco , whose ex ample was not lost upon Fernan Magellan ; L o urenzo while his son , Dom , displayed such brilliant prowess that he became re nowned throughout the East . H IS H E R OI C E XP L O ITS — 1 5 0 5 1 5 1 2

’ E R NA N MA GE L L A N S career really be o ff o r i s gan the Malabar coast , what no w the southern part o f British India A bordering on the rabian Sea . The cities o f that coast Offered rich prizes for the o f Portuguese , some which they acquired by treaty, some they seized . Though friendly at first sight o f these strangers coming into their seas (the trade o f which had long been o f A in control the rabs , who had hitherto ‘ Supplied Europe and the West with the rich o f I products ndia) , the natives soon changed front and became openly hostile h Dom Francisco and his fleet , owever , were t o o strong fo r them to resist successful l y , and at the first great port he was deputed o f C anano r no w to govern, that ( known as S Kananur , and possessed by the British ince 1 he was received with open arms by the 2 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A o f people . mid salvos artillery , and with e n flags and standards flying , the armada d t ere . the harbor Troops were landed , visits o f ceremony exchanged between A lmeida and the native governor , and an embassy N received from the great King of arsinga . A t C anano r A l , immediately after landing , meida assumed the rank and title Of vice ro y , for he had now arrived at the land which the king had appointed him to go v ern . He tarried here five days only , during which , with his customary energy , he hurried o f forward the construction a fort , and after leaving a garrison o f o ne hundred and fifty men , departed for Cochin . The Portuguese had been at Cochin about two years , having planted a settlement there 1 A o f 0 . in 5 3 , so lmeida felt. sure a welcome N ative royalty o utdid itself , in truth , at the reception given the Viceroy , for King N ambe ado ra came o ut of the city to receive him mounted upon an enormous elephant o f with trappings gold , and attended by an immense retinue with trumpets and kettle A n drums . elephant was furnished the vice roy , and together the two returned to the city , accompanied by an imposing caval cade , and there the king was recrowned by 3 0

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Calicut is situated o n the Malabar coast

about mi d- way between C anano r and Co r o f chin . It was the ﬁrst city India visited 1 8 by Gama , in 49 , and hence had known

the Portuguese longer than any other . It is a well - known fact that the longer those people knew the Portuguese the less they O re s liked them , for they were arrogant , pp l sive , crue , and avaricious . Though the A rabs had preceded them in those seas by o f hundreds years , yet the Portuguese lay claim to everything the seas contained , both “ ” by right o f discovery and o f authority from the pope , who had obligingly divided the world then unknown between Spain and Portugal ; and it was for them to share and conquer it , without regard to opposition by the inhabitants thereof . The people in the East Indies were as indignant over the act ff of the Roman ponti , in giving away that to which he had no right , as were those Of the n West Indies , and , bei g more civilized and powerful , they took action accordingly . Zamo ri m o f In short , the Calicut , aided A i m by the rabs , raised and equipped an o f mense armada , consisting more than two hundred vessels , of which eighty were ships SO and the others large proas . many there 3 2 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S

we re , and so densely packed together , as o C anano r they advanced up n , that their e o f masts resembl d a forest . Thousands o f ﬁghting men were aboard them , but in L o ure nzo aga st this armada Dom , the ’ viceroy s indomitable son (who was co m elled p to bear the brunt of the battle , his nl father being away) , could bring o y a doz en ships and less than a thousand soldiers . o f S They were ships great ize , however , and r o f the Po tuguese were men great valor , so Dom L o ure nzo dr ove his compact squad ’ ro n n o f li i to the centre the enemy s ﬂeet , ke un a wedge , and split it as der . In his great ’ nao R ddm o R ebello , the g , he bore down upon

fla - the Moorish g ship , grappled and boarded u her . Six h ndred of the enemy fiercely men n opposed him and his ; but in vai , for shortly after all had been killed o r swept into the sea . S in fla - hak g himself free from the g ship , co n he sought and boarded a heavier craft , fif taining teen hundred men , and this time , doubtless , would have been overwhelmed

‘ no t N n Vaz o f an had u o Pereira , captain other Portuguese vessel , grappled with the o n same ship the other Side . There were more Moors aboard than there were Chris 33 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

tians in both attacking vessels combined ,

but , hemmed in as they were , between the Of two bodies boarders , they were cut down

by hundreds . Fernan Magellan was with Nuno Vaz S Pereira , on whose hip he held a commission . He led a party of boarders against the mass of Moors huddled o n the decks between the

contending Christians , and with his sword hewed a bloody lane from o ne side to the

other . Having done this he came face to L o ure nzo k face with Dom , who was also hac ing at the enemy with his halberd . The S fo r laughter was frightful , quarter was neither given nor asked . The decks were

- fo r t he ankle deep in blood , and but fact that they were tightly wedged together the savage contestants could scarcely have kept their footing . “ God be praised "” shouted Dom Louren zo , as they met . We shall yet gain the victory over these dogs , if we but follow ” " A nd it follow it they did , until all the nf o r u ortunate wretches were slain , driven overboard into the sea , which was red with o n their blood every side . Similar scenes were being enacted in other parts o f the

ﬂeet , and ﬁnally the Moors , seeing the tide 3 4 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S

“ o ff of battle turning against them , drew their scattered proas and left the Portuguese victors . Fernan Magellan received a wound in fo r this battle , and was many weeks in C anano r re hospital at . Scarcely had he covered than he was again o n duty with his o ff Old commander , Pereira , and for the A frican coast . There they were detained e n many months , building fortresses and i n gaging conflicts with the Moors . They v lost hea ily in these various battles , but the greatest losses were occasioned by the dead l o f o n o f y climate Mozambique , the coast which the northeast monsoons held them fo r months , unable to return to India . A t the first change o f the monsoon they hastened back to the Malabar coast , there t o find the fortresses they had previously erected razed to the ground , and not only the Zamo ri m and the King o f Calicut in a open rebellion , but new and more power he ful enemy opposed to t Portuguese . This new foe was no less than the Sultan o f

Egypt , who , at last aroused over the pros p ect i ve loss o f the vast caravan trade which passed t hrough his country from the Red A d t o and rabian seas , sent his a miral build 3 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N a ﬂeet o f ships and launch them against the i nﬁde ls H o predatory . This admiral , Emir u sey , was as dauntless and energetic as he was skilled in warfare . Without a single vessel on the Red Sea , he caused timber to be cut in A sia Minor and transported o n

- camel back to Suez , where ten ships were built , launched , and equipped . With these o f ten ships as the nucleus a ﬂeet , he gath ered around him others at various ports , ’ Do m L o urenzo s and then sought squadron , which was lying in the Chaul River . Though L o urenzo Dom fought his ship , after having been cut o ff from the vessels o f his o wn

ﬂeet , until the decks were level with the water , he would not surrender , but went down , wounded and dying , with all his valiant sailors The victory was a costly o ne for the

Egyptian , since it brought upon him the V vengeance of the iceroy , who , enraged at o f the death his son , sought to bring the enemy at close quarters during more than a year succeeding to the battle . When , o n e n ﬁnally , the point of sailing forth to mi gage E r Hoseyn , and while his ﬂeet lay C anano r Al at , meida received an order from Dom Manoel to resign his viceroyship to 3 6 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S

A ff A Dom onso lbuquerque , who had wrought great havoc among the fleets of the A ra o f bian Sea . Though destitute now ambi s o n A tion , having lost his favorite , lmeida a a refused to resign the se l , keys , and p pers Of his Office until he had taken re a ral venge of the Egyptian dmi . Fiercely he repul sed A lbuquerque and his proffers o f assistance , fiercely he sailed away with his o f avenging fleet nineteen vessels , contain

- ing twenty three hundred men . Whatever came in his way he destroyed , whether ship o r city , and he spared no Mussulman who fell into his hands ; for he held the enemy collectively responsible fo r the death o f his n s o .

’ The Egyptian s victory was wo n the last o f 1 0 December , 5 7 ; the great Portuguese A A captains , lmeida and lbuquerque , met at C anano r o f 1 0 8 the first week December , 5 , 1 0 and it was not until February , 5 9 , that Almeida found Opportunity for sating his o f vengeance . In the first week that month he discovered the Egyptian fleet anchored Off o f o ne the harbor Diu , hundred sail , o f containing thousands men , among whom were eight hundred fierce Mamelukes in chain armor . The attack was led by Cap 3 7 F E R D I N A N D ‘ M A G E L L A N

N ri Vaz tain u o Pereira , in the great galleon H ol Ghos t S y , and close by his ide was Fernan

Magellan , whose wound was now healed , and who led a party o f boarders to the decks

- o f the Egyptian ﬂag ship . The slaughter that ensued was so great that o f the eight

hundred Mamelukes but a score survived , and in all more than four thousand men o n were killed , both sides , before victory ﬁnally perched upon the standards o f the

Portuguese . The Egyptians surrendered , and that was their last expiring effort to i nﬁdels fo r check the advance of the , by this battle Portuguese supremacy in the

Indies became assured .

Magellan was again wounded , though e slightly , and his belov d captain , Pereira , h shot in the throat and killed . He was t us o f compelled to sail under the ﬂag another , and as A lmeida practically withdrew from active campaigning after he had crushed the Egyptians , he transferred his allegiance A o f A to lbuquerque . In the heart lmeida there was , and perhaps with good reason , a A deep and rankling jealousy of lbuquerque , o ut who had been sent to supersede him , after he had nearly accomplished the con l o f . quest the Indian coasts He fe t , indeed , 38

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A 1 0 o n pril , 5 9 , sailing an expedition to ’ Malacca . His captain s name was Sequeira and that he was not the equal o f the la me n e d t Pereira , Magellan was soon con

vi nce d . He obeyed him implicitly though , and when Sequeira ran into the harbor o f Malacca and anchored his ships in the o f midst the Malay ﬂeets , he took the post o f danger assigned him without a protest .

Still , he had his suspicions aroused by what o f he observed , and when the king Malacca sent an invitation to the captain and all his Ofﬁcers to dine with him ashore (intending S to murder them and then attack the hips) , he warned Sequeira in time to save his life and the lives of his shipmates . o f There was no proof the design , however , n t he and feeli g , perhaps , that he had judged king too hastily , the captain allowed the S Malays free access to his hips , which had

‘ been divested o f nearly all their small boats under a pretext by the king o f Malacca that he had a large quantity o f pepper and spices ready for shipment . Francisco Ser rao , an experienced captain , had been sent o f l ashore with a large party sai ors , and thus the ﬂeet was weakened by being depleted o f its best men . 40 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S

A massacre had been planned , the signal for “ which was to be the discharge o f a gun A from the citadel . lthough he had no more ’ proof o f it than he had before o f the king s intention to massacre t he P ortuguese while b his guests were at a anquet , Magellan could not but believe the evidence his eyes afforded him . He became uneasy , and , though he n o n was statio ed deck , he sought Captain o f Sequeira in his cabin , with the intention co nfidi n t o g him his suspicions . He found him playing chess with a Malay Official and surrounded by seven o r eight fierce -looking natives armed with krises . Without removing his eyes from the ’ whi s board , Sequeira listened to Magellan s s t i ll pered warnings , and then , as though unsuspicious , ordered him ashore to assist

a - Serr o , and a sailor into the main top to o n keep watch proceedings in the harbor . Hardly had the ‘ sailor reached his position aloft than , chancing to glance downward , he saw o ne o f the Malays standing behind o r Sequeira draw his kris , crooked dagger , S and glanced igniﬁcantly at a companion .

The latter shook his head , as if to warn him that the signal had not been given , when at that moment the cannon boomed from 4 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

the citadel , its report mingled with the ’ " Y sailor s cry of Treachery , captain our life is in danger " o r Whether the captain heard , whether he had been cognizant o f what was trans

piring , he bounded from his seat so sud de nl fﬂ y as to ba e the Malay with the kris ,

and escaped to the deck . There he quickly

assembled a rescue party and , attacking the

Malays in the cabin , killed some and drove the others overboard . He had scarcely freed the ship from the foe when a ﬂeet Of armed proas was seen rounding a promontory and making for the harbor . Slipping his cables , Sequeira sailed o f into the centre them , serving his great o f guns right and left , so that such the proas as were not crippled o r sent to the o ut bottom scrambled hastily to sea again . i Meanwh le , Fernan Magellan had gone to o f a the rescue Francisco Serr o and his men , whose craft had been boarded by a horde o f

Malays . They were in imminent peril , for the Malays held virtual possession of their boats and were bent upon their destruction .

Magellan arrived at the opportune moment , and with his assistance the treacherous rascals were driven over the rail ; so it may 4 2 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S be said that he actually saved the lives o f

‘ ’ e rr o s a S a crew . This fact Serr o himself t he t wo never forgot , and henceforth were im A int ate friends . fter Magellan had left fo r a India home , Francisco Serr o wrote him nf frequently , and it was due to i ormation o ne o f in his letters , sent from the Spice

Islands about ten years later , that Fernan undertook to sail to those islands by the o f A way South merica and the Paciﬁc . A bout Sixty Portuguese were taken cap o n tive shore , but after waiting several days in a vain attempt to ransom them , Sequeira t wo o wn landed of his captives , each with s i ni ﬁ an arrow through his brain , with the g cant message to the king that some o ne would be sent by his sovereign t o avenge the treason Of his enemies , even if he did I not return . Then he sailed for ndia , but before reaching C anano r learned that A l meida , whose cause he had espoused against Al ’ buquerque s , had departed for Portugal , t o and hence changed his course follow after . The superseded Viceroy never reached Portu

' fo r o n t he co as t o f A gal , when frica , home n bou d , he landed at Saldanha Bay for water and provisions , and there became involved Kaﬁrs in a skirmish with the , by whom he 43 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A was slain . His rival and successor , lbu u and querque , s rvived him about ﬁve years , k li e him perished in Indian waters , dying at

Off 1 . sea Goa , in December , I 5 5 Magellan and Se rréo did not accompany mm their co ander home to Portugal , but

kept on from Cochin , where they probably Al met buquerque , shortly after his disastrous

defeat at Calicut . He was then about sending away the home bound ﬂeet for

Portugal , laden with spices and other pre

ci o us commodities . He ordered Fernan Ma ellan n o f g , who was now captai a ship (having wo n this position by promotion for valorous conduct) , to convoy a portion f o the ﬂeet into the open ocean . Through a ’ o f l mistake the pi ot , Magellan s vessel ran

“ o n o f a reef , in the group islands known as o ne the Laccadives , about hundred miles I n from C anano r . t sat bolt upright o the reef , as in a cradle , but the seamen feared ul o n o f it wo d break up a change the tide , o r o f coming a storm , and promptly took to t he boats . S il Though the ituation was per ous , there o f nl was still a semblance discipline , and o y the Ofﬁcers and hidalgos were allowed in the boats , which were so few that there was 44 H I S H E R O I C E X P L O I T S

f no room o r others . As captain of the i n ship , Magellan was entitled to a passage o ne o f the boats but , seeing that the crew o n o f were the verge mutiny , left as they f were with no o ﬁcers in control , he declared he woul d remain with the wreck until as s i s t ance arrived . This decision put heart in to the seamen , who stood by him most loyally . By his direction they shored up ul S the h l with the pars , removed the pro visions from the hold to the deck , and with the sails made tents , in which they lived a week , until rescued by a caravel sent from

C anano r .

q ’ The young captain s action w o n him the affection Of the seamen and the approval of A lbuquerque the Great ; but , shortly after , he incurred the displeasur e o f the latter at a conference o f the captains called to dis o f cuss the siege Goa , which the Viceroy desired t o prose cute but which Magellan oppos ed . M L C C A M OR OC C O A N D H OM E A A , , — 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 6

HE Portuguese Mars , great and mighty A lbuquerque , was a genial , venerable

appearing commander , with pleasant coun t e nance f and a fable manners , but with a will of his o wn which few men dared

. o f oppose Magellan , at the council war called for the purpose o f deciding upon n m layi g siege to Goa , an i portant city and

“ o ff s island the Indian coa t , ventured to offer an opinion contrary to that which A l e rw lbuquerque he d , and was henc fo ard ers ona no ata p n gr with the Viceroy . It mat t e re d little to the great man what Magellan thought o r advised ; but it mattered much that he shoul d demur at the proposal to - S take the merchant hips to Goa , since it

was advocated by the commander .

If we do so , said Magellan , stoutly ,

they cannot pass , this year , to Portugal , 4 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o f the light his countenance , and when he returned to Portugal he met with a very

cold reception . The last expedition in which we can authoritatively place Magellan as a mem o f ber , holding the rank captain , is that which A lbuquerque undertook fo r the re o duction f Malacca . It sailed from Cochin o f A 1 1 1 in the month ugust , 5 , an armada o f ul nineteen vessels , and was successf from ur n the start , capt i g junks and merchant ships at various points on the voyage . In o ne S of the hips , it is said , they found the o f n N ah o dabe ue a body Ki g g , the treacher o us Malaccan who had conceived the plot ’ fo r taking Se q ue i ra s fleet and the lives o f his men . Magellan and Serrao must have gazed upon the cadaver with grim satisfaction , and have felt that the scheme of revenge for the slaughter o f their comrades was to fil be ful led . They arrived at Malacca July 1 st ; but though the city had no strong de i t o ut fences , held six long weeks , so fierce s o were the men who defended it , and nu mero us the cannon with which it was pro vi de d . There were , the historians tell us , twenty thousand fighting men and three 48 M A L A C C A , M O R O C C O , A N D H O M E

of ll A lbu uer thousand pieces arti ery , while q ue q had scant ﬁfteen hundred men , among whom were included six hundred native arch ers from the Malabar coast . o f V "By the capture Malacca , the iceroy o f gained the gate the Indian Ocean , as it m “ has been ter ed , through which the entire

‘ commerce of the Moluccas , the Philippines ,

Japan , and China passed on its road to the ” o f Mediterranean . Most important all were o f the Spice Islands , the riches which the t o Portuguese were anxious obtain , domi nance over which was the object ai me d at nu by Portugal and some time later by Spai .) “ The energetic Viceroy lost no time in sending a squadron in search o f the Spice of Islands , and three galleons , in charge ’ A d A breu fo r Captain ntonio , sailed the Moluccas as soon as they could be detached from the ﬂeet and ﬁtted for the voyage . A breu was commander o f the squadron and captained o ne o f the trio o f galleons ; the t wo other were commanded , respectively , by Francisco Serrao and (according t o o ne a historian) Fernan M gellan .

It is really quite provoking , the doubt that exists as t o whether o r not Magellan took this voyage beyond Malacca to the 4 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Moluccas ; but we are unable to decide the

question . It is probable that he took it , o ne A e since historian , rg nsola , makes the

statement absolutely , while against him is merely the silence o f the several others who ’ o f wrote Magellan s doings at this time . They may not have thought it worth while n o f to mentio his command a galleon , when there were so many captains equally cele brat e d with himself , for he had done noth ing up to that time to attract particular o f attention . The chief importance this question lies in its bearing upon his future actions in respect to these same Spice Isl fo r o r ands , eight nine years later we ﬁnd him representing to the King of Spai n that he knew o f a route thither until that time o f untraversed . Either he learned these islands and this route through his o wn . o r observations , gained the knowledge from a his friend Francisco Serr o , with whom he is known to have maintained a correspond ence for years . Respecting Serrao we have full informa tion , especially relating to this voyage , and it is o f such adventurous character that we could wish Magellan might have been con nect ed o f with it , instead the man whose life 5 0 A N D M A L A C C A , M O R O C C O , , H O M E

A h e saved . fter successfully accomplishing he t voyage to the Moluccas , and lading his

galleons with most precious spices , more A than worth their weight in gold , breu

set sail for Malacca . The weather was “ heavy , the seas were uncharted and full o f s o reefs and shoals unknown to man , it is no t o ne o f strange that the vessels , that S a o n commanded by err o , struck a coral

reef and became a total wreck . The island upon which the unfortunate e Portuguese lost th ir vessel was uninhabited , save by pirates and wreckers who visited it occasionally to glean what the reefs had i brought them . The morn ng after the dis a o ut t o aster , as Serr o was looking sea , he beheld a piratical proa approaching the n island . He k ew at a glance the character o f the craft and hiding with his men in n a cave , awaited developme ts . Seeing the o n wreck the reefs , the pirates landed for t he o f purpose ﬁnding the survivors , who

they knew must be o n the island . They made a great mistake in going e o ne o n ashore in a body , l aving no board a their craft , and Serr o and his men , who S S had hidden near the hore , silently wam o ff t o the vessel and took possession with SI F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

f out opposition . When the pirates ound o ut what had been done they were in dis may , and promised the Portuguese anything if they would not leave them o n that desert o r island without food water . Their prayers were granted , and together all sailed for Am o ne o f a boina , the Moluccas , where Serr o found favor with the king , and whence , dur ing the years in which he continued to reside — — there from about 1 5 1 2 to 1 5 2 0 he wrote frequent letters to Magellan . But the two never met after the termina — tion of this voyage whether Fernan Magel o n o r — fo r a lan went it not , while Serr o remained in the Moluccas , as the captain e general of a native king , his friend r turned

' we to Lisbon , where ﬁnd him in the year 1 2 A a I 5 . fter seven years spent in dist nt o f ui lands in the service his king , cr sing and l ﬁghting continual y , Magellan made his way o f back to the country his birth , where only emo lu paltry honors , without substantial ment , were his reward . In token that he belonged to the king ’ s o f household , and was really a servant his majesty , he was entitled to a stipend , m —i n hardly more than no inal fact , con ' em i bl — mora za t pt e called the d . In his case 5 2 A D M A L A C C A , M O R O C C O , N H O M E

it amounted to about a dollar a month and al uei re o r u no t an q , meas re containing quite n o f thirty pou ds barley , daily . In consider o f ation his great services , he was promoted nk o f b e to the ra no leman , ntitled to a coat o f arms , and his pension was doubled , so that he was privileged to draw from the royal treasury the sum of twenty- four dol lars per annum . A s he had lost all properties acquired in the Indi es (though his Share o f the plunder must have been quite large) , he returned to

Portugal relatively poor , and soon after retired to the small estate at Saborosa . o ne But he did not stay there long , for to who had sniffed the smoke o fbat t le o n many a ﬁeld , who had participated in the scenes ’ attendant upon the extension o f Portugal s — great eastern empire founding settlements , in subjecting strange peoples , and erect g — fortresses country life was tame and un ul eventf . He soon bade adieu to secluded

Saborosa , and probably for the last time , as soon after he was compelled to quit the " S ul country by the king comp sion . n He wandered back to Lisbon , seeki g an O pportunity to sail again for India , but , - o soldier like , followed along the line f least 5 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

resistance , and , ﬁnding no good chance for A n r the East , enlisted for Morocco . a mada was to be despatched to the Moroccan coast consisting of four hundred ships and eigh

ﬁ ht i n - t he teen thousand g g men , merely for sake o f avenging an insult to his majesty A 1 1 Dom Manoel . It set sail in ugust , 5 3 , o ff A zamo r f and arrived , the O fending city

and port , within two weeks after . The mere sight of such a mighty ﬂeet brought the Moors quickly to terms , and the city was taken by the Portuguese without the loss of a man . They held it through the

succeeding winter , during which it was the custom o f the most venturesome of the cav ali ers to make armed forays into the coun

try roundabout . A mong these mounted hidalgos who de lighted in scampering about the country at ur mo m night , for the p pose Of returning at

with spoils of the Moors , was Fernan Magel

lan . He was equally at home on ship or o n

horseback , and always anxious to be in

motion , whether on one or the other . On one of his excursions he discovered the

patrols of a vast army advancing , which proved to be one that had been assembled by the kings of Fez and M equi ne z fo r the 5 4

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o ne board was named to apportion it , and

of its members was Fernan Magellan , who , having been wounded by a lance - thrust in the knee , was incapacitated for active service .

This wound , in fact , which was received in C A a harge he led upon the rab vanguard , was the cause of lameness during the re mai nder of his life , and ever after he walked wi th a perceptible limp . It was also the indirect cause o f a ﬁnal rupture o f his rela tions with Dom Manoel , for as soon as he had completed his labors o n the board o f n apportio ment , he hastened home to prefer o a claim for an increase f his moradia . It o n o f was account the wound , primarily , but ostensibly for his long term o f s ervIC e In the ’ s king armies . l and Unable , as he was , to sit in his sadd e s ﬁght , and there being no longer any Moor A zamo r to contend with at , he saw no ul reason why he sho d not return to Lisbon , Do m a especially as his old commander , Jo o de Meneses , with whom he was a favorite , had been replaced by another , who treated him badly from the outset . The new com mander , in fact , sent word to Dom Manoel that Captain Fernan Magellan had left h a d Africa wit out his permission , n that , 5 6 M M O R C C A N D A L A C C A , O O , H O M E m oreover , he was charged with irregularities

“ in the division o f the booty obtained from a the Moors . He was ccused , in company o f A with another the board , Captain lvaro o f ll Monteiro , se ing horses and cattle to the Moors and pocketing the proceeds ; but Magel lan contended that o n the contrary he had re

“ t o do s o fused , and thereby had incurred the nm o f him e ity the very people who denounced . o f The king , probably with the charges A t o lbuquerque in mind , refused listen to ’ Fernan s excuses , and ordered him to return A z amo r Do m al at once to . Manoel had o ne us ways loathed him , historian tells , but ’ gives no reason for the king s aversion , ex cept it might have been that Magellan de served greater rewards than he accorded i n him . Having spent seven years India and a year in A frica—having wasted in the ’ king s service the very best years o f his ’ manhood s prime Magellan was certainl y di d entitled to great consideration . But he no t no r o f get it , even scant recognition

what he had done , for when , having once ur t o w more ret ned Lisbon , ith papers prov o f ing his innocence any misdemeanor , he fo r s asked an increase in his pen ion , he was e peremptorily refus d . 5 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Lest Fernan Magellan be accused of s o r di dly estimating his services at a money value , let it be stated that the increase was cruzado but half a per month , or a paltry sum of twenty- s i x cents ; and it was not this augmentation o f his moradia that he desired so much as the enhancement o f reputation and the promotion that it car ried . The larger the moradia , the higher its recipient stood in favor with the king and in rank , hence the rivalry among the cava liers to Obtain an increase whenever p o s sible . But Magellan had to do with a sovereign every way as mean and niggardly as H enry II o f o ne us i c10us V . England ; who was s p o f o f his servants , even , and very jealous directing personally all the details o f gov e rnme nt . Whatever sentimental value the cavaliers may have attached to the mo he o f radia , viewed every extension it as an increased drain upon his treasury It o f A is told him that , when lbuquerque doubled the pay Of his men who had been n wou ded at Calicut , the king was greatly

. S incensed They hould have been satisﬁed ,

he said , with the pittance they received and the glory they won ; and so with Magellan " 5 8 A N D M A L A C C A , M O R O C C O , H O M E the royal boor insinuated that he had feigned his lameness in order to excite sympathy for his claim to an increase o f pension " A - fter that , could a self respecting subject s a again approach uch a p rsimonious , base minded monarch and request a favor o f him ? Magellan steeled himself to once more crave an interview with Dom Manoel , though fo r o f it was the purpose bestowing a favor , ’ not requesting one ; but the king s jealousy and short - sightedness prompted him to set aside a gift whi ch went to hi s rival the King o f Spain. M AGE L L A N E XP A TR IA TE D

H AT a man who had spent o ne - fourth

his life in ﬁghting for his country should , o r from spite malice , renounce that coun try and carry his talents to another seems o ne ul do incredible , and who wo d so may be termed contemptible . Fernan Magellan o f expatriated himself , and some his ene mies have declared it was because o f the ’ king s refusal to increase his pension and bestow upon him the promotion he craved ; he but this is not t truth . He was deeply wounded ; he may have grieved i n silence or have denounced Dom Manoel to his friends ; but , though it may have appeared to him

. that the king had treated him unjustly , he had no thought o f renouncing his allegiance simply for that reason . lDuri ng t w o o r three years succeeding to ff his rebu by Dom Manoel , Fernan Magellan 60 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D

remained in Portugal without employ by the no king , but by means idle One Of his Portuguese biographers tells us that he was

always busied with pilots , charts , and the ” question of longitudes , and from this we nf may i er his intentions . He had voyaged no w a great deal , he had fought lustily ; and ,

o f - ﬁve - at the age thirty to thirty seven , it was high time that he shoul d think upon what he had seen . What he evolved from the seclusion of those two o r three years i n passed retirement , shows that they were n the most fruitful i his experience . The — idea had occurred to him but when , and ho w suggested , is not known that the Spice Islands of the Eastern Seas coul d per d haps , be reached by a irect voyage across the A tlantic (and perch ance that other ocean which Balboa had espied from Darien) i n stead of by the circuitous route around the Cape o f Good H o p e j in This idea , crystallized into an telligible ﬁn and de ite scheme , Fernan Magellan took t o - at his sovereign , expecting least , hoping — ul i o ut that he wo d ass st him to carry it . D o m But , the coldness with which Manoel

received him , and the brusqueness with

which he repelled the suggestion , showed 6 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

II him to be a fit successor to King John . , who had spurned the proposition for a new world voyage o f discovery by Christopher ik m . Colu bus Dom Manoel did not , l e his t o predecessor , send out craft ascertain if the scheme o f a voyage to the Spice Islands ul C OS were feasible , nor even cons t with mo graphe rs as to its practicability . He re e ct e d i no j the proposition , as well from g rance of its vast significance , as from hatred o f Magellan ; and the author of this new wh o o f idea , had perchance dreamed winning ’ fo r a name himself , with his sovereign s assistance , retired from the royal presence , disappointed and indignant , but not hum bled or mortified . N ul ul ever , he declared , wo d he invite ins t and contumely again by presenting himself no t before the king , who only ignored his l deserts as a so dier , but took delight in n holdi g him up to ridicule . But it is doubt ful whether he had then formed the resolve ’ to carry his scheme to the court of Portugal s only rival in the field o f discovery at that — time Spain , which occupied the major por ul tion of the Iberian penins a , and had garnered bounti ful harvests from the coun u tries revealed by Col mbus . 6 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Let us assume that the idea was theirs in common " that it had originated in their fre

quent conversations , when Magellan , the in man of energy and action , who had been the East and remembered what he had seen , may have alluded to facts which ﬁtted in ’ ul with Faleiro s theories and spec ations .

- For Magellan was a sailor soldier , who had been t o o long guided by and at the beck of

others , to conceive an original hypothesis ; Fale i ro while was a thinker , whose synthetic order o f intellect was equal t o the co ns t ruc o f tion a perfect globe , from the mismatched

- fragments of half informed cosmographers . Fale i ro and Magellan put their heads t o e h g ther , and arrived at the truth , whic was , that there was no longer a career fo r the latter in Portugal ; that D o m Manoel was a dunce , and being what he was , incapable of no r t o change , open argument , would never assist an expedition by the western route ; that inasmuch as Spain ’s newly acquired possessions lay t o the west o f the great meridian o f demarcation drawn by order o f ’ la the pope , while Portugal s all y to the east , there was a better prospect of assistance from Spain than from Portugal Fale i ro t Hence , argued , heir only hope lay 64 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D

i Do n s in Spain , where the enl ghtened Carlo who o o un —a was king , and , th ugh y gf mere — o f youth , in fact was possessed wisdom Falei ro d beyond his age . Ruy , indeed , is sai r to have gone beyond me e prediction , and , availing himself o f his knowledge as an as l e r t ro o . g , indulged in prophecy He fore o f — hi s saw , he said , the success the scheme i t— scheme , he called but before success was gained , before the voyage projected by them ul sho d become an accomplished fact , both were t o be deprived by death o f the glory that was rightly theirs Falei ro was gloomy by nature , a mystic , whose head was nearer the stars than the A s o n earth . time went he became morose and o f surly , and was as a thorn in the side

Fernan Magellan , whose disposition was o more inclined t be joyous than gloomy . Falei ro Before many months , in fact , Ruy o f developed indications insanity , which de pri ve d him o f the privilege o f accompanying his friend o n the great voyage which they t had planned ogether . Do m had ff nf Manoel , in e ect , i ormed Ma ellan g , when he intimated there were others who might look upon his plans more appro v i n l t o o he g y , that he was free g whither 65 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

desired , and there was no opposition to the o f Fale i ro departure himself and , when they at last left Portugal for Spain . They were o f hardly worth considering , course , the nf sovereign thought , provided he was i ormed at all of their going ; but within a year o r two he went wild with rage , at the mere mention o f their names . Having resigned his commission as a

v captain in the royal ser ice , Fernan Magellan departed from Portugal , without ﬁrst taking o f n o f l leave the ki g , on account the humi ia tion to which he had been subjected . His e pride , perhaps , was greater than his dis re tion ; but it cannot be denied that he had good cause for a feeling o fresentment towards one who had treated him so badly . One t Portuguese historian , writing not long af er this event , states that when Fernan demand ed permission fromDom Manoel to go and live with some o ne who would reward his services , he received the reply that he might “ do as he pleased . Upon this , Magellan desired to kiss his hand at parting , but the f king would not o fer it to him . A ll the Portuguese historians , ancient as w e ll as modern , denounce Magellan and Falei ro o f for their act denationalization , as 66 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D

o f k if theirs was the ﬁrst instance the ind .

While , however , they may , more formally

than others , have renounced allegiance to

their sovereign , they had several notable C " um examples to ite as Col bus , who , after he

left his native Genoa , became naturalized

in Portugal , where he married , and then in

Spain ; Sebastian Cabot , who left England for re Spain , where he lived many years , before turning to pass his old age in the land that V V honored him most ; espucci the enetian , who also occupied the important post o f pilot- major at the time Magellan arrived at e S ville . N 0 great Opposition had been made to r n o f their enu ciation citizenship , in the lands o f their birth , and it was not until they had become great and famous , that their com patriots concerned themselves about their at o ne Falei ro doings all . But writer calls r and Magellan unnatural monsters , t aitors to the king whom it was their duty to serve ; barbarians towards the country for which it ” d e was their duty to i . They conspired , he “ a said , to bring bout a fatal war between two neighboring and friendly powers but of a this there is no proof , and in f ct they did o f nothing the kind . What they did was to 6 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

leave a kingdom where there was no hope o f

advancement , and seek another , in which

they trusted to receive encouragement . o f They arrived in Seville , then the Mecca

all voyagers and discoverers , in October , 1 I 5 7. They reached it unheralded , except ’ that the fame o f Magellan s exploits had

preceded him , in a general way ; but they directly found themselves among friends

and fellow countrymen , refugees from the o a persecutions f Portuguese mon rchs . The o f D A o f P o r most eminent these , om lvaro o f D o f tugal , a brother the uke Braganza (who was executed by Joao the P erfect fo r o f al treason) , occupied the elevated post ' cat de o r o f , chief the arsenal . Many others who fo r o , like him , had ﬂed from Portugal p li t i cal no t reasons , had found in Spain only of ni an asylum refuge , but obtained conge al

employment in the royal service . I n fact , what would Spain have done , in the matter o f discovery and world- achieve no t harbo re d o f ment , had she , the refugees

other lands , during the very period in which she was so mercilessly expelling the Moors and the Jews ? So that these refugees were o f s o - professed followers the cross , and called cre de n Christians , they required no other 6 8 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D

t i als , but were at once taken to the hearts ll d o f a Spaniar s . S f t wo "u ﬁce it to state , that the expatriated ones were at once introduced to quite a large v o f Portuguese colony , the arious homes

which were at once thrown open to them . " But more than this Magellan , it is said ,

found relations there , with whom he had o n o f once been terms intimacy . Dom Diego o f Barbosa , the assistant alcaide the arsenal , a knight- commander o f the renowned Order o f man o f nﬂ Santiago , and a great i uence in t o o f Seville , is alluded by writers the time ri mo o r o f as a p , cousin Magellan . He had been fourteen years in Spain , having come

from Portugal , where Fernan Magellan was n o f an occasio al inmate his family , visiting

it from Saborosa , and when he could escape ’ M ano el s from Dom court . N o t alone the tie o f kinship (it was whi s pered) bound Fernan Magellan t o the family o fDo mDiego Barbosa ; but there was an add ’ ed attraction i n the person o f Do m Diego s o f daughter , lovely Beatrix , a maiden many

- charms , though then quite young. The two

cousins were mutually attracted , and their parents thought them s o well suited t o each other that they may have dreamed o f their 69 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

future happiness together . But the young o ff acco m man went to the wars , the maiden ani e d p her father to Spain , and so they were dur separated . Whether they corresponded , ing those long years of separation , we do not know ; but the remembrance o f his youthful sweetheart may have kept the young soldier o f from many evils , into which so many his companions wildly plunged , in their dissolute " days o f soldieri ng

Was her image in his heart , all the while , and was the thought o f her an incentive for ? I his going to Spain t may be , for , soon ’ after he was installed in her father s house , an m honored guest , he com enced an ardent in i courtship , which resulted the r marriage before the year had ended . This was Fernan ’ as Magellan s ﬁrst and only romance , so far we know , for he had never played the lover n to fair ladies , ma y of whom he must have met in his wanderings , and who must have been attracted to him by his robust personal ity and admirable qualities . So he married in l the beautiful Beatrix Barbosa , and Sevi le , A V where , too , merigo espucci had met his bride and passed the brief period o f his S wedded life , they pent their honeymoon . We may allude to this episode—for it was 70

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N knowing their tenure o f office was likely to re be short , were exploiting Spain and its sources with energy and avidity . They coul d not but be jealous o f the Spanish cour r o f tiers , who , in the natu e things , must o n shortly supersede them , and who , their part , were furious that their boy king was so completely under Flemish influence . He could scarcely speak the language o f the country he had come to govern —the speech o f of Joanna his mother , Isabella and Ferdi nand , his grandmother and grandfather i f and it is doubtful he could understand , s t i ll less appreciate , a scheme that might ’ extend to the other side o f the globe Spain s influence and prestige} Fortunately for sovereigns o f the sort t o which belonged the youthful Charles at that o f i period his l fe , kings can have their think h m' ing done for t e by others . King Charles had but recently lost the sagest o f coun s e llo rs X o f ' , Cardinal imenes , regent Spain , who had died in the month of N ovember previous ; but there remained , together with several Flemings of no great parts , the ener getic , and in many ways admirable Fonseca , o f r re al Bishop Bu gos . He was the and an i actual head of the great India house , d h s 72 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D advice had greater weight than that o f all other Spaniards combined . He was avari C IOus ul n , hatef ly malig ant , despicably mean , and had been the declared enemy of all disi v um co erers , from Col bus to Balboa , whose plans he had thwarted o r opposed t o the extent o f his great ability But there was something in the appear ance o f the t wo latest suppliants fo r royal Fale i ro favor , Magellan and , that interested the bishop and enchained his attention . Fale i ro Ruy , mystic and astrologer , was a o f n man commandi g presence , with deep

r - b owed , glittering eyes , raven black beard n and ﬂowi g hair , his costume as fantastic as that o f any Moorish astrologer whose c ul S ience he professed . He co d read the o f ul minds men as well as he co d the stars , and he quickly perceived the great bishop ’s ul v nerable points , which were vanity , avari ci o us ne s s fo r , and admiration worth and learning . It took him but a short time to convince the worldly prelate that he was the o n ro greatest man earth , that the scheme p ul posed wo d result in his vast enrichment , Fale i ro and that Ruy , who addressed him , was profoundly erudite .

” Fernan Magellan could scarcely lay claim 73 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

no t to an impressive presence , for he was above middle height , his countenance , though no t n in attractive , was striki g , and his walk re he limped perceptibly , from the wound v d A ce i e in frica . But he knew the East i o ut Indies , to which he convinc ngly pointed the new route westerly , upon a planisphere he had brought from Portugal , and his ex ’ plo i t s gave him high standing in the bishop s t wo estimation . Thus the combined wrought fo r upon the churchman favorably , while Ruy Fale i ro fascinated , Fernan Magellan con vi nce d him by absolute proofs that the route and be in ul no t was feasible , , g so , it co d but be proﬁtable to Spain to exploit it . One o f the proofs was a letter from Fran a cisco Serr o , the friend of Magellan , who had been wrecked among the Spice Islands , and who had remained there ever since .

He told o f the vast wealth to - be accumu lated there in spices , and expressed his belief (which Ruy Fale i ro conﬁrmed) that the Moluccas belonged to Spain , not to Port ’ o f o f ugal , as they lay west the pope s line 1 demarcation , which was projected in 494 o f A nd by the treaty Tordesillas . , says the historian Gomara , other bids for cre dence did he make , conjecturing that the 74 M A G E L L A N E X P A T R I A T E D land "now known as South A merica] turned 1n westward , the same manner as did that f H o e A nd o Good p towards the east . since on the track thus taken no passage existed , he would coast the whole continent till he came t o the cape w hich corresponds o f to the Cape Good Hope , and would dis cover many new lands , and the way to the

Spice Islands , as he promised . Such an f expedition would be long , di ﬁcult , and costly , and many did not understand it , H o w while others did not believe in it . o f ever , the generality people had faith in him "Magellan] , as a man who had been c seven years in India , and be ause , though , a Portuguese , he declared that Sumatra ,

Malacca , and other Eastern lands where ed t o spices could be found , belong the king o m o d f Castile. A KI NG C ONVI NC E D

HE fantastic Fale i ro and the serious Ma gellan wo n a great victory when they brought over Bishop Fonseca t o their way ’ o f n fo r thi king , his way was the king s — way just then ; and they convinced Charles o f the feasibil ity o f their scheme when they convinced the head Of the India house Fo r o ne who had grown o ld and gray in the ﬁtting o ut o f expeditions which rarely re ali ze d o f r the expectations thei promoters , and in combating the plans o f hard- headed navigators who desired to sail to the utter o f C most ends the earth , the great hurchman

was quite enthusiastic . This may have been because he was still un der the spell o f that Fale i ro necromancer , Ruy ; but whatever the cause , he promised to take the matter o n up with the king , who was then absent 76 A K I N G C O N V I N C E D

- a hunting trip , and this was equivalent to n In stampi g it with the royal approval . deed , Fonseca attended to the business so faithfully that a capi talaci on was drawn up and signed Onl y two months after their ar at V rival alladolid , first by the king , then Fale i ro by and Magellan , by which the sov ere ign agreed to provide an armada o f five t wo ships , provision it for years , and furnish at least two hundred and fifty men for the crews . The date o f this instrument was March

2 2 1 1 8 nl , 5 , o y five months after their arri i n val Spain , and it must be admitted that the partners had made very good progress . V ery few petitioners at royal courts , especial l o f y at the court Castile , had ever received ul o r such prompt and respectf attention , had s o few obstacles thrown in their way . The reader will quite naturally re vert to the case o f o f and Columbus , by way contrast , recall the long years spent by that humble suppli ant at the court o f Isabella and Ferdinand . But the granting ofa petition is no t imme di at el y fulfilling the obligations incurred , and eighteen months passed away before that promised fleet set sail . By the terms o f the contract between the 77 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

king and the Portuguese partners , no ex ploration was to be projected or carried within the boundaries claimed by the ’ ” - Do m king s dear and well beloved uncle , “

Manoel , whose rights were to be rigidly respected . In other words , while Charles was willing to appropriate the services o f ’ M ano el s Dom former subjects , whose se cret s f were invaluable assets , and in e fect invade the islands pertaining to Portugal , he was yet scrupulous to Show a careful rv o f obse ance the Tordesillas treaty , by which the world line o f delimitation was

ﬁxed between the two countries . N o o n e o f time less favorable , the fac it , could have been chosen for the s e cur1ng o f o f a concession from Spain , where the rights h her nearest neighbor were concerned , t an Fale i ro that taken by and Magellan , for o n other important negotiations were going , which Charles very much desired to see o carried through successfully . These neg t i at i o ns related to nothing less than a matrimonial alliance between Dom Manoel , ﬁf ’ aged ty , and King Charles s sister Leonora , aged twenty . Like most aged wooers who have set their hearts upon acquiring youth ful consorts , the Portuguese king was ardent 78

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

ing on the part o f King Charles as to severing connections with the ambassador ’ s D o mA discredited countrymen , lvaro became o ne quite frantic , and day , pushing past the f o n O ﬁcers guard , told the sovereign to his face that he was committing a great wrong f in putting this a front upon his royal master . was fo r He , in fact , jeopardizing the chances the union between the king ’ s sister and the ’ king s cousin ; but it is related that Charles t o replied rather tartly this insinuation ,

that it mattered to him no whit , for his o f sister was sure a suitor , and perchance might occupy a greater throne than the o f Portuguese . In point fact , a few years fo r m later she did , having been arried Do m N 1 1 8 to Manoel in ovember , 5 , she 1 2 1 t o was , after his death in 5 , united o f . o ut Francis I France , whom she also

lived . o f 1 1 8 The last week September , 5 , Dom A lvaro wrote his sovereign a letter concern

ing his woes , which , as it gives a faithful picture o f the times and throws much light upon the intentions o f Do m Manoel respect ing Magellan , is herewith reproduced , in i translation , from the orig nal in the archives of the Torre do Tombo " 80 A K I N G C O N V I N C E D

SI R E —C o n e rn n t he ma e r o f Fe rnao M a , c i g tt alhae s h o w m I a e o ne and h o w m I g , uch h v d uch a e a o re Go d no s and no w C e re s t he h v l b d , k w ; , hi v " m n s e r e n I a e s o e n o n t he s e i i t ] b i g ill , h v p k up ubj ct e r s ro n t o t he n ms e f n e fo re v y t gly ki g hi l , putti g b hi m all t h e inco nve nie nce s that i n this cas e may ar s e and a s o re re s e n n t o hi m a an i , l p ti g wh t ugly ma e r w as and h o w n s a fo r o ne n t o tt it , u u u l , ki g re e e t h e s e s o f ano e r n hi s fr e n c iv ubj ct th ki g , i d , — co ntrary t o hi s wis h a thing unhe ard o f amo ng a a e ro s and a o n e o - e and c b ll , cc u t d b th ill judg d ill m n Y h d o r ne n s e e i g . e t I a jus t put y u high s s a d ’ yo ur highne s s s po s s e s s io ns at hi s s e rvice he re i n a a o at t he mo me n he w as ar o r n V ll d lid , t h b i g the s e pe rs o ns agains t yo ur w i ll . “ I be gge d hi m t o co ns ide r that this w as no t t he me t o o ffe n o r ne s s t he mo re s o i n ti d y u high , an affair which w as o f s o little impo rtance and s o unce rt ain ; and that h e wo uld have s ubj e cts e no o f hi s o w n t o ma e s o e r e s e n t he ugh k di c v i , wh me ame o re s o r n t o e s e ma o n e n s ti c , with ut ti g th lc t t o f o r ne s s w o m o r n e s s o no t y u high , h y u high c uld fail t o be lie ve lik e ly t o labo r mo re fo r yo ur di s s e rvice than fo r anything e ls e I als o re p re s e nte d t o hi m t he bad appe arance that this wo uld a e i n t he e ar and e r mo me n o f t h e mar h v , y v y t r — h ﬁ n f fr e n n ff i age t e rati catio o i ds hip a d a e ctio n . A nd a s o a s e e me t o me a o r ne s s l , th t it d th t y u high wo uld much re gre t t o le arn that the s e me n as ke d e a e Of hi m t o re rn and a h e no t ran l v tu , th t did g t t h e are t w o fa s " t he re e n o f e m it , which ult c ivi g th o n rar t o o r e s re and t h e re a n n e m c t y y u d i , t i i g th o n rar r w n A nd I e o f hi m t o e o . e c t y th i b gg d , ’ o fo r hi s o wn and o r ne s s s s a e a b th y u high k , th t 8 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N — he wo uld do o ne o f t w o things e ithe r pe rmit e m t o o o r o ff t h e affa r fo r s e ar th g , put i thi y , by h e o no t o s e m and me ans m which w uld l uch , ight be a e n e re h e m be o e and o r t k wh by ight blig d , y u ne s s m no t be o ffe n e as o u o be high ight d d , y w uld r m r u we e this s che e car ie d o t . “ H e w as s o s r r s e s re at a I o hi m u p i d , i , wh t t ld , that I als o w as s urpris e d ; but h e re plie d t o me t h e e s o r s i n t h e o r s a n a o n with b t w d w ld , yi g th t no a o n h e s t o o ffe n o r hne s s cc u t did wi h d y u hig , and many o the r go o d wo rds ; and h e s ugge s te d a I s o s e a t o t h e ar na and o nﬁ e th t h uld p k c di l , c d he m m I re h ad re a t o e a e r t o hi . s a wh l tt , i , l dy a e t he ma e r o e r t h e ar na who i s t lk d tt v with c di l , the bes t thi n here and w h o o e s no t a ro e o f g , d pp v t he s ne s s and he ro m s e me t o do a he bu i , p i d wh t ff r H h n o t o e t o t h e affa . e s o e t o t e c uld g i p k ki g , and the re upo n the y s ummo ne d t h e B is ho p Of B r w h m o s h o i s t h e e f s o r e r o f t e s e e . u g , chi upp t ch A nd a e r a n t w o me n o f t h e o un with th t , c t i c cil s ucce e de d i n making t h e king be lie ve that h e did o r ne s s no ro n s n e he o nl o r e re y u high w g , i c y d d e x o ra o n t o be ma e n hi s o wn m s pl ti d withi li it , ’ and far fro m yo ur highne s s s po s s e s s io ns ; and that yo ur highne s s s ho uld no t take it ill that h e — Sho ul d make us e o f t w o o f yo ur s ubj e cts me n o f — no gre at impo rtance while yo ur highne s s hi m s e f e m o e man n ar T he a s o ad l pl y d y Sp a i ds . y l duce d man o e r ar me n s and at as t he y th gu t , l t c ardinal to ld me that t h e bis ho p and o the rs ins is te d s o much upo n t h e s ubj e ct that t h e king no n n co uld t o w alte r hi s de te rminatio . “ W e C e re s w as e I e re re s e n n hil hi v w ll , k pt p ti g

“ s s ne s s t o hi m as I a e s s a and thi bu i , h v ju t id , 8 2

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Cadiz , and were in such poor condition that the Portuguese factor , who was spying upon hi s these proceedings for king , reported them unsafe even fo r a voyage to the Canaries . “ o ld They are and battered , he wrote , and their ribs as soft as butter " Sorry il would I be to sa in them , your highness . “ ” But o ne o f these sorry ships afterwards n sailed arou d the world , for the ﬁrst time in o f the history the globe it circumnavigated , and two o f them safely reached the Philip o ld un pines . Still , they were , practically seaworthy , and it required all Fernan Magel ’ lan s skill and care to make them ﬁt , and carry him across two great oceans . These are their names and their tonnage "

S an A ntoni o 1 2 0 Tri ni dad 1 1 0 the , tons ; , tons ; C once ci on 0 Vi ctori a 8 t he p , 9 tons ; , 5 tons , and anti a o x i ma S . a ro t g , 75 tons They closely pp ed to the total tonnage promised by the king ca i t ul aci o n in his p , falling but twenty tons short , in the aggregate ; and Magellan , seeing that his royal master was trying to keep t o faith with him , set himself cheerily the work of ﬁtting them out . u n King Charles , indeed , went f rther tha o f co nﬁrm he had promised , for , in advance ing the agreement he had made with Magel 84 A K I N G C O N V I N C E D

Ian Fale i ro and , he bestowed upon them a o f precious token his high esteem . In the o f hi s un presence the king and co cil , at V alladolid , they were admitted to the ven erat e d o f Order Santiago , and decorated o f cornendador o r t with the cross , knigh f . o ul commander Then , about the end J y , V the two captains left alladolid for Seville , nr where their labor was u emitting , until the ﬂeet dropped down the Guadalquivir t o

San Lucar .

Meanwhile , Portuguese factors , hired o f agents , and even assassins , in the pay t o Portugal (it has been averred) , sought prevent Magellan from carrying o ut his scheme . He was ﬁrst approached by Dom A ’ lvaro da Costa , the king s ambassador , ’ D o m M ano e l s o f ro who , having promise p motion shoul d he succeed in defeating the t o enterprise , labored lustily dissuade him f from the project . He o fered him the royal no t o f pardon , only , but the rewards a high ur position , if he would leave Spain and ret n t o Portugal ; but Magellan woul d not listen . “ ” “ D o m A Consider , then urged lvaro , that o u no t nl n y o y sin against the ki g , but against i of Go d God , nasmuch as he is the servant , and will forever stain hi s good name . ”you F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Moreover , reﬂect that you will be the cause of dissension between two sovereigns , who but for you , will still further strengthen the ties of blood and friendship that unite them , by the union o f the Spanish princess with fo r o u his Highness Dom Manoel . But y , Fernan Magellan— consider well “ ” They will marry , answered Magellan , ’ ’ whate er betide , for your king s heart is set — upon it ; though as to the princess well , that is a matter for her conscience ; little she i n n A s cli es that way , I fancy . for me , my o n word is pledged to King Charles , and my "” sacred honor , I shall not break with him “ Yo u will repent these words , declared A k Dom lvaro , giving him an evil loo ; and that he did not repent them was through no fault of the Portuguese . Departing from a the region Of the court , however , M gellan ’ s was rid of the ambassador presence , though — not beyond his i nﬂue nce as he soon had reason to believe . l A It was on a dark night , in Sevi le . fter a o f day toil at the India house , Fernan had slipped over to a dinner with Bishop Fonseca , at whose house he was always welcome . The two were much together now , for the bishop , erratic and sordid as he had the 86

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no t piteously , and Fernan had the heart to kill him , though he was completely at his mercy . “ Al Take that to Dom varo , he simply said , wiping his sword and thrusting it into An d " its sheath . tell him this It is a proverb of my country , and he must know ‘ it " The lame goat never takes a siesta cabra i nanca ndo tern s es ta ( ) , he added , li rn i n o n grimly , p g away with this jest his n lips at his o w deformity . Fernan Magellan was not disturbed by no r these attacks , by the knowledge that his co n life was constantly in danger , for he “ ” s i de re d o f it part the game to be assaulted . nl Give him his good Toledo blade o y , and — fair warning he asked nothing else of the fo r enemy . The Portuguese respected him his courage , and took pride in him as their i countryman ; but the dastardly hirelings of

Dom Manoel continued to worry him , never h l t e e s s .

One day in October , as he was engaged ul Tri ni dad in overha ing the , which he had occasion to careen at low tide , early in the o f morning , a crowd idlers gathered about y him as , bus at work , he went hither and - A t thither about the ship yard . last , an A K I N G C O N V I N C E D

uaci l o r fﬁ t alg , petty o cial , a cons able , went t o o ne o f the four capstans used in careening the vessel , and tore from it a ﬂag bearing the arms of Magellan , which , as was customary

fo r . the captain Of a ship , he had placed there ” It is a Portuguese ﬂag , he shouted , and no right has he to ﬂy it on a S panish ” “ vessel " The crowd took up the cry " A

Portuguese ﬂag on a Spanish ship . Down with the stranger— the Portuguese "” A n aristocrat by birth , and a comendador o f n Santiago by grace of the ki g , Magellan refused to exchange words with the alguacil , and when the mob drove away his men and s advanced upon him with clubs and stone , he calmly folded his arms and told the captain o f who him the port , had taken sides against , that owing to the rising o f the tide the vessel if was in peril , and anything happened to her ul A s his wo d be the responsibility . for the r mob , he turned his back upon it sco nfully , refusing t o explain o r defend actions for nl n which he was responsible o y to the ki g . The outburst o f fury against him was some what allayed by t he arrest o f a few o f his o ff t o men , who were marched prison by the alguacil and the captain o f the port ; but f nh Magellan himsel was u armed . 89 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

The next day he wrote a spirited letter to o f l f the king , complaining the insu t O fered ’ ” o f to one your highness s captains , and commending the action o f his friend Sancho f o f Matienzo , an O ﬁcial the India house , who had gallantly come to his rescue and calmed

ul . the tum t , at the risk of his life The king responded graciously , sending his approval t of wha Magellan had done in the premises , ’ M at i e nz o s n praising action , censuri g the port captain , and ordering the arrest and punish f A ment of the derelict o ﬁcials . fter which i n rebuke by the king , no Spaniard dared sult Magellan publicly ; but there was an un de rcurre nt un of hatred r ning against him, as o n c was shown by the straws the surfa e .

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o n sovereign , he was far gone the road to

- hi m the mad house , and to kill would be a

work of supererogation . He was worth

more to Portugal alive than dead , while

his partner , Fernan , would be a reproach Fale i ro to Portugal as long as he lived . ’ was already babbling o f the voyage s suc ce s sful outcome , and of the idea which he

had suggested to Fernan , his friend , who , o f but for him , would never have thought

attaining the Spiceries by a western passage , but who was already reaping all the honors o f as prospective commander the ﬂeet . be King Charles might become convinced , i t fore was too late , that these two were but o f — o ne a brace madmen , in sooth the a veritable lunatic , and the other a schemer whose one idea had its birth in a mind dis t rau ht Fale i ro g . So poor was allowed to o n live and babble , while all the endeavors o f royalty , diplomats , commercial agents , and mercenary murderers were C oncentrated upon his partner . Whil e the sturdy and fearless Magellan wav went his as he had intended , paying no o f attention to rumors evil which beset him , — but always alert ever with sword o n hip and dagger in his boot—over in Portugal his 9 2 A K I N G I N C E N S E D royal archenemy was loudly proclaiming to the world his disappointment and chagrin . H e had not given Magellan and Falei ro s o much as a thought when they slipped across

- the border line between Portugal and Spain , hardly considering them worth apprehend s ing ; but when , through powerful friend , they had gained access to King Charles , and had convinced hi m that proﬁt and glory m o f waited upon the pro otion their scheme , Do m then Manoel became suddenly alarmed .

In his resentment he did a petty thing , fo r " even a king , which was this He ordered that the Magellan arms should be erased from above the doorway o f his house " That o f little Quinta de Souta , in the rocky wilds

-o s - o f Traz Montes , was the centre a tumult uo us o ne 1 1 8 scene day , in the year 5 , when the soldiers o f the king arrived to do his A ll bidding . the country people , simple but honest , uncouth but loyal , assembled as the tidings were spread . Fernao Magalhaes ’ arms are to be de b e stroyed ; he is to disgraced , and the name he bears insulted . This was all the fo r Sa king could do , the humble castle in borosa was even then deserted by its o wn ’ Fe rnan s ers . father was dead , having been 9 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N predeceased by his mother ; his sisters were married and away . The only other Magel lans in the male line , his three uncles , had , o f like him , fought the battles their king in

India , and there had perished . Fernan was the sole survivor of the name (it is believed) , and he was disgraced .

Many years afterwards , the Old castle having fallen to ruin , another structure was o f erected on its site , in a corner which was inserted the stone with the sculptured ” o f arms , mutilated by order the king ; — and there it may be seen to - day this mute witness to the petty spite of a monarch whom circumstances might have made truly great had not nature cast him in so mean a mould " This action of the king cast such a stigma upon the character of Magellan , and brought the name into such disrepute , that for genera tions after the natives OfTraz - os - Montes held him in detestation . He never returned to o f the land of his birth , but in course time his o ne estates and titles fell to a grandnephew ,

Francisco da Silva Telles , who was made to feel the malice of a people who regarded

Magellan as a traitor and renegade . They assailed his house with stones and execrated 9 4

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

D o m sovereign , Manoel , did only what a o f — triad great navigators Columbus , Cabot , V — and espucci had already done before him , and what was at that period by no means unusual " he left his country and offered his V ” sword to Charles . N o w D o m , having done with the malicious t o Manoel for the present , let us return il Sev le , where Fernan Magellan , secure in the o f conﬁdence his adoptive sovereign , happy o f ul s ur in the love his beautif wife , and

’ n rounded by devoted friends , was plan ing what proved to be the greatest voyage in the o f history the world . If he had forebodings , he kept them to himself ; if he had pre o f visions his future greatness , he did not allow them to turn his head o r make him arrogant and proud . —o r He is , we think , the best example , at

‘ o ne o f — least , the best examples the world can show of a man born to greatness un o f spoiled by the certain assurance success . He had advanced with rapid strides from ur obsc ity to renown . In a few short months he had risen from the ranks o f the relatively unknown to a position o f trust and inﬂuence second to no other in the kingdom . For , had not the king intrusted him with riches 96 A KI N G I N C E N S E D

which he coul d hardly Spare "with a fleet co n un o f taining , besides a vast amo t treasure expended in guns , ammunition , provisions , fo r two supplies trade and barter , hundred and fifty of his loyal subjects ? Had King Charles no other object in View than the opening of a new route to the East , this evidence o f his faith in an alien whose only credentials were honesty and fix i t y o f purpose woul d seem remarkable ; but he needed the money which he had expended o n nfo r — this expeditio other perchance , in — his estimation , greater enterprises , to be o n conducted by his captains land . His o n captain the sea was to be Fernan Magellan , and this supreme confidence , by the king , in o ne who had been maligned and mistreated o wn by his sovereign , and cast forth as an v ingrate , was requited by an unswer ing de vo t i o n e and loyalty lasting until d ath . l Ki n iZ g Charles was always In need of money , and the greater the sums transmitted from

mines and plantations over the sea , the great In er became his imperious demands . The dia house informed him that they were in u straits for f nds , and were told that funds w ul ‘ o d be forthcoming , but from what source A t s to be derived the king knew not . thi 9 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N juncture in stepped a wealthy merchant An formerly from twerp , one Christopher de

Haro , who had once resided in Lisbon , where he had been treated unjustly by Dom Manoel , ik i n and , l e Magellan , had sought Spain a un ff chance to retrieve his fort es . He o ered to advance the muni fice nt s um o fo ne million n o r six hu dred thousand maravedis , about one-fift h the conjectural cost o f the expedi tion , and other merchants joining with him in the venture , more than one fourth the funds necessary were eventually raised . These ill o amounted , in total , to more than eight m i n t u maravedis , or about twenty five ho sand dollars ? So t hé king obtained much o f the money necessary to defray the expenses of the armada without putting his hand in his é— — p o cket after the manner o f kings and yet he got the credit of having furnished the entire armada . He was extremely liberal in concessions that cost him nothing but the paper they were written on , as in this case , and readily granted Magellan a monopoly o f trade (by the new route) in the Spice Islands for the space of ten years ; a twentieth part o f the profits resulting ; permi ssion to send goods for barter to the amount o f a thousand 98

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o f - ﬁve in Seville , at a salary twenty thou

sand maravedis . fo r Slowly , but certainly , the preparations o n No the voyage went . man in the world , perhaps , knew better than Magellan what he needed . The expedition , therefore , sailed with as perfect an equipment as the ” time knew how t o furnish . Before it sail

ed , however , Magellan received further proof that Portugal was still determined to pre ac vent , if possible , this expedition from complishing the purpose for which it was intended There came to him the Portu ue s e A g factor in Seville , Sebastian lvarez , whose evil intentions were Shown by the

’ erneute over the ﬂags , not long before , which n he himself had i stigated . His part in the affair is set forth i n the following letter writ Do m e m ten to Mano l , by which , it see s , he was acting for the king and by his orders . “ ’ “ I I went to Magellan s house , where found him ﬁlling baskets and chests with v preserved ictuals and other things , and see ing him thus engaged , I pretended it seemed to me that his evil design was settled , and since this would be the last word I should t o have with him , I desired bring to his t memory how many imes , as a good Portu I OO A K I N G I N C E N S E D

ues e hi s S g and friend , I had poken to him , dissuading him from the great mistake he A nd was committing . after asking pardon o f him S ul f , lest he ho d be o fended at what ha him I d to say , I told that the path he had C hosen was beset with as many dangers f o . as the wheel St Catherine , and that he ought to leave it and take that which t o im led Co bra , and return to his native o f hi land and to the favor your ghness , at whose hands he should always receive beneﬁts “ In o ur conversation I brought before o f him all the dangers I could think , and the mistakes he was making . Then he said to me that now , as an honorable man , he nl C could o y follow the path he had hosen . I l replied that to undu y gain honor , and to no r gain it with infamy , was neither wisdom o f honor , but rather the lack both , for he might be sure that the chief Spaniards o f C o f fo r this ity , in speaking him , held him a lo w o f S person , and no breeding , ince , to o f the disservice his true king and lord , he nd had embarked in such an undertaking , a so much the more since it was set going , a A nd rranged , and petitioned for by him . he might be certain that he was considered I O I F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

as a traitor , engaging himself thus , in oppo ’ s i t i o n to your highness s country . “ Here he replied to me that he saw the t o mistake he had made , but that he hoped ’ observe your highness s service , and by his f o voyage to be o assistance to y u . I told him that whoever should praise him fo r such an expression o f opinion did not understand ’ it ; for unless he touched your highness s possessions , how was he to discover what he ? t o said Besides , it was a great injury the o f af revenue your highness , which would fe ct the whole kingdom and every class o f w as people , and it a far more virtuous thought that inspired him when he told me that if your highness ordered him to return to Portugal , he would do it without further guarantee of reward , and that when you granted none to him , there was Serra o f C dossa , and seven yards gray loth and 1 some gall- nut beads open to him " So then it seemed that his heart was true , as far as his honor and conscience were concerned . Our conversation was o f so long dura tion that I cannot write o ut all o f it ; but at this juncture , sire , he gave me a sign to

1 T a i s h e o rn mo n and re re ro m t h e h t , w uld tu k ti f

Wo r . T s m a o n o e s s w as a s ld hi i put ti , d ubtl , f l e,

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

him , in order not to break your laws) , and that there had arrived two sets Of orders at variance with his own which he had at o f the hands Don Carlos , he would see whether this insult did not outbalance i t

to go and do what it was his duty to do , rather

than to remain here for what he came for . “ He seemed greatly astonished at my SO knowing much , and then he told me the — truth , and how the messenger had left all o f n A nd which I already k ew . he told me that certainly there was no reason why he nl should abandon the undertaking , u ess they "the king and the India house] failed t o ful fil anything in the terms o f the agreement ; but that firs t he mus t s ee what your hi ghnes s would do . “ S i I aid to him , what more did he des re than to see the orders ? A nd there was Ruy Fale i ro n , who said ope ly that he was not going to follow his lantern "that is , follow the flag ship , which always displayed a o n ul lantern its poop] , and that he wo d a o r navig te to the south , he would not sail with the fleet ; and that he "Magellan] thought he was going as admiral , whereas I knew that others were being sent in oppo u o f sitio to him , whom he would know 1 0 4 A KI N G I N C E N S E D

nothing , except at a time when it would o o be t o late t save his honor . “ A nd I told him that he shoul d pay no heed to the honey that the Bishop o f Burgos put to his lips , and that now was the time o r f him to choose his path , and that he ' a should give me letter to your highness , o f f ul and that I , out a fection for him , wo d go to your highness and plead his cause ; because I had no instructions from your highness concerning such business , and only said what I thought I had Often said before . He told me that he would say nothing to me until he had seen the answer that the co n messenger brought , and with this our versation ﬁnished . Fale i ro I spoke to Ruy twice , but he ‘ H o w said nothing to me , save could he do such a thing against the king , his lord , who had conferred such beneﬁts upon him ? ’ A nd to all that I said to him he gave no other answer . It seems to me that he is f like a man a fected in his reason , and that this his familiar "the devil] has taken away whatever wisdom he possessed . I think a a removed that if Fern o de Magalh es were , that Ruy Fale i ro would follow what Magal a h es has done . 1 0 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

The route which it is reported they are to take is direct by Cape Frio , leaving Brazil on the right , until they pass the boundary l . W . line , and thence sai W and direct o f to Maluco "the Moluccas] , which land Ma luco I have seen laid down o n the globe and R e ne ll chart made here by Fernando de y , and o n this pattern are constructed all the An d charts made by Diego Ribeiro . he makes all the compasses , quadrants , and globes , but does not sail with the ﬂeet , nor does he de sire anything more than to gain a living by his skill . “ From this Cape Frio to the islands o f o Maluc , by this route , there are no lands laid down on the charts they take . May God the A lmighty grant that they make a voyage li ke that of the C ortereals ; and that your highness may remain at rest , and ever be envied as your highness is by all princes "”

The key-note of the whole letter lies in “ that expression " A voyage like that of the ” C o rt ere als , those engaged in which sailed for Labrador , about ﬁfteen years before this o f was written , and were never heard more . Their fate both Dom Manoel and his minion 1 0 6

THE B E GI NNI NG OF THE VOYAGE

OM MA NOE L had not played his last

card , even when his ambassador , his factor , and their despicable tools , the hired (T assassins , gave up the game in despair . hey had found Fernan Magellan sturdy as an o ak f , impregnable as a castle on a cli f ; they re assailed him in vain , with arguments , monstrances , and with physical violence , for he remained uns h ake nfl ' T l " hen the king, as a ast resort , sent ships to the Cape of Good Hope , and to the Rio de la Plata , with strict orders to intercept the ul r Spanish ﬂeet sho d it a rive at either point , orders equivalent to a declaration o f war against a nation with which Portugal was at ’ peace . Such was the misguided monarch s determi nation to repair the erro r he had in committed , allowing Magellan to leave his kingdom scathless , and to prevent the King 1 0 8 T H E B E G I N N I N G O F T H E V O Y A G E

of Spain from benefiting by that error , that he commanded six ships o f the Indian fleet to rendezvous at the Moluccas , with the same . intention as the others— which was nothing less than the destruction of the Spanish s q uadrqm] Whether aware of these mighty prepara fo r di s co mfit ur e tions his or not , Fernan Magellan pursued his course without devia i o n A 1 0 1 1 t on , and ugust , 5 9 , dropped his vessels down the Guadalquivir to San L u car de Barrameda . This is a port at the mouth o f the river whence many an e x p e ur dition had taken its depart e , for it was spacious and secure , and was p rotected by the castle o f the great Duke o f Medina

Sidonia . Once there , Magellan felt person ally more secure than in Seville , since he was less l iable to be interrupted by his ’ rm fo er sovereign s minions , and the men he had enlisted for the voyage could no t be e tampered with . In S ville , where the ships nk v were moored to the ba s of the ri er , his crews were constantly enticed to desert by Portuguese agents ; but in the broad harbor o f San Lucar the ﬂeet swung at anchor far Was Obvi from shore , and thus this danger a ted . Here , then , he completed his prepara 1 0 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

tions for the voyage , and there was so much — to be done s o many trips had to be made to Seville— that it was more than a month before the ﬁnal departure was taken . un In these latter days of preparation , o f o o r doubtedly , Fernan made the most pp t uni t i e s for visiting his wife and family at the house of Dom Diego Barbosa . We have but scantly mentioned that wife , the ami able and lovely Beatrix Barbosa , whom he married after a brief courtship , and either left at Seville while he and Ruy Fale i ro went northward to meet the king , or took with him n ul n o this eventf journey . Owi g to the fact that no mention is made o fher at t he vari o us 1 places in which they tarr ed , and also from t o o n ur his frequent letters her the jo ney , we infer t hat She remained with her father while the great transactions took place which were to bestow fame upon her husband , as well as a reﬂected glory upon herself , but which , as o f well , were to be the means soon separating them forever . ’ Fe rnan s home life , brief as it was , shows him at his best estate . He passionately h i s loved Beatrix , and when a son was born to them his happiness was supreme . This wi boy they named Rodrigo , and in the ll I I O

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

which her husband would be exposed in that voyage through the unknown seas ? f re Doubtless , Fernan com orted her with p e at e d assurances that the dangers had been

exaggerated ; that , furnished as he was with

a ﬂeet perfectly equipped , and manned by

honest sailors , the voyage would prove

merely a matter of time and persistence . A nd o f when , in the church Santa Maria de V Do ﬁa la ictoria , at Seville , Beatrix saw her

husband intrusted with the royal standard , and heard the plaudits lavished upon him as o f he took the oath allegiance to the king , surrounded by the greatest and noblest o f ’ h e art s well Spain s dignitaries , doubtless her

ed with pride , and sorrow was for a time

thrust into the background .

In the will executed by Magellan , to which a reference has been m de , he provided , so far as human foresight could provide , for his wife , s o n his , and the perpetuation of his name . T o his wife , in case he predeceased her , his pension o fﬁfty thousand maravedis was t o be paid , while his son , who was named as resid uary legatee to his estate , was to assume the Magellan arms and reside and marry in

Spain . He was to be Spanish , not Portu ue s e t o fo r g , and his endeavors were be Spain , I I 2 T H E B E G I N N I N G O F T H E V O Y A G E and not for Portugal ; yet the intent of Magel lan ’ s will was frustrated hy ' the very govern o ment for which he gave his life . One f the ’ executors o f this will was Fe rnan s father-i n

' law , Dom Diego Barbosa , who survived his daughter , his son Duarte , who went with il o n Magellan and was k led the voyage , and Magellan himself ; yet when this o ld man

1 2 i n died , in 5 5 , the crown stepped and wrested his estate from the rightful heirs , thus defrauding those who had rendered it i ne s i rnable t service . However we may hold Portugal i n con o f tempt for her treatment Magellan , we may also reﬂect that Spain was no less i gno — un ble that these two co tries , in fact , were twin sisters in crime , and always have been . The individuals who served them most and achieved greatest fo r them were scantily re o ld warded , or not rewarded at all , in their age being turned o ut like cattle to die in a pasture where sustenance was scarce . While Dom Manoel was jealous o f Span i ards o wn D o n in his employ , Carlos was still o f more jealous Portuguese in his , and issued

' an order t hat no t more than ﬁve should ao company Magellan o n his voyage " This was because his mind had been poisoned by 1 1 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Portuguese spies , who represented that it was ’ Dom M ano e l s intention to have so many of o n S his subjects the hips that they could ,

when the proper time came , take them from

the Spaniards . There were many foreigners

in the ﬂeet , comprising Genoese , Sicilians , N Germans , Greeks , French , Flemings , eapoli

tans , Malays , and one Englishman , who was

— ﬂa - the master gunner of the g ship . Even when Ruy Falei ro wished to take with him

his brother Francisco , the king assented only o n condition that he should be one of the ﬁve

prescribed by him . But many more than o n ﬁve went the expedition , and to their

presence Magellan owed , perhaps , the fact that the ﬂeet was preserved intact when a mutiny occurred . i — l A s for the unfortunate Falei ro to make one more reference to the crazy astrologer at the very last he was enjoined from going , though he was so generous as to present

Magellan with a book he had written , con f o f taining original in ormation great value , i n and which the latter desired . This would di cat e hi s - that , notwithstanding well known moroseness and freaks of temper , he bore no

- ill will towards his friend Fernan at the last . What immediately became of him is un 1 1 4

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

" Tri ni dad no t t he commanded the , as , though o f largest ship the ﬂeet , she was considered the stanchest and most seaworthy . From

- her mast head ﬂew his pennant , and the

- castle deck , at night , bore a lighted lantern S an A ntoni o for the others to follow . The , o f largest craft the five , had as captain Juan de Cartagena , who was later marooned by Magellan o n account o f the sedition he had N already planned . ext in size was the C once ci on 1n co m p , with Gaspar Quesada Vi ctori a o f all mand , while the (which alone the fleet survived the voyage around the world) was captained by Luis de Mendoza , ’ ‘ H e had the armada s treasurer . already been chided by the king for insolence to his com mander , and the reproof rankled in his heart . o f S anti a o Last all , the g , though the small o f mm o ne o f est the fleet , was co anded by o the m st experienced men in the expedition , a S a Jo o err o , whose brother Fernan Magellan had rescued in the bay of Malacca . He should have had a more i mportant command

- and , in fact , rose to it a few months later o f o ne but as a Portuguese , brother who was e i an th n in the Sp ce Isl ds , supposedly a ser vant o f Do m Manoel, he Was an object of A s suspicion . already mentioned , though 1 1 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Few expeditions previously sailing had been better furnished with charts , com passes , quadrants , astrolabes , hour glasses ,

- and compass needles , while articles for bar ter were supplied by the score . There were , o f for example , ﬁve hundred pounds crys ” o r tals , artiﬁcial diamonds , two thousand

o f ﬁs h - pounds quicksilver , knives and hooks by the gross , and twenty thousand cascabels .

These last were small bells , which had been found favorite objects o fbarter with the ah o f A mm d origines merica , often co an ing more i n than their weight gold . i pme nt o fthe fleet has been shown yet extant in the archi ves o f t Seville , where every hing , even to the last fish - knife and hook , is set down in detail . By these we are informed that Magellan n was not stinted i his outfit , which cost , - five ships and all , a total of about twenty d n thousan dollars . If the ki g had doubted o r his ability , suspected his loyalty , would he have intrusted him with such a powerful armada ? That neither King Charles no r the Bishop of Burgos faltered in their sup n o f port , through the mo ths preparation and while Magellan was badgered and tempted o f by the King Portugal , speaks volumes in I I 8 T H E ' B E G I N N I N G O F T H E V O Y A G E

his favor But their support was , perforce , nugatory fter the coast o f Spain had slipped o ut o f sight and the vessels were i o n o f A toss ng the waves the tlantic . During the long wait Of a month in the o f t o harbor San Lucar , Magellan had time instruct his sailors in many things pertain ing to their special duties ; and he daily drilled his captains , it is said , in the ﬂeet formation to be Observed when at sea . o f First all , he cautioned them , he was to lead , and the others were to follow , as nearly as possible , in prescribed order , the largest Tri ni dad o n ship next after the , and so S anti a o down the list to the little g , which came last . It seems wonderful that the ﬁve ships kept together , almost within speaking dis n o f o ne ta ce another , throughout the long Af voyage down the rican coast , then across to South A merica ; but that they did so was o f owing to the precautions Magellan , who omitted attention to no detail , however i h e m nute . His ship , _ informed his captains , would always precede the others if possible ,

especially at night , and they were to follow arol o r his f , lantern , which would be borne o n o f Tri ni dad the poop the , high above the 1 1 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

sea . He had other lights , produced by o f flaming torches made reeds , first soaked an and softened in water , then beaten flat d

dried in the sun . When he wished them to veer or tack he would Show two Of these torches besides the farol three torches meant lower small sails four signiﬁed that all sails were to be taken in ; a greater Of number would warn them shoals , and if

dangerously near a lombard would be ﬁred . “ Four lights , again , meant all sails set full two indicated that he was about to alter

his course , and one light was a signal for w each ship to ans er similarly , that he might w kno they were following . Al l the men aboard ship were divided into

“ Of three watches , the ﬁrst in charge the master; the second in charge of the boat ’ swain , and the third under the boatswain s mate . These watches were to stand alter nat e l o n y , the ﬁrst to go at dusk , the second

at midnight , and the third at dawn , which was known as “ the watch of the morning

star . The next day they were changed , in accordance with rules laid down by the India

house at Seville . Within six days the ﬂeet arrived at f e fo Teneri e , where a tarry was mad r wood , 1 20

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

they should learn their position and keep l it ; but meanwhi e he , Magellan , remember a k ed only that he was servant Of the ing , f to whose service he had of ered his life . He concluded with a loving message for his

wife and son , after chiding Dom Diego play

fully for his fears , which , he said , were o f unworthy an hidalgo his standing . When the letter was shown the corregidores of

Seville , they all agreed that Fernan Magel ’ o ne C lan s heart was a stout , and his harac

ter ﬁrm . “ Magellan ’ s captains hated him exceed ” ingly , says one who made the voyage ; “ no t e though I know why , unless b cause ” he was a Portuguese , and they Spaniards .

Whatever their reasons , and they were i probably triv al as well as various , their ill S nature was not long in howing itself . Soon o n after Tenerife had been left , a day in S an A ntoni o the ﬁrst week Of October , the ran under the stern o f the ﬂag- ship with a

demand from her captain as to their course . f In common with the other cra t , she had been bobbing about in the wake of the

- ﬂag ship , sometimes steering southerly , and sometimes southwesterly The seemingly erratic course had worn upon the nerves o f

I 2 2 T H E - B E G I N N I N G O F T H E V O Y A G E

e Captain Cartagena , who , in r joinder to the ’ pilot s answer that it was south by west , i m at i e nt l asked p v why it had been changed . When Magellan sent word to Cartagena that he was to follow his ship and ask him no " Yo u questions , the latter retorted should ul have cons ted with the captains and pilots . It is an error o f judgment to keep so near the A frican coast This was a breach of discipline which the commander had a good excuse for punish

ing at the time ; but he kept his temper , e howev r , and shouted through his speaking “ ' B " o r trumpet ack to the line Error no ,

you are but to follow my ﬂag by day , and "” my lantern by night , Juan de Cartagena S an A ntoni o The fell behind , as ordered , her captain too surprised to open his mouth ; but while he gazed sourly in the directionof Tri ni dad n the , it was being bor e in upon him that perhaps there was a different Magellan o n board the ﬂag- ship from the

o ne he thought he knew . He held his e fo r peace then , and thereaft r the space o f many days ; but all the time he was f brooding over the a front to his dignity , and speculating upon the manner in which

he could show his resentment . He had the 1 2 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

’ grim satisfaction of knowing that Magellan s was th e course an error of judgment , which dmi latter himself could not but a t , when , V i between the Cape erdes and S erra Leone , they encountered twenty days of calm and o f f ba ﬂing winds , succeeded , as they neared

the equator , by quite a month of head n winds , squalls , and ﬁ ally storms so ﬁerce that the vessels dipped their yard—arms in

the boiling ocean .

Ever in the lead was the ﬂag ship , how

ever , with its pennant flying by day , and arol its f by night gleaming at times steadily , fit full again most y . Finally the four lights i n were displayed , which signified take all ” sail , and under bare poles the fleet ran for

( many a night and day , until the equinoctial a line was reached and p ssed . Two long o f months almost continuous rains , the dis consolate sailors experienced in the equa t o ri al region ; and they wandered hither and “ o n o ne o f yon the ocean , says them . When

it rained there was no wind , when the sun shone it was calm so what did they but fo r complain . and place the blame their sad situation upon the commander ? They were e fearsomely diverted , at times , by gr at , man w o f eating sharks ith terrible teeth , some 1 2 4

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N and superstitions were aroused by frequent electrical exhibitions about the mastheads o f of their ships . One night inky darkness , when the wind was howling through the rigging of the ﬂeet , and the great seas rush

- ing past like troops of white maned horses , there appeared about the main- top Of the ﬂag- ship a star- shaped body like a blazing torch . There it stayed for more than two f hours , with an e fulgence so bright that it illuminated the ship . When their fears were allayed , the sailors recognized in the ﬁery ” o f apparition the holy body St . Elmo , o ne o f which , says them , was a blessed con solation , for they were weeping and praying , expecting to be lost in the midst Of the waters . When that blessed light was about ” to leave us , continues the narrator , so dazzling was the brightness it cast into o ur eyes that we all remained for many minutes as though blinded , and calling for mercy . A nd o f then , a truth , when we thought we were but dead men , the sea suddenly calmed , ” and was no longer furious . N early two months in duration , was the A voyage across the tlantic from . the coast A o f A of frica to that South merica , for it was the last week - i n November when they 1 2 6 T H E B E G I N N I N G O F T H E V O Y A G E

o ff A ﬁrst sighted land , Cape ugustine , not far from Pernambuco . Its unusual length a alarmed even M gellan , who consequently w placed the crews on short allowance , hich t o e fact gave rise a great d al of murmuring . Captain Cartagena took advantage o f the sullen temper o f t he sailors to point o ut how inefﬁcient was the man Whom the king had placed over them as commander . Much ul better wo d it have been , said he , if a m Spaniard were in co mand , for then he would have known what to do . Presuming

’ ' da upon Magellan s complaisance , he one y conveyed a studied affront by omitting to address him by his proper title of captain general . The king himself had commanded , in his letters of instruction to the Ofﬁcials of the ﬂeet , that every evening , when the

t h e - weather permitted , ﬂag ship should be

n - sig alled and the captain general saluted . One ﬁn e evening the S an A ntoni o sailed within hailing distance , and her quarter u master , previously instr cted by his cap “ " tain , sent the greeting God save you , o f Tri ni dad captain the , and your good ” company . Magellan ﬂushed with indignation at this l c assing him with the captains , and imme 9 1 2 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

di at ely sent word to Cartagena that he must

be properly addressed in future . The sulky “ Spaniard tartly replied " I sent my best ’ o u man to salute y , and if that isn t satis ’ I o ne factory , another time ll do so through o f my pages "

Several days passed , during which he ﬂa - failed to salute the g ship at all , and as

Magellan seemed to have ignored the slight , when they next met , which was within a week , he insulted him to his face . It was at a gathering fo r a court- martial o n board Tri ni dad the , at which all the captains had In fo l assembled . a general discussion that lowed , over the wine and refreshments set o f t he S an forth by Magellan , the captain A ntoni o made use of an expression in refer ence to his commander which amazed all who heard it . Slow to wrath as he was , yet Fernan Magellan had been reflecting upon the proper punishment t o inflict upon his recreant subordinate , and awaiting only a fit opportunity . Beyond a doubt it had arrived , and leaping upon Cartagena he " N o w seized him by the throat , exclaiming

" - at - you are my prisoner Men arms , take him away to the stocks "

Captain Cartagena then saw his mistake , 1 2 8

M U R D E R A N D M U TI NY

L TH OUGH the coast o f South A merica A was fairly well known before Magel Off A lan arrived Cape St . ugustine , several Spanish and Portuguese navigators having explored it as far south as the mouth o f the

great river , La Plata , he was somewhat in no t wi t h doubt as to his exact position ,

standing his charts and his pilots . He did not venture to land before the second o n 1 o f week in December , the 3th that month entering the magniﬁcent harbor o f

Rio Janeiro . o f This bay the River of January , so called from having been discovered bv white men o n the first day o f the first month in the year , had been several years known to Europeans when Magellan entered it ; yet A the chief narrator of his voyage , ntonio P i afe t t a de s cri be s i t g , and the people found 1 3 0 M U R D E R A N D M U T I N Y there as if it were then for the first time A o f o ne n seen . pilot the fleet , in fact , Jua

Carvalho , had been on the coast before , and had resided with the Indians o f Rio fo r more P - than four y e arST t He had with him at the time a son whOSe mother was an Indian woman , and who was large enough to take part in the fights waged by the voyagers P later , in the hilippines . Thanks to Juan Carvalho and his half breed son , the fleet was well supplied with o f fresh provisions , which the sailors stood wa in need , and a friendly intercourse s kept up with the natives throughout the stay . o f These provisions were in the shape fowls , o r - pineapples , and batatas , sweet potatoes . Of these the natives had more than sufficient u for their needs , and with tr e savage gener o i all s t y gave to the white men their surplus . “ ” Fo r fis h - o r a hook a knife , says the “ P i afe t t a o r Chevalier g , they gave me five six C hickens ; fo r a comb a brace o f geese ; for a bell a large basketful o f potatoes ; and o r o f for a small mirror , pair scissors , as many fish as would sustain ten men many ” days . A nd he continues , evidently borrowing some o f his descriptive material from Ve s I 3 I F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

pucci (who was here several years before) "

The natives , though they go naked , both

men and women as well as children , and

live more like beasts than anything else , often reach the age o f o ne hundred and

- ﬁve o ne twenty to hundred and forty years . They live in certain long houses which they boi i call "bohio] , and sleep in cotton nets amache called "hammocks] . They have boats canoas also , called , each made from a single o ut o f great tree , hollowed by the use stone

axes , for those people employ stone as we

do iron , which they do not possess . They paddle with blades like the Shovels o f a S furnace , and thus , black , naked , and horn , they resemble the inhabitants o f the Stygian

marsh . “ The men and women there are as well we proportioned as are . They eat the ﬂesh o f their enemies , not because it is good , but because it is their established custom . That

custom , which is mutual (between them and their enemies) , was begun , it is said , by an Old woman whose only son was killed by wo m an enemy . Some days later that Old ’ an s friends captured o ne o f the tribe who had killed her son , and took him to her hut . e s o n Seeing him , and r membering her , she 1 3 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

(which they had prayed for in vain during

many weeks) , they ascribed it to the advent o f the strangers , and revered them accord i n l g y . It was not the ﬁrst time that the cruel

Spaniards , whose dispositions were anything o r but angelic divine , had been taken for heavenly visitants ; but in this instance the natives suffered no rude awakening by the ’ o n o o f exercise , their visit rs part , their co mmi t t i n o f superior skill ‘n g deeds blood i ‘ ’ t o o m and cruelty . gMagellan was hu ane towards the natives o f whatever land he encountered to suit the sanguinary Span i ards ; nor was he mercenary enough to satisfy their de s Ire for the acquisition o f treasure . Many a time they denounced him , among themselves , for his leniency , and lamented his indifference to go lQ

These natives had no gold , but their fresh provisions were acceptable , especially o f o r the flesh the peccaries , wild hogs , which they killed in the forests with lances S and brought to the fleet by the core . They were at first timid about going o n board the

ships , and queried among themselves as to the relation existing between the great s ve sels and the small boats , saying that the 1 3 4 M U R D E R A N D M U T I N Y

o f latter must be the children the former , as they were under their constant p ro t e c

tion . When at last they had overcome their t i rni di t y , they swarmed aboard the vessels i n n great umbers , looking for articles which they needed most and consequently attached the highest value to , such as pins and

- needles , scissors , and looking glasses . One day a co rne but naked young

ﬂa - woman came to the g ship alone , and while wandering wonderingly about saw a o n o f long , sharp nail lying the ﬂoor the ’ - . captain general s cabin , She looked at it w admiringly , and , hen she thought Magellan d was not observing her , su denly stooped over , picked it up , and thrust it into her

“

‘ hair . Then she immediately fled , as if b e afraid it might taken from her by force . This maiden was described as a comely ” - co m woman , for she was shapely and fair le x i o ned k p , with long , black hair and spar ling eyes ; but allowance must be made for e - i nfli ct ed a peculiar d formity , self , which at first glance transformed her into a most loathsome Object . That is , like many others o f her tribe , she had a long slit in her lower d lip , in which was inserte a disk shaped pebble as big as a walnut . 1 3 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

So hospitable were these , the ﬁrst people Am Magellan encountered in erica , that they ui bohi o b lt him a big , or native house , many o f feet in length , and rooﬁng it with thatch

- palm leaves , half ﬁlled it with precious

- Brazil wood , in order to induce him to wo remain . T weeks , however , was all he

thought he could spare , for the voyage

ahead was to be long , and he wished to get to winter quarters before the inclement

weather set in . Refreshed and heartened s ai le d o n by their stay , the voyagers south wardl - y again , their next tarrying place being in the great estuary known as the Rio de la o r o f Plata , River Silver . Little , if any , silver has been found in the region drained

by the vast Plata system , but thus it was

named by its discoverer , from a tradition that the Indians near its headwaters were o f possessed great treasure in that metal .

On its right bank , four years before (in

I Juan de Solis , a great explorer in the o f service Spain , had been killed (and some

say eaten) by the Indians , who attacked him and his men as they were ascending the river in small boats . The explorer fought like a lion ; but his courage was Of no avail , for a poisoned arrow between the Shoulders 1 3 6

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

their lairs by pretending to retreat , then turning upon him when unable to extricate himself from the jungle This warning may have deterred them from following the

natives they saw on the bank , who ﬂed

in evident alarm , and in ﬂeeing they took so large a step that with all o ur running

and jumping we could not overtake them . Perhaps the Spaniards did not care to over nl cani bali take the Indians , who were certai y , o r ni um can bals , and ate h an ﬂesh . Findi ng that they were no t pursued as o f though with relish for a ﬁght , the chief the runaways returned to the shore and indicated by signs that he desired to ‘ go o n

ﬂa - board the g ship , where , as his costume

o f - consisted solely a goat skin cloak , Magel o f lan gave him a shirt gayly colored cotton . c He was very un outh , even for a savage , with vile manners , and a voice like a bull .

He was suspicious , also , and early the lf following morning , ﬁnding himse alone in of the midst strangers , leaped into his canoe and paddled ashore .

It has been supposed that , even thus

early in his voyage , Magellan was looking o r o ne for a strait , passage , from ocean to the other , as he partially explored the great 1 3 8 M U R D E R A N D M U T I N Y

estuary Of La Plata before ﬁnally setting Off sail again for the southward . the coast

a few leagues he sighted two islands which , o n C lose approach , were seen to be alive ” n with sea birds resembli g geese , and W which ere probably penguins . Many were a killed and skinned for food , and in few hours ’ time the sailors procured ﬁve boat o f - loads them . Sea wolves , also , they saw , “ which would have been very ﬁerce , if they ” o r had had legs to run . These were seals ,

- - sea lions , and , like the wild fowl , procured their sustenance in the ocean ; b ut the

- Spaniards feared them as man eaters , and were very glad when they had left the islands in the distance . The farther southward they sailed the greater became the cold , for by this time the southern winter was upon them . Dur ing o ne o f the many fierce gales that assailed ’ o f fla - the fleet two the g ship s cables parted , She i n She as lay at anchor an open bay , and o barely escaped the rocks f a lee shore . ’ A - fter this , succeeding to a three days calm ,

came another terrible storm , in which the o f forecastles all , the ships were carried of S t away, and the holy body . Elmo

again appeared , this time accompanied by I 3 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o f two other apparitions like character , which were called by the sailors Santa Clara N A s and St . icholas . these celestial beings enveloped in ﬁre appeared at the mastheads , nl the storm sudde y ceased , and all the seamen fell upon their knees in prayer , vowing pilgrimages to a holy Shrine if per i mtt ed to return in safety to their homes . A o n winter the coast of Patagonia , which

Magellan had now reached , was to be the o f nl experience the Spaniards , u ess they chose the alternative o f returning o n their tracks This latter course Magellan woul d not for a moment entertain , so a port was sought in which the fleet could be safely o f ul moored , and was found in that St . J ian , just above the 5 o t h degree o f south lati tude . It is still on the map by the name o n Magellan bestowed upon it . Here , the 1 2 0 last day Of March , 5 , the fleet was brought to anchor , and , in a sheltered harbor abound ing in fish , preparations were made to pass the winter of the southern latitudes . The shores were sloping and pleasant as compared with the savage- looking coast they had but f recently passed , and there was su ficient wood and water t o supply the necessities of the ships . 1 40

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N — Here will we stay here , till the coming of Spring unlocks the icy fetters and subdues Of A the rigors winter . lready have we pene t rat ed farther south than any other naviga — tors even twelve o r thirteen degrees near er the antarctic pole than lies the Cape o f A nd Good Hope . having gained so much , o f t o shall we lose it all , for lack courage persist a little longer ? “ I marvel that Castilians , who conquered the A rab Moors and discovered the way to A o f n merica , should be guilty such weak ess . A s a for me , though I be no Castili n , and though I have a wife and son awaiting me C in Seville , never shall that ity see me until I return triumphant " For gold I care not ; fo r fame I care not ; but my lord and ki ng hath intrusted me with this mighty mission ,

. " and accomplish it I shall So , my men , though ye may marvel that I should seek , o r towards the southern pole , the strait passage from the A tlantic t o the great South Sea— and thus far have sought it — vainly yet ﬁnd it we shall , and by means o f it enter upon that voyage to the Islands ” o f Spices .

The seamen were silenced for a time, s though far from atisﬁed . When the three 1 4 2 M U R D E R A N D M U T I N Y

faithless captains , Juan de Cartagena , Luis de Mendoza , and Gaspar de Quesada , called i m upon their crews to mutiny , there was It A . 1 s t 1 2 0 . mediate response was pril , 5

’ mi ddle wat ch o f In the the night , the cap o f S an A ntoni o A tain the , lvaro de Mes quita , who had superseded both Cartagena and Coca (a kinsman o f the captain- gen eral) , heard a disturbance on deck and hastened from his cabin . He was at once nf o f co ronted by Cartagena , and a body men about thirty in number , armed to the teeth . nf While co used , and unable to recognize his n assailants in the dark ess , Mesquita was t o o f brought his knees , and at the point the f t o ur . sword made s render Hearing a scu ﬂe , L o rri a a his boatswain , Juan de g , came

running up , at the same time blowing his whistle for the crew to assemble . o ur This fool may foil work , hissed

Quesada , if we allow him to live , and

springing upon him with a dagger , stabbed

him in the throat . He fell , dying , to the

i s - deck , and while h life blood ebbed away

the mutineers hastened to secure the crew .

Having done this , they ordered all the cannon

leaded and the vessel cleared for action .

Then , to propitiate the crew , they brought t o 1 4 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

up bread and wine from below , which , with other provisions , they dispensed with lavish hand . S Thus the largest hip of the ﬂeet was won . C once ci on The p , commanded by Quesada , was of course already in the hands o f the Vi ctori a enemy , while the captained by Luis de Mendoza , treasurer of the armada (and , like Cartagena , jealous of Magellan) , at once

- declared against the captain general . Three t wo ships were in revolt , and only were left " Tri ni dad to Magellan the , which he himself S anti a o commanded , and the little g , under a Serr o , the Portuguese . Half the number Of men comprising his crew were o f hi s o wn nationality , and all were loyal to Magellan . What a situation confronted Magellan o n o f A 2 d the morning pril . So quietly had the transfer of authority on board the un three ships taken place , that he was o f aware what had occurred , until , send ing an order to the S an A ntoni o to go ’ ashore and careen , his boat s crew was met ’ by a refusal to obey . They found the ship s cannon pointed at them , and a harsh voice “ shouted " Keep Off" This is A dmiral Car ’ t a e na s ﬂa - that P o r g g ship . Take to the t ugue s e usurper " I 44

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

i h letter to her captain , Luis de Mendoza , vi i n nf ﬂa - S t g him to a co erence on the g hip . He sent it by the hands of a trusted li eut e n ant , Gonzalo Espinosa , who received private A instructions before he left the ship . t the same time Espinosa departed on his mission , another boat was made ready and ﬁlled with ’ picked men in charge o f Magellan s brother i n- i n law , Duarte Barbosa . He had his s t ruct i o ns , also , which he followed to the ’ letter . Magellan s was the brain that guided the weapons , which these two sent home to o f the heart the foe .

Mendoza , as Cartagena once had done , made the mistake o f crediting Fernan Magel lan with a milder disposition than he really o n had . He allowed Espinosa to come board his ship , and sneeringly took the letter to read it . Waiting , as if for an answer ,

Espinosa sidled up to Mendoza , drew a dagger from his girdle , and in a ﬂash sank ’ it in his breast . The victim of Magellan s cunning and Espinosa ’ s intrepidity sank to the deck and expired . Instantly , while ’ Mendoza s crew stood appalled and helpless , Duarte Barbosa led his men over the Vi c ’ tori a s rail , and encircled Espinosa with a o k bristling array f pi es and lances . 1 4 6 M U R D E R A N D M U T I N Y

” Fo r whom do ye declare ? he shouted to “ the crew . For the king and "” Magellan they cried with a will . The dm " king and his a iral , Fernan Magellan “

- Then up with this ensign , which is ’ ” Magellan s , rejoined Barbosa ; and up with t o o o f the anchor , , for we sail to the entrance t he port , there to take our stand beside the ’ admiral s ship , lest the mutineers escape . Tri ni dad The was already in motion , sail

- ing towards the harbor mouth , where she was soon joined by the S anti ago and the Vi c tori a . There they formed an avenging triad , t he ﬂa - S o n g hip in the centre , and a consort of o f each side her . Instead two ships , to no w three against him , Magellan had three to two ; and though in tonnage and guns his e nf ships may hav been i erior , he possessed the great advantage o f having outwitted the o wn conspirators at their game , which was now in his hands , to be played to its ending , m re in t heir di sco ﬁt u and punishment . P A T A GO NI A A N D THE GI AN TS

HE long day came to an end , with the three ships still guarding the entrance to the bay . Magellan had not made good his boast that he would overcome the muti ne e rs before sundown ; but it was because he desired to do so without unnecessary ‘ shed o f ding blood . Stratagem was safer to adopt than open attack , he reasoned , and about sunset he sent a sailor to the S an A ntoni o In ff o a ski . The man was t appear as a fugitive ’ ro t e c from Magellan s severity , and claim p o f A nd tion the mutineers . the scheme suc ce e de d admirably , for he was received with open arms , as a deserter from the captain ’ N general s ship . o suspicions were aroused , and he was sent forward to join the crew ; but what he was commissioned to do by his commander appeared in due time .

Some time after midnight , thewatch aboard 1 4 8

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

S an A ntoni o like an avalanche , all resistance was at an end immediately . The cry went up all over the ship " For the king and for Magellan , and was heard C once ci on by the crew Of the p , who promptly surrendered to the captains o f the S anti ago Vi ctori a and . They had laid their vessels alongside , with the helpless craft between ul them , which if she had resisted , wo d have been blown out o f the water . A ll ui these events took place q ckly , and i n in the darkness , which was dispelled at t e rvals only by the ﬂash o f gun - ﬁre and

ﬂicker o f torches . The mutiny was crushed in out , with the loss to Magellan of but a s gle man ; the mutineers , only , remained to be n dealt with , and were hunted down rele t n lessly . Quesada a d Cartagena were put in

- irons , and at dawn was held a drum head

- court martial . Forty men , including the o f ringleaders mentioned , were found guilty treason , and sentenced to death . That

- S number was one ixth the total of the ﬂeet , S and Magellan could ill pare them , were he to continue the voyage ; so nearly all were A ll conditionally pardoned . but Cartagena , an Mendoza , Quesada , d a priest named

Pedro Sanchez . Mendoza had already paid 1 5 0 P A T A G O N I A A N D T H E G I A N T S

o f the dread penalty his crime , but a further example was to be made o fhim by indignities

offered his remains . His body was taken dr ashore , where it was awn and quartered o n and hung up poles .

Captain Quesada was declared guilty , not nl o f o y of treason , but murder , having given the boatswain L o rri aga a wound which o n caused his death . He too was taken o f shore , where , in full sight his comrades ,

he was beheaded by his servant , Luis de e o n Molino , who had b en pardoned condition ’ ue s ada s that he would act as executioner . Q body was quartered and the gory remains un o n h g a gibbet , which , together with bones supposed to be those o f the unfo rt u

nate mutineers , was discovered ﬁfty eight

years later , by Sir Francis Drake , when on

his voyage around the world .

When Magellan sailed away from Spain , it was with special power from the emperor “ ” o f rope and knife over all his subjects

serving in the ﬂeet . Hence his punishments t did not exceed the le ter of his authority , nor

ri o f . the spi t it , as understood in that age o r o f He could hang , cut the throats any persons resisting his authority ; and that he conﬁned himself to putting to death only 1 5 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

two o f the several score who mutinied o f against him , is a remarkable exhibition

leniency .

The punishments he had inﬂicted , how re ever , did not end there , for yet alive and be lli o us o f C was the ringleader the onspiracy , o r Juan de Cartagena . Whether not Magel lan feared to inﬂict the extreme penalty upon o n o f in Cartagena , account his hav g been a o f special favorite King Charles , at least he

did not do so . Perhaps , though , what he did was worse than hanging this mi serable wretch outright , for he sentenced him , in

company with the priest , Pedro Sanchez , to a ur o f be marooned , at the dep rt e the ﬂeet . He was kept a prisoner o n board ship during o n t the stay at San Julian , and then left hat

desolate shore , well provided with wine , provisions , and clothing , to whatever fate he might encounter .

Glancing ahead a few months , we may note that the ﬂeet departed from San Julian the A last week in ugust , two weeks before which date the mutineers were put o n shore and left in solitude . Two months later the o f S an A ntoni o crew the mutinied in a body ,

this time successfully , and returned to Spain

with the ship . This event took place in the 1 5 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

themselves o ut performi ng the labors as

signed them by their master . It was in this light , indeed , that they viewed him now " as a master whose slightest

wish was to be obeyed . There was no longer

any doubt as to his dominance , as to his

- will power , and terrible energy in punishing

crime , when he chose to exert it . Ordinari l a y ple sant , and accessible to all , Magellan woul d have been a favorite with the Span i ards had he been of their o wn nationality ; but they could never forget that he was a

Portuguese . They were more incensed than

ever , but futilely so , when he appointed , in

place of Spaniards , Portuguese captains to S command the hips . A fter a while there were but four vessels S anti a o composing the ﬂeet , for the g was

lost when on an exploring tour , in the month " a of May Serr o , the Portuguese who com manded C once ci on her , was then given the p ; A lvaro de Mesquita received the S an A nto ni o (which he captained when the mutineers deposed him) ; and the Vi ctori a was assigned u to D arte Barbosa . Thus , eventually , all the ships came under the command o f ’ o ne o f Magellan s own countrymen , whom -i h was his cousin , and the other his brother 1 5 4 P A T A G O N I A A N D T H E G I A N T S

A law . family party , the Spaniards sneer ingly styled the arrangement ; but they dared not say it openly at that time . o f a It was in the month M y , and the ﬁrst S anti a o o ut o n week , that the g set the cruise that ended in her being wrecked . The win

' ter weather was still too inclement to allow o f an extended voyage , so Magellan sent Serrao down the coast with instructions to inspect such harbors and rivers as he might discover . He was an experienced com mander , stanch and true , bound to Magel lan by no common ties of friendship , and thoroughly reliable . Little did Magellan anticipate disaster when the S anti ago sailed o ut o f Port Julian and disappeared behind a headland shutting out the open ocean . She made her way southward , and about sixty miles from her o f un port departure fo d a large river , which a e Serr o nam d the Santa Cruz . Fish and -W o r sea olves , seals , were so numerous in the waters there that the Spaniards loaded

their boat with them , passing a week thus N o t engaged before they went farther . far south o f the river they were caught in a g ale which drove their vessel aground so forcibly that they could not get her 1 5 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o ff before the seas had pounded her to

pieces . They escaped to Shore with little clothing and no provisions , where they found them i n selves a barren , inhospitable country , with wi a river miles in dth , and a pathless wilder ness between them and the port they had left a few weeks before . They built a raft , and ﬁnally crossed the river , from the left bank o f which they sent two Of their number t wo to seek Port Julian . These were eleven o n days the way , subsisting meanwhile upon

- ﬁs h o n such shell as they found the shore , and arrived at the port in a terrible condi o f t c tion exhaus ion and ema iation . A relief party was immediately organized o ut fo un t he and sent by Magellan , which d survivors o f the wreck nearly o ne hundred m miles distant from San Julian , and al ost dead from starvation . They were brought o f back by a journey easy stages , and soon after Magellan despatched another search expedition , this time by land , which was as o f barren results as the other . Four sailors , selected from those who had been placed in i rons as mutineers , were released on condi tion that they Should penetrate to a dis tance o f at least a hundred miles from the 1 5 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

throwing dust upon his head . Magellan did not know how to take these demonstrations

at ﬁrst , but ﬁnally concluded aright , that o f they were meant as tokens amity , and sent o ne o f his men to imitate his motions "

to dance when he danced , and howl when

he howled .

The sailor did as directed , and then ensued

a most amusing exhibition , in which the giant and the Spaniard were the sole per A t o f formers . ﬁrst sight the sailor the

giant paused in astonishment and alarm , but seeing him imitate his o wn actions he

began to dance again , with redoubled energy . A s the two approached , they capered about l a each other in a wide circ e , gradually p ro achi n p g, until at last they met and em It braced . had been a sore trial for the

poor seaman , for how did he know but that the giant meant to slay and eat him , when ? they met He stood his ground manfully , t o o o ne o f however , for he was the pardoned mutineers and wished to retrieve himself in ’ his captain s estimation ; and he was , more over , encouraged by the cries and laughter of o n his comrades the ﬂeet and ashore , who were convulsed with merriment at the o ludicrous man euvres . This was the ﬁrst 1 5 8 P A T A G O N I A A N D T H E G I A N T S relief they had experienced from the dread monotony o f solitude and storm by which they were environed , and they welcomed it ul with tum tuous hilarity . Everybody concerned Was in a condition o f good- humored j o lli t y by the time the triumphant sailor and his prize boarded the

ﬂa - g ship , and there was great rivalry as to who would Show the most attention t o the giant Patagonian . He was , in truth , over whelmed with attentions , and , extremely puzzled by this warm reception , inquired by signs if the strangers had not dropped h down from the sky . They astened to assure him of their celestial origin , but the good- natured giant was still puzzled (as he indicated by signs) at the small size o f the o f men , and the magnitude their ships .

Compared with this barbarian , indeed , the fo r foreigners were like pygmies , scarce a man aboard ship stood higher than his 1 - P i afe t a t . waist belt , says the Chevalier g “ ” His face was very large , continues the “ C a hevalier , and p inted red all over , except

1 W e i n t h e ma n o rre P i afe t t a anno be hil i c ct , g c t

o o e m . A s fo r ns an e h e rs s e a s f ll w d i plicitly , i t c , ﬁ t p k o f t h e an as n a e en e a o ra e e s r e s hi s gi t k d , th l b t ly d c ib o m o f n c s tu e s ki s . 1 1 1 5 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

th e that around eyes were yellow circles , and two heart shaped daubs o f the same color H e In on his cheeks . was dressed the skins 2" h of animals , sewn toget er . The animal from which these skins were derived has a head e Of and ears as large as thos a mule , a neck b e o f and ody like thos a camel , legs like ’ o f a deer s , and tail a horse , like which it neighs and that land has many o f ” them . o f This animal , course , was the guanaco , o r n which was then , soon after,see by Euro The peans for the ﬁrst time . ﬁrst rude w o f m ll dra ing the lla a , so nearly a ied to the a was i e guan co , shown Balboa about n n years previously,but t he beast itself was no t seen by white men until ten years later . Soon after t he giant had been allowed to go

e o f. v a ashor a body nati es appe red , among them some women , leading several guanacos r e by leathe n halt rs “ They had trained them , m o f it see ed , to serve as beasts burden , as e e the P ruvians train d the llamas . They h were wont to capture t em when young , and when those people wish to catch some n o ne o f of those a imals , they tie these young h ones to a bus . Thereupon , the large ones h come to play wit the little ones , and the 1 60

P A T A G O N I A A N D T H E G I A N T S

il - natives k l them from their hiding places , with their arrows . e ﬁrst Patagonians encountered by

an were evidently nomads , roaming o f e A s about in search sust nance . he has the honor o f being the ﬁrst European to SO r discover them , he was the ﬁ st to name

P ata ones C um - them g , ( l sy footed) because , in addition to having very large feet (as i antes g g , or giants , might be supposed to

- have) , they wrapped them in guanaco skins ,

' which made the size abnormal . We know no w that while above the average stature of no t man , the Patagonians are the giants , quite , described by the early explorers , though manL o f them are more than six feet in height T o recur to the giant lured by the sailor o n board the ship " He was so overcome by the many strange things he saw , and the various gifts he received , that he wandered about in a condi tion o f dazed astoni shment . A fter he had been regaled with the best the ff ﬂeet a orded , such as preserved fruit and wines , he was presented with some Of the toys which had been brought from Spain r f fo tra ﬁc with the natives . He was espe ci ally delighted with the cascabels (which 1 6 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

- were also called hawk bells , and fashioned

Old- - something like the fashioned sleigh bell) , and as Magellan had many hundreds of them they were liberally bestowed upon the giant . A s he went about jingling his cascabels , and in open- mouthed wonder admiring the e o n ship and its contents , he was suddenly fronted with a large steel mirror . Seeing a duplicate o f his fierce and savage- looking self for the first time in his life— save as ur reflected in the s face of some placid lake , — perchance he leaped backward with a cry o f f a fright , and so suddenly as to topple over four or five of the curious sailors who had

" been following him around in crowds , close I upon his heels . t is hard to say who were f " o r most a fronted the terriﬁed giant , the r overtu ned seamen , who rose from the deck rubbing their bruised limbs and bodies , and ul muttering words which , if their visitor co d have understood them , might not have been considered by him complimentary . ” juan Gi gante (John the Giant) as he was called by his new friends , was greatly pleased with the small mirror which was given him as a solace for his fright in look o ne ing into the large , and entertained the crew by taking a barbed arrow from the 1 6 2

TH E L ON G-S OU GH T STR A I T

OH N THE GIA NT quickly found some others o f his fellow countrymen and women , whom he evidently told of the good treatment he had received , as they came t he we re swarming to the shore . Like him y g half naked and altogether savage , with

i - o f i painted faces , sk n covered feet , and g ant i c S as g ize . The women were not so tall ul the men , but broader across the sho ders , t and very corpulen . They were more timid ul than the warriors , and it wo d have been better fo r the latter if they had been less bold , for there was no longer the novelty about them that proved so attractive at r o f the a rival the ﬁrst Patagonian , and which shielded him from harm . The natur al instincts o f the Spaniards and Portuguese were beginning to aSs e rt them selves , dominant over everything else being 1 64 T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T rapacity and covetousness. "They implored Magellan to send o ut into the country to o f e seek the village or camp thes people , which might perhaps be found worth de

il . spo ing . So he organized and sent forth a t n ui Of small par y , which , u der g dance John li m enclo s m the Giant , c bed the hills g the harbor , and disappeared in a dense and A o f l pathless forest . fter hours toi ful travel rri bohi o the white men a ved at a long , or

a - hut , roofed with guan skins , and this , the giant assured them , was the only village they possessed . One hut , and that contain ing absolutely nothing of value to the Euro all un peans , was they fo d ; and when they returned with this story , Magellan resolved v that , inasmuch as the nati es possessed noth but ing themselves and the strange guanacos , he would take along specimens o f both man and beast . Such good reports had been taken by t o giant John the Patagonians , that when t w o n you g and lusty warriors , having their hands full of presents , were shown a pair of manacles and asked by Magellan if they li would not ke to wear them on their ankles , i they unwarily assented . The rons were brightly polished , and appeared so attractive 1 65 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N that when assured the proper place to wear o n them was the lower limbs , they thrust o ut their legs , at signs made by the armorer , and before well aware o f what had happened to them the bolts were riveted , and they A S were securely fastened to the deck . soon , however , as they discovered the trick by which they had been entrapped , they cast away their gifts , and yelled to their friends ashore , in voices that seemed like the bellow ing o f mad bulls . Their rage was fearful to fo r behold , they frothed at the mouth , they strained at their chains , and in their despair

- called upon their demon god , Setebos , to aid them . “ an o f When y those people die , says “ P i afe t t a o r g , ten twelve demons , all paint ul ed , appear to them and dance very joyf ly o f about the corpse . One those demons is o ut much taller than the others , and he cries and rejoices more . Our giant told us , by signs , that he had seen those demons , with o n two horns their heads , long hair , which ﬁr e hung to their feet , and belching forth from their mouths That largest demon they call Setebos . ' h o f o r . T is is the ﬁrst mention a god , b demon , v the name of Setebos , and it may 1 66

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N crews two men with mouths and stomachs of such vast capacity . Their two mouths were equal to twenty ordinary ones to feed , and yet the captain- general persisted in his n o ne o f o n course , u til the giants died the

- ﬂag ship , and the other was carried to S an A ntoni o Spain by the mutineers on the . John the Giant had brought Magellan a ff n guanaco , as an o ering i dicating his good will ; but when the cries of his comr ades — came to him from the Ship he bei ng at the — time on shore he is said to have organized o f a party savages for their rescue . He and his companion savages were quickly driven f S o ne o f - at - rom the hore , but the men arms from the Tri ni dad was wounded in the thigh by a Parthian arrow and died imme “ i t e l d a y . Our men had muskets and cross 1 bows , na vely admits the narrator of the hi t o f event , but they could never any the fo r giants , they never stood still when they fought , but leaped about hither and thither . ” t he Of a truth , v ran swifter than horses . Magellan ’s men burned all the possessions o f of the giants , thus adding to the distress i n o f these poor savages the height winter , u and then ret rned to the ships . A lthough the musketry failed to do any 1 6 8 T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T

of execution , owing to the inability the musketeers to hit a moving mark , yet the tremendous reports and the sulphurous smoke that came from the unwieldy arquebuses frightened the savages away . The harbor of — San Julian presented but fo r the presence — o f the ﬂe e t once more a s ce ne of solitude Two and desolation . months yet remained of the winter season , but Magellan con cluded to make an attempt to get farther down the coast , at the risk of being wrecked o f by a sudden storm , for the monotony i n existence there was unbearable . Still ﬂexible in his determination to rid himself of his chief rival , the mutineer Juan Carta dr gena , he placed him and the priest , Pe o o n o f Sanchez , an islet in a curve the bay , well supplied with provisions , a tent and t o boat , then sailed away , and left them a fate much worse than death . The protests o f these unfortunate men are b ut not recorded , nor their prayers ; how despair ingly must they have gazed after the and retreating ships , thought upon their

helplessness when the giants should return , i and , ﬁnd ng them alone , attack them . Even if the savages should prove more merciful

than Fernan Magellan , and spare their lives , 1 69 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

could they survive another season , with their o f provisions exhausted , and the rigors winter to oppress them ? A s already men t i o ne d Of - , some their fellow voyagers after wards returned along the coast i n time to rescue them from starvation ; but whether o r they called in for them at San Julian , nf o n u eelingly kept their way to Spain , is unknown , for their fate is involved in m e r t y . yfl LIt was with this sin o n his conscience that Magellan left the port where he had found shelter more than four months , and , the last A fo r week in ugust , sailed Santa Cruz , where , in a desolate harbor near the mouth o f the A river , he remained two months longer . large store of dried and salted fish was laid in here , for future provisions , and some rif wreckage picked up , which had d ted S anti a o ashore from the g . The latitude of Santa Cruz was quite accurately determined fif by the pilots at , or near , ty degrees south i o f of the l ne , and the name harbor and river may still be found on modern maps . Less than two degrees south of Santa Cruz t he o r appeared the Opening into strait , water passage from the A tlantic to the

Paciﬁc , which , evidently , Magellan was seek 1 70

T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T

ing . The fleet had left the river and harbor o n 1 8t h October , as the weather conditions m o f had vastly i proved , and signs spring o n were every hand . Only three days later , Vi ctori a S the , which was in the lead , ighted ll cl a promontory , which Mage an named C abo de las Vi r enes o r g , the Cape Of the V i n Eleven Thousand irgins , remembrance o f those hapless saints , as it was discovered ” o n - their feast day . Rounding that cape , athwart which fierce gales blew forbiddingly , ni an ope ng was discovered , which a long month o f exploration proved to be that to the strait connecting the two ocean o f It has been a matter controversy , in which geographers and historians have o r re shared , whether not Magellan had p vi o us n o r k owledge , intimation , of the exist o f ence Of this strait . The chief chronicler P i afet t a his voyage , g , declares that he knew e t o wher sail in order to find it , because he had seen it depicted o n a map in the posses o f o f sion the King Portugal , which was made o f by Martin Bohemia , otherwise Martin

Behaim . This is hardly possible , however , unless Martin Behaim created the strait from fo r 1 0 6 pure conjecture , he died in 5 , before any vo yage had been extended so far s outh 1 71 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

as latitude ﬁfty degrees below the equator .

Magellan may have met him in Lisbon ,

where he resided for a time , and where he

probably deceased , and from conversations with him may have inferred the existence of

the strait so long concealed . Whatever the

cause of his search for it , and whether he had proof sufﬁcient to satisfy himself that there o f was a strait , he cannot be deprived his

laurels as discoverer . if It was a theory of Columbus , that he could but break through that barrier be n tween the two oceans , he might sail arou d

the world , and in his last voyage he strove frantically with winds and seas to achieve In his purpose . vain , however , did the great A dmiral scan the Caribbean coast o f re Honduras , Panama , and Darien . He

turned , sorrowing , and in great distress , to N Spain , where he soon after died . ine years 1 1 V N n later , in 5 3 , asco u ez de Balboa , until n n was then an u k own adventurer , favored with the ﬁrst glimpse o f the ocean now

known as the Paciﬁc ; and seven years after , Magellan found the way into it from the A tlantic . P o r Several expeditions , Spanish and u ue s e t g , had preceded him down the coast 1 72

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

A t f the outset , all his o ﬁcers were against him ; at the very gateway to the western ocean a well- planned mutiny nearly frus t rat e d his intentions ; then a long winter o f demoralizing inaction intervened ; but here , at last , before him open wide , he saw the " portal to the Paciﬁc He had reached , at “ ” last , the Tail of the Dragon , as the ancients called the conjectural termination o f South A merica towards the antarctic region ; but he would not sail around it , he ff would practically sever it , by e ecting a passage through to the western coast . He was then about seventeen degrees south of the Cape of Good Hope , and the actual tip of the continent , or the island , outlying thereon , now known as Cape Horn , was vet three degrees to the southward .

It may not come amiss to recall , in this con ne cti o n , that while the Cape of Good Hope 1 8 was discovered in 4 7 , and ﬁrst doubled in 1 49 7, the Strait of Magellan was not dis o r 1 2 0 covered navigated till 5 , and Cape Horn was ﬁrst rounded nearly a century

o r 1 6 1 after , in Thus slowly proceeded the explorers of ﬁfteenth and sixteenth o ne centuries , cautiously creeping from head land to another , and consuming years in 1 74 T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T covering distances travers ed to - day in weeks and in months . Oundi n o f V LR g the promontory the irgins , a Magellan saw beyond it broad inlet , with

- n lofty , snow topped mou tains in the dis A tance , and bold shores . sheltered bay f a forded secure anchorage , and there the ﬂeet passed the night ; though a storm broke over them towards morning , and the vessels “ were obliged to stand o ff and on till noon o f the next day . Returning to the anchor i n t he i n age spacious bay , Magellan ﬁrst s e ct e d S an A ntoni o C once ci on p the and p , a commanded by Mesquita and Serr o , and

then ordered them to make a reconnoissance , y lasting not more than ﬁve da s , and return to him in what is now called Possession

Bay . There was no assurance then that m the inlet was ore than an estuary , like o f that the Plata , or a false bay without an

outlet , hence he would not venture with the ﬂeet until the real character of the supposed t wo strait was disclosed . The craft proceed

, ed as directed ﬁrst , entering a narrow chan t nel between lof y shores , then disclosing a broader body o f water which the Spaniards

" L a o de los E s trechos o r o f called g , Lake the An o f Straits . other constriction the channel 1 2 I 7S F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

succeeded , beyond which appeared a great

- sound known to day as the Broad Reach , o n which , though bounded by shores either hand , stretched southward , apparently an i r o f illimi table d stance . The su face the sound appeared as rough as that Of the lli ocean , with huge billows rising and fa ng in the distance , and the discoverers thought they had really reached the farther sea o f which they were in search . Believing this , and the time they were to be absent having ur expired , they ret ned to Possession Bay , with flags and streamers flying in token o f ss succe . Magellan had been troubled about c their continued absence , and the rews shared his apprehensions ; but when the two pioneers hove in sight , with their flags flying in the wind and can non booming loudly , all then knew that favorable news was soon to be re cei ve dj ocean " The ocean " shouted Serrao C once ci on from the p , being in the lead . “ We have seen the waves , and the billows . r — — The cu rents the tides too , are strong , and the soundings almost without depth "” Ma gellan accepted the report for what he hoped it was , the truth , without subjecting it to search h e re o ut ing analysis , for it his conjecture} 1 76

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

had arrived , they were launched upon the s broad road to succes , and he , Magellan , ul i believed they sho d proceed , trust ng in Providence for favoring Al l f the o ﬁcers , comprising the captains , s pilot , and chief navigators , agreed with — o ne Magellan all save one . This was Esta vao Gomez , who , though a Portuguese , was at odds with his commander through je al o us y . He himself had desired to lead an expedition to the Spice Islands , and as he o f was a skilled navigator , with knowledge nautical matters that Magellan did not possess , he felt the king had acted unjustly um ho w towards him . He advanced arg ents , o f ever , greater weight than those Magellan urged " that their provisions were not s ufﬁ fo r s uch cient a protracted voyage as was ,

doubtless , now before them ; that no living ul so knew how long it would be , nor exactly what course to take , once they were em barked upon the waters o f the as yet un

known ocean . Magellan turned to his captains again and “ " S enores o f o ne said , these are the words ff disa ected , who , albeit he hath a little knowledge o f navigation; yet knoweth no more of what is ahead o f us than I myself 1 78 T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T

ex know . The voyage , it is true , may be — t re mely long i t can be nothing less than tedious , perhaps involved in danger ; but , ? my men , to what will it lead in the end A S n yet , we have done nothi g but expend o f o ur the substance lord the king , to no avail , for we have found only this strait , that is supposed to lead into the farther ocean . Shall we , then , return with that a b rren information , merely , and permit some other , more courageous and persistent mari o n o ur ners , to follow tracks and garner what we ourselves have sown ? In my capi tula ci on I am promised a tithe o fthe vast riches — and yo u are to share them with me o f the

Spice Islands ; their government , also , _ is to t o be under my supervision , and we are e o ur k wh stablish for lord the ing , o is like m wise emperor over vast domains , a kingdo

In the East . N o w , my decision is unshaken ; though I 5 mi would desire that it ght be yours , my

comrades . I am for proceeding , to the very

s . la t extremity Our provisions are wasted ,

it is true ; but , even if we are reduced to ’ eati n the leather on our s hi s ards g p y , I shall S o o n till g , and attempt to discover what hath been promised by me to our lord the I 7O F E R D I N A N D M A G E L LA N

i k ng ; I trust that God will aid us , and I believe that He will give us good fortune . “ ” On " On " We will go o n " were the cries that saluted this impassioned Speech o f the commander , and thus it was decided . E s t avao Only Gomez appeared sullen , for he was even then scheming the mutiny that S soon deprived Magellan Of his largest hip . He was skilled as a navigator ; he conduct ed the S an A ntoni o safely back to Spain ; and he has the further distinction of having made a subsequent voyage along the coast N Am he of orth erica , during which visited

Massachusetts Bay . A C once ci o n and gain , as before , the p the S an A ntoni o Off were sent exploring , some what i n advance o f the Tri ni dad and Vi c tori a , with instructions this time to investi t o f gate the southeas arm the great sound , while Magellan inspected the southwest arm , which was eventually found to lead to the

Paciﬁc . Unless it led ﬁnally in the right direction , they were to return to the main channel and pursue the course the captai n general had taken . Magellan himself round r ed the point known as Cape Forwa d , whence he kept on to a stream which he called the t he o f River of Sardines , from abundance

1 80

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

e lusion that the ship had either sunk to the

bottom with all hands , or had been taken possession of illegally and turned towards

the homeward track . What had happened has already been i n timated " The sullen Gomez had fomented o n an insurrection board the ship he piloted , where his known skill was so much thought o f that he had no trouble in convi ncing the crew that it was for their interest to return

to Spain , rather than proceed with Magellan .

They seized the captain , Mesquita , who was fﬂ wounded in the scu e that ensued , and

placed hi min irons . Then all sail was set

‘ A C on for the tlantic , slipping past the ce ci on p in the night , and a direct course laid o f A for the coast frica . N 6 1 2 1 early six months later , May , 5 , w i the recreant cre arr ved in Spain , at

the port of Seville , where the unfortunate nl Mesquita , though the o y innocent man

aboard , was clapped into prison , still i n S irons , and there detained for ixteen ac months . The rascally Go mez and his complices reported the complete failure o fthe o f expedition , with the loss every vessel i o f except their own , wh ch they , at the risk u ha death from expos re and starvation , d 18 2 T H E L O N G - S O U G H T S T R A I T

piloted back to Spain . Thus they had saved o ne i o ut ship , for the k ng to send again if he chose , and had spared no pains to rescue the property and lives endangered by the rash o f “ ul ness Magellan , whom they co d not de i nounce forc bly enough to his majesty . A second time , despite his reluctance to do f " so , Magellan put the question to his o ﬁcers o r ? Our Will ye continue with me , return provisions are less than ever , inasmuch as the S an A ntoni o , being the largest ship , carried o f mi the most them . But my deter nation no s is le s strong than it was at the beginning , and my faith in God still ﬁrm . And hi s captains and pilots replied , no less promptly than before " We will sail o u o f l with y to the other side the g obe , and if we live we shall discover the new way to ” the Islands o f Spices " FI R S T T R A NS P A C I FI C VOYA GE — 1 5 2 0 1 5 2 1

H OUGH greatly depressed by t he loss o f S an A ntoni o the , Magellan bore up

wonderfully beneath his misfortunes , which indeed seemed to be cumulative and never

ending . The heavier the burden the greater had seemed his strength to bear it . He lost o ne e two vessels of his ﬂeet , by wr ck , and one by treason ; but there remained three

still true to him , and with these three , bad l t y provisioned as hey were , he resolved to

continue . o f He returned to the River Sardines , o f beyond Cape Forward , where the scenery

the strait , which lay between great moun tains covered with vast forests up to the o f line perpetual snow , was more pleasing A than on the tlantic side . Desolation and sterility had attended the voyage southward for months ; but midway the sound known 1 84

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Magellan believed the strait , or straits , to of be all four hundred miles in length . r On l his way through , Magel an gave names __ in nl to all prom ent capes , bays , i ets , moun tains , and harbors . From the constant fires seen burni ng o n the hill s and mountains south of the strait he called that region Ti erra del Fue o o r of g , Land Fire , a name i which it has ever s nce retained . The strait itself he purposed to call after the ship from Vi ctori a which it was first seen , the , and seems to have had no thought o f bestowing upon it the appellation by whi ch it is no w o f o r a known , Magellan , Magalh es ; but pos t eri t y has been more generous t o the di s co v erer than he was to himself.) " It n i was with salutes from his can on , and i t o f - w h tears joy , that the captain general greeted the appearance of the sea coast promontory guardi ng the western opening o f C abo D es eado the strait , which he called , r o Desired Cape . He had so long desired t o view it , he had so long believed there must be some such headl and based in the waters of the western ocean , that the De ” - sired Cape expressed his heart felt hopes . suffi There the fleet anchored , in a harbor ci ent l r y secure , and eplenished the provisions 1 86 F I R S T T R A N S P A C I F I C VO Y A G E with fresh stores o f fish ; the crews took advantage o f their last opportunity for lib e rt e y ashore , and all prepar d themselves for f the unknown voyage before them"i One o f the pilots had advised continuing o n until e o f the middl January , sailing only during t he im dayt e , so that the crews might have time fo r rest ; but Magellan knew this to o n be impossible , and gave his men leave fo r C abo D es eado shore refreshment at . no t Well was that promontory named , fo r alone what it signified to Magellan , look ing forward to it , but to him and his men in retrospection . They arrived within the o f b o n N 2 8 1 2 0 shelter its har or ovember , 5 , and after a few days o f rest started o n the voyage across the ocean , then unknown , t he first week in December . What a tri fo r umph Magellan when , with the coast of o n the continent his starboard , he emerged from the region of fit ful winds and tempests and was wafted by gentle gales onward " towards his destination His was , in fact , fo r no t a double triumph , he had only dis covered and explor' ed the strait connecting t wo ex e the oceans , but his was the first p dition o f consequence ever launched upon the western oceanJ 1 8 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

ISeven years had passed since Balboa dis o f co rdi l covered it , from a peak the Darien leras , and though he had built and launched be some brigantines , just before he was S headed , and had made a hort trip to prove their seaworthiness , little else had been done with them until after Pedrarias founded

1 1 Panama , in 5 9 . Balboa was the precursor o f Magellan , inasmuch as he discovered and first attempted to navigate the ocean called by him the great South Sea ; but the cap tain general o f the fleet we have so far accompanied was the first to sail across and nam hre e ships held o n their way over " t he bright and sparkling waters , unvexed by m f te pests , scarcely ru fled by gales , during more than o ne hundred days suffering neither

no r. ur from storms adverse c rents , Magellan evolved the name by which that ocean has e n " Oceano P aci co ever sinc been k own fi . P aci c The fi Ocean he called it , and rightly , “ P i afe t t a says g , for during that time we did uf not s fer any storm , and in truth it is very A nd pacific . we sailed about four thousand leagues during those three months and twenty days , through an open stretch in ” that Pacific Ocean . 1 88

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N immortal eighteen who sailed aro unt he Vi ctori a world and back to Spain in the ; His narrative may have been written long after the occurrences mentioned therein took place ; but in the main it is accurate , though subject to correction by comparison with the o vo a e stories f the v g by his contemporaries . To him we are indebted fo r the most de ’ o f tailed account Magellan s doings , and the most intimate knowledge o f his character . fo r S But him , indeed , we hould be at a loss for a well - rounded ﬁgure o f the captain general , especially after the Paciﬁc was o f reached , and he had risen to heights res o l ti o n - f u and self e facement almost sublime . no w An We will accompany Signor tonio , o f for a while at least , as he was the only man that company who was thoughtful enough to set down i n extens o what he saw and heard . Fernan Magellan was extremely neg le ct ful l in this respect , and it is doubtfu if he ever gave the matter o f his great achieve ments a thought—after they were aecom li s he do p d . It was enough for him to ; let o t he rS ho w , if they liked , tell it was done . o f Still , we should have liked an account his doings as given by himself , and we can hardly v forgi e him the omission . Fortunately , he 1 9 0 F I R S T T R A N S P A C I F I C V O Y A G E

o f had (though perhaps unaware the fact) , a o f P i afe t t a chronicler his deeds in g , who , though not a Boswell (inasmuch as he gives us but little pertaining to Magellan ’ s per s o nali t n A nd y) , is better than obody at all . , lest this remark seem ungracious , it should o wn n be added that , in his particular provi ce , he was without a peer in the ﬂeet . While they were sailing along the west o f A coast South merica , says the observant A ﬁs h ntonio , they were amused by the

hunts that took place in the water . The ﬁsh n albi core that did the hu ting he calls the , boni to do rado—f— t o , and names they bear — un olondri ni day and the h ted were the g ,

o r . sea swallows otherwise , flying fish When the above three kinds Of fish find o f e fl i n -fis h any thos y g , the latter immediate ly leap from the water and fly as long as their ’ wings are wet more than a cross - bow s i flight . While they are fly ng the others o f swim back and under them , following

their shadows , and no sooner have they fallen into the water than they are seized and ” eaten . ’ N o t all o f P i gafet t a s time was given to o o f diversion , however , as he empl yed much

it , while the captive giant was aboard , in 1 9 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

acquiring a vocabulary of Patagonian words . Many pages of these words are given in his u book , and they are , of course , very val able to the philologist . During this time he and the giant became very intimately acquainted , and , in fact , he seems to have been almost the only friend the poor fellow had in the fleet . He was an intelligent as well as very tractable a giant , whose only failing was an enormous p petite , and that , of course , might make him o n disliked board ship , especially by the cook . A i n part from his appetite , he was a most t e re s t i n g personage , and when he saw Piga fetta writing down some chance words he had O f e n spoken , he at once divined the use p and paper (though he had never seen them before in his life) , and voluntarily repeated o f as many words as he could think , taking m 1 great pleasure in seeing the in writing . w He also sho ed his friend how to make fire , by rubbing two dry sticks together until the sparks fall o n the inflammable pith of a i A ll certain kind of tree found in Patagon a . this shows that something of value may be

1 “ Whe n t h e kynge s awe A nto nie P i z afe t t a writ e t h e n ame s Of man n s an d a e rwar s re e ars e y thi g , ft d h e m a e n e h e mar e e e t mo re ma n s n s a th g y , v ll d y , ki g ig th t ” — ha d E de n R r . s uche me n de s ce nde d fro m he ave n . i c 1 9 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

half a ducado apiece , and even then we ” o A s fo r could not get enough f them . their provisions , consisting chieﬂy of bis “ cuit , it was biscuit no longer , but merely

ff . an o ensive powder , swarming with worms Of fresh provisions they had none fo r more

- be than three months , their drinking water came putrid , and , says Gomara the historian , “ they held their noses as they drank , for the ” o f vile stench it . Then came home to Magellan the words he had uttered in the strait " that he woul d eat the leather o n the main- yards before he — would turn about for Spain fo r o f a truth mr N O he and his co ades had to do it . meat ul was left to them , no ﬁsh co d be caught ; and so they cut the tough Old hides from the fo r yards , and , after soaking in the sea several o n days , broiled them the embers . They were exceedingly hard , as may be imagined , “ ” s un because of the , rain , and wind ; yet the pieces were devoured with relish , and such o f the crew as coul d not get enough were obliged to ﬁll themselves up with sawdust . A dded to the horrors o f famine were those o f thirst and heat , for they were now near ’ or under the equator ; the vertical sun 1 9 4 F I R S T T R A N S P A C I F I C V O Y A G E

r blazed down upon them elentlessly , the S of t he e pitch oozed from the eams vess ls , t o and the seamen , when forced climb the rigging , often fell lifeless to the decks . Dur o ne ing nearly hundred days , no land was ll o f seen save two sma islands , destitute

- e vegetation . Sea birds hovered ov r them , but they could no t be caught ; man- eating S harks swam the waters around them , but were as wary as they were ferocious . Says “ the pious P i gafet t a ' Had no t God and ” His blessed mother given us good weather , we would all have died o f hunger in that A nd o f exceedingly vast ocean . a verity , I believe no such voyage will ever be made

together with the termination o f o r that voyage , its prolongation , rather , around the globe doubtless no such voyage will be made again . Throughout the whole o f it Fernan Magellan bore himself as might f o f co m have been oretold him . He neither plained no r allowed others to do so ; he ate

- t o the same food as was served his crews , and surpassed any man of them all in the o f s number hour he stood watch , by night a nd by day . The course from the strait had been in the I 9 S F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

main northwesterly , changing slightly after the equator was crossed . The voyage across the Paciﬁc was a month longer than that o f A Columbus across the tlantic , and the dis tance traversed three times as great ; yet there was no thought on the part of Magellan of temporizing with his crews , nor hesitation o n as to the course he should pursue . On , , ever sailing towards an evasive horizon , o r e without beacon buoy to guide him , Mag l lan pursued his watery way to the Spice I slands , resolved to continue until the last o f ounce food was consumed , and the last e man dropped dead at the h lm .

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

ed , and as it was approached scores of o r o ut native canoes , proas , came careering from shore . Each proa was ﬁlled with o f naked brown men , smooth skin , pleasant t o as to countenance , shapely as form , and

o f . tall stature They approached , jabbering o f ba and gesticulating , holding up stalks o f nanas set with yellow fruit , and clusters cocoanuts ﬁlled with refreshing drink . These products o f their gardens were quickly dis o f - posed to the famishing sailors , who fell to greedily upon the fruits and nuts , while their visitors roamed at will about the Ships . They seemed so frank and inoffensive that Magellan interposed no objection to their familiarity , and watched their capers with amused interest while speculating upon their li pecu arities . A s Magellan was leani ng over the rail of

ﬂa - the g ship , looking down into the canoes swarming around her , he was approached “ o ne o f f s " by his o ﬁcer , who said Pardon ur me , yo excellency , but those rascals have

o ur - stolen small boat , which was fastened A nd astern . they are also taking everything o n board which they can get into their ” hands " Magellan was o n the qui - vi ve i n a “ "” th e . moment . Clear ship he shouted 1 98 D I S C O V E R Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S

Send a party at once t o intercept those ” n r l co u d e s . Seeing that it was impossible o overtake them , however , as they moved in h h e the water wit incredible rapidity , gave ” orders for the ship to stand o ff and o n during the night , and in the morning sent a punitive party o f sixty men to burn their village and secure the boat they had stolen .

He was thoroughly enraged , having been so basely deceived , and determined to give a vi l these treacherous people lesson . The o f " lage was burned , some the natives killed , re and the boat recovered , the expedition turning to the ﬂeet with a large quantity o f provisions , which were extremely acceptable . The islanders seemed to be unacquainted with defensive weapons , such as bows and o f arrows , for when any them were struck by

o r - darts , crossbow shafts , which usually went e ul ntirely through the body , they wo d draw the missi les out and look at them with astonishment before they expired . These acts excited the compassion o f the explorers ; but when the natives rallied and pursued e um o f them in their cano s , to the n ber a " o r hundred more , they did not hesitate to e discharge their cannon among th m . Their proas were so swift that o ne o f them cut o ut I 99 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

another small - boat as it was being towed

astern a ship , passing between the two with

great dexterity , though the vessel was sailing

at full speed .

’ fFro m Of the number these proas , all carry l ing small , triangu ar sails , Magellan , at ﬁrst s S ight of them coming out from the hore , “ named these new lands the Islands o f the ” Lateen Sails ; but when the thievish pro cli vi t i e s of the natives were di sclosed he L adrones R called them the , or obber Islands .

The name has clung to them ever since , for , ul like most of his appellations , it was pec iarly

applicable . The island at which Magellan

‘ first arrived was that known now as Guam} Guahan or , and belongs to the United States , having been ceded to this go vernment by 1 8 8 Spain in 9 . The incensed natives of Guam were loath to allow the fleet to leave their waters with out some token of their displeasure , and fo f pursued it in their canoes a long distance , s casting stones at the ships , uttering crie n ri rnace s of defiance , and maki g hideous g . “ ”

The chief amusement of these people , “ P i afe t t a wrote g , is to plough the seas in those small boats of theirs , which are sharp s pointed , bow and tern alike , and carry sails 2 00

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

were dropped in the ﬁrst promising harbor , o f for the purpose recreating the invalids .

The island was without inhabitants , though as attractive as an oasis o f palm - trees in a desert , and here Magellan pitched his tents in peace , and set up a temporary hospital A for the sick . pig was killed which had been Obtained at Guam , fresh fruits were set

- before the invalids , and the captain general himself gave them cocoa - milkand pure spring o wn water to drink , with his hands . He was unwearied in his attentions , and soon the sick recovered sufficiently to be taken back to the ships again , when the fleet proceeded to other islands . While encamped o n the sands o f the unin h ted island , Magellan was approached by nine men in a proa , which they ran upon the h n ui beach without esitation , at a poi t q te A near the tents . fter regarding the Euro peans for a while in silence , these natives took several fish , which they had just o ut o f caught , their canoe , and laid them at ’ Magellan s feet . In return for this acceptable o f gift , he ordered some caps colored cloth , o ut looking glasses , and cascabels brought a and given them . These were so highly p p reci at e d that the natives again went to the 2 0 2 D I S C O V E R Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S canoe and brought forth a big bunch o f - i m bananas , a sack of cocoa nuts , and an

- o f h mense jar of palm wine , all w ich were e S o f presented to Mag llan , with many igns friendship and good - wi llj When these “ Filipinos took their de parture a short while after , they promised t o return with frui ts from their groves and gardens , and a week later were back as n agreed . They brought with them o t only

- s cocoa nut , oranges , bananas , and jars of

" o f - wine , but some the native jungle fowl , domesticated from wild birds taken in the “ forest . They exhibited great signs of pleas ” “ P i afe t t a and ure at seeing us , says g , we pur chased all those articles from t hemj Their o ld chief , an man with a tattooed face , gold rings in his ears , gold armlets and bracelets , was almost entirely naked , like his followers , except that he wore a cotton kerchi ef em broidered with silk . A ll these people were dark- complexioned,

corpulent , and glistening from frequent

f - i l - applications o co coa nut o . Their hair was jet black and fell to their waists , while their wild appearance was increased by o f c their custom arrying daggers , knives ,

spears , javelins , and shields which were 2 0 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

ornamented with gold . They had come o f from the islands Samar and Suluan , which they importuned Magellan to visit ; but he had passed them o n the way and did not care to retrace his steps . Instead , he proceeded easterly to the island of Mazaba , where a surprise awaited him , for he found that some o f the people spoke a language o r understood by his servant , slave , who o r was a Malay from Malacca . Enrique ,

Henry , was the name by which he was n ni k own to the Spa ards , though he was T ra ro bana formerly called p . But , though a boat - load Of natives came within speaking fla — E distance of the g ship , and though nrique ul conversed with them freely , they wo d not e ard o h the vessel . Wishing t establish friendly relations with them , Magellan sent out a red cap an d other things o n a floating plank , and was pleased to Observe that they picked them up with signs of satisfaction . They probably took the gifts to their o r r chief , king , for a few hou s later he came balan hai out in a large boat , or g , which was full o f armed men and furnished with an awning , under which he reclined upon a pile o n of mats . He at first refused to go board o f the ship , as he was very suspicious these 2 0 4

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N showed him his stock of arms and ammu ni i o n o f t , his collection weapons , artillery , o f n armor , etc . He had some the ca non o f discharged , at the sound which the king of was greatly terriﬁed , and two his attend ants leaped overboard . Then the captain general had a man encased in armor , and placed him in the mi dst of three others s i rn l who armed p y with swords and daggers , struck him o n all parts o f the body without

. A t harming him . this sight the king was rendered almost speechless , and when the captain- general told him that o ne o f those armed men was worth a hundred of his o wn ’ m "the king s] without defensive ar or , he answered that was a fact . The captain general said that he had two hundr ed men and who were armed in that manner , he S S howed the king his cuirasses , words , buck lers , etc . , and had a review conducted for t o o f him . Then he led him the deck the ship that is located above , at the stern , and

- had his sea charts and compass brought . By means o f them he explained ho w he had found the strait , in order to voyage thither , and how many moons he had been without seeing land , whereat the king was greatly astonished . Lastly , he told the king that 2 0 6 D I S C O V E R Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S

W hi m he would like , if it ere pleasing to , to send two of his men with him so that he mi S of ght how them some his things . The

“ king replied that he was agreeable , and I , A P i afe t t a W co m ntonio g , went ith him in pany with another . “ S When we reached the hore , the king raised his hands towards the sky and then r tu ned to us , so that we did the same , as did s all the other . The king then took me by o ne the hand , of his chiefs took my com panion; and thus they led us under a bam bo o an covering , where there was immense balan hai us ta g , resembling a f . There we sat o f down upon the stern that great boat , constantly conversing by signs , and the ’ king s men stood about us in a circle , armed with swords , daggers , spears , and bucklers . “ The king shortly had a dish o f pork and o f a large jar wine brought in , and at every o f mouthful we drank a cup the wine . The ’ o ne king s cup was always covered , and no

“ o f drank it save himself . Before he took the cup to drink he raised his clasped hands towards the sky , and then towards me .

When he was about to drink , he extended the ﬁst o f his left hand towards me (so that at ﬁrst I thought he was about to strike me) , 2 0 7 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

and then drank . I did the same , and so far as possible went through the same perform

ance . I learned that they always make

those signs when they drink together . These peculiar customs remind one of similar ceremonies used by the A ztecs and

Mayas of Mexico when , about the same

time , they were ﬁrst visited by the Span i ards A P i afe t t a . fter the meal was over , g employed himself in writing down as many words of his host ’s language as he could

Obtain ; but not much time was allowed him , for soon the supper hour arrived and the

feasting was resumed . Two large dishes o ne o f e c were brought in , full boiled ri , and “ the other of pork with its gravy . We ate with the same Signs and ceremonies as ’ before , after which we went to the kings ‘ ’ - palace , which was built like a hay loft , set o n up high from the ground great posts , and was thatched with banana and palm

- leaves . To reach the banquet hall it was o f necessary to ascend by means ladders , Si t and once there the king made us down , o n o ur w a bamboo mat , with feet dra n up like tailors . “ A o f fter a long delay , a platter broiled

ﬁsh was brought in , also green ginger and 2 0 8

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

i S He had , ndeed , something to how in proof of his boasting , for the haft and scabbard of the dagger he we re at his Side were of gold , and in his ears were massive golden “ - li ear rings . He kewise had three spots o f o n gold every tooth in his head , and his teeth appeared as if bound with gold . He was perfumed with storax and benzoin ; tawney he was , and tattooed all over his "

A ccording to their custom he was grand l o ut ﬁne s t y decked , and the looking man we had seen among these people . His hair ul was raven black and hung to his sho ders . o f On his head he wore a covering silk , and around hi s waist a cotton cloth which w ” covered his legs do n to his knees . His name and title combined P i gafe t ta gives as n Raia "Rajah] Sia i , and his brother was the o lam Raia C bu . He had been hunting in l ’ the atter s island , as was his custom when o f desirous meeting his brother , and was o wn i then returning to his districts , wh ch G were Butuan and alagan , in northeastern n Minda ao . u o f The dress , c stoms , and ornaments the people met by Magellan in the Philippines

- were similar to those in vogue to day , and 2 1 0 D I S C O V E R Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S

the Malays had the same disgusting habit o f - as h chewing the betel nut , ave their succes A s sors in the islands . the following Sunday and o f was Easter , also the anniversary the mutiny which he had suppressed in the o f ul t o harbor San J ian , Magellan resolved celebrate the double event in a manner to

impress the king and all his people . He

sent his chaplain ashore , with Enrique , the n o f i nt en interpreter , to i form the king his

tion to perform a religious ceremonial , but no t di to ne with him , or visit The king at once consented to the landing o f di ﬁf o f the sol ers , ty whom , without armor , S - but carrying their muskets and ide arms . o n paraded the beach in front of the palace . Before they reached the shore Si x cannon “ ” had been ﬁred as a sign of peace , and the t wo native kings embraced Magellan ardent l y . With a king on either side , he marched fo r his men to a place selected the ceremonies , and before they commenced sprinkled his

royal companions with musk water , at which

they were well pleased . They even kissed

the cross , when it was elevated , and with clasped hands fell on their knees and wor s hipped this , the ﬁrst , Christian symbol they

had ever seen . 2 I I F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

They did this probably from deference to o f their guests , and not because any real sentiment Of religion , for when asked by Magellan whether t he v were Moros (Ma ho me t ans ) or heathens , they made answer that they worshipped nothing , but that they raised their clasped hands and faces to the sky , and called their god by the name “ A bba - of . Thereat the captain general was k very glad , and , seeing that , the ﬁrst ing raised hi s hands to the sky and said that he wished it were possible for him to make ” n the stra gers see his love for him . Magellan replied that he did not doubt his love , and to prove it he was going to ask of him a great favor . He desired permission to set up the cross they had brought o n the summit of a hill overlooking the harbor , where it should be not only a Sign Of posses o f sion taken in the name his dread sovereign , but as a token of amity between them . ’ fo r Magellan s real reason , doubtless , the raising of the cross in such a conspicuous s i ni place , lay in the fact that such an act g ﬁe d actual possession , and allegiance on the o f i part the natives to the k ng he served . But he veiled his real motives in the religious ceremony , and he told the kings , through 2 1 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N tailed for the purpose dug a deep hole and set the cross in position . Less than eight o n years previously , Balboa , the isthmus of Darien , had marked with a cross the site from which he had ﬁrst viewed the Paciﬁc , ’ and now it was Fernan Magellan s privilege ,

- in these far distant isles of the same ocean , to ’ confirm his sovereign s possession o fthat vast body o fwater which he was the first to c A gilded crown surmounted the cross , an both together typified the Spiritual and material sovereignty which Magellan , as a faithful subject o f his king and true soldier

o f . the faith , was desirous to extend and to A h . e conﬁrm fter it was in position , rev e rent l o f y knelt at the foot the cross , and o n k with his soldiers , also bended nees , listened to the invocation by his chaplain . The moment it was ﬁnished a musket was

ﬁred , as a signal to the ships , and their can a V non boomed salutation . olleys o f mus ke t r y responded from the hill , and , amid o o f dense cl uds smoke , the party descended to the plain at its base , where the soldiers performed martial evolutions and fought a t o e i ﬁ sham battle , greatly the d cat i o n of all the people , who were loath to allow their t o guests depart . C ONVE R TI NG THE NA T I VE S

HE island in which Magellan met the

two kings , and where he ﬁrst planted M azana P i afet t a the cross , is called by g , but no w L i mas aua Off is known as , and lies the o f southern end Leyte . It is scarcely more than ten miles square in area , but , small as it f t o vo is , proved su ﬁciently attractive the y age-weary sailors to detain them for t he o f o f space a week . It lies in latitude nine and t wo - thirds degrees towards t he arctic ” C pole , says the hevalier , and in longitude o ne hundred and sixty- two degrees from the “ o f o f line demarcation . That line de ” o f marcation , course , is the one set down by o f l 1 the treaty Tordesil as , in 494 , separating the Spanish and P Ort ugue s e halves of the Was world . Magellan exceedingly anxious t o prove that the Moluccas lay. o n the o f Spanish side the line , and likewise the 2 1 5 FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Philippines these islands were after wards called

Inquiring for larger and richer islands , at which he might carry on a proﬁtable trade , the captain- general was told that o ne o f the o f Zubu wealthiest these was (now Zebu , o r Sebu , Cebu) , and that there he might obtain the gold and spices he desired , in ex o f change for his stock goods in the ships .

When he asked for pilots to Zebu , he was told that none was to be had for love o r for money , but that if he would wait till the kings had harvested their rice crops o ne o r o f both them would go with him gladly . So

Magellan not only waited two days , but sent men to aid the farmer kings in gathering ho s i their crops . But the kings were so p t able to the laborers that all , including them selves , were overcome , it is said , by the e n liquor they drank , and a further delay A o n sued . ﬁnal departure was made the o f A un fourth day pril , and , while some I t h e ne s e re s o e re e e re Philippi w di c v d , th y w re mo ve d o n t h e maps twe nty-ﬁve de gre e s eas t o f the i r r o s o n o n h o The S an a ds ma h t ue p iti t e gl be s . p i r de t e ma s T h e s an s e r ro n r p . i l d w e thus b ught withi the i a o f t h e o r and s I mmens e e rro r w as no t co r h lf w ld , thi 7 r h D R E a c d t e o a o f m e r . v . E e t e e a e . . e till v y g pi “ H l , ’ i n ns o r N ar ati ve a ri ti a s Wi s r nd C c l H i to ry o fA me ri ca . 2 1 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

caused great fear to those people . The captain- general then sent a foster- s o n o f his o f as ambassador to the King Sebu , with the interpreter . When they reached the city they found a vast crowd of people gathered about the king and trembling in fear from o f the noise the lombards . The interpreter o ur informed them that it was custom , when all o ur entering a strange port , to discharge S o f cannon , not only as a ign peace and

o f k . friendship , but in honor the ing . They were then reassured , but the king remarked that this was a strange custom , and then o ur asked what it was captain wanted . The interpreter replied that his master was the

greatest captain in the world , and was going to the Moluccas by a new route he had di s covered ; but that he had digressed o n the

’

. be way , in order to visit the King Of Cebu , cause o f the good report received from the

King of Mazana . “ The king told him he was come in good

time , but that it was the custom for all strange ships that entered his ports to pay

him tribute , and that it was but four days

since a junk which had come from Siam ,

laden with slaves and gold , had done so . In proof o f this statement he pointed t o 2 1 8 C O N V E R T I N G ” T H E N A T I V E S

the merchant in charge Of the junk , who was present at the time . “ The interpreter told the king that since his master was the captain o f so great a monarch , he did not pay tribute to any o n seignior in the world , but the contrary the in exacted tribute from others . If k g fo r wished peace , he would have peace ; but " if war instead , then war it should be Thereupon the Moro merchant said to m C ata R ai a chi ta — his ajesty , that is to ‘ s a " fo r y Look well , sire ; these men are the 4 same as those who have conquered Calicut ,

Malacca , and all Greater India . If they are treated well , they will give good treatment in return ; but if evil , then evil treatment , and worse , as they have done to Calicut and ’ Malacca . “ Understanding all this , the interpreter said to the king t hat his master ’s king was more powerful even than the Ki ng o f Portu — ul gal that he was the r er over Spain , and Of emperor other countries , and that if he not did care to be his friend , next time would be sent so many men that they would i a destroy him . Th s nswer being translated t o in the k g , he answered that he would de re liberate with his council . Then he had 2 1 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N fre s hme nt s o f served , many dishes , contained in porcelain platters , besides several jars of o ur wine ; and after men had partaken , they ” returned and told us everything . The upshot of long negotiations which ensued was that the King o f Cebu sent Magellan a drop o f blood from his right arm , with the request that he do the same fo r o f - him , in token blood brothership . This was done , and thus amicable relations were o f at once established . The nephew the o f king , a prince pleasing manners and countenance , was despatched to treat with

- the captain general on board his ship . He and was received with great honors , seated beside Magellan in a red velvet chair , while his companions , the Governor of Cebu , the constable , and eight chiefs , reclined on mats t he spread upon deck . A sked if they were empowered to make

d . peace , they answere they were Then the

- a o captain gener l , who was ever seeking p o rt uni ti e s i p to further the cause Of relig on , made an impassioned speech upon the de Of lights peace , and declared himself an apostle of the Prince of Peace , whose hum ble servant even was his great and mi ghty king . He told them of God , who made the 2 2 0

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o f o wn to please us , merely , but their free wills ; and that he would not cause any dis pleasure t o those who wished to live accord ing to their o wn law ; but that t he Christians would be better regarded and treated than " o ne the others Then all cried out , with voice , that they were not becoming Chris o r o f tians through fear , to please us , but o wn - their free will . Then the captain gen eral told them that if they became Christians he would leave with them a sui t of armor fo r so hi s king had commanded him t o do ; and he further assured them that if they became Christians the devil woul d no longer appear to them , except in the last moment

at their death . They said that they could not answer

the beautiful words he had spoken , but that v they placed themsel es in his hands , and that he should consider them as his most o ur faithful servants . Then captain em o ne o f braced them , weeping , and clasping ’ o ne o f o f the prince s hands , and the King ’ M azana s hi s o wn , between , he said to them Go d that , by his faith in and to his sovereign ,

the emperor , and by the habit of Santiago ,

which he wore , he promised to give them o f perpetual peace with the King Spain . 2 2 2 C O N VE R T I N G ” T H E N A T I V E S

Refreshments were served , and presents f exchanged , the prince of ering Magellan a o f few baskets rice , some swine , fowls , and o f goats , with apologies for the meanness

- the gift . The captain general replied that the essence o f the gift Was the spirit that

prompted it , and then gave the prince a o f o f red cap , a web linen , some strings

n - o f beads , and an elegant drinki g cup gilded in glass , besides m or presents to his followers . T o o f o f the King Cebu he sent , by the hand “ o f the prince , a gorgeous robe silk , made — in Turkish style that is , long and flowing ; o r o f a fine red cap , fez , two the gilded k - o f drin ing cups , and a great many strings d beads , in a beautiful silver ish . When the much vaunted king was finally discovered to Magellan he was found to be a short and squatty individual , ex ceedi n l ul g y corp ent , and with face and body o n hideously tattooed . He was seat ed a

- palm mat spread upon the ground , and his costume was so scant as scarcely t o merit f mention , consisting o a silk kerchief round - o f his head , a breech clout , and a necklace o f precious stones . In his ears were rings

gold set with valuable gems . He was eating

turtle eggs from porcelain dishes , and drink 1 5 2 2 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N ing palm-wine from an earthen jar by means o f small hollow reeds , like straws . He looked up from his repast as the strangers entered the pavilion in which he sat , glanced a nd at the gifts , kissed them , then ordered N o eggs and wine for his guests . t a word would he listen to until they had ﬁnished e l the repast , when he wip d his ips , clapped his hands for a servant to remove the empty and jars dishes , and announced himself as fo r ready business . He listened attentively to what his nephew b ’ said a out the white man s religion , and assented to his proposition to embrace it .

Then he clapped his hands again , and four who young girls appeared , danced gracefully before the king and his guests , while playing

- Af t upon sweet toned Chinese gongs . ter his recreation had been indulged in , his majesty declared he must sup , and invited the party to remain ; but ﬁnally accepted their ex cuses and allowed them t o return t o the o ship . There they found that two f the

sailors had died , and again seeking audience o f co n the king , secured his permission to secrate a certain space in the centre o f the e town as a cemetery , and inter their comrad s

therein . 2 2 4

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

him who objected . They were very bad men , he said , and , what was more to the

point , they were so strong that he feared no he could t bring them to reason . “ Send for them , commanded Magellan , I ” and will reason with them . They were fo r a sent , and came , though reluct ntly , when the captain-general told them that unl ess they promised allegiance to their king and t o his king he would have them killed . He threatened to enforce compliance with ﬁre

and with sword , and they , though sullenly ,

consented to his proposition . Magellan thus made himself an ally of the o f k u i s King Cebu , whom he too nder h pro t e ct i o n , and this act was soon to cost him

his life . He could not foresee , however , of the terrible consequences this misstep , though his reason should have warned him against mingling in the strifes of these peo no t ple . He could understand them , for

they were entirely new to him , and they had had their feuds and petty wars for gen e ra i o ns N t . either could he estimate their

strength nor their valor , both which were

great , and were to prove more than he could s o l prevail against , with all his ships and di ers One N of the native chiefs , afterwards 2 2 6 C O N V E R T I N G ” T H E N A T I V E S

of repenting his adherence , was proceeded against by Magellan , whose soldiers ﬁrst plundered his village and then burned it to n the ground , leavi g behind a cross , the dupli cate o f o ne which was erected in the co ns e s o f crated quare the capital . The king was adjured t o worship the cross which Magellan caused to be planted in the square , and he promised . He was told that o f he must also burn all his idols , which he

t o . had a great number , most hideous behold o f o f Some were wood , some clay . Those made o f wood were hollowed o ut in the t wo back , and had large faces with tusks o n each side the mouth , like the wild boar , which they were evidently intended t o I represent . n fact , these people annually consecrated their swine in a strange cere o ld mony performed by two women , says i afe a A s P g tt . this ceremony illustrates the of C ebui t e s barbarous nature the , we have no hesitation in quoting it entire . They ﬁrst went around the city beating t wo o f gongs , and carrying standards made ” palm bark . When they had assembled a r crowd in the g eat square , they spread cloths upon the ground and made obeisance ho t o and con to the sun . The g be killed 2 2 7 “ FER D I N A N D MA GE L L A N s e crat ed was bound and placed upon the

' o f o ld cloths . Then one the women blew a trumpet of bamboo , which she carried ; the of other bound upon her head a pair horns , in imitation of those the devil is supposed to wear , and , dancing and blowing her Af o ut . trumpet , called to the sun ter dan cing and trumpeting about the doomed ani mal for half an hour they were presented o f o ne o f with a cup wine , from which them o f sprinkled the hog in the region his heart .

Then a lance was handed her , which , after nl much brandishing , was sudde y thrust through the beast from o ne side to the other , inflicting a mortal wound . Dipping the tips o f their trumpets in the blood that flowed forth in a stream , the old b - hags went around the circle of y standers , o ne o n marking each the forehead ; then , o f by means fire , the hair was removed from the skin , the carcass was cut up , and all the females present invited to partake . ’

The king s idols were very dear to him , and he could hardly make up his mind to their destruction ; but ﬁn ally he said that o ne of his nephews was sick unto death , and i f ff he o ended his gods , he certainly would die . Magellan told him to burn his idols , 2 2 8

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Mohammedanism , Christopher . In all , more than eight hundred people were converted ” to Christianity and were baptized , in a single morning , after which the ships discharged their lombards , the musketeers their arque

- buses , and the king and the captain general embraced each other like brothers . D EA TH OF M A GEL L A N

HE Queen o f Cebu was young and beau o ne who tiful , saw her states , though her lips and teeth were stained deep red o f from the chewing betel nut . Unlike her royal consort , the fat and jovial king , she wore clothing sufficient to drape her o f figure decently , though her maids honor a were all naked and barefoot , except for o f - flo w girdle palm leaves , and all with hair ing free . These maidens accompanied the que en in order t o carry her triple crowns o f — o f made palm straw , like a tiara , which o ne she displayed several , besides the she r o n wo e her head . o f Following the example the king , she o abandoned her id ls entirely , but begged Magellan t o give her a carved wooden image of Jesus , which he did gladly , telling her o t keep it i n their place . He then sprayed 2 3 1 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

f her with per umes , and also her women , at which they were exceedingly delighted . That the queen treasured her little wooden image , and after her those who inherited nf her possessions , may be i erred from the fact that it was found in Cebu more than forty years afterwards , greatly reverenced who by the natives , ascribed many miracles to its presence . Thus the place in which “ it was found received the name o f the City ” o f un Jesus , and a monastery was fo ded there , in which the image was preserved . Magellan did no t confine himself t o the o f nl imparting religious instruction o y , but sent a large stock o f goods ashore and Open a o r ed shop , market , for barter . Trade was good from the first , and the people were ready to fight for such articles as they were o f in need , giving gold for bronze and iron , o r Fo r almost weight f weight . the less valuable things they gave in barter goats and kids , pigs , fowl , and rice , so that the ships o f the fleet once more abounded in plenty . These people were very fair in their dealings , for they lived in justice , and gave ” good weights and measures . Their scale was an extremely simple contrivance , con sisting o f a spear shaft suspended in the 2 3 2

FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

ti li a "C as ti li a as the Tlascalans o f Mexico

had done only a short time before , when they marched into Tezcoco with the timber ’ r fo Cortes s ﬂotilla . ’ The man who led this mo b was the prince s “ brother , the bravest and wisest man in

the island , so he must have reﬂected the universal sentiment ; yet only a short time — a — elapsed few days , in fact before he was seen conducting the chaplain o f the ﬂeet to " his house , with intent to slay him These natives of Cebu were either the most suscep o r o f tible , the most treacherous , any people o n earth , judging them by what soon after fo r r took place , while they were w ought upon by the visit of the Spaniards t o offer them the warmest of welcomes , to accept and adopt their religion— falling at their feet he in worship , from t highest to the lowest they revolted , recanted , and accomplished their downfall as quickly as they had raised of them to the dizzy heights adulation . ’ It was the captain- general s religious e n t husi as m that tempted him to court dis ff aster , by mingling in the a airs of the

natives . He felt , indeed , that it was his duty to bring all the tribes o fthe great archipelago under the inﬂuence o f his church and re 2 3 4 D E A T H O F M A G E L L A N li i o n c g . He had a complished the conversion ’ and apparent subjugation of Cebu s people so quickly , and had , to all appearances so ﬁrmly established Spanish rule and the

Catholic faith , that he anticipated no more trouble in dealing with other islands and o f natives the Philippines . When , therefore , he received a message from a sub - chief in o f a the island Mactan , n med Zula , informing C hi la ula u o him that the rajah , p p , was p pressing him severely and breathing deﬁance o f co n against the King Spain , Magellan si dered it his duty to proceed at once to

Mactan , There was situated , it is thought , the village he had destroyed by ﬁre , and C hi lapul apu may have been the ruler whose nf rights he had i ringed in so doing , for he “ ul no t co d understand , he said , why he shoul d do homage to the potentate o f Cebu whom he had so long held under his thumb . ul f ao Z a had sent a small gi t to Magellan , companied by a message stating that , owing o f to the oppressions the rajah , he could do no better , and requesting the assistance of - e a boat load of soldi rs . With only a boat load , he said , combined with his own gallant ra warriors , he could overcome the jah and conquer the island for Magellan . 2 3 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

In listening to the request o f this sub

chief , Fernan Magellan allowed his reason to be subjected t o religious fanaticism ; his desire to promote the general welfare o f the islanders to be overcome by a stronger de sire for conquest . He submitted the prop o s i t i o n f u to his o ficers , and they , witho t dissent , were decidedly opposed , especially a o f stubborn being Juan Serr o , veteran o f many fights in the East , and a man tried A s courage . usual , however , the captain general had determined upon his course be fore calling a council , and , though all were opposed , he had resolved to push matters to a conclusion . The little island o f Mactan lies o ff the o f harbor Cebu , only a few miles distant , and its i nvasion was not a matter o f di ffi culty provided no opposition were o f fere d o fA 2 ot h . Shortly before midnight pril , Magellan ’ s expedition against Mactan set " forth sixty Spaniards , and about a thou o f sand natives , commanded by the King

Cebu . With this expedition went also the ’ o f A chief historian Magellan s voyage , ntonio P i afe t t a g , to whom we are already indebted for many details ; and as a description o f events by an e ye -witness should be more 2 3 6

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

more nearly equal terms . This was a ruse ,

intended to decoy us at once to the attack ,

for they had dug a long , deep ditch , faced o ur with sharp stakes , and destruction would

have been sure . “ The coral reefs , by which Mactan was o f surrounded , prevented the approach the boats near shore , and when morning came forty- nine o f us leaped into the water up t o o ur fo r thighs , and walked through it more than two crossbow- fli ght s before we could be reach dry land . Eleven men remained hind to guard the boats and serve the lom ” bards . Magellan himself led the way , with f naked sword in hand , and regardless o the o f missiles the foe , which soon filled the air o f ni around him . The dawn that mor ng , A 2 1 2 1 h Saturday , pril 7, 5 , was the last w ich n Magellan was to _ witness o earth ; but no o f premonition disaster oppressed him then . He and his men struggled through the water O to shore , and formed upon the sands . p o f posed to them were thousands islanders , who , forming in three divisions , so as to attack the Spaniards front and flank , charged down upon them furiously , brandishing their spears , and yelling like mad . “ When our captain saw that , he formed 2 3 8 D E A T H O F M A G E L L A N

mo us into divisions , and thus did we begin m - the ﬁght . The usketeers and cross bow men shot from a distance fo r about half an hour , but uselessly , as their shots either fell o r short , passed merely through the shields h with w ich the natives were armed . Seeing ‘ o ur " this , captain cried to them Cease , ’ cease ﬁring " but his order was not heeded .

When , therefore , the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no purpose , they redoubled their shouts and their efforts o ur to break into ranks . They leaped hither o f and thither , to defeat the aim the mus ke t e e rs , at the same time covering them s o selves with their shields . They shot many arrows at us , and hurled so many bamboo spears tipped with iron at o ur - ﬁre - captain general , besides hardened stakes , stones , and mud , that we could scarcely defend ourselves . “ o ur Seeing that , captain general sent some men to burn their houses , in order to terrify them ; but when they saw them burn ing , they were only roused to greater fury . Twenty o r thirty houses were burned ; but t wo o ur r o f of men we e killed , the party that So of made the attempt . many them now h t s c arged upon us hat they pres ed us close , 2 3 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

and shot o ur captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow On that account l he ordered us to retire slow y , but the men ,

being unaccustomed to defeat , were terriﬁed o f at such an order , and most them took to ﬂight immediately- all except six o r eight f o . us , who remained by our captain See o ur ing that vulnerable spots were the legs ,

as they were exposed , the natives shot only

at them , and so many were the spears and ff stones they hurled at us , that we could o er no resistance . “ The mortars in the boats could not aid us , being t o o far away ; thus we were in a terrible plight . So we continued to retire , for more

‘ than a good cross bo w ﬂight from the shore , always ﬁghting up to our knees in the e water . The natives continued to pursu us , and picking up the same spears , hurled and them at us again again . Recognizing our captain , so many turned upon him that they succeeded in knocking o ff his helmet twice ; but he ever withstood them , like the was good knight he , and at last we made a stand for more than an hour , refusing to go any farther

Finally , an Indian cast a bamboo spear ’ into o ur captain s face ; but he set upon and “ 2 40

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

life for no good cause , having gone to his death through his own stubbornness , does not detract from the heroism of his latest hours , which was nothing less than sublime .

He was brave and unselfish to the very last , as we might have expected ofthe Fernan Magel lan who rescued his friend Serrao from the Malays ; who remained with his men on that wreck in the Indian Ocean whence all his f brother o ficers had fled . A mong other virtues which he possessed , P i afe t t a says g , he was more constant than o ne of adve rs i ever any else , in the greatest ties ; he endured hunger better than all others ; and more accurately than any o ther man in the world did he understand sea A nd charts and navigation . that this is the truth was seen openly , for who else had so e much natural talent , or the boldn ss , to a s learn how to circumnavigate the world , acco m he attempted , and had almost pli s he d

' When the King o f Cebu heard o f Magel ’ e t o lan s d ath , he is said have shed tears , and lamented that he could not have saved him by going to his rescue . He had been expressly forbidden to mingle in the ﬁght , as the captain- general wished to show him 2 4 2 M ON U M E NT T O M A GE LL A N ON T H E S P OT W H E R E H E W A S K I LLE D

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

probably surpassed him . Whether or not we subscribe to the assertion o f a learned “ writer , that he is undoubtedly the greatest ” o f n o r navigators , either a cient modern , we cannot but admit that the world owes him o f a mighty debt gratitude . TR EA C HER Y A N D M A SSA C R E

N the afternoon o f the day in which Magellan was killed a message was sent M act ans to the victorious , imploring them to surrender his body to the Spaniards for f burial . They were o fered as much merchan dise as they desired in exchange ; but the C hi la ula u chief , p p , returned the haughty reply that they would no t give him up fo r all the riches in the world , as he intended o f to keep him as a memorial their triumph . A t the same time , it is said , he sent a messen o f ger to the King Cebu , threatening him with death , and all his people , unless he joined with him and his brother chiefs in slaughtering the Spaniards and seizi ng their vessels . t o The Malays are prone treachery , and it is possible that Cebu ’ s ruler had already planned the dark deed which he later ex" 2 4 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N e cut ed ; but another story relates that it ’ was suggested by Magellan s interpreter , who Enrique , , having received a slight wound in the fight , was nursing it in his bunk , when Duarte Barbosa approached him with a demand to go ashore with a message i for the k ng . He addressed him at first o f o n gently , having a feeling sympathy account o f his wound ; but when the inter preter answered that he was no longer a slave , his master being dead , Barbosa burst “ " ? N o forth What longer a slave , and n A ’ Do a Beatrix , my sister , and the dmiral s ? Yet widow , still living a slave art thou , o do ingrate , and if thou d st not as I command thee , a sound flogging wilt thou get "” re In sullen silence , Enrique arose and ce i ve d ff the message , then leaped into a ski

“ o f and rowed ashore . Instead going to assist the men in removing the goods from the warehouse , however , as he had been directed , after delivering the message to the king he lingered at the palace , afraid to return . He had , in fact , rendered his return to the ﬂeet impossible , for he had told the king that the Spaniards intended t o take him captive , after ﬁrst destroying the town ; 2 46

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

to the King of Spain , were ready for delivery . In celebration o f t he event he had prepared f a feast , to which he invited all the o ﬁcials of the ﬂeet , and as many of the crew as

‘ chose to come . Barbosa and Serrao con sult e d together , and finally agreed to accept the invitation ; though the latter , from his long experience with the islanders , was at A first suspicious . ccompanied by twenty seven others , they were rowed to the beach , where the king and a multitude o f his sub jects awaited them . They were received with shouts o f wel come , and at once escorted in the direction of the palace , the people seemingly wild with A s joy . they were moving slowly along , the V chaplain of the fleet , Pedro de alderrama , ’ u was seized by the king s nephew , and rged against his will to go with him to his hut . He probably desired the distinction o f kill ing the priest with his o wn hand and in his o wn house ; but his action attracted the a attention of Jo o Carvalho , the pilot , who twitched Espinosa , the alguacil , by the “ " " sleeve and said See that , Gonzalo It o ut gives me suspicions . Let us drop , and return to the ship . We shall not be missed , ” neither will we miss much by losing the feast " 2 48 TR E A C H E R Y A N D M A S S A C R E

The two succeeded i n worming their way

through the throng and reached the shore , T ri ni dad where they took a boat for the . They had scarcely arrived when a great com motion ashore attracted their attention , and looking towards the land they saw their ur n comrades s rounded by clamorous atives , S who , with pear and kris , were stabbing fi ht promiscuously . One by one they fell , g ing desperately to the last , until there was a left only Captain Serr o , whom the natives dragged to the shore , in order to barter his life for cannon and other things they had hoped to gain by surprising the fleet . The caution and watchful ness o f Carvalho alone prevented them from plundering the ships , as he hove up anchor at the first sign o f disturbance , and , running abreast the town , poured into it several broadsides . The Vi ctori a and the C oncepci on followed o ut suit , and then all sailed of the bay towards the open sea , without an attempt o f a o n at the rescue Serr o , who stood the h d shore , whither he a been dragged by his nl 1m lo ri n captors , vai y p g assistance . He was wounded and bleeding , he was the only survivor o f the party he and Barbosa had et led to its doom , y his shipmate and boon 2 4 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

companion , Carvalho , refused to send a boat ashore for his rescue " A t ﬁrst he wept and implored , while his captors , with daggers at his throat , awaited the response from the ship ; but as it became apparent that Car valho was abandoning him to be murdered in cold blood , he raised a bleeding hand to Heaven and invoked curses upon that co m com adre rade , his p , who could do a thing so ” base and cowardly . I pray God , he cried , o f that He may demand my soul thee , o f Juan Carvalho , at the last great day judg ment "” “ The imprecation ended in a cry of de hi mt o spair , as his ferocious captors bore the ground , where they stabbed him to death with their daggers . Speechless from terror , and o f seemingly incapable action , the cowardly sailors o n board the ﬂeet saw their former friends and shipmates massacred . n They also wit essed , as they were borne to o f safety from the harbor , a great crowd fanatical natives engaged in tearing down the cross that had been raised so short a im t e before in the consecrated square . The ’ recantation o f Cebu s king and his subjects fo r was complete , they promptly returned o f to the worship their idols , and the only 2 5 0

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

— 1 8 1 A S appeared in manuscript Lisbon , 3 . o f a brother Beatrix Barbosa , whom Magel a lan married , he was said to have been p pointed sobresali ente on board the Tri ni dad through favoritism ; but he amply proved his o n capacity several occasions , notably at Vi ctori a San Julian , where he retook the from the mutineers . He was then appointed of captain that vessel , as such ably aiding

Magellan , and after his death rising to joint m Tri ni dad co mand of the . He was killed

- by a dagger thrust in the breast . N C apt ai n Joao Serrao was probably the a lest man in the ﬂeet , hardly excepting A s Magellan himself . pilot and navigator , he had served under Vasco da Gama (who o f made him captain a ship) , also under Al A a meida and lbuquerque , and at the b ttle o f C anano r fought by the side of Magellan , whose desperate valor was equalled onl y by o wn his . Having served beneath the same a banner in the East , Magellan and Serr o , with their recollection o f battles fought and at hardships endured together , were deeply ’ t ach e d Se rrao s to each other . services to

- m the captain general were inesti able , ﬁrst o f S anti a o as captain and pilot the g , then as o f C o nce ci o n and commander the p , all the 2 5 2 T R E A C H E R Y A N D M A S S A C R E

a time as a devoted dherent . He endeavored to dissuade hi s stubborn friend from attack o f t ing the natives Mac an , and if he had w listened to his advice , Magellan ould not have met with untimely death at the very verge o f the sea surrounding the Spice Islands) “ Wé heard o f the Moluccas at Cebu

o f - before the death the captain general , says P i gafe t t a ; and but for the Mactan ex e di t i o n p , Fernan Magellan might have lived A s to see them . it was , through his negli o wn i h gence he not only lost his life , but o f directly brought about the loss others , de ri ve d of when , p their sagacious head , the fﬁ o f o cials . the ﬂeet unwisely accepted the invitation to that fatal banquet . o f a Respecting the death Serr o , an eye witness says " A S soon as the men in the S hips saw the slaughter , they hoisted the A h anchors and tried to set sail . t t at a juncture , the savages brought Juan Serr o , o f r one those whom they desired to ansom , bahars o f and asked two guns , and two

’ e Se rrci o C opp r for him . told them to take him to the Ship and he would give them what they asked ; but they insisted that those n A nd o n thi gs be taken ashore . the men 2 5 3 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

S n o f the hip , feari g another act treachery , ba set sail and a ndoned that man there , and ” nothing more was ever heard of him . a Despite his treachery to Serr o , the wretch whom fortune had placed in command o f

ﬂa - a the g ship , Jo o Carvalho , was conﬁrmed

- of as captain general the ﬂeet . It is claimed by his enemies that it was owing to his de sire to acquire supreme command that he so brutally sailed away and left poor Serrao to his fate . Three vessels then comprised the armada , and this small ﬂeet was still further reduced , after the narrow channel between

Cebu and Bohol had been passed , by the once ci on burning o f the C p . This vessel was n t he found to be leaki g badly , and as all ships

- were then short handed , owing to the loss o f w so many men , her contents and crew ere Tri ni dad Vi ctori a divided between the and . e These two wer all that remained , the ﬁrst 1 2 1 of week in May , 5 , the gallant ﬂeet which had set sail from Seville nineteen months ’ S anti a o s before , for the g bones were bleach o n o f S an ing the coast Patagonia , the A ntoni o had deserted her companions in the C once ci on Strait of Magellan , and the p was ’ burned to the water s edge o ff the island o f

Bohol in the Philippines . 2 5 4

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

- ca poultry , goats , rice , fruits , and sugar “ o f They found there black men , like those ” Ethiopia the diminutive Negritos ; but the King of Palawan was a very tall and — o r imp osing individual , at least , he seemed c k so by omparison with the little blac men , who did not average ﬁve feet in height . To the northward o f Palawan lie Mindoro and Luzon; where Si x o r eight junks o f the ” o P i afe t t a Chinese g yearly , says g ,who, in n d common with his compa ions , either lan ed o r e o f at heard m ntioned/most the large P hi li ppi nes J o r the Paragua , we called land ” “ o f be caus e v w e s uf p romise , he continues , fe re ‘ d great hunger before we found it . The king made peace with ‘ uS ‘ by gashing him self Slightly in the breast with o ne o f o ur kn a ives , and with the blood th t issued touch o f ing the tip his tongue and his forehead , o f in token the truest peace , and we did the ” same . The people wore no clothing , and a were peace ble , but possessed a formidable weapon in the poisoned arrow , which they projected with great force and accuracy

- . through bamboo blow pipes , With these blow- pipes and poisoned arrows the natives S b hot beautiful irds , high up in the great 2 5 6 NATI VE S OF LU Z ON

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

k t o Borneo , for it had then been nown the Portuguese three or four years ; but none o f them had ever been there . They knew noth wo n ing of its civilization , and viewed with der the tokens o f it as the island was ap r a h ed o ut t o p o c . Three great proas came meet them as the harbor of its capital was neared , each proa decorated in gold , and flying a blue- and- white banner surmounted with peacock feathers . Beneath the banners o f sat groups musicians , beating gongs and drums ; and in this manner , preceded by o f stately proas , and to the sound martial music , the ships entered the beautiful har A o f un . s bor Br ei , in Borneo soon as the o f ships had anchored , a fleet proas came o ut to take the passengers ashore , where , ni to their asto shment , they found a troop o f richly caparisoned elephants awaiting Af them . ter they had timorously mounted the beasts , a procession was formed which ’ set out for the sultan s palace , preceded by ten men carrying presents in porcelain jars o f covered with silk . The streets Brunei were filled with half- naked warriors bearing swords , shields , spears , and cutlasses , while the great hall of the palace contained hun - o f— dreds of soldiers clad in cloth gold , with 2 5 8 T R E A C H E R Y A N D M A S S A C R E daggers o n their t h hs adorned with pearls and precious stone ul i t o The s tan was inv sible the strangers , and they were compelled to converse with “ ” him through a speaking tube ; but he consented to admire their presents , and sent

T them to their rooms delighted with his gra ci o us ne s s fo r . There , the ﬁrst time in many o n months , they slept cotton mattresses , “ in o f f whose lin g was ta feta , and the sheets of Cambaia . This unwonted luxury caused il them to sleep t l late in the morning , when they were regaled at breakfast with capons , veal , peacocks , and ﬁsh , washed down with of arrack wine rice , called , which they drank f o rom dainty cups the size f an egg . They

t o - returned the sea shore as they had come , o n - elephant back , and each man with his of r ul hands full gifts f om the s tan . T h e city o f Brunei was built after the ’ o - fa hion f the ancient lake dwellers towns , o n mainly piles , above the placid waters o f a great bay , with waterways for boats , ’ instead of streets ; but the sultan s palace was o n dry land . In the river beyond the r bay we re ancho ed ﬂeets of war proas , manned by ﬁerce looking Malays , which had been constantly increasing in number 2 5 9 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

since the arrival o f the Shi pStl Carvalho and Espinosa had been watching them s us pi ci o usl o f y several days , for many them had taken position between the ships and the o f sea . One morning , in the last week July , two hundred o r more o fthese proas suddenl y hove up their anchors and started to sur N o round the ﬂeet . sooner had they done

so , than the commanders met them with a

discharge of their batteries , then set sail and o u of stood t the harbor . Many proas were shattered or overturned , and in open water outside the harbor a royal junk was capt ure d which was commanded by a prince o f ’ - s Luzon as captain general in Borneo s ervice . He was then returning from a plundering expedition and laden with spoils . In ex fo r o f change a large portion his treasure , it is said , Captain Carvalho gave him his liberty , but he retained as captives three beautiful females whom the prince had captured and was taking as a present to his queen . The crafty Carvalho was speedily punished for his dereliction from duty , as , by allowing the prince to go free in exchange for gold , he was prevented from redeeming two o f his o f men who , in the haste departure , had been

2 60

XVII

T H E SP IC ER I ES A T L AST — 1 5 2 1 1 5 2 2

be t o arr t he L T would a pleasure t y , with amusing and loquacious Chevalier Piga o n fetta as guide and companion , the coast of wonderful Borneo ; but we must not lose — sight o f the real object we have in mind the

route to the Spice Islands . The explorers we are following allowed themselves to be diverted too easily from their course ; ﬁrst ’ o f and by rumors pearls as big as hen s eggs , so round that they would not stand still o n ” a table , a pair of which pearls were some o n where the very sea they were sailing , in a k un jun bo d for Borneo , as a present to its s uhxur They pursued and overhauled junk after

junk , but all to no purpose , and in their devious wanderings found themselves back o n o f again the coast Mindanao , which they o f A reached by way the Sulu rchipelago . 2 6 2 T H E S P I C E R I E S A T L A S T

The Sultan ofSulu was the original possessor o f n che s the pearls , and he owned the t fish eries in those seas ; but , he told the seekers for the Spice Islands , those particular pearls had been taken from himby pirates from no t Borneo , and he knew where they were . A s fo r the Spice Islands , however , they were southeast o f his capital ; ten degrees they must sail , first through the Celebes Sea , then of into that the Moluccas , where they would find Ti do r the islands Ternate and , with others , that produced nutmegs , cloves and cinnamon?) This information was confirmed by the cap o f tain a piratical proa , which they attacked and captured , between Sulu and Mindanao . o f They slew seven his crew , and they put him in irons , so that he was in despair ; but when he learned that they were in search of f the Spiceries , he o fered to pilot them there , provided they gave him his liberty and his proa to command again . Most gladly they fo r promised , their provisions were failing once more , and after sailing hither and

o n , thither so many months , a quest which

- be it seemed might endless , they desired rest and refreshment . Then said the captain of the piratical 2 63 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

" proa Lo , I can take ye there , for I have friends in those islands whom I have visited o f A o ne o f t . mong them your countrymen , a who Francisco Serr o , was my friend , but o f i do r now is no more , for the King T caused ” him to be poisoned . Then indeed they rejoiced though their joy was tinctured o f with sadness , to learn the passing away a o f . that gallant Portuguese , Serr o Upon of close questioning the pirate captain , it was found that he had been murdered the very week that Magellan , his most intimate friend , a a and Jo o Serr o , his brother , met death by violence at Mactan and Cebu . a Francisco Serr o , it will be recalled, was o n o ne of wrecked the Moluccas , in the year

‘ ’ 1 1 1 o f 5 , while in the King Portugal s service . o f He gained the conﬁdence a native ruler , of the King Ternate , whom he enriched at the expense o f the King o f Ti do r ; whose a beautiful daughter , also , Serr o captured and presented to his liege lord . Though ten years had passed since that event , the King o f T i do r held it in remembrance , and having o f lured him to his island , on a pretence o ut o f re trading in spices , poisoned him , venge . k Thus had perished the rec less soldier , 2 64

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o f Moluccas , which they had been in search no

- Si x less than twenty months , that being the time that had elapsed since they sailed o ut o f Seville . Two pointed peaks , they said , the conical tips o f insular volcanoes covered with a vegetation ravishingly beautiful to - o f behold , were the cloud wreathed crowns Ti do r A s Ternate and . they approached them , fragrant gales were wafted to the ﬂeet , and the weary sailors needed no t to be told that here before them , at last , were

- - o f sought , long looked for Islands Sp “ Three hours before sunset o f ” 8 P i afet t a November th , says g , we entered o f Ti do r the harbor an island called , and anchoring near the shore , in twenty fath of o ff o ur oms water , ﬁred all artillery as N a salute to its king . ext day the said t he king came to ships in a proa , and cir un cled about them once . He was seated der a silk awning ; in front of him was o ne of his sons , with the royal sceptre , and a person on each side with a gilded casket

- and a gold jar , containing betel nuts and water . The king said to us we were wel come , and that he had dreamt some time before that we were coming ; for he was an ” A lmanzo r astrologer , and his name was . 2 6 6 T H E S P I C E R I E S A T L A S T

I n short , the new comers received the King o f Ti do r as Magellan had received the o f red Prince Cebu . The velvet chair of o ut o n state was brought and sat deck , he c o f l lk was lothed in a robe yel ow si , and ni presented with such articles as beads , k ves , mi n - o f rrors , dri king cups , webs linen , bales o f r silk , the robe m which he was d aped , and o f the chair state he sat in . So rejoiced were the commanders and crew at having arrived in these islands much desired , that they would have given the king whatever he wanted ; but he himself begged them to desist , as he had nothing worthy , he said , to present them in exchange , o f nl for the acceptance their king , u ess , " indeed , he sent himself But he had cloves nn S s and ci amon , and for these the hip had a been laden with goods to barter m ny , many Al manzo r months be fore The spices , King i nf o n ormed his guests , were the way to the o f un coast , being products the interior co try ,

and especially of the mountain districts , where the fragrant groves covered hills and

vales alike . So anxious were the Spaniards to please this king of the Spiceries that they presented him with the three beautiful females taken 2 67 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o f from the Prince Luzon , for his harem , “ ” o r and as he was a Moro , Mohammedan , they killed all the pigs o n board the two f ships , in order not to o fend his religious sensibilities For the Spaniards knew quite well that they were trespassing upon a

Portuguese dependency , and that this same sovereign was bound by treaty to trade exclusively with their rivals . ff ul Only by su rance , they realized , co d they procure the precious spices they had come so far to ﬁnd , and the sultan was “ treated as though he were , in very truth , ” f a king . This policy had its e fect , as was soon Shown by the stream o f runners from o ne the country , each bearing on his back a bale of cloves . The trading then waxed f fast and urious , for not only the factors of the ships began purchasing , but all the common sailors as well , each man being ui ntalada o f entitled to a q , or percentage

- S S the lading pace aboard hip , ranging from

- eighty quintals allowed the captain general , to a quintal and a half for a sailor . Trading began on the night o f N ovember

2 t h - o f 4 , at which time the van guard the

- u spice army arrived . The sultan la nched i ts his proa , with gorgeous banners and 2 68

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they never touched the earth , but pursued a e strictly a rial existence , ever ﬂoating about in the air , not even alighting in trees . Judging from the regal state o f these isl and sovereigns , they were kings , indeed , and i more than semi savage chiefs . The K ng o f Ti do r , for example , had a palace in town and another in the country , with a hundred wives in each . When he ate he sat alone , o or with the wife he l ved best , in a high

- - gallery , with the other ninety and nine look o n ing in admiration . When he had ﬁnished , o r they were permitted to partake , remove from the table what they liked best and eat it alone in their chambers . This king had eight sons and eighteen daughters ; but the o f o ne Moro kings Gilolo surpassed him , for rejoiced in the possession o f Si x hundred children , and the other ﬁve hundred and

- ﬁ A ve . t twenty least , this is what the veracious Pi gafet t a tells us ; though he probably received his i nformation at second

ile the Spaniards were so merrily ladi ng hips with the spices they had come so t o far procure , and enjoying to the utmost the material delights o f these paradisiacal isles , they were reminded occasionally, by 2 70 T H E S P I C E R I E S A T L A S T

rumors from Ternate , that they were yet ' o f in a position peril . These islands were

' of considered appanages Portugal , because a u Portug ese navigator had , first of all Euro peans , visited and traded with them . One day there came over from Ternate a P ortu ue s e L o ro s a nf g named , who i ormed them that no t long before a fleet of armed traders under Don Tristan de Meneses had been there , looking for Magellan as well as for o f trade . The King Portugal had also sent an armada to the Cape of Good Hope , in “ t o order intercept that renegade , as well as o ne to the coast of Patagonia ; but all had failed to find and capture him . It was almost time , however , he said , for the fleet o f to return , and in case its coming the ni Spa ards would certainly be in peril , for although Portugal ‘ and Spain were at peace as to the Iberian Peninsula , they were likely to war over their coloni al possessions ; and i o ne the com ng armada was a strong , far surpassing in tonnage , guns , and men that

informati on caused the commanders nx i ety that they hurried forward the lading by night and by day . By mid December both ships had so much cargo 1 8 2 71 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N that no more could be taken without risk

- of over lading , and the king was told that

soon they must take their departure . He

was both astonished and grieved , says Piga

ﬂa - fetta , and immediately went to the g ship to express his di Sple as ureZ “ S He said that we hould not depart then , for that was not the season for sailing among

those islands . However , if it was our de

termination to depart then , we should take o ur back all merchandise , else all the kings roundabout would say that the King of Ti do r had received so many presents from so great 1n a king , and had given nothing return ; we and that , also , they would think had o f departed only for fear some treason , and h e would always call him a traitor . Then had his Koran brought , and , ﬁrst kissing it and placing it four or ﬁve times above his head , at the same time muttering certain words to himself , he declared in the presence o f A all that he swore , by llah and the Koran , that he would always be faithful to the King of Spain . He spoke all those words nearly in tears , and in sympathy for him we prom ised to wait yet a few days longer but not many , as the time had come to go . While the sailors were awaiting orders to 2 72

F E R DI N A N D M A G E L L A N

attractive , with their various vegetation and l de icious atmosphere , that the strangers felt more disposed to remain than to depart .

But the time arrived when , as the winter monsoon had set in , they must take their leave o f the hospitable king and his beautiful island . They had found the famed Spice Islands even more attractive than had been represented to Magellan ; and many there were o n board the ships who sighed at thought of him in his grave at Mactan , while they were enjoying what he had given fo r his life them to find . N ew sails were bent to the ships ; a ban o f s ner adorned with the cross St . Jame flew from the mast- head of the flag- ship ; eigh t y barrels of water and heaps of sandal wood cumbered the decks of each vessel ; S the holds were filled with fragrant pices , o f which , together with vast quantities a o f native provisions , had t ken the place tons of goods brought for barter . Every thing was i n readiness for departure o n the o f 1 8t h morning December , with the pilots and navigators gathered around the helms , the seamen at their stations , and the kings Ti do r B at chi an of , , and Gilolo in their royal proas , with their musicians drumming and 2 74 T H E S P I C E R I E S A T L A S T

A trumpeting like mad . gun was fired as a Vi ctori a signal , and the , first aweigh , stood o ut of the harbor and made for the outlet She amid the coral reefs . Finding that was not followed , her commander , Del Cano , ordered the sails aback , then , with some x an an iety , the helm about , d returned to the harbor . What was the consternation of the Vi c ’ tori a s r i crew , to find their conso t incapac t at e d from proceeding by a leak , through which the water rushed with great force .

It was discovered by a sailor , at the time the ” order was given to up anchor and away . A co m consultation was held , at which the manders o f the two ships and the King o f Ti do r were present , and it was soon decided Tri ni dad that , the being unable to proceed in n the Vi ctori a her leaky conditio , should sail a mo n alone , in order to vail of the eastern at soon , then its height , and most favorable for the intended voyage to the Cape o f Good

Hope . o The most timor us of her crew , and the

invalids , were put ashore , the cargo was lightened o f some Si x thousand pounds o f

cloves , and then , after the disappointed sail o rs o n board the ﬂag- ship had written let 2 75 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N ters to their friends at home—few of whom were ever to see any of them again — the solitary vessel again turned her prow tow ards the harbor mouth The sailors wept o f and huzzaed , lombards woke the echoes the mountains by repeated discharges , and o f Ti do r the King , with the prince , and his suite , waved the voyagers farewell from ’ Tri ni dad s — the deck . Fifty three Portuguese

ﬂa - S and Spaniards were left aboard the g hip , and forty- seven sailed in the departing Vi c — — tori a all that remained a total of one hun dred of the number that had sailed from

Seville . While the fortunate Vi ctori a is threading A the labyrinths of the Moluccan rchipelago , let us pause for a space beside the haple ss Tri ni dad , and after glancing at her condi tion , follow her to the end of her career wf which was Short and sorro ul . The crew worked desperately at the pumps , during a o n day and a night , but were unable to gain n i do r the leak . Then the Ki g of T sent for his most expert divers , who , with hair hanging loose , in order to locate the inrush of water , crawled along the keel beneath the bottom for hours , but without avail . The be leak could not discovered , and it was 2 76

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

at his command , De Brito did not long hesitate as to the course to pursue . He T ri ni dad took possession of the crippled , her lo - g books , nautical instruments , and cargo ; but most o f the cloves were lost in a gale while she was unlading , and in which she drifted ashore and went to pieces . ’ That was not quite the last o f Magellan s

ﬂa - fo r unfortunate g ship , however , her tim bers were used in the construction o f a

Portuguese fort in Ternate . Her captain and crew were imprisoned , and treated with such barbari ty that no less than ﬁfty o f them perished , only four surviving to reach o ne o f their native land . Espinosa was the four who , wasted and wan , arrived in Spain 1 2 re early in 5 5 . They were graciously ce i ved by the emperor ; but though Espinosa was granted a pension and a patent of nobility , he was denied payment for his o n services while a prisoner , the ground that , being a prisoner , he could then render no A nd service . the victim of this unparalleled meanness o n the part of Spain had endured sufferings untold in defence o f her honor " XVIII

VOYA GE OF T H E VI C T OR IA

D 1 2 1 — 1 2 2 ecember , 5 September , 5

HE ﬁrst vessel that accomplished the m o f o f circu navigation the globe , was -ﬁve only eighty tons capacity , and smaller than the average coasting- craft in A merican

- waters to day . She was next to the smallest in the ﬂeet o f ﬁve with which Magellan had o ut S anti a o k set , the g (which was wrec ed o n the Patagonian coast) , having been ten nf of tons her i erior . We now know the fate the others "that the largest returned to Spain from the Strait ; that the second , which was

fla - the g ship , went to pieces during a gale in the Spice Islands ; and the third was burned n t i . . he Philip e no w a Vi ctori a LW will w fter the little , as she scuds before the spicy gales blowing from the Celebes , seeks to avoid the foam crested breakers that encircle innumerable coral islands , and finally slips through the 2 79 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N reef guarded passages leading to the great i do r Indian Ocean . She left T , which is very o n nearly beneath the equator , December 2 1 s t , and some time Christmas week passed Xulla n between and Bour , islands peopled by cannibals , but , aside from their savage o f de li ht inhabitants , veritable Edens g , with every kind of delicious fruit known to tropi cal regions .) 7 1n a 1 2 2 The first week Janu ry , 5 , found the solitary craft and her gallant crew seeking a clear- water opening among the numerous islands lying between Timor and Flores . On of one these a landing was made , for the W vessel needed repairs , and fifteen days ere e spent in putting her in shap for the long, o f A stretch thence to the east coast fri ca .

Omba ‘ t he y was the name of island , the o f P i afe t t a natives which , says g , were savage

" and bestial . They went naked , except when

' o n the war path , at which time the men wore goat and buffalo tails attached to their waists , ornamented with shells . They u nd wore their hair done p o n cane combs , a thei r beards wrapped in banana leaves ‘ and — “ thrust into tubes of bamboo a most ri di cu ’ S lous ight , says the Chevalier , who also calls 1n them the ugliest people who live the Indies .j 2 80

V O Y A G E O F T H E VI C T OR I A

h These may have been the ugliest , but e o f o ld heard others , from an pilot who had i do r t come from T , tha surpassed them in fo r grotesque appearance , they were , he

said , only a cubit in height , and had ears as long as themselves . They went entirely naked , ran swiftly , and lived in caves under at o ne ground , where they slept night , using ear as a bed and the other as a coverlet " Their place of residence was o ne o f the A ru no t islands ; but the voyagers did visit it ,

owing to adverse currents and shoals , and ’ v ri ﬁe thus the pilot s story could not be e d . A t the north end of Timor , an island more than three hundred miles in length , the voyagers landed to secure provisions . “ ” Inasmuch as we had but few things , says P i afe t t a g , and hunger was constraining us , t he we retained in ship a native chief , who , for fear lest we kill him , immediately sent fo r f and gave us six bu faloes , ﬁve goats , and two swine Fo r thus had we placed the ” of condition his ransom . This chief and

his people were heathen , but they knew the value of the precious sandal wood which

their island produced in abundance , and to trade in which came j unks from as far as

Luzon in the Philippines . When they went 2 8 1 FE R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

- o b to cut the sandal wood , our chronicler serves , the devil was wont to appear to them in various forms , and tell them that if they needed anything they had only to ask for it . This apparition always made them ill , but still they continued to cut the sandal wood , though only at certain periods of the moon , as otherwise it would not be good . The stories told by P i gafet t a at this period of his voyage were mostly obtained from the several pilots taken o n board at different Vi c islands , and hence their variety . The tori a Ti do r left with sixty men , all told ,

- o f forty seven whom were Europeans , and thirteen natives , including the pilots . These were exchanged fo r others as the voyage " Xulla Omba proceeded at , Bouro , y , and o ld ﬁnally at Timor , where a grizzled Malay from Sumatra took the helm for that long il run across the Indian Ocean . Setting sa o f o n from the southwestern tip Timor , r 1 1 1 2 2 o f Feb uary th , 5 , the voyage vast ness was actually begun . Then ensued days , weeks , and months of monotonous sailing , during which there appeared no speck o f o r sail land to greet the weary seamen .

Then it was , after having written up his notes of the Philippines and the Spice 2 8 2

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

as best he could and thus the story was hi m learned from . Tales no less marvellous the veteran told of him China and the farther Indies , then ff o f but little known . Six di erent classes o f people , he said , inhabited the coast N India Major . The airi are the chiefs , and

P ani chali - the are the towns people , which two classes never mix together ; the Iranai gather the palm- wine and ﬁgs ; the P angi li ni are the sailors ; the M acurai are the ﬁshermen ; the P o le ai are the farmers and harvest the rice . These last always live in the country , although they enter the city at times . When anything is given them it is laid . on the ground , and they take it . When they go ‘ P o o through the streets they call out , p , ‘ o ” o f " N o w p that is , Beware me it

w e - N i happened , as were told , that a a r once had the misfortune to be touched by a mm Polea , for which he i ediately had the

‘ latter killed , so that he might erase that disgrace . In this manner " garnering information for u o f future generations to read , h ndreds years after he had passed away , the indus t ri o us P i gafe t t a passed ’ the lagging h ours and days , weeks , and even months , building 2 84 V O Y A G E O F T H E VI C T OR I A a monument to himself ” and to his former commander which may be termed imper i s hable A e o n . nother , at l ast , board the Vi ctori a wo n , by that voyage a reputation which has outlasted centuries and still is great . This was Juan Sebastian del Cano , b who , placed in command y mere circum B a stance , after Magellan , arbosa , and Serr o had been killed , and Carvalho deposed , proved himself a navigator of no mean A s C o nce ci on capacity . captain of the p he had not previously been prominent , except co n in the mutiny at Port Julian , when he ducted himself discreditably ; but as master o f the . Vi ctori a he won the immortal honor of navigating his ship from the Moluccas to

Spain , thus completing the ﬁrst recorded circumnavigation of the globe . In the Indian Ocean he was sailing un ch arted waters , though they had ﬁrst been

V - ﬁve G , ploughed by asco , da ama twenty e years befor . But the east coast and the west coast of A frica were by this time well known by their landmarks , so that when A o n 1 8t h Cape gulhas was sighted , May , Del Cano and hl s pilots knew that the dreaded ' no Cape of Storms was t far away . They had erred both i n latitude and longitude ; 2 8 5 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N but they ﬁnally passed the Cape o f Good

Hope in safety , though in doing so the ship lost her foretopmast , and sprung her fore v yard . They had oyaged from the equator t o latitude forty degrees south , and had ranged through the seasons , from torrid to temper ate ; now they must creep up again , towards and beyond the equator , nearly eighty de grees . Slowly and painfully they crawled along o f A o ne the west coast frica , counting by o ne t o the degrees , going from cold heat uf again , and s fering dreadfully . Twenty o ne o f their number died from exposure and privation , and were thrown overboard . Some e of these were Indians , but most w re white men . When they were cast into the sea , “ “ P i afet t a says g , the Christians went to the bottom face upward , but the Indians face downward —though this may have been a o f mere notion the Chevalier . S of Af o ff On the other ide rica , when

Mozambique , the crew were so enfeebled from famine and disease they seriously thought of making for that Portuguese o n colony ; but they held three months longer , V until Cape erde was reached , when they could endure no more . Frequent stopping 2 86

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

- o f story was believed , and two boat loads

rice were obtained . That amount might

last them to Spain , with economy ; but it

were better to have enough , Del Cano said , ff after having su ered from famine so long , i so the boat was sent in aga n . This time it e n did not come back , and when the ship t e re d ui t o the harbor cautiously , to inq re as mak the reason , several caravels were seen ing preparations to meet her , their crews hastily hoisting sails and anchors , while the quays near which they were lying were in N o u tumult . f rther evidence was needed o f o ne to tell the fate the crew , of whom , in fact , had excited suspicion by boasting ,

- o f when drinking in a wine shop , their valu

‘ o f A ll able cargo cloves . sail was spread at once , and , leaving the hapless thirteen (who ’ l n of comprised the boat s crew) , the hands u v their enemies , the eighteen s r ivors aboard

‘ the Vi ctori a s curri e d o ff as fast ' as the wind could carry them . LIt was at Cape Verde that the captain and pilots learned , to their great astonish o n ment , that they had lost a day the voy age . The men who ﬁrst went ashore were charged to ask what day it was , and were told it was Thursday ; though by the reckon 2 88 VO YA G E O F T H E VI C T O R I A

o n e ing board it was Wednesday . They wer

greatly puzzled , and not until the matter was later submitted to a “ great philosopher and o f ni astronomer , a man singular lear ng ,

was it explained to the satisfaction of all . We could not see ho w we had made a mis ” “ e P i afet t a fo r take , says the consci ntious g , ,

as I had always kept my health , I had set d H o w own every day without interruption .

ever , as was told us later , it was no error ;

but , as the voyage had been made con t i nuall re y towards the west , and we had d t o turne the same place as does the sun , we

- had made that gain of twenty four hours , as

no t It was so clearly seen at the time , and thus became a theme o f discussion during of un the remainder the voyage , which was f event ul , though it consumed nearly two ‘ S months more . The hip was exceedingly foul , and sailed so slowly that the provi lo w o n sions were at ebb again when , Sep ot h of was tember , the coast Spain sighted , o f near Cadiz , and at evening the harbor Two San Lucar was entered . days later , Vi ctori a the tied up at the mole in Seville ,

on the Guadalquivir , where she was board

ed by excited thousands , and welcomed by 2 89 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

o repeated peals f artillery . The eighteen survivors were regarded with awe as well as with pity and tenderness , for they had been considered as lost , long months before , and their advent was as if the ocean depths had opened and given them up . They were overwhelmed with attentions , and invita tions s howered upon them to homes o f high and low— from the bereaved relatives o f their comrades who had died , and from those impelled merely by curiosity to see and converse with men who had per formed the wonderful voyage around the

' globe . of But , before accepting the hospitality r Seville , the men had a vow to pe form , and all who were able to walk marched barefoot , S dl clad only in their hirts , and carrying can es t o S o f in their hands , the sacred hrine St . of V Mary ictory , after whom their gallant

S . hip had been named Then they dispersed , t o become the guests o f Seville for a space ; t o tell the stories o f their hardships once and 1 o f aga n , then to fall out sight and be for ﬂus h of ho w gotten . In the enthusiasm , t o ever , they were taken visit the emperor , who received them at court , (together with at V who the thirteen left Cape erde , had been 2 90

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

Malay kings , crowned , and holding in the

- exterior hand a spice tree branch . Juan Sebastian del Cano did not live long to enjoy his honors , for within three years after his return he sailed o n another expedi ’ tion , in Magellan s track , and died at sea , o ff o f A the Paciﬁc coast South merica . ’ o f Vi ctori a s o f The return the crew , course , refuted the stories spread by Gomez and his comrades , sixteen months before , and set r who at libe ty the unfortunate Mesquita , had captained the S an A ntoni o when she was taken by the mutineers . For twenty o n two months he had been a prisoner , ﬁrst S board hip , where he was ironed and tor t ure d , after having been poniarded , and

ﬂ H e then in the calaboose at Seville . was e released , but received no redr ss , nor were o f the authors his misfortunes , the mutineers , ever punished for their conduct in rebelling ’ against the king s authority , and in putting ’ Magellan s expedition in jeopardy . On the contrary , they were , as Diego Barbosa , ’ - i n- Magellan s father law , bitterly complained “ to the king , well received and treated at ’ the king s expense , while the captain and others were imprisoned and deprived o f all ” justice . 2 9 2 V O YA G E O F T H E VI C T O R IA

‘ It woul d seem the basest ingratitude fo r us to forget the gentleman to whom we have been often indebted for material which has formed a portion o f o ur history "the Chevalier — — Pi gafe t t a o r P agaphet t a as he sometimes m Signed hi self . The last time we saw him ro ces s 1o n he was marching in p , with a candle o fV in his hand , to the shrine ictory . Leav o f ing Seville , he says at the conclusion his t o V narrative , he went alladolid , where he “ ” D o n presented to his Sacred Majesty , “ no r S Carlos , neither gold ilver , but things very highly esteemed by such a sovereign . A mong other things , I gave him a book , o wn written by my hand , concerning all the matters that had occur red from day to day ” during the voyage . He then went to France , and later to Italy , where he established him l 1 se f permanently , and where he died in 5 3 4 . The expedition which Magellan had planned and commanded returned without o ne o f o r o ne o n his name , in any way related , fo r board the last surviving ship , he and Duarte Barbosa had perished in the Philip co us m i n d pines , and a , Mart Magellan , die o ff o n of starvation the Cape of Good Hope , ’ the homeward voyage . Fernan Magellan s son Rodrigo died soon after his father 2 93 F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

k n was illed , and his wife , Do a Beatrix , “ o f after living in sorrow , from the tidings his death , widowed and chastely , died of - k heart brea , six months before the survivors returned . Of those related to Magellan who bade him Go d- speed at his departure from Seville , only the aged comendador ,

Diego Barbosa , remained to welcome back those survivors , as the last representative o f his family .

F E R D I N A N D M A G E L L A N

C a ra P e ro A are z di s 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 b l , d lv , 5 , , 3 , 4 , 2 4 5 ;

o e rs ra 6 1 2 . ma s s a r e s S an ar s c v B zil , , c p i d , ’ - C a an S a e s e ar s a 2 2 0 . lib , h k p e , 4 7 5

1 C e na e s o f . C ar 6 . 2 ib , 7 bu, tiv , 3 4

C a s a o n o f 2 C e e e n o f 2 1 . licut , itu ti , 3 ; bu , Qu , 3 Zamo r o f 1 — C a 6 i m e e e s Se 2 2 6 . , 3 3 3 l b , 3 , 5 C anano r o f 0 2 C ar e s n o f S a n 1 , city , 3 3 ; h l , Ki g p i , 7 ,

a e o f . 2 re e e s a e an b ttl , 3 3 7 ; c iv M g ll , C annibals o f B razil and 76 ; agre e s t o pro vide a

We s In e s 1 . e e i n ne e o f t di , 3 3 ﬂ t , 77 ; d m n C ano an Se as an del o e . , Ju b ti , y , 9 7 a a n o f Vi cto ri a 2 6 1 C hi la ul a u R a a o f M ac c pt i , , p p , j h 2 s e o f 2 8 t an 2 re s s s S an 75 ; k tch , 5 ; , 3 5 ; i t p na a e s Vi ctori a t o i ards 2 —2 0 re a ns vig t , 3 7 4 ; t i

S a n 2 8 o no re o r s e o f a e an 2 . p i , 9 ; h d , c p M g ll , 4 5

2 1 e a at s e a 2 2 . C o a A n o n o de a a n 9 ; d th , 9 c , t i , c pt i

C ano as o r ano e s o f B ra o f S an A nto ni o 1 2 . ( c ) , 9 C o n In a 1 2 . 0 2 . zil , 3 chi , di , 3 , 3 C a e o rn e n di s co v C o nce ci o n o ne o f a e p H , wh p , M g l ’ e re and rs o e an s s 8 1 1 6 i n d ﬁ t d ubl d , l Ship , 4 , ; f m n r 1 1 . an s o e e s 74 h d uti , 4 4 ,

C a e o f Go o o e 8 . 1 0 rne at s e a 2 . p d H p , 5 ; bu d , 5 4 C a e o f t h e T o s an C o rtere als o a e Of t h e p h u d , v y g ,

V r ns 1 1 . 1 0 6 . i gi , 7 C ar a e na an de ca C o s a A aro da a e t g , Ju , p t , lv , M g l ’ a n o fS an A nto ni o 1 1 6 an s e ne m 8 0 t i , , l y , 79 , ; 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 a e i n e e r o f 8 1 —8 re a , 3 , 7 ; pl c d l tt , 3 ; th t

ro ns 1 2 8 n e s m e ns a e an 8 6 . i , ; i cit uti M g ll , n 1 o r - mar a y , 43 ; c u t ti l e d 1 0 e o n a e s o D I A AR TH O L O M EW di s , 5 ; l ft d S , B , a f Go e s an 1 2 1 6 . o e rs C a e o o l t i l d , 5 , 9 c v p d ’

C ar a o an a e an s o e 8 e a o f 1 . v lh , Ju , M g ll H p , ; d th , 3

o 1 1 1 e e s D orado o r o e n ﬁs h 1 1 . pil t , 3 , 3 3 ; d t ct , g ld , 9 re a e r o f no s D o ro o r D e ro r e r o f t ch y Filipi , u , u , iv

2 8 a an o ns S e rrao o r a . 4 ; b d — , P tug l , 5 2 5 0 ; capt ain ge ne ral o f e e 2 2 a a s E M AN U E L I N G s ee M a ﬂ t , 5 ; tt ck pi , K ( r 6 0 n f 1 a s 2 6 . e e d o 2 no e . t , ; , l) , 9 C as i cas i o r o o - ro e r Em r o s e n E an , bl d b th i H y , gypti

o o 2 0 2 2 0 . a m ra 6 2 h d , 5 , d i l , 3 C e s an o f 2 1 6 rs E s no s a Go n a o s bu , i l d , ; ﬁ t pi , z l , kill s e e n a e an 1 m ne e rs 1 6 a a n by M g ll , 2 7 ; uti , 4 ; c pt i n o f 2 1 8 2 2 0 2 2 o f t h e T ri ni dad 2 6 1 Ki g , , , 3 , , ; 2 96 I N D E X

w re e 2 a . s hi A LE T H E R E V E . E . p ck d , 77 ; c pt H , , ure d t h e P o r u es e o o -no e o n t h e P by t gu , f t t hilip

8 . n 1 2 e s 2 6 . 7 pi , aro C r s o e r de as H , h i t ph , FA L E I R O R U Y P o r e s e s s s a e an 8 . , , tugu i t M g ll , 9 as ro o e r r en o f M a enr r n e t h e N av1 t l g , f i d y , P i c , 6 ans o a e a o r ellan 1 8 . g , 3 ; pl v y g g t , 9 , t o S e I s an s 6 o me n o ao o r es e pic l d , 5 ; H , J , P tugu l an t o a a n 1 e n e s a e 2 0 . tic M g l c pt i , 9 , a n 6 o n n e s Sp i , 7 ; c vi c o ns e a e o me s I L AND o r T H E OON T H E F c , 73 ; b c S M ,

ns ane di e s 1 1 . a a as ar 1 i , 9 9 ; , 5 (M d g c ) , 3 . no s rs s e en Filipi , ﬁ t by

r 0 . o n P S ani a s 2 Xo Ki o f o rt u al 8 . p d , 3 J , g , , , 9 '

o re s I s an 2 8 0 . o n t h e er e n 8 Fl l d , J h P f ct , g , , f o 1 o ns e a s o o r s 0 . F c , Bi h p Bu g , 9 , 2 and M a ell an 7 ; g ,

o r ar C a e 1 8 0 1 8 . LA D R ON E I L AND 1 et F w d , p , , 4 S S , 9 7 D o m s ee A l s e ran e s o . F c c , ( q

me a 2 8 2 1 . L e o no r e en o f P o r id ) , , 9 , 3 , Qu , tu l 8 a . g , GAM A VA C O DA s ai s Le 0no ra S ani s r n e s s , S , — l , p h p i c , 1 2 . 78 ; marrie d t o D o m m r ano Garada a hi a e . . yt c l bi d M l , 79

n f 1 . 2 8 . Le e s a o 2 3 yt , i l d , 5 L n f G an a a o n an 1 i mas aua s a o 2 1 . i t , P t g i , 5 7 , i l d , 5 f 1 1 6 1 1 6 2 e a o L ama t h e e r an 1 60 . 5 9 , , ; d th , l , P uvi , L o ro s a o r s a 1 ° e e d 9 3 , P tugu .

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2 . L o rri a a an de 1 . 74 g , Ju , 43 m 8 r Go a s e e o f 6 . L o ure nzo D o 2 b a , i g , 4 , 4 7 , , ; Go lo ndri ni o r ﬂ i n - ﬁs h e r 9 f , y g v y , 3 3 , 3 4 f 1 1 . L z o n I s an o 2 6 . 9 u , l d , 5 Go mara hi s o r an r e s , t i , w it

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